Lecture3 Temperature Rev

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INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG
29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

Slide No: 1
Temperature Measurement

Slide No: 2
CONTENTS OF LESSON
1. Definition and Principles of Temperature
Measurement.
2. Types of Contact Thermometry  Mechanical (bulb
thermometer, bi-metalic), Electrical (RTD,
Thermocouple, Thermistor etc).
3. Types of Non-Contact Thermometry  Optical,
Infrared, Pyrometer.

Slide No: 3
TEMPERATURE--HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The sensations of hot and cold are fundamental to the human experience,
yet finding ways to measure temperature has challenged many great minds.
It’s unclear if the ancient Greeks or Chinese had ways to measure
temperature, so as far as we know, the history of temperature sensors began
during the Renaissance.
• Ancient people measure
something with physiological
experience whilst touching or
approaching it.
Person Person Person
Person
A B C
D (Hot)
(Cold) (Cool) (Warm)

Slide No: 4
MILESTONE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
1592 1612 1664 1821 1829 1932 1940 1959
The thermometer as we know it was invented in

1612 in what is now Italy by Santorio Santorii. He
In 1664, Robert Hooke proposed the freezing point of
sealed liquid inside a glass tube, observing how it
water be used as a zero point, with temperatures
moved up the tube as it expanded. A scale on the
being measured from this
tube made it easier to see changes, but the system
lacked precise units.
In 1821, Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that a

Ole Roemer saw the need for two fixed points,
voltage is created when the ends of dissimilar metals
allowing interpolation between them. The points he
are joined and placed at different temperatures.
chose were Hooke’s freezing point and also the
Peltier discovered that this thermocouple effect is
boiling point of water
reversible and can be used for cooling.
Galileo is reported to have built a device that showed

In the same year, Humphrey Davey demonstrated
changes in temperature sometime around 1592. This
how the electrical resistivity of a metal is related to
appears to have used the contraction of air in a
temperature. Five years later, Becquerel proposed
vessel to draw up a column of water, the height of
using a platinum-platinum thermocouple for
the column indicating the extent of cooling.
temperature measurement, but it took until 1829 for
However, this was strongly influenced by air pressure
Leopoldi Nobili to actually create the device.
and was little more than a novelty.

Slide No: 5
MILESTONE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

The thermometer as we know it was invented in 1612 in what is now
Italy by Santorio Santorii. He sealed liquid inside a glass tube,
observing how it moved up the tube as it expanded. A scale on the
tube made it easier Platinum is also used in the resistance
temperature detector invented in 1932 by C.H. Meyers. This
measures the electrical resistance of a length of platinum wire and is
generally considered the most accurate type of temperature sensor.
RTDs using wire are by nature fragile and unsuitable for industrial
applications. Recent years have seen the development of film RTDs,
which are less accurate but more robust.o see changes, but the
system lacked precise units.
Bolometers are sensitive to infrared light across a

wide range of wavelengths. In contrast, the
photon detector-type devices developed since
the 1940s tend to respond only to infrared in a
limited wave band.
Lead sulphide detectors are sensitive to

wavelengths up to 3 microns while the discovery
of HgCdTe ternary alloy in 1959 opened the door
to detectors tailored to specific wavelengths.

Slide No: 6
WHAT IS TEMPERATURE ?
• Temperature: A measure proportional to the average translational kinetic
energy associated with the disordered microscopic motion of atoms and
molecules.
• The flow of heat is from a high temperature region toward a lower
temperature region.
• When a high temperature object is placed in contact with a low temperature
object, then energy will flow from the high temperature object to the lower
temperature object, and they will approach an equilibrium temperature.

Slide No: 7
TEMPERATURE VS HEAT
• Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be
the same, but they are not.
• Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic
energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is
measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly
proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
• Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. That
total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of
the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made
up of the potential energies of the molecules.

