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Abstract: There are still many people in the banks of the river in the city of Medan, especially in the Deli river, which
uses river water for their daily needs. This study was conducted to reduce the water turbidity of the Deli River
by using a ceramic membrane made from clay. The ceramic membrane was made by analyzing the effect of
the composition and the size of the additional ingredients of rice husks and sawdust to the reduction of water
turbidity in the Deli River. This ceramic membrane is made in the form of a pot (pot filter) with the height of
18 cm and the diameter of 21 cm which is burned at the temperature of 850oC - 900 oC for 8 hours.Variations
in the size of the material used are range from 35-50, 50-60 and 60-100 mesh with a comparison of the
composition of materials (80%: 20%), (85%: 15%) and ( 90%: 10%). The result of the research on clay
ceramic membranes with the additional turbidity reduction efficiency is equal to 90.36%. Whereas, clay
ceramic membranes with the addition of rice husk showed a decrease in turbidity with an efficiency of
88.76%.
138
Herlina, N., Saragih, M. and Mawarni, H.
Study of Making Clay-based Ceramic Membranes with Additional Rice Husk and Sawdust to Reduce Water Turbidity.
DOI: 10.5220/0008547801380146
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 138-146
ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6
Copyright
c 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
Study of Making Clay-based Ceramic Membranes with Additional Rice Husk and Sawdust to Reduce Water Turbidity
139
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
b. Material Size : The temperature of the first stage will produce the
- Material that passed on 35 mesh and dehydration process at the temperature of 100 ᵒC, the
retained on 50 mesh. temperature of the second stage produces the
- Material that passed the sieve on 50 mesh vitrification process at the temperature of 850 ᵒC.
and retained on the sieve on 60 mesh.
- Material that passed the sieve on 60 mesh
and retained on the sieve on 100 mesh. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.4 Test Parameters Sampling was carried out twice in this study. In the
first sampling, Turbidity Value Analysis in Deli
The parameters examined in this study is the turbidity River was 13.76 NTU. Then, in the second sampling,
of the water. 15.6 NTU were obtained. So that the average value
of the two samples is taken with a value of 14.68
3.5 Ceramic Membrane Manufacture NTU in which the value has exceeded the quality
standard in accordance with the Indonesian Ministry
The making of ceramic membranes in this study are of Health Regulation Number
as follows: 492/MenKes/Per/IV/2010.
1. Sliced the soil thinly, then dried in the sun to dry,
then mashed with a ball mill machine and sifted 4.1 Test Results of Water Infiltration
in the size of (35-50), (50-60) and (60-100) mesh.
Time on Clay and Rice Husk
2. Additional ingredients, namely rice husk and
sawdust that have been mashed are then sifted Ceramic Membrane
using a range of sizes from 35-50 mesh, 50-60
A good ceramic filter must have a permeating time
mesh and 60-100 mesh.
that is not too fast and not too slow (Puspita, 2017).
3. Clay and additional material, rice husk and
sawdust, mixed evenly on each batter with a
percent ratio by volume respectively. First 250,00 228,22
185,90
Time of Water Infiltration
50,00 23,60
into the membrane mixture while stirring evenly 18,38
until the mixture of the two is easy to form. 0,00
4. Membrane batter is made in the form of a pot- 35-50 50-60 60-100
Mesh Mesh Mesh
shaped filter with the membrane diameter of 21
cm, membrane height of 18 cm and membrane
thickness of 1 cm to estimate shrinkage during 90:10 % 85:15% 80:20%
the manufacturing process. Mesh Size and Composition of Ceramic
5. The batter is removed from the membrane mold, Membrane Materials
then dried at room temperature for 7 days.
6. The formed membrane is then dried in the sun to Figure 1: Average Water Infiltration Time (Hours) on
dry for several days. Ceramic Membrane.
7. The next stage, the membrane is burned in a
furnace with a temperature of 850-900 ᵒC for 8 In this study, there were two variations carried
hours. out, namely mesh size and material composition, clay
and rice husk. To see the effectiveness of mesh size
Based on the ceramic filter guide book (2011), in the and material composition on the time of water
combustion process there are two stages of permeation, it is necessary to calculate the average
combustion temperature, namely: time of water permeation based on mesh size and
material composition. The fastest time to seize three
1. The process of dehydration
liters of water on the membrane is on membrane
2. The process of vitrification (changes in
number three with a time of 18.38 hours and the
chemical elements) from the clay will
longest time to seize three liters of water on
produce mature ceramic pots.
membrane number seven with a time of 228.22 hours.
