Plant Reproduction vs.

Animal Reproduction

Reproduction - the biological process by which new individual organisms-"offsprings" are

produced from their Parents. - a fundamental feature of all known life; all organism exists as a
result of reproduction.

FEATURE PLANT ANIMAL

Use bright colors to attract insects
BEHAVIOR
DISPLAYED Ophyrys kotschyi (the Cyprus bee
orchid, is a terrestrial species of orchid
native to Greece and Cyprus.) mimics
the shape of a bee to attract insects
Males fighting for females (inclusive
fitness)
Courtship pheromones and ultrasound
are used by males in attracting female

METHOD OF Sex cells are transmitted by vector Two sex cells, spermatozoa and oocyte
FERTILIZATION (insect or bird) meet during sexual intercourse

METHOD OF Asexual reproduction does not involve Asexual reproduction

REPORODUCTION gametes Sexual reproduction, use of Sexual Reproduction
male and female gamete forming a
zygote
 PLANT REPRODUCTION

Flowers - plants reproductive structure.

1. Pollination-the transfer of pollen from

another to the stigma of the same flower or
another flower.

Forms of pollination:

1.a. Self-Pollination - occurs when pollen from

another is deposited on the stigma of the same
flower or another flower on the same plant
 2.a. Cross-Pollination - the transfer of pollen
from the another of one flower to the stigma of
another flower of the same species.

Two main types of asexual reproduction in plants:

1. Vegetative Propagation – simply mean that vegetative tissues (non-reproductive tissues) such as stem,
leaf or root of the parent plant are used to reproduce new plants. Natural vegetative propagation includes:

1.a. Stolon or runner - a slender horizon stem

that runs along the ground. At the nodes, it
forms adventitious roots and buds that grow into
a new plant. Ex: strawberry and

2.a. Bulb - a short underground stem with leafy

bases. The leaf bases contain foods reserves to
enable the plant to survive adverse weather
conditions. At the center of the bulb is a
vegetative growing point or an unexpanded
flowering shoot. Ex: Onion, lily and tulip

3.a. Rhizomes - a horizontal underground stem.

Have short internodes, send out roots from the
bottom of the nodes, and generate new upward-
growing shoots from the top of the nodes. Ex:
Ginger &bamboo
 4.a. Tuber - an enlarged underground stem
usually from rhizomes which serve as storage
organ for nutrients. Most tubers bear minute
scale leaves, each with a bud that has the
potential for developing into a new plant. Ex:
Potato

5.a. Corm or Bulb tuber - a very short and

vertical modified underground stem bearing
membranous leaves and buds and acting as a
vegetative reproductive structure. Ex: water
chestnut and gladiolus

6.a. Sucker- plant that grows from the base of

the root of the plant at a certain distance away
from the plant. Ex: banana
 Artificial vegetative propagation includes:

1.b. Grafting - a technique to produce plants

whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to
continue their growth together. The stem of the
plant to be grafted is called scion, and the root is
known as stock.

2.b. Cutting - is growing a plant from a stem or

root that has been cut from another plant. It is
primarily used for more woody plants such as
shrubs and bushes.

3.b. Layering - a technique which a stem

attached to the plant is bent and covered with
soil. The sharp bend will often induce rooting.
This can be done on most plants with low-
growing branches like climbing roses.

4.b. Micropropagation - a rapid vegetative

propagation through tissue culture under
laboratory conditions.
2. Apomixes - can produce seeds without fertilization. Either the ovule or part of the ovary, which is
diploid in nature, gives rise to a new seed.

Various methods of plant propagation:

1. By seed - this should be in a controlled

environment that includes moisture,
pollination, insect control, and
temperature. A good quality seed is the
basis for successful seed production.

2. By stem cutting - examples are cuttings from

some plants such as the root of the four o'clocks.
Again correct timing and cutting material are
essential.

3. By root cutting - root cuttings should

be taken when the plant is dormant.
When using this method it may take
several months for the cutting to form
new terminal buds. It is important not
to over-water them

4. Layering method - this method take six

months to one year to develop a root system. It
entails selecting a healthy lower branch of a
plant and cutting a notch in the stem about ten
inches from the tip just below the node (the
point where the leaf is attached to the stem).
Bend the stem down to the ground, loosen the
soil where the notched stem touches, and push
the stem into the soil so that the growing tip is
exposed but the notched portion is buried. Pin
the stem in place with wire.
 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction is the production of genetically unique offspring by the union of sperm and egg
nuclei to form a zygote.

Fertilization - the union of male and female

gametes

Viviparous - mammals including human beings,

in which o offspring’s are fertilized internally

Oviparous - producing young by means of eggs

that are hatched after they have been laid by the
parent.

Ovoviviparous - producing young by means of

eggs which are hatched within the body of the
parent.
 Hermaphrodites - animals that possess both
male and female organs. They have the ability to
self-fertilize but they can also mate with another
of their species. They fertilize each other and
both produce offspring.

Asexual Reproduction in animals are those that can reproduce without involvement of another individual
of that species.

Fission - also known as binary fission is the

process by which a cell grows into twice its
original size then split in two separate organs
like asteroid echinoderms and sea anemones.

Budding - a new organism develops from the

outgrowth (bud) of a part of a cell or body
region leading to a separation from the original
organism into two individuals. The bud while
still attached to the parent organism develops
and grows in size. It gets separated from the
parent organism only when it is mature, leaving
a scar tissue.

Fragmentation - a process where a parent

organism splits into parts (fragments) with
subsequent regeneration. The fragment carries
an exact copy of the parent's genetic material
and will grow and mature as a completely new
individual.
 Parthenogenesis - an egg develops into a
complete individual without being fertilized.
The resulting offspring can be either haploid
(with one set of dissimilar chromosomes) or
diploid (with paired set of chromosomes)
depending on the process in the species.