Slide No: 8
MECHANISM OF ENERGY TRANSPORTED

Slide No: 9
KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE

• In the early 1800’s William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), developed a universal
thermodynamic scale based upon the coefficient of expansion of an ideal
gas. Kelvin established the concept of absolute zero, and his scale remains
the standard for modern thermometry.
• Temperature, measured in Kelvin degrees, is directly proportional to the

average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. So, when molecules
of a substance have a small average kinetic energy, then the temperature of
the substance is low.

Slide No: 10
• At a low temperature gas molecules travel, on average, at slower speeds

than they travel at high temperature.
• Thus, at a low temperature the molecules have, on average, less kinetic
energy than they do at a high temperature.
• Kelvin is the only true “natural” temperature scale … everything else is
simply a “conversion”

Slide No: 11
• On the Kelvin Temperature scale, absolute zero corresponds to

a condition below which temperatures do not exist.
• At absolute zero, or 0 K, molecular motion ceases, This value
corresponds to a temperature of -273.15° on the Celsius
temperature scale.
• The Kelvin degree is the same size as the Celsius degree;
hence the two reference temperatures for Celsius, the freezing
point of water (0°C), and the boiling point of water (100°C),
correspond to 273.15K and 373.15K, respectively.

Slide No: 12
REFERENCE TEMPERATURES
• Must rely upon temperatures
established by physical
phenomena which are
consistently observed in
nature.
• The International
Temperature Scale (ITS) is
based on such observed
phenomena, establishes
fourteen fixed points and
corresponding temperatures.

Slide No: 13
ITS-90

Slide No: 14
Fig. The phase diagram for pure water.
Fig. A simplified guide to the main features of ITS-90

Slide No: 15
PRINCIPLE OF ITS-90
ITS-90 is an example of the construction of an ordinal scale to approximate the
metric scale for thermodynamic temperature. The approximation is based on
three types of device, as summarized :
• Fixed points. These are the melting, boiling and triple points of pure substances.
Each point is highly reproducible, and is assigned a temperature that is believed to
be close to the thermodynamic temperature of the point.
• Interpolating thermometers. These are highly reproducible thermometers of four
different types: helium vapour-pressure thermometer, helium- or hydrogen-gas
thermometer, platinum resistance thermometer and radiation thermometer. Each is
calibrated at one or more fixed points.
• Interpolating equations. The thermometer reading at each of the fixed points is used
to construct an equation, of a specified form, that passes through each of the points.
The interpolating equation is then used to provide readings for temperatures
between the fixed points. About half of the ITS-90 interpolation equations are
equivalent to Lagrange interpolation.

Slide No: 16
CLASSIFICATION TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Fig. Non-Electrical Contacting Temperature Sensor

Slide No: 17
Fig. Electrical Contacting Temperature Sensor

Slide No: 18
Fig. Non-Contacting Temperature Sensor

Slide No: 19
CONTACT THERMOMETRY

Slide No: 20
BULB THERMOMETERS
• A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature.
• 1592 - Galileo Galilei builds a thermometer using the contraction of air to
draw water up a tube

Slide No: 21
• Most common device

• Thermometry based on thermal expansion
• Liquid-in-glass (mercury, alcohol, pentane)
thermometers
• The manner in which a thermometer is
calibrated needs to correspond to how it
used. Under normal circumstances, …
accuracy from ±0.2 to ±2°C.

Slide No: 22
GAS BULB THERMOMETERS

• Gas bulb thermometers measures temperature by the
variation in volume or pressure of a gas. One common
apparatus is a constant volume thermometer. It consists of a
bulb connected by a capillary tube to a manometer.

