Mike the stuntman wants to jump off a platform that

covers a deep pit with a bungee cord. He can only do

this from a height greater than 50 meters. He wants to
determine how deep the pit is. He noticed that a
support beam, placed at a 67° angle with the platform,
connects to the side of the pit 12 meters down. He
then backs up looking down at a 67° angle until he
can just see the bottom corner of the pit. He backs up
a total of 20 meters to do this.

A large stained glass window is constructed from six Stephanie is 42,240 ft from Jessica, when Jessica
30°-60°-90° triangles as shown in the figure below. calls and says that a jet just flew over her at 31,680 ft.
The window is symmetric about the vertical line in its
center. What is the height of the window? Show your
work.

a) At what angle of elevation should Stephanie look

towards Jessica to see the jet? Explain in terms of
trigonometry to the nearest tenth degree.

b) At the moment Jessica called her with the

observation, what is the line of sight distance from
Stephanie to the jet? Explain.
 A fire fighter determined that a safe angle to prop her A man standing on a lighthouse of height 162 feet
ladder must be between 45° and 72°. If the ladder has sights two boats directly in front of him. One is at an
a fixed length of 100 feet long, what is the range of angle of depression of 60°, and the other is at an
heights that the ladder will reach? Show your work angle of depression of 45°. Assume man, lighthouse
and round your answers to the nearest foot. and both boats are coplanar.

a) Draw a picture to describe this situation.

The Community Quilting Project

b) Identify the distance between the two boats

11. An equilateral triangle has a side length of 4 ft.
rounded to the nearest foot.
What is the area of the triangle?
A. 12 ft2
B. 4 3 ft2
C. 6 ft2
D. 2 3 ft2
12. What is the area of the quilt patch, as a simplified
radical?
A tow truck is towing a car. The chain connecting the car to the A guard on the lookout tower is keeping watch. The tower is 30
truck must have an angle of elevation between 35o and 60o to feet high. The guard will best be able to see at an angle of
prevent the
60°back bumper of the car from scraping the ground. depression between 25o and 65o. What range of distances will
The chain has a fixed length
8 in. of 4 feet. What is the range of he be able to see from the watchtower?
horizontal distances between the car and the truck?

13. Find a and b.

Joanna is flying b
6 a kite. The kite must have an angle of elevation Joey created this design by stacking equilateral triangles. If the
of 40o to 80o to stay in the air. The kite string has a fixed length perimeter of DABC is 18in, what is the vertical height of the entire
of 30 feet. What
45° is the range of the30° horizontal distance between design?
the kite and Joanna? a

MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
Construct Viable Arguments and Critique the
Reasoning of Others height=______
14. Brayden’s teacher asked him to draw a 30°-60°-90° A great white shark swims 22 feet below sea level. If the angle
right triangle. He drew the figure shown. Tell why of depression of a boat to the shark is 20°, find the horizontal
it is not possible for Brayden’s triangle to exist. distance between the boat and the shark.
© 2015 College Board. All rights reserved.

