Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use 1. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers un- tweated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine ‘generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements. 12 Hot-rolled or cold-finished bars are not within the scope ofthis specifica tion. 1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (See Section 8) which indicates their required heat treatments, as well a, mechanical properties. 1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser. LS The appendix lists the grades ‘corresponding to the various grades of the superseded ASTM Specifications A 235, A 237, and A 243. 1.6 The values stated in SI units axe to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS: 21 AASHTO Test Methods: T 244 Methods and Defini- tions for Mechanical ‘esting of Stee! Prod- vets 2.2 ASTM Standaris: ‘A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Parti- cle Examination of Steel Forgings A 388/A 388M Practice for Ultasonic Exami- nation of Heavy Steel Forgings Specification for Spe- cial Requirements A 634 AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 102-94 (ASTM DESIGNATION: A 668-91) for Steel Forging and Bars for Nuclear and Other Special Appli- cations Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements Method for Macroetch ‘Testing, Inspection, and Rating Steel Prod- vats, Comprising Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings A788 E381 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Description of terms specific t0 this standard: Bud Aring-shaped ora disk-shaped forging—A forging whose length, as ‘measured on its longitudinal axis, is ess than its diameter or main transverse di- ‘mension is considered a ring or disk within the meaning of this standard, 3.12 Hollow cylindrical forging—A forging whose length, as measured on its longitudinal axis is more than its di- ameter, shall be considered as a hollow cylinder within the scope ofthis specifi- cation if it has been lengthened by extru- sion or forged in a manner similar to that of aring, namely, expanded in diam- ‘eter on a mandrel 4. ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 When this specification is to be applied to an inquiry, contract, or order, the purchaser shall furnish the follow= ing information: 411 The ordering information re- quired by ASTM A 788; 4.1.2 The class of forging desired as listed in Section 8; 4.13. The options which may be se- lected as found in Sections 6.4.2, 7.1.2, 83, and 14.1; and 14 Applicable supplementary re- quirements. 8. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Material supplied to this specifi- ‘cation shall conform to the requirements ‘of ASTM A 788 which outlines addi- tional ordering information, manufactur ing requirements, testing and retesting ‘methods and procedures, marking, certi- fication, product analysis variations, and additional supplementary requirements 5.2 If the requirements ofthis speci fication are in conflict with the require- ‘ments of ASTM A 788, the requirements of this specification shall prevail 6 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE, 6.1 Melting Process—The steel shall ‘be made by the open-hearth, basic-oxy- ‘gen, or electricefunace process. 62. Discant—Sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segrega- tion, 63. Forging Process—The forging shall be brought as close as practical to finished shape and size by hot mechani- cal work, 63.1 After forging and before re- heating for heat treatment, the forgings shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent injury and to accomplish trans- formation 64 Heat Treatment GA.1 All forgings, other than Class ‘A, shall be heat teated. See Section 8. 64.2 Where options exist within a class, the choice of heat treatment shall be left to the discretion of the manufac- 87: Gemietets rude me coma aa ia ao me Pasi mm See Ghee a ee eee ee turer, unless the purchaser specifies one of the available options. 