1. SCOPE Ll This specification covers gray iron castings intended for general engi- neering use where tensile strength is a major consideration. Castings are classi- fied on the basis of the tensile strength of the iron in separately cast test bars, L.L.1 This specification subordinates chemical composition to tensile strength, 1.2 No precise quantitative relation- ship can be stated between the properties of iron in the various locations of the same casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron (see Appendix) 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, 1.4 Drainage structure castings such as frames, grates, rings, and covers for inlets, manholes, and other structures shall conform to the requirements of M 306, 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2 AASHTO Standard: M 306 Drainage Structure Castings ASTM Standard: A 644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings A48- Gray Iron Castings Military Standard: MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage! Federal Standard: Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)! 22 23 24 Dea, dp Secion Retin Ave, Passe PRibttt soba ate: NbODS 96 Standard Specification Jor Gray Iron Castings AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 105-94 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Definitions for many terms com- ‘mon to gray iron castings are found in ASTM A 644, 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1 Castings ordered and produced in accordance with this specification are classified into a number of grades based fon the properties of separately cast test bars (Table 1). Each class is designated by a number followed by a letter. The ‘number indicates the minimum tensile strength of the separately cast test bar, and the leter indicates the size of the test bar. Examples of proper designations are as follows: Gray Iron Castings, AASHTO Specification M105, Class 308 Gray ron Castings, AASHTO Specification M105, Class 40C 5. ORDERING INFORMATION 5.1 Orders for material to this speci fication shall include the following infor- mation: 5.1 AASHTO designation number and year of issue, 5.1.2 Class of iron required (see Sec- tion 4.1 and Table 1). 5:13. The size of the separately cast test bar (letter classification—A, B. C, fr S) that best represents the thickness of the controlling section of the casting (see Table 5). 5.14 The tension test specimen (B for C) to be machined from test bar C (see Section 12.3, Table 3, and Figure 6). 5.15. ‘The tension test specimen to bbe machined from test bar $ (see Section 124, Table 3, and Figure 6). S..6 Lot size (see Section 16). 511.7 Special requirements (see Sec- tion 7), 5.18 Saving tested specimens or un- broken test-bars (see Section 17.1). 5.1.9 Special preparation for deliv- cry (see Section 21), TENSILE REQUIREMENTS 6.1 Test bars representing castings conforming to this specification shall ‘meet the requirements for tensile strength as described in Table 1 7. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 7.1 When agreed upon in writing be- tween the manufacturer and the pur- chaser, it may be necessary for the cast- ings to meet special requirements as to hhardness, chemical composition, micro- structure, pressure tightness, radio. graphic soundness, dimensions, surface finish, ete. 8. DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS 8.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions or drawings furnished by the purchaser, or, if there are no drawings, to the dimensions predicted by the pattem ‘equipment supplied by the purchaser. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 91 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot tears, as determined by visual ex. 9.2 No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shall be permittedM105 ‘SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS TABLE 1 Requirements for Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons in Separately Cast Test Bars Tensile ‘Nominal Tensile Nominal Sweagth Test Bar Swength Test Bar Min, Mrs Diameter, Min. MPs Diameter, lass si) ‘mm (in) cuss isi am (i) No 204 138@0) 2240088) No. 4A 3104S) _—=22-4 (OA) No. 208 305(12) No. 438. 305 (12) No. 20¢ 5080) No. 45. 508 20) No, 208 Bars! No. 455 Bar S* No. 254, 125) 24008) No. 50A M550) 224.088) No. 258 305 (12) No, SOB 303.12) No. 25¢ 50820) No. 30C 508 20) No. 255 Bar S* No. 508 Bar No. 304 207 G0) 224 (088) No. SSA 37985) 22.4 (088) No. 308 305012) No. $5. 