5
12
60˚
30˚
13

Nancy is stuck in traffic. The angle of elevation From the top of a 100-foot lookout tower, a forest
from her car to the top of the 12-meter tall building ranger spotted a fire at a 25° angle of depression.
she is trying to get to is 23°. How far away from the How far was the fire from the base of the lookout
building is she? tower
A contractor is building a tower. He is using a ladder to inspect
the current scaffolding. The ladder must be propped between
40o and 70o to be considered safe. If the ladder has a fixed
length of 50 feet, what is the range of heights that the ladder
will reach?
Joe stands on a 100 foot building and sees a two car chase
on the highway directly in front of him. One is at an angle of
depression of 30°, and the other is at an angle of
depression of 45°. Determine the distance between the cars.
distance:_______________
The cross section of a shed is given below determine the angle 𝜃
that the shed makes.
𝜃 = _______
A driver is stranded on a dessert highway. He sees a town in the
distance. From one mile marker the town is at a 15 degree angle
to the left. From the next mile marker which is 20 miles away,
the town is at a 50 degree angle to the right. Determine how far
he would have to walk if he traveled straight to the town from
the second mile marker.
A pool table has a length of 9 ft and a width of 4.5 ft. What is
the measure of the angle from the longest side of the table to
the diagonal?
BCDE is a square. Solve for each variable.
x=_____ y=_____ z=_____ w=_____
Kira is walking down a straight highway when she decides to
leave the road on a path that makes a 35 degree angle with the
road. After hopping 400 meters, she makes a turn 50 degree
from the horizontal and heads back to the highway. How far
does she have to walk to get back to the highway?
Two beach lookout towers A and B are 50 meters apart. They
spot a boat between them in the distance. Tower A records the
angle as being 20 degrees to the right of the shore. Tower B
records the boat as being 85 degrees to the left.
How far is the boat from Tower A?
Extension: How far away is the boat from the beach?
Sammi apartment is 100 ft up. From there, she looks at a A rock climber looks at 2000 ft tall mountain while he is mid
skyscraper. The angle to the top is 38 degrees. The angle to the climb. The angle to the top of the mountain is 42 degrees. The
bottom of the skyscraper is 45 degrees. Determine the height of angle to the base is 36 degrees. How high up is the climber?
the skyscraper.

Name Date Class

Name Date Class

LESSON LESSON
Problem
Problem Solving
Solving
8-5 8-5 Law
Law of of Sines
Sines and
and Law of Law of Cosines
Cosines
1. The1.map
Theshows
mapthree
shows earthquake centers centers
three earthquake 2. A BMX track
2. Ahas
BMX a starting hill as
track has shown hill as shown
a starting
for one week in California. How far apart in the diagram. What is the length of the
for one week in California. How far apart in the diagram. What is the length of the
were the earthquake centers at points hill, WY ? Round to the nearest tenth.
A and Cwere the earthquake
? Round centers
to the nearest tenth. at points hill, WY ? Round to the nearest tenth.
A and C ? Round to the nearest tenth.

3. The edges of a triangular cushion

measure 8 inches, 3 inches, and 6 inches.
What is the measure of the largest angle
3. The edges of a triangular cushion
of the cushion to the
measure 8 inches, 3 inches, and 6 inches.
nearest degree?
What is the measure of the largest angle
of the cushion to the
nearest
4. The coordinates degree?
of the vertices of "HJK
are H(0, 4), J(5, 7), and K(9, !1). Find
the measure
The angle pictured is a central angle. Determine the A pilotof is
!H to theover
flying nearest degree.highway.
a straight He
length of the diameter. determines the angles of depression to
4. The coordinates of the vertices of "HJK two mileposts,
4.3 km
are apart, to J(5,
H(0, 4), be 32°
7),and
and56°,
K(9,as!1).
shownFindin Figure
8.34.the
Choose the best answer. Use the following information and Find the distance of the plane from
measure of !H to the nearest degree. point A to
diagram for Exercises 5 and 6. the nearest tenth of a kilometer.
To find the distance across a bay, a surveyor
locates points Q, R, and S as shown.
5. What is QR the
Choose to the nearest
best tenth?Use the following information and
answer.
8m
A diagram C 41.95mand 6.
for Exercises
B 35.2 m D 55.4 m
To find the distance across a bay, a surveyor
6. What is m!Q to the nearest degree?
locates points Q, R, and S as shown.
F 43° H 67°
5. What is QR toJ the
G 49° nearest tenth?
107°
A 8m C 41.9 m
7. Two angles of a triangle measure 56° and 8. Which is the best estimate for the
35.2opposite
B side
77°. The m the 56° D 55.4
angle is m perimeter of a triangle if two sides
29 cm long. What is the measure of the measure 7 inches and 10 inches, and
6. What is m!Q to the nearest degree?
shortest side? Round to the nearest tenth. the included angle between the two sides
A 23.4Fcm43° C 32.9 cmH 67° is 82°?
B 25.6Gcm49° D 34.1 cmJ 107° F 11.4 in. H 28.4 in.
G 12.2 in. J 39.9 in.
7. Two angles of a triangle measure 56° and 8. Which is the best estimate for the
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
41 is
77°. The side opposite the 56° angle
All rights reserved. Holt Geometry
perimeter of a triangle if two sides
29 cm long. What is the measure of the measure 7 inches and 10 inches, and
shortest side? Round to the nearest tenth. the included angle between the two sides
The Bermuda triangle is a region of the Atlantic
Ocean that connects Bermuda, Florida, and Puerto
Rico. Find the area of the Bermuda triangle if the
distance from Florida to Bermuda is 1030 miles, the
distance from Puerto Rico to Bermuda is 980 miles,
and the angle created by the two distances is 62°.
A blimp is flying over a football stadium. Find the
height of the blimp if the angle of elevation at the
southern end zone, point A, is 70°, the angle of
elevation from the northern end zone, point B, is 62°,
and the distance between the viewing points of the
two end zones is 145 yards.
Draw a triangle that is similar to the one below that has a
perimeter between 28-33 units and whose side lengths are all
whole numbers.
Show why it is similar.
The figure shows a satellite orbiting Earth. The
satellite passes directly over two tracking stations A
and B which are 69 miles apart. When the satellite is
on one side of the two stations, the angles of elevation
at A and B are measured to be 83.9 and 86.2
respectively. How far is the satellite from station and
how high is the satellite above the ground? Round
answers to the nearest whole mile.
Solve
x=____ y=____ z=____
CD//LJ//MK Solve for x
x=____
Triangle POG is isosceles LMJI is a square