7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1 7.2. ‘The choice of chemical composi tion is left to the discretion of the manu facturer, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser 73. Heat Analysis; 7.3.1. _An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer. When pos- sible, the test sample shall be taken dur- ing the pouring of the heat. If the test sample is lost or declared inadequate for chemical determinations, the manufac: turer may take alternative samples from locations near the surface of an ingot or bloom, as necessary to establish the anal- ysis. 73.2 In the case of large ingots poured from two or more heats, the ‘weighted average of the chemical deter- ‘minations of the several heats shall con- form to the requirements as specified in Table 1 or by agreement (see Section 72) 7.4. Product Analysis—An analysis ‘may be made by the purchaser from a forging representing each heat, or mult ple heat if made in accordance with Sec- tion 7.3.2. Samples for analysis may be faken from the forging, or from a full- size prolongation at aay point from the ‘midradius to the outside diameter in the case of disk or solid forgings, or midway between the inner and outer surfaces of hollow forgings or rings, or from a test specimen. The chemical composition thus determined shall not vary from the requirements specified in Table 1 of agreed upon (see Section 7.2) by more than the amounts prescribed in Table 2 Tangential teat Tangentisi test in (4) s10e toceinea FIGURE 1 Locations of Test Specimens for Various Types of Forgings 8. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 81. Tensile Requirements: A The material shall conform to the tensile properties prescribed in Ta- ble 3 8.1.2 Tensile specimens shall be ma- chined to the form and dimensions ills wwated in T 244 and shall be tested in accordance withthe latest issue of T 244. B13 Size Classification (see Table 3: 8131 Solid Forgings—The nomi- nal or specified rough machined diameter fr thickness of solid forgings, disre- garding large ends, collars, flanges, and joumals shall determine the size classifi- cation. Where there are several sections ‘of equal length but of different diameters, the largest diameter shall apply. 8.132 Ring or Hollow Cylinder Forging —The size classification shall be determined by its nominal or specified rough machined thickness or width, whichever isthe smaller dimension, The ‘thickness shall be measured by the differ.M102 TABLE? Permis SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 89 le Variations in Product Analysis Permissible Variation over the Maximum Limit or Under the Minimum Limi. person Upw Over 129m Over 0258 mE Over 0516 mF snd inl (200 93) 10 (400 in’) (800 in) to over Unit oe Maximum 0.129 0258 m 0516 n 1.032 in? 1.032 mm Specified Range 200 in) (400 in) «0 in) (1600 in’) (4900 193) Element percent incl ine! nel tne incl Cason Up wo and inl 025 0.03 008 008 ons 005 026 10 055, 008 0.04 0.05 06 006 0.56 and over 0.05 0.03 006 007 007 Manganese Up to and inl 0.90 oot 005 006 oor 0.08 091 and over 0.06, 007 08 08, 00 Phosphorus Up to and incl 005 6.008 010 010 ois ors suifer Up 10 and incl 0.030, 0.005 ‘0.005 ‘00s 0.006, 0.06 (0030 and over 010 oo10 010 ors oats Silicon Up to and incl 035 093 004 0.08 0.05 006 0.35 and over 0.06 0.98 007 oo7 00 Nickel Up wo and incl 1.00, 003 0.03 003 03 0s 1.01 to 200 ine 008 0.03 0s ons: 0.05 201 to 530 inct 007 097 007 oor oo Chromium Up wand incl 0.90 004 0.08 0s 0.05 0.96 091 to 210 inct 0.96 0.06 097 07 0.03 211 to 10.00 inct 019 0.12 018 01s 016 Molybdemm Up to and inc} D02 0.02 002 on ons. 003 0.21 to 040 ine! 093 003 003 os 00 Ot to 1.15 incl 008 0s 0.06 oor 0.08 116 0 530 inet 0.06 0.08 010 oz on Vanadiom Up to and ine! 0.10 oot oor oot oot oot 0.41 t9 025 inct 002 002 002 0.02 0.02 0.26 t0 0.50 inci 003 0.03 093 0.03 003 O51 10 125 inet oot 0.04 008 G04 bo [NOTE Proc rosssectnal wes ied ce (a) matin cross sectional wea of rough machin! forging (echdig brag, x (@) manor cotton ac of he uachne! fos oF () maximum cossseeonl ae ofthe ie ence between the outside and inside rai ‘The width shall be measured parallel to the axis of the ring or hollow cylinder, 8.14 Number of Tests—Unless the [purchaser specifies that forgings shall be furnished in accordance with the require- ‘ments of Section 8.3, the number of ten- sion tests performed shall be as follows: 8.14.1 Forall classes of heat-treated forgings with rough machined masses less than 2270 kg (5000 Ib) each, one test shall be made from each size classifi- cation represented in each heat in each annealing or normalizing charge, or from ‘each size classification in each heat in each normalizing or quenching. charge represented in each tempering charge, For untreated forgings (Class A) with a ‘mass of less than 2270 kg (5000 Ib) each, fone test from each heat shall be made. 8.1.4.2. On all classes, for forgings with rough machined masses of 2250 kg (5000 1b) or more, at least one test for ceach forging shall be made. 8.14.3 On all classes, for forgings ‘with rough machined masses of 3175 ke (7000 Ib) or more, two tests will be taken; on ring and disk