305 (12) No. 30¢ 50820) Na. ssc 508 (20) No, 308 Bar S No. 355 Bar S* No. 35a, 26135) 224088) No. A414 60) 22.4 88 No. 35B 305 (12) No. 608, 303.12) No. 35C 508 20) No. 60C 50820) No, 355 Bar No. 608 Bar S No, 408 276140) 24 (088) 305.12) 508. 20) Bar s+ TABLE? Transverse or Fletural Breaking Loads Transverse 222 am or Flexure (0875 in) 305 mm (12 in) $08 mm (20 in) Test Bar Span in Dismeer in Diameter in Diameter Besween Suppons 205 am (12 in) ___457 mm (18 in))__610 mm (24 in) Breaking Load ar ‘Breaking Lond at ‘Breaking Load at Center, Min, KN Center Min, KN Center, Min, KN Chass ah (wn ‘vo, No. 20 40.000) 80 (1800) 263 (6000) No. 25, 46 1025) 89 (2000), 302 (6800) No. 30 51. (1130) 9.8 (2200), 338 (7600) No.5 57215) 7 (2400) 359 (8300) No. 40 62 «1400) 116 (2600) 405 (9100) No. 45 69 (1s80) 125 (2800) 8.1 (9700) No. $0 75.1675) 133 000) 38010800) No. 33 80 (1800), 142 (200) 520 (11700) No. 60, 86 (1925), 15.1 400) $56 (12500) unless written permission is granted by the purchaser. the requirements for flexural strength as prescribed in Table 2. NOTE 1—In the wransverse or flexute test, itis recommended thatthe deflections at frac tare be recorded and reported. The modulus ‘of rupre for any bar tested under this specif. sation can be ascerained by application of the following formula: 10. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES 10.1 By agreement between the ‘manufacturer and the purchaser, test bars conforming to specifications shall meet 7 Modutus of rapture = 2S86LF where: ‘= Span or distance between suppor mm (in) Breaking load, N (Ib) Diameter of test bar, mm (in) Deflection values have been omitted from this specification because the de- sired deflection would be governed by the use of the iron. In some cases a maximum value would be specified because a stiff iron is desired, and in other cases mini ‘mum values would have to be specified because a flexible iron is required. Conse- ‘quently, the deflection figures should be reached by agreement between the manu: facturer and the purchaser ‘The use of modulus of elasticity gives 2 definite load deflection relationship, ‘hich is superior to 2 specification for deflection unless that specification pro- vides for increase in deflection with in- crease in load. The maximum modulus of elasticity could be specified if tough- ness is desired or a minimum value could be specified if stiffness is desired. The formula for modulus of elasticity is as fol- lows: 0.42335 PL? Modulus of elasticity 2 P = Load in N (bf) L = Span between supports, mm (in.) 4 Diameter of test bar, mim (in,) A = Deflection, mm (in,) ‘NOTE2—Test bars shall be plain, cylindsi- cal shapes as shown in Figure 1. Where bars are cast on end, allowance for draft may be ‘made. However, the diameter atthe center of the length must correspond 10 the nominal diameter, within the following permissible Permissible ‘Test Bar Variations, mm (in) a + 1.27 (005) B +256 (010) c +238 (010) ‘Tension test specimens “cat o sae” afe not rec conized in these specifications, NOTE 3--A sound test aris desired. The methods of making uansverse or flexural ess bars are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, These98. SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M105 TABLE 3 Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars ‘mold to less than 480°C (900°F), before math shakeout, shall be cooled in their molds [ASCast Diameter mm (in ‘ae (i 2 a to. temperature less than 480°C (900°F). ‘Nominal Minimum Maxinom Minimum" Maximum" Thensthey may be cooled instil ar to Tepe _MidLengi) _ (oom) _Top)_Spesified)_ Recommended) 9m geraperaare B 224088) 605) 244096) 12560) 15060) 1.6 Test bars that are intended to B 305(120) 2804418) 335132) 15060 2308.0) —_—gepresent castings that are hotter than c 508200 483(190) 533.21) 1757.0) 255.100) = Ai dineaions of et bar § sal bea agreed upon ty the mantras Ue pacer methods of casting have been used and found to produce satisfactory results, IL. CAST TEST BARS ALL Test bars shall be separate cast- ings poured from the same iron as the castings they represent, and shall have dimensions as shown in Table 3. Allow- ‘ance may be made for reasonable pattern draft within the tolerances shown in Ta- ble 3. Test bars A, B, and C are all standard test bars in the form of simple cylinders. Test bar S is special and is intended for use where the standard bars are not satisfactory. 