x=____ y=____ z=____ w=____ x=____ y=____ z=____

Given: LMJI is a square

x=____ y=____ z=____ w=____ x=____ y=____ z=____

A paraglider is connected to a boat. In order to stay in the air,
the angle of depression from the paraglider to the boat has to
be between 30o and 50o. The rope connecting him and the boat
has a fixed length of 20 feet. What is the range of heights above
the water that the paraglider will have?

x=____ y=____ z=____ w=____ r=___

 The black-sailed ship is chasing the white-sailed ship as seen below Find the perimeter of rectangle NOPQ
by a man on a 100 ft cliff. Calculate the distance between the ships.

Batman is designing a new Batwing. Below is one of the wings King Hippo wants to make a crown with 5 in diagonal spikes set at 90
that is made of 45-45-90 triangles. The leg of the smallest degree angles as shown below. Find the width of the crown.
triangle is 2ft long. What is the length (x) of the wing?

5_CH05_pp403-454.qxd 1/14/10 1:52 PM Page 441

65_CH05_pp403-454.qxd 1/14/10 1:52 PM Page 440 SECTION 5.5 The Law of Sines 441
Wing Length (x): ________ Crown width (x): ________
Three right triangles each have an angle with the same Kenneth wants to divide his living room into 3 spaces using 30-
50. Multiple Choice Which of the following three triangle (c) In terms of the given angle A and the given length AB, state
measurement
parts do not “x”. Mr R places
necessarily thethethree
determine other congruent
three parts? angles so 60-90thetriangles.
conditions Ifonthe length
length of the
BC that will room
result inisa20 ft, what
unique tri- is the
that they make a straight angle as shown below. The smallest width of his
angle room
being (x)?
formed.
(A) AAS (B) ASA (C) SAS
leg out of all of the triangles is 6 ft. determine the width “z” of (d) In terms of the given angle A and the given length AB, state
440 CHAPTER
(D) SSA 5 Analytic
(E) SSS Trigonometry
the figure. the conditions on length BC that will result in two possible
51. Multiple Choice The shortest side of a triangle with triangles being formed.
angles 50°, 60°, and 70° has length 9.0. What is the length of
39. Engineering Design A
the longest side?
vertical flagpole stands beside
(A)that
11.0 (B)an11.5 (C) 12.0
ExtendingA the Ideas S (ship)
a road slopes at angle 62° 33°
C 56. Solve this triangle assuming that ∠B is obtuse. C
(D) 12.5 (E)
of 15° with the horizontal.13.0 62° [Hint: Draw a perpendicular from A to the line
When
52. the angle Choice
Multiple of elevationHow
of many noncongruent triangles through B and C.]
the Sun is 62° , the flagpole 20 mi
ABC can be formed if AB = 5, A =b 60° a BC = 8?
, and
28° 5
casts a 16-ft shadow downhill 22°
(A) None (B) One (C) Two 8
along the road. Find the height 75° 15° 52°
of the
(D)flagpole.
Three (E) Infinitely many 105° B
A B Horizontal
16 ft x=_____ B
X=____ Y=____
Explorations Z=_____ A
40. Altitude Observers 2.32 mi 57.
46. PilotMeasurement
Using Calculations Data TowersAAgeometry
and B areclass
known to be
is divided
53. Writing to Learn
apart see a hot-air balloon 4.1tenmiteams,
into apart each
on level ground.
of which A pilota measures
is given the angles
yardstick and of
a protrac-
(a) Show
directly betweenthatthem
therebut
areatinfinitely
the many triangles with AAA
tordepression
to find the to the towers
distance fromtoa be 36.5°
point A onand
the25° , respectively,
edge of a pond toasa
angles ofgiven if the shown
elevation sum ofin
thethethree positive angles is 180°.
treeshown in theCfigure.
at a point on the Find distances
