MDB 4443: Facilities Operation and Management (ME)

ASSIGNMENT 4 (PV)
September 2020 Semester

No Name ID
1. Aida Nadhirah binti Mohd Khairuzzaman 24247
1
2. Nur Izzah Farzana binti Rosnizam 24277
3
3. Nurul Fathonah binti Mohd Azid 24453
4
4. Nurul Ferliena binti Musa 24209
5
1. Write summary on types of boilers and their applications

Boilers are the basic foundation of heating of domestic hot water in many
commercial, industrial, institutional, and education facilities. A boiler is a steel
pressure vessel in which water under pressure is converted into steam by the
application of combustion. In other words, it is simply a heat exchanger which uses
radiant heat and hot flue gases, liberated from burning fuel, to generate steam and hot
water for heating and processing loads. The six main basic parts includes burner,
combustion space, convection section, stack, air fans, controls and accessories.
Boilers are mainly categorized according to its characteristics as follows:

I. By Tube

There are two types of steam boilers namely; firetube and watertube. Firetube and
watertube boilers rely on combustion for heat. The general design for both
incorporates burner equipment to generate the heat, and pressure vessels containing
heat exchanger tubes. The key difference between them is what passes through the
tubes. Combustion gases carry the heat through the tubes of firetube boilers. The heat
transfers to the water on the vessel side of the tubes. Watertube boilers have water
flowing through the tubes, with the combustion gases on the vessel-side of the tubes.

Firetube boilers
 This is a boiler in which the fire or hot gas is present inside the tubes and water
surrounds these fire tubes.
 The tubes are trying to heat a large quantity of water.
 The large amount of water or steam stored in firetube boilers reduces the chance
for disruption in service if load demands tend to spike.
 Not suggested for steam pressures at or above 350 pounds per square inch gauge
(psig).

 Produce up to 14 tonnes of steam/hour.

 Can meet wide and sudden load fluctuations because of large water volumes.
 The examples of this boiler are the simple vertical boiler, Cochran boiler,
Lancashire boiler, Cornish boiler, Locomotive boiler, Scotch marine boiler and
Velcon boiler.
 Application: Railways, marines and industrial sectors.

Watertube boilers
 Watertube boilers have a smaller water to combustion gas ratio than firetube
boilers; therefore, these boilers can produce steam more quickly. They are good
for variable load demands.
 The smaller amount of hot water and steam in the tubes is also safer in case of
damage to boiler components.
 Watertube boilers can provide high quality steam and handle higher pressures than
firetube boilers.

 The ability of watertube boilers to generate superheated steam makes these boilers
particularly attractive in applications that require dry, high-pressure, high-energy
steam, including steam turbine power generation. The application includes in
variety of process applications in industries, chemical processing divisions, pulp
and Paper manufacturing plants and refining units.
II. By Use

Boilers can also be classified according to its nature of service whether it is stationary
nor portable. If the boilers are used at one place only they are termed as stationary
boilers. These boilers are used for either process heating in industries or for power
generation in steam power plants. These are used at central station utility power
plants, for plant process. Ex: Babcock-Wilcox boiler, Fluidized Bed Combustion
(FBC) boiler.

The boilers, if they are portable and can be moved from one place to other place those
are known as mobile boilers. Such boilers are used in locomotives and ships to get the
engine moving. And also small units are used for temporary at working sites such as
Locomotive boiler, Marine boiler etc.
 III. By Pressure

Boilers that are classified by pressure can be referred to the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers ‘Boiler and pressure vessel code’ (ASME Boiler Code; Table
1). The boiler which produces steam at pressures of 70 bar and above are called high
pressure boilers. The efficiency of fire tube boilers has been found quite low. The
generation of steam at high pressure and high temperature is not possible in a fire tube
boiler. The conventional water tube boilers such as Babcock and Wilcox water boilers
even though can generate steam at high pressure with high steam generation rate, they
have been found unsuitable. Babcock and Wilcox water boilers have undergone a vast
change to generate high-pressure steam at a high rate of steam generation. The
preheating of air by the incorporation of air preheater in the plant feed water heating
by economizer by transferring the heat of flue gas. These equipment are installed in
the flow path of flue gases which are at high temperature. Thus, there is a recovery of
waste heat. Furthermore, regenerative feed heating is used by extracting some
quantity of steam from the stages of turbine and getting this utilized for heating the
feed water before fed to the boiler. The boiler which produces steam between 20 and
70 bars is known as medium-pressure boiler. The boiler which produces steam of less
than 20 bars is known as low-pressure boiler. For instance, Cochran, Cornish,
Lancashire and Locomotive boiler.

IV. By Heat Source

V. By Fuel
VI. By Furnace Position
VII. By Circulation
2. Propose a methodology and flow chart to be adopted for designing, manufacture, testing, installation and use of PV/ boilers