112 Test bars for the flexure test shall be separate castings poured from the same iron as the castings they repre- sent, and shall have dimensions as shown in Figure 1 11.3. The test bars shall be cast in (Looe) $ tL dried, baked, or chemically bonded ‘molds made mainly of an aggregate of siliceous sand with appropriate binders. ‘The average grain size of the sand shall approximate that of the sand in which the castings are poured. Molds for the test bars shall be approximately at room temperature when poured. More than one test bar may be cast in a single mold, but each bar in the mold shall be sur- rounded by a thickness of sand which is not less than the diameter of the bat. A suitable design for a mold is shown in Figure 5. LL4 The A test bar is not recom. ‘mended for Classes 40 and above and because the low carbon equivalent of these irons wil, in all likelihood, result in chilled (white) iron in this smaller A bar. The same is true of the B bar in Class 60 iron, ILS Test bars that are intended to represent castings that are cooled in the O° Dimensions, mm (in) Length of Test Bar 1 Transverse Test Bar Nominal Toleance a 38115) = 25 098) 8 53.21) = 25.098) c 68627) = 25.098), Diameter of Test Bar d Romina Tolerance 22408) = 008003) 30512) 3050120 © = 150) 4ST a8) 50820) = 25@10 610 eH, FIGURE 1 Transverse or Flexure Test Bars ‘480°C (900°F) when shaken out of their ‘molds, shall be cooled as described in Section 11.5 or (by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser) may be shaken out of their molds at approxi- ‘mately the same temperature as the cast ings they represent. LT When castings are stress re- lieved, annealed, or otherwise heat Uueated, test bars shall receive the same thermal treatment and shall be treated adjacent to the castings they represent NOTE 4—The intent of these provisions js as follows: to prohibic the casting of text bars in molds of metal, graphite 2icon, light: weight agarezates, or other materials which would affect significantly the tensile seength (of the iron: 1 prohibit control of tensile ‘sength of the test bars by manipulation of the grain sizeof the sand; and to prohibit the casting of test bars in molds prehexed substantially above room temperatre. 12, TENSION TEST SPECIMENS 12.1 For Test Bar A, the tension-test specimen A, as shown in Figure 6, shall ‘be machined concentric with the axis of the test bar, 12.2 For Test Bar B, the tension-test specimen B, as shown in Figure 6, shall bbe machined concentric with the axis of the test bar 123 For Test Bar C, tension-test specimens B or C, as shown in Figure 6, shall be machined concentric with the axis of the test bar. Unless the size of the tension-test specimen to be machined from test bar C is specified in writing by the purchaser, the decision whether 10 use tension-test specimen B or C shall bbe made by the manufacturer of the cast- ings 124 For Test Bar S, the nature and dimensions of the tension-test specimen shall be determined by agreement be- tween the manufacturer and the pur- chaser.M 105 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS TABLE 4 Correction Factors for Round Transverse Test Bars 99 Tes Bar A 0.88 in. @24 mm) in Diameter Tex Bar B 1.20 in 205 eum) in Diameter “Tex Bar © 200 in (50.8 mm in Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter fee Comeetion Factor teens CConetion Factor aie CComection Factor am (in) Toad Deflecton rm (in) Load Deflection mm (in) Defietion 20096 (0825) 0838 1061 279 (1.10) 0700 1.081 383 199) 1.03 21.08 0830) oss ose 2821) om Losi s8sa9n) 1097 21.21 (0835) 0.69 Toss, 284 (412) oss Lory 485 (192), 1082 2134 (0840) oss 1082 287 (1153) 0835, 1062 490193) 1037 21.46 (0845) 0.900 1036 290 (118) 08st 1083 993 (198) 10x 21.59 (0850) ose 1029) 392 (113) 0380 os $95 (195), ons 2172 0855) 0933, 1.023 295116) ons ox 498 (1.96) oat 21.84 (0860) om Lor 2377, osm x6 500 (197), Lois 2197 (0865) 0.966 voi 300 (118) 0951 tor 503 (198) 010 22:10 (0870) 0983 1.006 302 (119) ons 1008 50.5 (1.99), os 2222 0895) 1.000 1.000 305 4.20) 1.000 000 508 (2.00) 1.000 2235 (0380) Lor? 0998 307121) hors 992 510.201) 0.995 22.48 (03885) 03 0989 310.022) si ose 513 02) 0.990 2261 (0890) 051 oss 312.123) lo 0976. 