opposite shore.AC andthey
After and the
BC mark height
points A
figure.
(b) Find
Givethe altitude
three of the
examples of triangles where A = 30°, B = 60°, andofBthe airplane.
with stakes, each team uses a protractor to measure angles
balloon.and C = 90°. A and B and a yardstick to measure distance AB. Their measure-
C
(c) Give three examples where A = B = C = 60°. ments are given25° in the table.
36.5°
54. Use the Law of Sines and the cofunction identities to derive the A B AB
28°trigonometry:
following formulas from right triangle 37°
79° 84°A 4.1 mi26B¿ 4–
A 2.32 mi B
opp adj opp 81° 82° 25 ¿ 5–
(a) sin A = (b) cos A = (c) tan A =
41. Reducing Air Resistance A 4-ft airfoil attached to theadj
hyp hyp 79° 83° 26 ¿ 0–
cab Wrapping
of a truck reduces wind resistance. If1theRefer
angletobetween 80° 87° 26 ¿ 1–
55. up Exploration Figuresthe
5.16 79° 87° 25 ¿ 11–
airfoil
andand theincab
5.17 top is 18°1and
Exploration angle
of this B is 10°, find the length
section.
of a vertical brace positioned as shown in the figure.
(a) Express h in terms of angle A and length AB.
A B AB
(b) In terms of the given angle A and the given length AB, state
83° 84° 25 ¿ 3 –
the conditions on length BC that will result in no triangle
4 ft 82° 82° 26 ¿ 5–
being formed. 18°
allest 21. C angle.
= 68°, to = 35°
a be c = much
19, . How 18 higher
elevation
EXAMPLE 2 Making is PM
IndirectExamplethe2top
Measurements of395
Long’s
Given Two Peak
Angles and One Side—ASA
6965_CH04_pp319-402.qxd 1/14/10 1:50 Page
(b) Find the distance between the two canyon rims. (Assume
22. BFromthan
= 57°,Otis’s
Example
the top2aof =theGiven
elevation?
11, Two Angles
b =Altgelt
100-ft-tall 10 Hall and Oneobserves
a man Side—ASA a car moving toward the theyandareit parallel.)
building. If the angle of depression of angleA pole
the car of tilts
changes toward
from 22° the sun
to 46° at an 8" angle
during the pe- from the vertical, casts a 22-foot
23. A Civil
15.Determine
pole Engineering
the values
tilts toward the of b The
that will produce
shadow. elevation
The the angle from
givenof an
number
elevationob- from the tip of the shadow to theForecasting
top of the pole
riod of observation, howsun far at an the
does 8" angle from the vertical, and it casts a 22-foot 38. Weather
car travel?
server
ofshadow.
trianglesto
Thethe abottom
ifangle =of10 edge
and Boffrom
elevation =the42°.
Delaware
theis tip
43".ofHowtheRiver
tall isdrawbridge
shadow theto pole?
the top of the pole N N
SOLUTION Two meteorologists are 25 mi
isobservation
43". How talldeck is thelocated
pole? 200 ft from Solution
the observer is 30° . The SECTION 4.8 Solving 395
(a)
SolveTwo
angle oftriangles
Algebraically
elevationFigure from (b) theOne
4.90 modelstriangle
observer the tosituation.
the top (c) ofZero
Noticethe triangles
thatobserva-
we have labeled apart located on anProblems with Trigonometry
east-west road. C
ltgelt Solution
theCacute angles at the car’s two positionsFrom as 22°Figure
and 46° 6.3,(because
note that ! 43"
theAangle ofand B ! 90" $The 35.
8" ! Height
98". So,
meteorologist Because
the third
at of
angleprevailing
point A sights winds, a tree grew so that 39. Bridge Des
24. Determine
tion deck is
the 40° .
values What is the
of c !that height
will of
producethe observation
the given deck?
number b a
elevation
From from
Figure the
6.3, car equals
that A the angle ofisB
depression $from
8" !the building). Denote the
17.note Navigation 43" and
The Coast! 90"
Guard 98". So, the third angle a it was38°
tornado leaning
east 4! north.
