REPAIR AND

REHABILITATION OF
STRUCTURES
DAMAGE AND MAINTENANCE

Instructor: Raja Veerendra Yenigalla

OUTLINE
• Definitions – Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation
• Facets of Maintenance
• Importance of Maintenance
• Aspects of inspection
• Causes of Damage to RCC Structures
• Corrosion
• Assessment procedure for damaged structure evaluation
• Testing Techniques
 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND REHABILITATION
• Maintenance:

• Prevention of damage to a structure by periodically checking and

repairing damages if necessary

• Repair:

• Techniques employed to restore a damaged structure to its original

condition

• Rehabilitation:

• Process of restoring a damaged structure to its original condition

FACETS OF MAINTENANCE
• Preventive Maintenance

• Remedial Maintenance

• Periodic Maintenance

• Special Maintenance
WHY MAINTENANCE???
• To prevent normal wear and tear effecting the structure long

term

• To prevent damage from atmospheric agencies

• To prevent failure of structures

IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE
• Improves the life of structure

• Improved life period gives better return on investment

• Better appearance and aesthetically appealing

• Better serviceability of elements and components

• Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures

• Prevents major deterioration and leading to collapse

• Ensures safety to occupants

• Ensures feeling of confidence on the user

 ASPECTS OF INSPECTION
• Daily Routine Maintenance

• Weekly Routine Maintenance

• Monthly Routine Maintenance

• Yearly Routine Maintenance

DAILY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

• Visual inspection of all items

• Mostly inspection oriented

• Development of cracks/ propagation of cracks

• Sewer lines and water lines

WEEKLY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
• Electrical Lines and Accessories

• Cleaning termites and other infestation

• Repairing leaks in plumbing lines

MONTHLY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
• Cleaning of overhead water tanks

• Cleaning of Septic tanks

• Checking for dampness in the roof and walls

YEARLY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
• White washing the structure

• Applying anti corrosive paints to exposed steel

• Checking and providing weather proof course to the roof

• Check for major displacements, if any

 DAMAGE TO
RCC STRUCTURES
INTRINSIC DAMAGE
INTRINSIC DAMAGE
• High Water Cement Ratio

• Inadequate Curing

• Poorly graded aggregates

• Inadequate Compaction

• Improper shuttering

• Low cover thickness

• Wrong placement of reinforcement

CHEMICAL DAMAGE
• Chloride Attack

• Sulphate Attack

• Reactive Aggregates (Contaning silica or quartz)

DESIGN DEFICIENCY
• Wrong assessment of loads

• Non-consideration of Thermal properties of concrete

EXTRINSIC DAMAGE
PHYSICAL DAMAGE
• Heating/Cooling

• Wetting/Drying

• Abrasion of surface

• Natural Phenomenon

• Unfavourable Environments

• Impact Loads
CHEMICAL ATTACK
• Chloride Attack

• Sulphate Attack
CORROSION
• Deterioration of metals due to chemical reactions between metals
and the surrounding environment

• Hydration of cement during setting of concrete develops high

alkalinity which in presence of oxygen forms a protective film on
the reinforced steel

• Reinforced steel doesn’t corrode due to formation of passive oxide

film (PH >= 12.6) on the surface

• Protective film can be damaged due to carbonation or chloride

contamination
 CORROSION MECHANISM
• Corrosion is an electrochemical process where ions are exchanged

• Iron dissolved at negatively charged anodes forming rust (Ferrous

ions react with Hydroxyl ions forming Ferric Oxide – Fe2O3 or Ferric
oxide-hydroxide – FeO(OH))

• Balancing reaction takes place at positively charged cathode (Water

and air react with free electrons released by ferrous giving rise to
hydroxyl ions (OH-))

• Soil, water or concrete acts as electrolyte

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
• Reaction of alkaline compounds in concrete with carbon dioxide
called carbonation

• 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻 )2 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂 − − − − → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

• 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 dissolves in water causing damage to passive protection

oxide film on steel and also voids in concrete

• Carbonation continues from surface till it reaches embedded steel

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
• Presence of chlorides in air or water causes chloride attack

• Observed commonly in marine environments

• Chlorides damage the passive protection film on rebars initiating

corrosion

• Chlorides easily react with Ferrous ions forming FeCl2

• FeCl2 + H2O ------! Fe(OH)2 + HCl

ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR
EVALUATION OF DAMAGED
STRUCTURE
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR DAMAGED STRUCTURE
EVALUATION

• Physical inspection of damaged structure

• Documentation of damage
• Tests on structural members
• Study of structural designs and other reports
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR DAMAGED
STRUCTURE EVALUATION

• Estimation of loads and environmental

conditions of the structure

• Diagnosis
• Taking preventive steps not to cause further
damage

• Confirmation of Diagnosis
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR DAMAGED
STRUCTURE EVALUATION
• Assessment of structural adequacy
• Estimation of future use
• Remedial measures necessary to strengthen and repairing
the structure

• Post repair evaluation through tests

• Choice of course of action for the restoration of structure
TESTING TECHNIQUES
• Visual Inspection

• Destructive

• Semi-Destructive

• Non Destructive
VISUAL INSPECTION
•Type of structure
•Deviation from the structural design
•Dampness in roof and walls
•Spalling/ delamination of concrete
•Exposed reinforcement bars
•Growth of vegetation
•Presence of scales
•Cracks in walls and structural members
•Displacement of structural members
TESTS FOR DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
• Semi Destructive Tests
• Core Test
• Pull out tests (CAPO & LOK)
• Penetration Tests (Windsor Probe & PNR Tester)
• Non Destructive Tests
• Rebound Hammer Test
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
• Resistivity Test
• Carbonation Test
SEMI DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
CONCRETE CORE TEST
CONCRETE CORE TEST
• Gives direct evidence of concrete quality