516 203), 098s 22:73 0895) 1.069 os 315 124) Lics 0368 518 Qos) 0.980 22.86 (0900) 087 oor 318.25) LB0 0960 521 20s) 0976 22:99 (0905) 1106 0967 320 (126), 1380952 523 206) oor 23:11 (0910) Eps 0962 msam Lis 094s 326200) 0967 2324 0915) a3 o9se 325 1128), 121s 938, 528 208) 0962 2337 (0920) He2 09st 328 (129), 1a 0930 531 09) 0957 23:50 (0925) Lisi 0.946 33.0030) eal 0923, 533.210) 0982 "NOTE In oder covet De sundrdwanina damcer te aca realng Jad and aul ciecionokaned etn the tarsal We ded by Ov Vollowin ‘resto facts in oder Wo cbin veered breaking lad and epones efecto, 13, TENSION TEST 13.1 Tension-test specimens shall fit the holders of the testing machine in such @ way that the load shall be axial 13.2 The elapsed time from the be- «ginning of loading in the tension test to the instant of fracture shall be not less than 15 seconds for test specimen A and rot less than 20 seconds for specimens Band C. 14, FLEXURE TEST 14.1 The transverse or flexure test shall be made on the bar as cast, or as skin machined (providing in the latter cease that the diameter is not reduced below the minimum sizes prescribed in Table 4) with central loading between supports. Corrections shall be made for sizes of round bars as prescribed in Table 4, In case of slightly elliptical bars (maxi- mum and minimum diameters both within the permissible variations. pre- scribed in Table 4), loading shall be on the minimum diameter, and the correc- tion factor shall be obtained as follows: Square the depth of the bar measured at the point of application of the original load, multiply by the width, and divide the product by the cube of the diameter of the standard or nominal size bar. A. ‘bar whose diameters (maximum and minimum) vary by more than 0.06 mm (0.025 in.) for the 22.2-mm (0:875-in,) diameter nominal size, or by more than 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) for the 30.5 and S0.8- mm (1.2 and 2.0-in.) diameter nominal sizes respectively, shall be considered a slightly elliptical bar 142 In all cases, controlling dimen- sions shall be the diameter of the bar at fracture 143° The rate of application of the load shall be such that fracture is pro- duced in not less than 15 seconds for the test bar A, 22.2 mm (0.875 in) in diameter, 20 seconds for test bar B, 30.5, ‘mm (1.2 in) in diameter, and 40 seconds for test bar C, 50.8 mm (2.0 in.) in diam= eter 144 Where the transverse test has been made by agreement as prescribed in Section 10 and the transverse or flex ture test bar fails to meet the load require- ments prescribed in Table 2 or the values determined in accordance with Section 145, then the manufacturer shall have the right to have tested a tension test specimen machined from a broken end of the transverse test bar. If this tension specimen conforms to the requirements of the specified class, as, iven in Section 4, the class requirement shall be consid- cred as having been met, imespective of the transverse or flexure breaking load 145 The wansverse or flexure break ing loads prescribed in Table 2 are based fon actual averages of transverse test loads for each class of casting. It is not implied by these specifications that the ratio of tensile strength to transverse load is constant. By agreement between the ‘manufacturer and the purchaser, tensile strength and transverse tests may be ‘made and a range of transverse values determined. These values will then su- persede the values prescribed in Table 2 15. NUMBER OF TESTS AND RETESTS 15.1 One tension test shall be per-100 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS sop ate. wine re Talon Beard TE 6 tote Pnctéan "EL ete rar ee English Bauaens ates eieeeteee, a NOTE—AIl dimesoe ein miles FIGURE 2 Tranverse or Flexure Test Bar, 30.5-mm (1.20-in.) Diameter, Cast Horizontally Plan View of Cope. Test Bars Spaced Approximately 50 mm Apart Plan View of Drag Looking in Direction A-A Support for Fats Zune ae oe “=~ End of Flask o be Elevated Approximately 100 mm FIGURE 3 Test Bar Cast on Incline, Arrangement of Flasks for Casting ‘Test formed on each lot and shall conform to the tensile requirements specified. 15.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If ither retest fails to meet the specifica tion requirements, the castings repre- sented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid testis one wherein the specimen has been properly prepared and Bars appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure has been fol- Towed, 15.3 If sufficient separately cast test pieces are not available, the manufacturer shall have the option of removing a test specimen from a location of representa- tive casting, as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. 