Slide No: 23
BI-METALLIC THERMOMETERS
• If you take two metals with
different thermal expansion
coefficients and bond them
together, they will bend in one
direction if the temperature
rises above the temperature at
which the boding was done and
in the direction if temperature
drops.
• Devices Can be used to
indirectly Drive an Electronic
Indicator

Slide No: 24
Bimetallic thermometers make use of two fundamental principles:

• metals change volume with temperature
• this coefficient of change is not the same for all metals
If two different straight metal strips are bonded together and heated, the
resultant strip will bend toward the side of the metal with the lower expansion
rate. Deflection is proportional to the square of the length and the temperature
change and inversely proportional to the thickness.

Slide No: 25
BI-METALLIC THERMOMETER EXAMPLE

Slide No: 26

Slide No: 27

Slide No: 28
RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

• The same year that Seebeck made discovery about thermoelectricity,
Humphrey Davy discovered that metal resistivity had a consistent
temperature dependence.
• Fifty years later, William Siemens proffered use of platinum as element in a

resistance thermometer.
• Platinum is well suited for resistance thermometry because it can Withstand
high temperatures while maintaining excellent material stability.
• As a noble metal, Platinum shows limited susceptibility to contamination.

Slide No: 29

• RTD's are stable and have a fairly wide
temperature range, but are not inexpensive as
thermocouples since they require the use of
electric current to make measurements, RTD's
are subject to inaccuracies from self-heating.
• An RTD capitalizes on the fact that the electrical
resistance of a material changes as its
temperature changes.
• RTD's rely on the resistance change in a metal.
The resistance will rise more or less linearly
with temperature.
• Traditionally, RTD's use a length of conductor RTD's are used to measure
(platinum, nickel iron or copper) wound around temperatures from -196° to
an insulator. 482° C

Slide No: 30

Slide No: 31

• Resistance of a small wire is used to
detect temperature.
• Factors other than temperature that
effect resistance must be minimized.
Primary effect is strain.
• The classical RTD construction using
platinum was proposed by C.H. Meyers
in 1932
• Helical coil of platinum wound on a
crossed mica web and mounted inside a
glass tube.
• Minimized strain on the wire while
maximizing resistance

Slide No: 32

• Film RTD offers substantial reduction in assembly time and has advantage
of high element resistance for a given physical size.
• Small device size means fast response to changes in temperature.

• Film RTD’s are less stable than wire-wound, but are more popular because
of decided advantages in size, production cost and ruggedness.

Slide No: 33
THERMISTORS
• A thermistor is an electrical resistor used to
measure temperature. A thermistor designed
such that its resistance varies with
temperature.
• Thermistors tend to be more accurate than RTD's and thermocouples, but

they have a much more limited temperature range because of their marked
non-linearity.
• A Thermistor capitalizes on the fact that the electrical resistance of a
material changes as its temperature changes. Thermistors rely on the
resistance change in a ceramic semiconductor, with the resistance dropping
non-linearly with a temperature rise.
Slide No: 34
THERMISTORS
• Measure resistance, e.g., with a multimeter, Convert resistance to
temperature with calibration equation

Slide No: 35
THERMISTORS
Advantages
• Sensor output is directly related to absolute temperature – no reference
junction needed.
• Relatively easy to measure resistance
Disadvantages
• Possible self-heating error,e.g. Repeated measurements in rapid succession
can cause thermistor to heat up
• More expensive than thermocouples: $20/each versus $1/each per junction
• More difficult to apply for rapid transients: slow response and self-heating

Slide No: 36
THERMISTORS
Thermistors usually are made of a semiconductor and have the following
properties:
• Much larger dR/dT than RTD’s
• Fast Response
• Inconsistent, must be calibrated individually
• Can change over time

Slide No: 37
IC SENSORS
• The newest type of temperature sensor on the
market is the integrated circuit (IC) temperature
transducer. IC sensors can be designed to
produce either voltage or current output and are
extremely linear.
• IC sensors are a very effective way to produce

an analog voltage proportional to temperature.
• They have a limited temperature range and are

used to measure temperatures from -45° to 150°
C

Slide No: 38
THERMOCOUPLES

Slide No: 39
THERMOCOUPLES
• The most commonly used device for temperature measurements, with the
possible exception of thermometer, is the thermocouple.
• Thermocouples operate on the principle that a voltage is generated by two
dissimilar metals in contact with each other when a temperature variation
exists through the metals.
• Thermocouples are active measurement devices since there is no power
input to thermocouples
• Temperature difference generates voltage