• Compressive strength, permeability, chemical analysis,

carbonation depth can be determined

• IS 1199-1959 [Reaffirmed 2004] gives the standard for core

sampling and chemical analysis to determine cement content

• IS 516-1959 [Reaffirmed 2004] gives standard for preparation

and testing for Compressive strength of concrete
 CONCRETE CORE TEST
• Cores from hardened concrete cut by rotary drilling tools
with diamond edged bits

• Core samples cut are cylindrical, have uneven edges and

sometimes may contain rebar pieces

• Cores should be capped to provide even surface for testing

• Uncapped Cores having l < 95% dia. or Capped cores having l

< d not suitable for core test
CONCRETE CORE DRILL MACHINE
CONCRETE CORE TEST
• After capping, cores placed in water for 24-48hrs

• Compressive strength test should be done in wet condition

[After removal from water]

• Compressive strength test done in CTM

• Compressive strength obtained from test multiplied with

correction factor, based on l/d ratio, is calculated.

• Corrected compressive strength multiplied by 5/4 to obtain

equivalent cube strength
PULL OUT TESTS
PULL OUT TESTS
• Compressive strength estimated by correlation with pull out
forces

• Two types:

• LOK Test [‘Lok’ meaning Punch in Danish]– for fresh

concrete

• CAPO Test [Cut And Pull Out Test] – for hardened

concrete
LOK TEST
• Performed on fresh concrete

• Steel disc of 25mm dia. embedded @ 25mm depth in concrete

during placement

• Disc pulled from center by applying counter pressure on surface

using 55mm dia. ring

• Pull out force required to pull out the disc noted

• Compressive strength estimated by correlation with pull out force

PULL OUT TESTS
• Courtesy: UDK Gazbeton
CAPO TEST
• Performed on Hardened concrete
• Surface cleaned and a hole of 18.4mm drilled. At depth of 25mm,
25mm grove made
• Split ring of 25mm dia. expanded in concrete at 25mm depth in
concrete
• Disc pulled from center by applying counter pressure on surface
using 55mm dia. ring
• Pull out force required to pull out the disc noted
• Compressive strength estimated by correlation with pull out force
PULL OUT TEST
• Source: http://germann.org/products-by-application/category-1/capo-test
CORRELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT FORCES AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

• Source: http://germann.org/products-by-application/category-1/capo-test
PENETRATION TESTS
PENETRATION TESTS
• Strength estimated by finding penetration of a probe in concrete
• Compressive strength inversely proportional to penetration
• Used to identify poor quality or deteriorated concrete
• Not accurate since penetration influenced by aggregates and mortar
• Two tests:
• Windsor Probe Test
• PNR Tester [Pin Penetration Test Device]
WINDSOR PROBE TEST
• Equipment consists of a probe with gun-powder fired driving unit [Energy approx. 780N-mm]
• Length of probe: 79.4mm
• Thickness of probe: 7.9mm reduced to 6.4mm for last 14.3mm length of penetrating end
• Probe with driver placed at right angle to concrete surface and probe fired
• Depth of penetration of probe measured, probe should be firmly embedded, else test discarded
• New probe should be used for each repetition since probe blunted after use
• Average of three values at a location taken [Max spacing 175mm, Min spacing 100mm triangular
pattern used for placement]
WINDSOR PROBE TEST
PNR TESTER [PIN PENETRATION TEST DEVICE]

• Similar to Windsor probe but smaller probe and spring driven driver unit with
considerably less energy [Energy approx. 108 N-mm]
• Length of probe: 30.5mm
• Thickness of probe: 3.56mm
• Probe with driver placed at right angle to concrete surface and probe fired
• Depth of penetration of probe measured
• New probe should be used for each repetition since probe blunted after use
• Average of three values at a location taken
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TEST
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TEST
• Electrical resistivity of concrete measured by sending current in to concrete
• Four probes placed equidistant in concrete in a straight line [Wenner Array]
• Current injected through the outer two probes
• Potential drop measured through the inner two probes
• Electrical resistivity given by
𝑉
𝜌 = 2𝜋𝑎 [ ]
𝐼
a – dist. between probes, V – Voltage measured between inner probes in volts, I – Current
injected in outer probes in amps
 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TEST

By Courtesy Spinningspark at Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25254661

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TEST
• If 𝜌 ≥ 120 Ω  − 𝑚,   Corrosion unlikely
• If 𝜌 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 80 Ω  − 𝑚 and 120 Ω  − 𝑚,   Corrosion likely
• If 𝜌 ≤ 80 Ω  − 𝑚, Corrosion certain
• Higher resistivity infers ions cannot easily flow between electrodes, hence less
corrosion
• Lower the resistivity, higher the corrosion
• Resistivity of concrete can decrease due to carbonation, chloride attack, high porosity,
high water cement ratio etc.
CARBONATION TEST
CARBONATION TEST
• Used to determine depth of carbonation
• Solution of Phenolphthalein indicator used for determining Carbonation
• Phenolphthalein appears pink in color when in contact with alkaline
concrete [Non carbonized Concrete] and becomes colorless when in
contact with carbonized concrete
• Rate of Carbonation depends on grade of concrete, permeability of
concrete, cover thickness etc.
CARBONATION TEST