forgings 180 degrees apart; on shafts and long hollow cylinders over 2030 mm (80 in.)in length excluding test material), one from each ‘end and offset 180 degrees. Shaft and cylinder forgings 2030 mm (80 in.) or less in length (excluding test material) ‘may have both tests located at one end 180 degrees apar. 8.14.4 When forgings are made in ‘multiple as a single forging, that is, forged as one piece and divided after heat treatment, the multiple forging shall ‘be considered as one forging, and the number of tests required shall be as des- ignated in Sections 8.1.4.1, 8.1.4.2, and 8.1.43, 8.15 _Prolongations: 8.1.5.1 A sufficient number of the forgings shall have prolongation for ex- ‘wacting specimens for testing. Locations of test specimens for various types of forgings shall be as shown in Figure 1 } ‘retake at ih ang 026 aif eons ing ri 8.1.5.2 The nominal or principal out- side rough machine diameter or thickness of the forgings, disregarding large ends, collars, flanges, and journals shall deter- ‘mine the size of the prolongations for test specimens; however, the prolonga- tions on annealed, normalized, or nor- ‘malized and tempered shafts may be ex: tensions of the small diameter end of the shafi, as shown in Figure 1 8.1.53 For quenched forgings in Classes F, J, KL, M, and N, the prolon- gations shall be sufficiently long so that the center of the gage length (for longitu: inal specimens) or axis (for tangential specimens) of the tension test specimen shall be at the following locations (@) On solid shafts, bars, rotors, or billets (see Figure 1(a)), at mid-radius and from the end, 90 mm (34 in.) or "A the diameter or thickness, whichever is less. (©) On hollow forgings (see Figure 1(b)), at midwall and from the end,Ey SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M102 TABLE 3_Tense Requirements Yel Fon Tensile Yell Stenath Seength 02 perennation Size, Gin) ‘inte min i830 mm Redaction of Otis min in min, Area min. Bl Css Quer Nov Over Mpa Ga) Mrs (i) percent percents Carbon See Bai Unieaes) = Hoa) 526 «ATOR wo ae = 18 mae 418 000) B (BH) Ameaed ec normalized, «© — 51020) 0000) 207 40000) 24 x vanuite normalized and tempered) (CH) (Annealed or normalized r= — 30512) 455 (6000) 227 33000) i378 normalized and tempered) 305.12) S10(@0)——455 (66000) 227 3000) 137185 D(H) omit, amen, oc 205 (51775000) 259 C750) 149.207 normalized or enpred) 20s (8) 305.02) 517.05000) 259 7500) 19.207 305.12) S10@0) 517 5000) 289 37500) 19207 510 20) 517 5000) 29 (37500) 19207 E (EH (onnaized and wempered cr — 205 (8) «S86 (SDD) 303 44000) 307 double soma or tempered) 2058) 305(12)_—«S72 (83000) 296 (3000) rez 305.12) S109) 573 (83000) 296 «m0 307 F (EH) (Qoenstedandempere. oc 1004)” GOIN) 379.5000) 137238 omalzed. quenced and empered) 100) 1807) 5868000) 345 (0000) ran 180) 255.10) 386 @s000) 345 (50000) man 255.00) _S10,@0)___ 565 2000) 331 (48000) wean Alloy Ste (GH CAnmeaed ox normalize oo ————<308 (12) 5520000) 345 0000) e207 formalized ad tempered) 30512) 51020) 55260000) 345 0000) 163.207 H GHED (Noonazed ad tempers) 807) oon) 1a e000) 139-235 1800) 255.10) 621 (Booe0) 40058000) 137-235 254 (10) 508,20) 620,90000) sto 8000) 137-235, 10H) (Normalized and tempered cx” — 180.7)" 65595000) 483 E00) 197-255, normalized quenched and tempered) 1807) 255 (10) 621 (0DDO)_8 45000) 1e7-235 254 (10) 508.20) _620 (90000) 450 65000) 07288 K (KEN Nomalzed, quenced and — 3807), T28 (05000) $52 (80000) 212-268 tempered) 380) 258 10) 58900000) 517 75000 207-269 254 (10) 508.20) 690100000) S15 (3000) 1 (LH) (Nomnaze, quenched and”) @)”——_—862 (125000) 724 (10500) tempered) 101) 1807) 793 (415000) 655 5000 10) 25510) 738 110000) $6 000) 254.010) 508.20) 740 (110000) 585 s000) Mut (Normaie, quenced ad" 1004)” 1000 (145000) $27 (120000) semper) 0018) 180) 965 aad) 793 115003 4807) 25540) 931 4135000) 758 «410000 254 (10) 508.20) 930 (135000) 758 (1Om00) N VHD (Nomalzed, quench and 00 @)——1172 (170000) 965 (1400 tempered) 400) 180.) 