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Concrete Technology: Repair and Rehabilitation
Concrete Technology: Repair and Rehabilitation
• Plastic Shrinkage
• Settlement Cracking
• Early removal of formwork
• Improper design of formwork.
Distress In Structure
Evaluation Procedure for Repair and
Strengthening of Concrete Structures
• Before finalizing any scheme for repairs and
rehabilitation of a distressed concrete structure, the
concerned engineer has to be fully aware of the
causes of causes of distress, extent of damage to the
structure and the present condition of the concrete
in the structure for repairs to be effective and
lasting. The extent of distress has to be categorized
so that the repair schemes can be formulated
according to the distress in a particular structural
element. So that, pre-repair evaluation and
assessment of a structure is pre-requisite for
working out effective repair schemes.
Evaluation Procedure for Repair and
Strengthening of Concrete Structures
• Once the repairs have been carried out on a
distressed structure, the post repair evaluation and
assessment of the structure can be carried out for
checking the efficacy of the repair. The post repair
assessment is a tool with the engineer to evaluate
whether the parent material and the repair
material have obtained bond or whether the
cracks or the voids have been filled up by the
grouting materials. Thus, any scheme for effective
repairs can be based on the pre-repair and post-
repair evaluation of concrete structures
Tools for Evaluation of Concrete
Structures
• The various tools available for evaluation of concrete
structures are as follows:
• Visual inspection and observations
• Questioning of concerned personnel
• Scrutiny of field data and records
• Design Checks
• Non- destructive testing (NDT)
• Extraction of cores and testing
• Supplementary laboratory techniques
• Load testing of a structural member
• The general approach adopted for pre-repair evaluation
of distressed concrete structures is given below:
Visual Inspection and Observations
• The first step in the process of evaluation of a
distressed concrete structure is visual
inspection and observations. A through visual
inspection and observations. A through visual
inspection leads to proper approach to be
adopted during investigation. It determines the
number of field and laboratory tests required to
be carried out. Visual inspection generally
include the study of the following.
Visual Inspection and Observations
• Ambient conditions
• Crack width and patterns
• Spelling of Concrete
• Color, texture and rust stains
• Sinking of columns
• Failure of beam-Column junctions.
• Mal-functioning of machinery, structural
components etc.
• Condition of fixtures
• Deposits/ splashes on structural components.
Questioning of Personnel/ Scrutiny
of field Data and Records
• The questioning of personnel and the
scrutiny of field data and records is carried
out for the following:
• Grade of concrete adopted
• Cube test results
• Type of material and sources
• Constructional details
• Environmental Conditions
Questioning of Personnel/ Scrutiny
of field Data and Records
• The Scrutiny of the grade of concrete and cube
test results brings out adequacy of strength of
concrete and the degree of quality control
exercised during constructions.
• The study of the type of materials used
particularly cement, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, additives etc. also focuses the direction
of investigations. The scrutiny of other
constructional details e.g. removal of formwork,
shifting of formwork for slip form construction,
the height of pouring of concrete, use of
compaction devices etc. are useful information for
further investigation in many cases.
• Rebound hammer test
• Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
• Pull- out test
• Pull- off test
• Carbonation test
• Cover measurement
• Break off test
• Endoscopy
• Radar techniques
• Rapid chloride, alkali and sulphate kits, etc.
Questioning of Personnel/ Scrutiny
of field Data and Records
• Scrutiny of field data and records:
• Design checks:
• Non-Destructive testing (NDT):
• Any visual inspection and scrutiny of the field
data, the in-situ testing is carried as per the
approach finalized. Various in-situ non-
destructive tests available are:
• X-ray diffraction analysis
• Differential thermal analysis
• Chloride permeability test
• Optical and Scanning microscopy
• Chloride permeability test.
• Compressive strength, density and modulus of
elasticity determination on core samples, etc.
• Load testing of a structural member:
• Extraction of Cores and testing:
In addition to various in-situ tests carried out, it
becomes necessary to support the findings with
laboratory tests
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