of from the
The vertical. At
38°
a point 35 meters from a gaze
ofisdistance
triangles if bmoves
the car =cutter
12as and
x. C =travels
Denote
Angelica its53°.
distance
at 30 from
! 180"
C knots the #building
A # B95°
Corpus
at the second
from15° 15°
the tree, the angle of elevation to the top ofh the tree53°
is gazebo to th
observation as d.
180"
C ! triangles # Afrom # Bits(b) home port of Corpus! Christi Christi
meteorologist 73 ft at point B sights the
(a) Two One triangle 180"
(c) 43" #triangles
#Zero 98" 185° 23! (see figure). Find the height h of the tree. the gazebo,
From the smaller right course of 95°
on atriangle for 2 hr and then same tornado 53° west of north. A B
! 180" # 43"
6965_CH04_pp319-402.qxd # 98"to awe
1/14/10
bchanges
conclude:
1:50 PM
course Page
of 185° !389
for 239".
hr.
25 mi 74! E and S
In Exercises 25 a and 26, decide whether thethe triangle Find the distance from each meteo-
! 39". Find the distance and bearing can be solved using
100 gazebo to th
8° tan 46° =
By the Law of Sines, you have rologist to the tornado. Also find the distance between the
the Law of Sines. If so, solve from it.
the IfCorpus
not, Christi
Section explain
6.1 port dwhy
to thenot.
Law of Sines 437
By the Law of Sines, you have 40°
boat.
100a c tornado and theFlying
road. A hot-air balloon over Park City,
! . 24. Recreational
a c Navigation
18. d 30°
The = sin Lindo
Cerrito travels
A sin C at a speed of Utah, is 760 ft above the ground. The angle of depression from Tree
that 39.sinBridge
! Design .40 knots
A sin C then changes to
43°Afrombridge is totanbe46°built
Fort Lauderdale across
on a course of 65°a small
for 2 hrlake
SECTION 4.8 Solving Problems with Trigonometry
and
389
the balloon to an observer is 5.25°. Assuming the ground is rel- h
From the
B larger right
c = 22triangle
ft to awe 200a ft Because
course of 155° c !
for 22
4 feet,
hr.
A (see figure). The bearing from the
conclude: the
Determine length
the of
dis- the pole is
eters
3° from a gazebo dock atively flat, how far is the observer from a point on the ground
tance and the bearing from Fort Lauderdale
Because c ! 22 feet, the 22° length of the100 pole is EXAMPLE c
to the boat.
2
22 Making Indirectdirectly Measurements
under the balloon? 94° 28
ee is A gazebo19. to 46°
the dock
Land tan is
Measure S 41! W. From
a ! of
The angle a tree
!sin100
the A
depression "! meters
of19°
is the from
from
!sin " # 23.84
a 43"Altgelt feet.
a man observes 23°
22° 100=ft
From top 100-ft-tall HallNavigation
25. a
Acar moving
shoreline toward
runs the
north-south, and a boat is
FIGURE 6.3
16. Traveling c 22 sin C sin 39"
a the
! gazebo, !sinCarA "the
point From
bearings
! 7256 !the xtop
sin to
ft above sea
43" dof gazebo
+the
"level aon
# 23.84100-ft
the building
and
north
building.
feet. Ifthe
rim of the
the a man
dock are
Grand
angle of S
depression of the car
duechanges
east of thefrom 22° to 46°
shoreline. Theduring
bearings
35
the pe-
m of the boat from two
74!sinEaCcar SCanyon sinlevel
39"to a point 1006159 ft above
riod of
seaobservation,
level on the southhow far does the car travel?
rim.
observes andmoving
22°
28! E, toward
46°
him.
respectively.
+d the
x is
If the
Find
d =canyon at that point?
angle
the of depression
distance
Now try from
Exercise the
35. points on the shore are 110° and 100°. Assume the two points
x How wide SOLUTION are 550 ft apart. How far is the boat from the shore?
of thegazebo
car changestoNow
the from
dock. 15° tan 22°
toWatch
33° during the period of obser-
20. try
Ranger Exercise