1138 c6s000) 951 (35000) 180% 255,10) 103 (160000) $96 (130000 254 10) 508.20) 1108 160000) 995 (130000) 90 min (3 Yin.) oF Vs the wall thickness, whichever is less. (©) On disk forgings (see Figure 1(c)), (with prolongation on OD), at mid-thick- ness and from the OD 90 mam (3'/ in.), (of ' the thickness, whichever is less. (@) On disk forgings (see Figure 1(c)), (with prolongation on the width or thick- ess) 90 mun (31% in.) o¢ Ys the thickness, whichever is less, from any heat treated surface. (©) On ring forgings (see Figure 1(d)) (with protongation on width), at mid-wall and from the ring face 90 mm (3% in.) ‘r'/the wall thickness, whichever is ess. (8) On ring forgings (see Figure 1 (a) (with prolongation on the OD), at mid- width and from the OD 90 mm 3'hin.)o the width, whicheveris les. 8.154 In place of prolongations, the ‘manufacturer may electo submit an extra forging(s) to represent each test lot; in this event, the representative forging must ‘be made from the same heat of steel, have received the same reduction and type of hot working, be of the same nominal thickness, and have been heat treated in the same furnace charge as the forging(s) it represents 8.16 Tests for acceptance shall be ‘made after final heat treatment of the forgings. 8.1.7 Test specimens shall be parallelM102 to the axis of the forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn out ‘except that rings, hollow forgings which ‘are expanded, and disks shall be tested in the tangential direction, 8.18 Yield point shall be determined on carbon steel Grades A through F, and yield strength on alloy steel Grades G through N. For carbon steel grades not showing a yield point, the yield strength ‘on 0.2 percent off-set shall be reported. 82 Hardness Tests—Brinell hard ness tests shall be performed after heat ‘teatment (except on Class A forgings) and rough machining on each forging hhaving a mass under 3175 kg (7000 Ib) ‘and each multiple forging made in accor- dance with Section 8.1.4.4 weighing un- des 3175 kg (7000 Ib). For exceptions see Sections 8.1.4.4 and 8.23. 821 The average value of the hard- ‘ness readings on each forging shall fall within the hardness ranges specified in Table 3. The permissible variation in hhardness in any forging over 113 kg (250 1b) shall not exceed 30 HB for Classes A through E, 40 HB for Classes F through J, and 50 HB for Classes K through N, 8.22 Atleasttwohardnesstests shall, ‘be taken on each flat face of disks, rings, and hollow forgings over 113 ke (250 1b) approximately at mid-radius and 180 degrees apart, for example, at the 3:00 ‘and 9:00 positions on one face and the {6:00 and 12:00 positions on the opposite face. On solid forgings over 113 kg (250 1b), at least four tests shall be taken on the periphery of the forging, two at each fend 180 degrees apart 8.2.3 For forgings 113 kg (250 Ib) and less, Brinell testing shall be per- {formed on the broken test specimens rep- resenting the heat or heats included in cach heat treating charge, or in the case of untreated forgings (Class A), on the test specimen representing each heat. The results shall meet the requirements of Ta- ble 3. Ifthe purchaser desires Brinell test ing of each forging, Supplementary Re- quirement $11 may be used. 83 If so specified by the purchaser, forgings may be supplied on the basis of hardness tests alone. If this option is exercised, the class shall be identified with the leer “H,” that is, “AH,” “BH,” “CH. ete. ‘SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS: 9. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES 91 The forgings shall conform to the dimensions and tolerances specified fon the purchaser's drawing or ordet. 10. WORKMANSHIP, FINISH, AND APPEARANCE, 10.1. The forgings shall conform to the finish specified on the purchaser's drawing or shall otherwise have a good ‘workmanlike appearance. 1. RETREATMENT 11.1 When heat-treated forgings are specified, and the mechanical test results ‘of any test lot donot conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer ‘may retreat the lot not more than three additional times, and retests shall. be made according to Section 8. Re- treatment is defined as complete re-aus- tenization, Multiple retempering is not precluded by this requirement 11.2 When untreated forgings (Class A) ate specified, and the mechanical test results of any test lot do not conform to the requirements specified, the manufac- turer may anneal, normalize, oF normal- ize and temper, one or more times, but ‘Rot more than three times; and retests shall be made in accordance with Section 8. The tensile properties shall conform to the requirements for the class of forgings ordered (Class A). 12, RETESTS 12.1 If the mechanical test results ‘of any test lot do not conform to the requirements specified because of a dis ‘continuity developing in the test speci- ‘men during testing, a retest shall be al- lowed if the discontinuity is not caused by ruptures, cracks, or flakes in the steel. 