1.

NPO means “nothing by mouth;” it refers to the time before an exam or

procedure during which you can’t eat or drink. It is also known as nil per os (NPO). NPO is
usually prescribed as a safety precaution. Without it, you could become nauseous once
contrast or sedation is administered because you have something in your stomach. This
can lead to aspiration meaning you might uptake your stomach contents into your lungs.
Aspiration can lead to pneumonia and other health issues.
To avoid potential safety concerns, abstaining from eating or drinking is recommended
for children and adults receiving certain kinds of sedation or contrast. The American Board
of Anesthesiology recommends that patients should not eat solid food for at least 8 hours prior to a
procedure.

As nouns the difference between consent and permit is that consent is voluntary

agreement or permission while permit is (obsolete) formal permission or permit can be a
pompano of the species.
Nembutal is contraindicated to severe respiratory distress, but the patient respiratory status is
stable thus ordered with precaution by consulting pulmonary services.

2.
A.) delay wound healing
B.) High risk for infection
C.) Risk of falling from bed due to confusion or disorientation
D.) At risk for difficulty in breathing
E.) At risk for anxiety prior to surgical operation

Aspirin affect wound healing, delaying skin repair at the affected site.

IDDM - High levels of blood glucose caused by diabetes can, over time,

affect the nerves (neuropathy) and lead to poor blood circulation, making it hard for
blood to reach areas of the body affected by sores or wounds. Blood is needed for skin
repair. Delay wound healing means high risk for infection through prolong exposure.

Advancing age is associated with a reduction in physiologic reserve of all organ systems, even in
the absence of any underlying pathology. Age-related changes in gastrointestinal physiology,
kidney function, body composition (such as reduction in muscle mass and intravascular volume)
and metabolism lead to alterations in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of most
drugs. As a result, older patients are often more sensitive to anesthetic and analgesic agents
administered during the perioperative period. One concern for older patients is that the
aging brain is more vulnerable to anesthesia, medication that prevents you from feeling
pain during surgery often by sedating you or making you lose consciousness.
Postoperative delirium – This is a temporary condition that causes the patient to be
confused, disoriented and unaware of surroundings, and have problems with memory
and paying attention. It may not start until a few days after surgery, may come and go,
and usually disappears after about a week.
PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
http://www.ashnha.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/perioperative-nursing-lecture-week-1-day-
1.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/MarkFredderickAbejo/perioperative-nursing-12992690

3. Prednisone - Steroid drugs, such as prednisone, work by lowering the activity of

the immune system. The immune system is your body's defense
system. Steroids work by slowing your body's response to disease or
injury. Prednisone can help lower certain immune-related symptoms, including
inflammation and swelling. (Lower immune system mean prone to infection and slow
wound healing)

ASA Aspirin is known to cause bleeding in the intestines and stomach, but it can also

negatively affect wound healing, delaying skin repair at the affected site (slow
wound healing)

4. focus your diagnosis regarding anxiety

5. Nursing interventions include monitoring vital signs, airway patency, and neurologic

status; managing pain; assessing the surgical site; assessing and maintaining fluid and
electrolyte balance; and providing a thorough report of the patient's status to the
receiving nurse on the unit, as well as the patient's family.

RN secures dressing, drains, tubes to prevent the dressing, drain, tube falling off/out

Scrub tech wipes prep/blood off patient, prep left on patient can be irritating, burn, body fluids
can be disturbing to patient

Team members move patient back to supine if needed, patient needs to be put back in supine
position, legs lowered together and slowly

Patient redressed, covered up, warm blankets given to prevent hypothermia. Hypothermia is a
result from anesthesia, can delay healing

Patient transferred to stretcher/bed and 4 team members needed to safely move pt. goes to PACU
on stretcher/bed to prevent injury secondary to fall.

RN stays at head of bed to assist anesthesia with extubation because patient emerging from
anesthesia can be restless, unpredictable, harm themselves, have airway issues

6.
a. Have the patient void before administering the medications.
b. Explain to the patient the effects experienced following administration of the medications (drowsiness,
extreme dry mouth).

C. Instruct the patient to remain in bed. Raise the side rails on the bed and place the call bell within easy
reach.

7.

Atropine Injection is given before anaesthesia to decrease mucus secretions, such as saliva.

During anaesthesia and surgery, atropine is used to help keep the heart beat normal.

Demerol Narcotic
agonist-analgesic of opiate receptors; inhibits ascending pain
pathways, thus altering response to pain; produces analgesia, respiratory
depression, and sedation.
Nembutal - Depresses
sensory cortex & decreases motor activity; produces
sedation, drowsiness, and hypnosis

8.

Use of a surgical safety checklist may prevent communication failures and reduce

complications. Initial data from the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist (WHO
SSC) demonstrated significant reductions in both morbidity and mortality
with checklist implementation.

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44186/9789241598590_eng_Checklist.pdf;jsessionid
=6ABADAD50B6609F30EFF7046FB26D2AC?sequence=2