Fire 35. Solvespots
A ranger Algebraically
a fire from Figure
a 4.90 models the 36. Height
situation. A that
Notice flagpole
we have atlabeled
a right angle to the horizontal is
vation,
FIGURE how4.90 far does
73-ft the car
A car approaches
tower travel?100 National
Altgelt
in xYellowstone the acute
Park.tryangles
She at the car’s
measures the two positions as 22° and 46° (because the angle of
Hall. (Example 2) = For
- dpractice, reworking Example 2 for a pole thatlocated
tilts on
away a
from slope
the that
sun makes an angle of 12! with the
angle of depressiontan
under the
elevation
22°1°20¿ . How
to be far isfrom
samethat Nthefrom
the fire
conditions.
car equals
the the angle of depression from the building). Denote the
horizontal. The atflagpole’s
the second shadow is 16 meters long and
For practice,
Tree try reworking
tower? Example 2 for a pole
distance tilts
the away
car from
moves asthe sun
x. Denote its distance from the building
100 100
x100= m
observation as d.
under the same21. 15° Engineering
conditions.
Civil
74° - bearing of W
The the line of sightE to points directly up the slope. The angle of elevation from
tan 22°Gorgetan
the east end of the Royal 46° the smaller
From
footbridge right 325
from a point triangle
ft we conclude:
33° the tip of the shadow to the sun is 20!. 40. Railroad T
x L
due north of the 150.9
west S
end of the footbridge across the Royal
tan 46°
100
=
100 ft 28°
Gorge is 117°. What is the length l of the bridge? d (a) Draw a triangle that represents the problem. Show the curve has a
Interpreting our answer, we find that the car travels about 151 feet.
Gazebo 110°
Now try Exercise 7. d =
100 known quantities on the triangle and use a variable to 40!.
550
tanft 46°
41° indicate the height of the flagpole.
100° (a) Draw a
From the larger right triangle we conclude:
100 (b) Write an equation involving the unknown quantity. Show th
al is tan 22° =
x + d variable
h the EXAMPLE 3 Finding Height Above Ground (c) Find the height of the flagpole.
x + d =
100 the leng
A large, helium-filled penguin is moored at the beginning of a parade route awaiting 37. Angle of Elevation A 10-meter telephone pole casts a
and Dock tan 22°
the start of the parade. Two cables attached to the underside of the penguin make an- (b) Find the
- 17-meter shadow directly down a slope when the angle of
100
from gles of 48° and 40° with117°
l
the ground and are in the same plane as a perpendicular linex = 26. Navigation
tan 22°
d Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is directly west of
from
Grand elevation of the on
Haven, Michigan, sun is 42!sides
opposite (seeoffigure). Find ",
Lake Michigan. the angle of (c) Find the
40. the penguin toTrack
Railroad the ground. (See Figure
Design The4.91.) If the cables
circular arc ofare a
attached to the
railroad x =
100 100
On a-foggy night, a law enforcement boat leaves from
ground 10 feet from each other, how high325
above
ft the ground is the penguin? tan 22° elevation
tan 46° of the ground. 41. Glide Path
w the curve has a chord of length 3000 feet and a central angle of Milwaukee
x L 150.9
on a course of 105° at the same time that a small
SOLUTION We can simplify the drawing to the two right triangles in Figure 4.92 smuggling craft steers a course of 195° from Grand Haven. landing at a
le to 40!. Thetravels
Interpreting our answer, we find that the car law enforcement boat averages 23 A
about 151 feet. knots and collides with
ed that share the common side h.
the smuggling craft. What
Now was
try the smuggling