140
Study of Making Clay-based Ceramic Membranes with Additional Rice Husk and Sawdust to Reduce Water Turbidity
180
Water seeps faster on the composition of clay
155,84
Average Water Infiltration
120
91,54 compared to rice husk whose ratio is 90 %:10% with
100
80 the time of permeation of water is 177.94 hours. The
53,9
60 water flow rate increases with the increase in the
40 composition of combustible materials (Zereffa and
20 Bekalo, 2017).
0 At the beginning of the study, the water seemed to
35-50 Mesh 50-60 Mesh 60-100 Mesh seep faster than the time after, due to pressure so that
Mesh Size the water came out faster than the filter. Meanwhile,
when the water has reached half of the membrane
Figure 2: Average Time of Water Infiltration (Hours) Based height, the permeation rate decreases and when the
on Material Size (Mesh). water has reached the bottom of the membrane, the
rate of water permeation is very slow (Puspita, 2017).
This is because solutes that cause turbidity are
retained by ceramic filters so that they will eventually
accumulate on the membrane surface to form a gel or
fouling layer which results in compression or
resistance to the surface of the membrane (Agmalini
et al, 2013).
200
of water.
150
50
150,00
Average Water
0
100,00 90:10% 85:15% 80:20%
74,66
35-50 mesh 200,5 60 42,07
48,68
50,00 50-60 mesh 140 117,23 24
60-100 mesh 265,7 153,15 157,6
0,00
90:10 % 85:15 % 80:20 %
Material Composition and Size of Ceramic
Membrane Mesh
Material Compositions
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ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
The fastest time to seize three liters of water on a on the composition of the material used, the
membrane is membrane number 6 with a time of 24 composition of the mixture of clay and sawdust with
hours and the longest time to seep three liters of water a ratio (80%:20%) has the fastest permeation time,
on a membrane is membrane number 7 with a time of which is 74.5 hours. Whereas the composition of the
265.7 hours. mixture of clay and sawdust with a ratio (90%:10%)
In this study, there were two variants carried out, has the longest permeation time, which is 202.1
namely mesh size and material composition which is hours. The less composition of additional material,
clay and rice husk. To see the effectiveness of mesh the more time needed for permeation. According to
size and material composition at the time of water Clair (2006) and Dies (2003), when a ceramic filter is
permeation, it is necessary to calculate the average burned, sawdust contained in the mixing filter will
time of water permeation based on mesh size and burn out leaving pores or voids through filtered water.
material composition. Therefore, ceramic filter with a higher percentage of
sawdust and rice husk composition leave more pores
after combustion, hence greater porosity can be
192,12 proved by higher percolation or water flow rates.
Average Water Infiltration
150,0 100,9 93,7 formation of cake layers under the ceramic membrane
100,0
and the pore volume of ceramic filters (Musa, 2010).
50,0 Ceramic filter flow rates made of 40% sawdust
decrease from 1.5 L/hour to 0.5 L/hour because the
0,0
35-50 50-60 60-100 cake layer is formed at the bottom and particles clog
mesh mesh mesh the pores. The slowing of the permeation time is
Mesh Size caused by the filter being clogged by deposits carried
by water. The longer the use of filters, the higher the
thickness of the sediment that causes the ability of
Figure 6: Average Water Infiltration Time on Ceramic water to penetrate the filter pore is getting heavier
Membrane Based on Mesh size. (Matthies and Obst, 2010). Similarly, in this study,
when water was poured into the ceramic membrane
The graph shows the fastest permeation time based on at the beginning, the water flowed faster when
the size of the material used, namely the size range of compared to when it had reached permeation half of
50-60 mesh with a time of 93.7 hours. Whereas, the the initial results were entered.