154 If the first test results indicate M105 that a heat treatment is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of castings and the representative test speci- ‘mens shall be heat treated together, Tes. ing shall proceed in accordance with Sec ions 13.1 through 13.4 15.5. If after testing, atest specimen shows evidence of a defect, the results ‘of the test may be invalidated and another made on a specimen from the same lo. 16, DESCRIPTION OF A LOT 16.1 Unless otherwise specified, the manufacturer may define a lot as any of the following: 16.1.1 A group of castings having a mass of less than 910 kg (2000 Ib) each ‘when poured continuously within 2 hours from the same melt and from consecutive ‘charges consisting of essentially the same percentages and types of materials, 16.1.2 A group of castings having @ ‘mass of less than 910 kg (2000 Ib) each ‘when the total weight of the group does ‘not exceed 3600 kg (8000 Ib) and when all castings in the group are poured within 4 hours from the same melt and from consecutive charges consisting of ‘essentially the same percentages and \ypes of materials, 16.1.3 Individual castings having a mass of 910 kg (2000 Ib) or more 16.1.4 One ladle of iron having a mass of over 910 kg (2000 Ib). 16.2 When an individual casting is poured from more than one ladle of iron ‘or when the iron for that casting is melted jin more than one melting unit or from a different melt or a different type of charge in the same melting unit, or both, the ion from each melting unit, melt, for type of charge shall be considered a ifferent lot 163 When more than one lot of iron js used to pour a single casting, the iron 164 When an individual casting is poured with iron melted in more than ‘one melting unit or from more than one ‘melt or type of charge in the same melt- ing unit, and when the irons from the different sources are mixed together thor- oughly in a ladle before the casting is poured, the mixed iron in that ladle may be considered a lot.Section AA NOTE: A dinesons we a mints Vas ‘SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS. Pattern Used for Moking Recess in ‘Mold Fer 01! Sand Core. Lean -of L-- ses Detail of Oil Sand Core English Equivalents 1% 318 u 572 M 03 % 619 L 5 3 Th 839) 3 016 4 is24 6 sm 2%, FIGURE 4 Transverse or Flexure Test Bar Cast Vertically 17. INSPECTION 17A Unless otherwise specified in the contractor purchase order, the manu- facturer shall be responsible for carrying cut all the tests and inspections required by this specification, using his own or other reliable facilities, and he shall maintain complete records of all such tests and inspections. Such records shall bbe available for review by the purchaser. 17.1.1 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars from the same lot shall be saved for a period ‘0f 90 days after the date ofthe test report. 17.2. The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the inspections set forth in the specification where such in spections are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and services conform to the prescribed requirements 18 REJECTION AND RESUBMISSION 18.1 Any castings or lot of castings lor failing to comply with the requirements ofthis specification may, where possible, bbe reprocessed, retested, and reinspected. If the tests and inspections on the reproc- essed casting(s) show compliance with this specification, the castings shall be acceptable; if they do not, they shall be rejected. 18.2 If the purchaser should find that casting o lot of castings fails to comply ‘with this specification subsequent to re- ceipt at his facility, he shall so notify the manufacturer promptly and in no case later than six weeks after receipt of the shipment, stating clearly the basis for re jection, 19. CERTIFICATION 19.1 When specified by the purchas- fer’s order or contract, a manufacturer's certification or compliance statement that the casting or lot of castings was made, ‘sampled, tested, and inspected in accor- dance with this specification, including 2 report of test results signed by an au- thorized agent of the manufacturer, shall be fumished at the time of shipment, and such certification or compliance statement shall be the basis for accep- tance of the casting or lot of castings. 19.2 _A signature is not required on the certification or test report. However, the document shall clearly identify the ‘organization submitting the certification and the authorized agent of the manufac: turer who certified the test results, Not- ‘withstanding the absence of a signature, the organization submitting the certifica- tion is responsible for its content PRODUCT MARKING 20.