Exercise 7. boat’s average
The angles
Model(a) Draw 22. aSpace
diagram that The
Flight visually
angle ofrepresents
elevation of athe problem.
space shuttle speed? runway are
y. Show the
from known
Cape quantities
Canaveral
By the definition of the tangent function, is 17°on the
when diagram
the shuttle is and use
directly thea
over 27. Mechanical Design Refer to Figure10 m The wheel in
4.94. (a) Draw a
ship 12 mi downrange. What is the altitude of the shuttle when
variables r and s to represent the
h directly over the ship? h
it is
radius of the3arcFinding
EXAMPLE and Height Above
a piston linkage
Ground like the one shown in the figure has a radius of
42°
= tan = large, 6 the
in. It turns withofana angular velocity
parade42° C
of 16p rad/sec. The ini-
− θawaiting (b) Find th
the lengthx of the48°arc,and
respectively. A tan 40°.
helium-filled penguin is moored at
x + 10 the start of the parade. Two cables attachedtial
beginning
to position is the same
of theas
route
that shown in an-
Figure 4.94.
sts a the underside penguin make
m touchin
Solve (b) Find the arc.of 48° and 40° with the ground and are(a)inWhat
radius r of the circular gles the same
is theplane 17piston?line
θof the
as a perpendicular
frequency
le of Algebraically from the penguin to the ground. (See Figure 4.91.) If theBcables are attached to the (c) Find th
(b) What equation models the motion of the piston?
le of 10 (c)
Solving
ft
forFind
h, the length s of the circular ground
arc. 10 feet from each other, how high above the ground is the penguin? touching
(c)toWhat
SOLUTION We can simplify the drawing is the
the two distance
right from
triangles inthe initial
Figure position
4.92 2.85 sec after
41.penguin.
Glide PathhA=large,
Ax tan
pilot andjust
48° has 1x +that
h =started102 tan
the40°.
onshare glide pathsideforh.
FIGURE 4.91
(Example 3)
helium-filled
Model
hthe common
A38. starting?
Flight Path
satellite calculates
A plane the distances
flies and angle
500 kilometers shown in the (d) Find the
with a bearing
landing at an airport 17°
with12a runway of length 9000 (continued)
feet. 28. Mechanical Design Suppose the wheel in a piston link-
of 316! from Naples to Elgin (see figure). The plane then descent
By the definition of the tangent function, Figure
age like the(not to scale).
one shown in FigureFind the
4.94 has distance
a radius of 18 cmbetween the two
The angles of depression from the plane to the ends of h
the flies 720 kilometers from Elgin
and hturns with an angular velocity of p rad/sec.to Canton. Find the bearing 42. Locating a
= tan 48° and cities. Round tan 40°.answers to the nearest tenth.
runway are 17.5! and 18.8!. x x +What
(a) of =the
10 flight
is the fromofElgin
frequency to Canton.
the piston? tower to the
h
23. Architectural Design A barn roof is constructed as
Solve Algebraically towers are 3
(a) Draw ashown
diagram
in the that visually
figure. represents
What is the the
height of the problem.
vertical center
(b) What equation models the motion of the piston?
Solving for h, Elgin
N cycles does the piston make in 1 min?
(c) How many N each tower
40° 48° span?
(b) Find x the air distance the plane must travel
10 h =until
x tan 48° and h = 1x + 102 tan 40°. S 70! E from
touching down on the near end of the runway. W E
FIGURE 4.92 (Example 3) (continued)
720 km 500 km the fire from
(c) Find the ground distance the plane must travel until S
44°
touching down.
(d) Find the altitude of the plane when the pilot begins the W
aring Canton Naples
then descent. Not drawn to scale

