CLASS: VII LESSON 12: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

I. Define:
1. Reproduction: The production of new individuals from their parents is called
reproduction.
2. Vegetative propagation: Reproduction through vegetative parts of a plant, like roots,
stems, leaves, etc.
3. Bud: A small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called bud.
4. Spore: Spores are asexual reproductive bodies with a hard protective coat.
5. Unisexual flowers: Flowers which contain either only pistil or only stamens are called
unisexual flowers. Eg: Corn, papaya and cucumber
6. Bisexual flowers: Flowers which contain both pistil and stamens are called bisexual
flowers.
Eg: Mustard, rose and Petunia
7. Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
8. Fertilisation: The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilisation.
9. Zygote: Zygote is a cell which results after fertilisation.

II. Differentiate between:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
1. New plants obtained without production New plants obtained with the help of
of seeds seeds.
2. Single parent involved. Both parents involved.
3. New plants identical to parent plant. New plants not identical to parents, has
features of both parents.
4. Gametes are not involved. Gametes are involved.

Self pollination Cross pollination

1. Pollen grains land on the stigma of the Pollen grains land on the stigma of another
same flower. flower of the same plant or that of a
different plant of the same kind.
2. Happens only in bisexual flowers Happens in both bisexual and unisexual
flowers

III.
 Write a short note on the following. Also draw neat and labeled diagrams.
1. Budding:
 A small bulb-like projection called bud comes out from the yeast cell.
 The bud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell, forming a new
yeast cell.

 The new yeast cell matures and produces more yeast cells.
 Sometimes another bud arises from the bud forming a chain of buds.

2. Fragmentation:
 An alga breaks up into two or more fragments.
 These fragments grow and mature into new individuals.
 Eg: Spirogyra

3. Spore formation:
 Spores are present in the air, they are light and cover long distances.
 Under favourable conditions, it germinates and develops into new individuals.
 To withstand unfavorable conditions (high temperature & low humidity), spores
are covered by hard protective coat.
 Eg: Mosses and ferns; bread mould (fungus).

IV. Give examples for vegetative propagation.

 By stem: Stem cutting in rose, money plant and champa; ‘eyes’ in potato, ginger
and turmeric.
 By root: Sweet potato and Dahlia
 By leaf: Bryophyllum

V. Write some advantages of vegetative propagation.

 Fastest method of increasing the number of plants.
 Plants mature and bear fruits faster.
 New plants are exact copies of the parent plant.

VI. What are the agents of pollination?

 Since pollen grains are light, they can be carried by wind or water.
 Insects visit flowers and carry away pollens on their bodies.

VII. Why do pollens have a tough protective coat?

Ans: Pollens have a tough protective coat to prevent them from drying up.

VIII. How does the process of fertilisation take place in flowers?

  As soon as pollen lands on the stigma, it germinates and yields a pollen
tube.
 The tube passes through the style and enters the ovary of the pistil.
 As the pollen tube enters an ovule, it releases the male gamete.
 A male gamete fuses with a female gamete in the ovule by the process
known as fertilization.
 The cell formed after the fusion of a female and a male gamete is termed as
a zygote.
 This zygote splits numerous times to form the embryo present inside the
seed.
IX. What happens to the flower after fertilization?
 Sepals, petals and stamens fall off.
 Stigma and style wither away.
 Ovary grows into fruit.
 Ovules develop into seeds.

X. Give examples of fleshy and hard fruits.

Ans: a) fleshy fruits: mango, orange
b) hard fruits: almonds and walnut

XI. Describe a seed structure.

Ans: A seed contains an embryo enclosed in a protective seed coat.

XII. Why is seed dispersal important?

 To avoid severe competition among seeds for sunlight, water, minerals and space.
 To enable plants invade new habitats for wider distribution.

XIII. Mention with examples the special features of seeds/fruits dispersed by air, water,
animals and explosion.
 Air: Winged seeds (drumstick and maple); light seeds (grasses); hairy seeds
(Madar and dandelion); hairy fruit (sunflower)
 Water: The fruits or seeds develop floating ability in the form of spongy outer
coat. Eg: Coconut
 Animals: Seeds are spiny with hooks, which get attached to the bodies of animals
and carried to distant places. Eg: Xanthium and Urena
 Explosion: Seeds are dispersed when fruits burst with sudden jerks and are
scattered far from the parent plant. Eg: Castor and Balsam

Diagrams to be drawn:
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Bryophyllum – vegetative propogation
Parts of flower – stamen and pistil
Self and cross pollination
Fertilisation
Types of seeds – winged, hairy and spiny

Written by Ananya gupta

Class 7a