longest average permeation time based on the size of This is proven by the presence of deposits that
the material used is in the size range 60-100 mesh are held on the ceramic membrane and the cake layer
with a time of 192.12 hours. on the bottom of the ceramic membrane, so that there
is a blockage when the water flows which results in
long permeation time. However, to prevent a
Average Water Infiltration Time
142
Study of Making Clay-based Ceramic Membranes with Additional Rice Husk and Sawdust to Reduce Water Turbidity
Efficiency (%)
70,00
80,00
60,00
77,63
50,00 78,00
40,00 76,00
30,00 74,00
20,00
72,00
10,00 90:10 % 85:15 % 80:20 %
0,00
90:10 % 85:15 % 80:20 % Material Composition
35-50 Mesh 50-60 Mesh 60-100 Mesh
Material Composition and Size of Ceramic Membrane Mesh
Figure 10: Average Efficiency of Turbidity Reduction on
Figure 8: Average Efficiency of Turbidity Reduction in Ceramic Membrane Based on Material Composition.
Ceramic Membrane.
The average efficiency of turbidity value based
The efficiency of turbidity values that have been on the composition of clay material and rice husk has
averaged after passing through ceramic membranes the highest value at the composition ratio of
on each membrane has decreased significantly to 90%:10% with an efficiency value of 84.95% and the
below the quality standard that is below 5 NTU. The lowest efficiency with a composition ratio of
highest efficiency is 88.91% on membrane number 85%:15% with an efficiency value of 77.63%.
seven with the ratio of composition of clay and rice In this study, the results obtained were not
husk is 90% and 10% with the material size of 60-100 inversely proportional to the time of permeation of
mesh. Meanwhile, the lowest efficiency is 70.71% on water, because the process of forming and mixing
membrane number eight with the ratio of composition ceramic membranes was done by hand or manually,
of clay and rice husk is 85% and 15% with the not using a mixing machine in the process of mixing
material size of 60-100 mesh. ceramic membrane making materials and not using a
friction machine or press machine on the process of
forming ceramic membranes. The process of mixing
82,2 82,01
81,85 the material is important so that the mixture of
Average Turbidity Reduction
82
81,8 ceramic raw material with the arrangement of the
81,6 composition and size of the grain becomes
Efficiency (%)
143
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
Turbidity Reduction
89,33
90,00
Efficiency (%)
Based on the research of Widodo et al (2015)
clay filters made by press molding are more effective 88,00
than clay filters made without a press molding 84,78
86,00
(manually). 84,00
82,00
4.4 Turbidity Reduction Efficiency on 35-50 50-60 60-100
Clay and Sawdust Ceramic mesh mesh mesh
Membrane Mesh Size
90,00
Efficiency (%)
0,00
90%:1 85%:1 80%:2 90,00
Efficiency (%)
0% 5% 0%
35-50 mesh
88,00
90,36 89,69 87,93
50-60 mesh 89,93 90,21 74,19 86,00 83,75
60-100 mesh 90,05 89,59 89,12 84,00
Material Composition and Size of Ceramic 82,00
Membrane Mesh 80,00
90:10% 85:15% 80:20%
Material Composition
Figure 11: Average Efficiency of Turbidity Reduction on
Ceramic Membrane.
Figure 13: Average Efficiency of Turbidity Reduction on
The efficiency of turbidity values that have been Ceramic Membrane Based on Material Composition.
averaged after passing through ceramic membranes
on each membrane has decreased significantly to The average efficiency of turbidity value based
below the quality standard that is below 5 NTU. The on the composition of the materials used for the
graph of turbidity testing results above shows that the highest efficiency is shown in the composition of the
highest turbidity reduction efficiency is indicated by mixture of clay and sawdust (90%: 10%) with an
ceramic membrane number 1 with the composition efficiency value of 90.11%. This shows that the less
ratio of the mixture of clay and sawdust is 90% and additional material used in the process of making
10% with an efficiency value of 90.36%. While the ceramic membranes, the less pore formed after the
lowest efficiency was indicated by ceramic combustion process so that it can provide good
membrane number 6 with the composition ratio of the quality turbidity values. Meanwhile, the lowest
mixture of clay and sawdust is 90% and 10% with an efficiency is shown in the composition of the mixture
efficiency value of 74.19%. of clay and sawdust (80%: 20%) with an efficiency
value of 83.75%. Conversely, the more additional
material used, the greater the pore formed after the
144
Study of Making Clay-based Ceramic Membranes with Additional Rice Husk and Sawdust to Reduce Water Turbidity
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ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
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