Slide No: 40
THERMOCOUPLES
• The thermocouple effect (the « Seebeck » effect) was discovered in 1821,
when showing that a new voltage is generated when the junctions of
different metals are heated to different temperatures.
• A decade later, Peltier showed that this effect was reversible: thermal
effects were observed when small, externally imposed currents were
directed through the junctions of different thermocouple wires.

Slide No: 41
THERMOCOUPLES

Slide No: 42
HOW TO SELECT THERMOCOUPLE?

Slide No: 43
OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF THERMOCOUPLES

Slide No: 44
THERMOCOUPLES: PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT

PRINCIPALS

Slide No: 45
THERMOCOUPLES: PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT

PRINCIPALS

Slide No: 46
HUKUM TERMOELEKTRIK PADA TERMOKOPEL

IDEAL
• Law of Homogenous Metal : Electromotive force tidak akan muncul jika
kedua elemen (konduktor) terbuat dari material atau bahan yang sama.
• Law of Intermediate Metal : Jika ada penambahan material ketiga pada
rangkaian termokopel maka tegangan Seebeck-nya akan sama dengan nol
jika material tersebut pada temperatur yang seragam.
• Law of Successive Temperature : EMF yang timbul dari termokopel
dimana kedua junction T1 dan T3 sama dengan EMF junction pada T1 dan
T2 ditambah EMF junction pada T2 dan T3.

Slide No: 47
SENSING THE THERMOCOUPLE VOLTAGE

• We can’t measure the Seebeck voltage directly because one must first
connect a voltmeter to the thermocouple, and the voltmeter leads,
themselves, create a new thermoelectric circuit.

Slide No: 48

Slide No: 49

Slide No: 50

Slide No: 51

Slide No: 52

Slide No: 53

Slide No: 54

Slide No: 55
THERMOCOUPLE WITH DISSIMILAR METER LEADS

Slide No: 56

Slide No: 57

Slide No: 58

Slide No: 59

Slide No: 60

Slide No: 61

Slide No: 62

Slide No: 63
TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Slide No: 64
TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Slide No: 65
NON-CONTACT
THERMOMETRY

Slide No: 66
NON-CONTACT PYROMETER
• Pengukuran temperatur dengan metoda pirometrik
menggunakan radiasi elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan oleh
objek yang diukur. Terdapat dua pirometer dasar : inframerah
dan akustik.
• Pirometer inframerah mengukur jumlah energi yang
diradiasikan dari suatu objek untuk menentukan
temperaturnya. Material yang berbeda memancarkan radiasi
dengan panjang gelombang yang berbeda pula.
• Untuk memilih pirometer yang efektif maka pita panjang
gelombang perlu ditentukan sehingga tidak diserap
lingkungan.