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall bear the iden- tifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing or, if rot shown on the drawing, at a location at the discretion of the producer. 21, PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY 211 Unless otherwise stated in the contract or order, the cleaning, preserva-102 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS Reguind Feenre: 1 Material Aggregate ey siliceous sand Optional Fass 1 Naber of et barn singh meld—Two seemed 2, Design of pouty cap 3 ASO mm 2 in) peed. 4, NOB a Cig in) i ameter, sage SoM 15 suse, 2 Poston Bar ven 3 See ibe ‘5 WONt les ha dame, FIGURE S Suitable Design and Dimensions for Mold for Separately Cast Cylindrical Tension Test Bars for Gray Iron saiael \bel ¥ Tension Text ‘Tension Test Tension Test Dimensions, mum (in.) Specimen A Specimen B__ Specimen C (G—Length of parallel, min 13 (050) 19 075) 32 (1.25) D—Diameter R7z02 it z04e 317 = 0.080 (0500 = 0010) (0780 + O015) (125 + 0.025) Radius of fie, min 25) 2a) 200) AmLength of reduced section, min 32 (1%) 38") 57.2% L—Over al length, min 95.0%) 100 160 (6%) ‘C—Diameter of end section. approx 222 (i) 318%) 7h) E—Length of shoulder min 6 60) 8 tig) FDiameser of shoulder 16 =05 2 =05 36 05) ChE Che hed = ad BoLength of end section : : : * Options fi bode on wesng machine W ead, sot ame dll ao be Ie ny Gnooe F FIGURE 6 Tension-Test Specimens M 10s TABLES. Separately Cast Tet Bars for ‘Use When a Specific Correlation Has Not ‘Been Established Between the Test Bar and the Casting Thickness ofthe Wall of te CContling Section of the ‘Casing, mm (in) Under 6 025) 6 w 12 (025 10 050) 13 w 25 51 t0 1.00) 26 w $0 (1.01 19 2) Over $0 @) ‘est Bar vowre tion, and packing of castings for ship- ‘ment shall be in accordance with the ‘manufacturer's commercial practice Packaging and marking shal also be ade- uate to identify the contents and to censure acceptance and. safe delivery by the carrier for the mode of transporte tion employed. 21.2 US. Government Procure ‘ment—When specified in the contract or Purchase order, marking for shipment shall be in accordance with the require- ments of Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 for mili- tary activites APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) XI. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CASTINGS XL. The mechanical properties of iron castings are influenced by the cool- ing rate during and after solidification, by chemical composition (particularly carbon equivalent), by the design of the casting, by the design and nature of the ‘mold, by the location and effectiveness of gates and risers, and by certain other factors X12 The cooling rate in the mold and, hence, the properties developed in any particular section are influenced by the presence of cores; chills and chaplets: cchanges in section thickness: and the existence of bosses, projections, and in- tersections, such as junctions of ribs and bosses. Because of the complexity of the interactions of these factors, no preciseM105 quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the same casting oF between the properties of a casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron, When such a relationship is important and must be known for aspeci- fication application, it may be deter- ‘ined by appropriate experimentation, X13 Gray iron castings in Classes 20, 25, 30, and 35 are characterized by excellent machinability, high damping SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS capacity, low modulus of elasticity, and ‘comparative ease of manufacture. X13.1 Castings in Classes 40, 45, 50, $5, and 60 are usually more difficult {o machine, have lower damping capac- ity, a higher modulus of elasticity, and are more difficult to manufacture. X14 When reliable information is unavailable on the relationship between properties in a casting and those in a separately cast test specimen, and where ‘experimentation would be unfeasible, the 103 size of the test casting should be so selected as to approximate the thickness of the main or conuolling section of the casting, XLS Ifiron castings are welded (see Section 9.2), the microstructure of the iron is usually altered, particularly in the vicinity of the weldment. Therefore, the Properties of the casting may be ad- versely affected by welding, Where prac- tical, appropriate post weld heat treat ‘ment may reduce this effect of welding