aring 42. Locating a Fire The bearing from the Pine Knob fire 80°
tower to the Colt Station fire tower is N 65! E, and the two 65°
Findtowers
the area
are 30of the triangle
kilometers apart. A fire spotted by rangers in A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle with a radius of 8 Pine
each tower has a bearing of N 80! E from Pine Knob and
S 70! E from Colt Station (see figure). Find the distance of
inches. Find the perimeter of the octagon.
the fire from each tower.

N
W E Colt Station
S
70°
80° 30 km
Fire
65°

Pine Knob Not drawn to scale

Table of Trigonometric Ratios
Angle Sine Cosine Tangent Angle Sine Cosine Tangent

1! .0175 .9998 .0175 46! .7193 .6947 1.0355

2! .0349 .9994 .0349 47! .7314 .6820 1.0724
3! .0523 .9986 .0524 48! .7431 .6691 1.1106
4! .0698 .9976 .0699 49! .7547 .6561 1.1504
5! .0872 .9962 .0875 50! .7660 .6428 1.1918
6! .1045 .9945 .1051 51! .7771 .6293 1.2349
7! .1219 .9925 .1228 52! .7880 .6157 1.2799
8! .1392 .9903 .1405 53! .7986 .6018 1.3270
9! .1564 .9877 .1584 54! .8090 .5878 1.3764
10! .1736 .9848 .1763 55! .8192 .5736 1.4281
11! .1908 .9816 .1944 56! .8290 .5592 1.4826
12! .2079 .9781 .2126 57! .8387 .5446 1.5399
13! .2250 .9744 .2309 58! .8480 .5299 1.6003
14! .2419 .9703 .2493 59! .8572 .5150 1.6643
15! .2588 .9659 .2679 60! .8660 .5000 1.7321
16! .2756 .9613 .2867 61! .8746 .4848 1.8040
17! .2924 .9563 .3057 62! .8829 .4695 1.8807
18! .3090 .9511 .3249 63! .8910 .4540 1.9626
19! .3256 .9455 .3443 64! .8988 .4384 2.0503
20! .3420 .9397 .3640 65! .9063 .4226 2.1445
21! .3584 .9336 .3839 66! .9135 .4067 2.2460
22! .3746 .9272 .4040 67! .9205 .3907 2.3559
23! .3907 .9205 .4245 68! .9272 .3746 2.4751
24! .4067 .9135 .4452 69! .9336 .3584 2.6051
25! .4226 .9063 .4663 70! .9397 .3420 2.7475
26! .4384 .8988 .4877 71! .9455 .3256 2.9042
27! .4540 .8910 .5095 72! .9511 .3090 3.0777
28! .4695 .8829 .5317 73! .9563 .2924 3.2709
29! .4848 .8746 .5543 74! .9613 .2756 3.4874

Trigonometric Ratios
30! .5000 .8660 .5774 75! .9659 .2588 3.7321
31! .5150 .8572 .6009 76! .9703 .2419 4.0108
32! .5299 .8480 .6249 77! .9744 .2250 4.3315
33! .5446 .8387 .6494 78! .9781 .2079 4.7046
34! .5592 .8290 .6745 79! .9816 .1908 5.1446
35! .5736 .8192 .7002 80! .9848 .1736 5.6713
36! .5878 .8090 .7265 81! .9877 .1564 6.3138
37! .6018 .7986 .7536 82! .9903 .1392 7.1154
38! .6157 .7880 .7813 83! .9925 .1219 8.1443
39! .6293 .7771 .8098 84! .9945 .1045 9.5144
40! .6428 .7660 .8391 85! .9962 .0872 11.4301
41! .6561 .7547 .8693 86! .9976 .0698 14.3007
42! .6691 .7431 .9004 87! .9986 .0523 19.0811
43! .6820 .7314 .9325 88! .9994 .0349 28.6363
44! .6947 .7193 .9657 89! .9998 .0175 57.2900
45! .7071 .7071 1.0000

Table of Trigonometric Ratios 823