Slide No: 67
PIROMETER INFRAMERAH
Terdapat tiga tipe pirometer inframerah :
• Radiasi total : thermometer tipe ini mengukur semua energy, sepanjang
spektrum. Karena luasnya spektrum sensing, pengukuran tipe ini dengan
mudah dipengaruhi ketidakmurnian atau ketidakkonsistenan antara sensor
dan objek. Kesalahan terbesar terjadi pada material dengan emisivitas lebih
rendah.
• Panjang gelombang tunggal : tidak sama dengan radiasi total, tipe ini
mengukur magnitudo radiasi pada satu panjang gelombang. Optimasi
keakuratan tipe ini dilakukan melalui pemilihan panjang gelombang yang
paling tepat atau cocok dengan objek yang akan diukur.
• Panjang gelombang ganda : ketika emisivitas rendah dan sulit mengukur
maka akurasi dan reliabilitas dapat ditingkatkan dengan sensor panjang
gelombang ganda. Tipe ini mengukur magnitudo dari dua panjang
gelombang pada waktu yang bersamaan. Temperatur dihitung dari dua
pembacaan.
Slide No: 68
PIROMETER AKUSTIK
• Pirometer akustik bekerja berdasarkan prinsip kecepatan suara
dalam gas yang bergantung pada sifat alami gas dan temperaturnya.
Waktu pancaran (time of flight) digunakan, dan karena jarak antar
titik-titik diketahui maka dimungkinkan untuk mengukur setiap
perubahan pada kondisi tersebut. Prinsip ini diadaptasi dari
pengukuran temperatur cairan dan padatan.
• Pirometer akustik digunakan ketika memerlukan temperatur rata-
rata atau temperatur pada area yang luas. Pirometer akustik
bermanfaat untuk mengukur temperatur gas dalam tungku
pembakaran (furnace). Divais ini bekerja pada rentang temperatur
yang luas dan bermanfaat untuk pemetaan kontur thermal.

Slide No: 69
EXAMPLE OF TEMPERATURE OPTICAL DETECTOR

Slide No: 70
BAGAIMANA TRANSMITTER BEKERJA

• Transmitter temperatur menggabungkan sensor temperatur
(termokopel, RTD, thermistor, dll) dan transmitter dalam satu
instrumen.
• Sensor melakukan pengukuran temperatur sedangkan
transmitter memperkuat dan mentransmisikan sinyal ke sistem
monitoring atau control room.
• Transmitter temperatur melakukan pengukuran temperatur dan
mengkonversi temperatur tersebut menjadi arus 4-20 mA.
• Transmitter temperatur digunakan secara luas pada sistem
instrumentasi modern karena mengijinkan kabel yang cukup
panjang untuk digunakan dalam sistem instrumentasi dan
kontrol.
Slide No: 71
• Seperti ditunjukan pada gambar dibawah two wire temperature transmitter

menerima termokopel atau pt100 dan mengkonversi output kedalam arus 4-
20 mA.
• Transmitter biasanya memerlukan supply 24VDC yang terhubung secara
seri dengan antaramuka two wire atau yang disediakan oleh host
instrument.
• Sinyal temperatur yang telah dikuatkan dapat ditransmisikan melalui kabel
yang panjang.

Slide No: 72
EXERCISES
1.
2.

Slide No: 73

Lecture3 Temperature Rev

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PRODI TEKNIK ELEKTRONIKA

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

MILESTONE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

1592 1612 1664 1821 1829 1932 1940 1959

The thermometer as we know it was invented in

In 1821, Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that a

Galileo is reported to have built a device that showed

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

MILESTONE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Bolometers are sensitive to infrared light across a

Lead sulphide detectors are sensitive to

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

MECHANISM OF ENERGY TRANSPORTED

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE

• Temperature, measured in Kelvin degrees, is directly proportional to the

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

• At a low temperature gas molecules travel, on average, at slower speeds

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

• On the Kelvin Temperature scale, absolute zero corresponds to

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

Fig. The phase diagram for pure water.

Fig. A simplified guide to the main features of ITS-90

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

CLASSIFICATION TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Fig. Non-Electrical Contacting Temperature Sensor

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

Fig. Electrical Contacting Temperature Sensor

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

Fig. Non-Contacting Temperature Sensor

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

• Most common device

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

GAS BULB THERMOMETERS

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

Bimetallic thermometers make use of two fundamental principles:

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

BI-METALLIC THERMOMETER EXAMPLE

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

• Fifty years later, William Siemens proffered use of platinum as element in a

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

29/02/2020 ROBINSAR PARLINDUNGAN

RTD'S OR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

• Small device size means fast response to changes in temperature.