13. INSPECTION 13.1 The manufacturer shall afford 1 the purchaser's inspector all reasonable facilites necessary to satisfy him that the ‘material is being fumished in accordance with the specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere un- ‘necessarily with the manufacturer's oper- ations. All tests and inspections, except product analyses, shall be made at the place of manufacture, unless otherwise agreed to, 14. REJECTION 141 Any forging having injurious discontinuities observed prior to or sub- sequent to acceptance at the manufactur: x's plant shall be subject to rejection. 14.2 Samples tested by the purchaser in accordance with Section 7.3 that repre- sent rejected material shall be preserved for 60 days from the date of the rejection report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results ofthe tests, the manufacturer may ‘make claim for rehearing within that 18. CERTIFICATION AND REPORTS 15.1 The mill shall furnish tests re- Ports to the purchaser with the follow ing information: ASL1 Chemical analysis; 15.1.2 Heat reatment including tem- peratures for austenitizing and temper- ing, times at temperature, and cooling ‘medium employed for heat teatmer 15.1.3 Results of tests for mechani- cal properties or hardness, or both; and 18.14 The results of any required supplementary tests, 16, PRODUCT MARKING AND PACKING 16.1 Each forging over 113 kg (250 1) shall be legibly stamped by the manu- facturer with the manufacturer's name fr trademark, the manufacturer's serial number, the specification identification ‘number, followed by the appropriate class number and, where applicable, an AISI Grade designation 162. For forgings 113 kg (250 1b)2 ‘and under, the purchaser may indicate the nature and location of identifica- tion marks, 163 The type of stamps to be used shall be round-nosed or “interrupted-dot” die stamps having a minimum radius of 08 mm (sy in.) SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS One or more of the following supple- ‘mentary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall bbe agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, Sl. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION S11 The supplier shall obtain ap- proval of the grade of steel he proposes ‘o apply tothe order and reach agreement with the purchaser on the ranges of each clement specified in the composition 82. SPECIAL FORGING TECHNIQUES S21 Special Forging Techniques are required to produce metal flow during the hot working operation in the direction ‘most favorable for resisting the stresses encountered in service. Verification of forging flow lines shall be by macroetch testing of sample forgings in accordance with ASTM E 381 $3. ROUGH TURNING AND BORING 593.1 The position of any rough turn- ing or boring in the sequence of manufac- ‘uring operations, 4. CARBON CONTENT FOR WELDING S41 For forgings intended for weld- ing, the carbon content (product analysis) shall be limited to 0.35 max percent. ‘SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 88. BEND TESTS S51 The test specimen shall with- stand being bent at room temperature through 180 degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent portion of an inside diameter of 38 mm (1% in). 6. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TEST $6.1 Forgings shall be magnetic par- ticle tested in accordance with the latest issue of ASTM A 275/A 275M. 7. ULTRASONIC TEST S71 Forgings shall be ultrasonically tested in accordance with the latest issue of ASTM A 388/A 388M. 8. VACUUM TREATMENT S81 Vacuum degassed steel shall bbe supplied, 9. TENSILE REQUIREMENTS $9.1 When sizes larger than permit- ted in Table 3 are required, ductility values may be reduced from the spe fied values $9.2 Yield strengths higher than those listed in Table 3 for quenched and tempered grades may be specified S10. HEAT TREATMENT $10.1 A minimum tempering tem- perature shall be specified, SU. ADDITIONAL TESTS SUL1 Tests in addition to those pre- scribed in Section 8 may be specified. $12. ADDITIONAL MARKING $12.1 Additional identification mark- ing or the locations of the stamping or both may be specified M102 S13. MECHANICAL TEST LOCATION AND SAMPLING S131 Quenched and tempered forg- ings shall have mechanical test speci- ‘mens located and sampled in accordance with RG of ASTM A 654, S14. FORGE PROCEDURE S141 The forge procedure shall be submitted by the manufacturer to the purchaser for approval prior to produc- ton of the forging APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1. Comparison of AASHTO M 102 \s. Superseded ASTM Specifications A 235, A 237, and A 243 TABLE XL ‘Superseded ASTM Specification sd Clase AREA ABS.C 8235.1 Use M102 Class Oumooneso ZeCRGE] One| COwEzzrne| =| amm| one> OZER =xanmmQO>E