Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Karen J. Thompson
Joel Beak
Sonoma State University
278
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This section describes the recommended six-phase format for the book
project. It combines specific guidance on what should occur during each
phase, what the instructor’s role should be, and what outcomes should be
expected. Each of the project’s phases is explained in detail below, along
with recommendations for when each phase should occur in the typical
15-week semester. A suggested timeline is provided in Appendix A.
or she is acceptable. The benefits of these discussions are that (a) they get
students talking about management versus leadership issues, (b) they make
students think about research design to a small degree, and (c) they make it
clear to the students that they have ownership of the project.
Phase 2—Question Development: The question development phase should occur
around the 6th week of the course to ensure that students have covered suffi-
cient material to engage actively in the exercise. We recommend that the top-
ics of leadership traits, behaviors, styles, power, influence, and ethics be
covered in addition to the contingency models and the pros and cons of being
a leader. In addition, it is useful for students to skim other chapters in the text-
book to broaden their perspective on the topic of leadership (or the instructor
can provide an overview of course content not yet covered). All students must
ask a standard set of questions during their interviews to ensure comparability
of findings further down the line. The class as a whole works together to
develop these questions. Small-group brainstorming sessions typically work
best for the first part of this phase; these provide an excellent opportunity to
teach students about the mechanics of brainstorming and to give them a chance
to put the technique into action. After the small groups have been given suffi-
cient time to develop their lists of questions, they are instructed to write their
top five questions on large sheets of poster-sized paper. Each small group’s top
five questions are then posted around the classroom. At this point, there is open
discussion about all of the proposed questions, and the class works toward a
consensus on the questions it would like to use in the interviews. We have
found that eight or nine well-formed questions can capture a satisfactory array
of leadership concepts. To help the students condense their question list, it
helps to point out that managers are busy people and that 10 questions will be
sufficient for a 45-minute interview (which is what we’re shooting for). (In
addition to the standardized set of questions, our students are required to
include one or two other questions in their interviews to tap their personal inter-
ests. Many students take this opportunity to learn more about working in a spe-
cific occupation.) Examples of the questions developed by our students are
provided in Appendix B. It is usually necessary for the instructor to facilitate a
discussion about question wording and order, so that questions are clearly writ-
ten and follow a logical progression. Mini-lectures on open-ended, closed-
ended, and leading questions are also valuable for this question development
phase. Interesting discussions often ensue at this point as students must decide
if the academic leadership jargon used in the classroom will be appropriate for
their interviewees. Once the question list has been decided on, the instructor
should enhance students’ upcoming data collection experience by teaching
them about interviewing techniques. Because students rarely have training in
interviewing skills, this can be a particularly valuable experience for them.
Instructors can use the excellent guidelines developed by Whetten and
Cameron (2005) as a springboard for their discussions about planning and con-
ducting interviews (see Appendix C for an outline of their key points).
Phase 3—Interviewing and Write-Up: Students should be given about 2 weeks to
conduct their interviews and write up their findings; this phase does not use any
class time. To start this phase, students are given the assignment to conduct
their interviews (see Appendix D). The instructor also provides a typed list of
the questions that were chosen by the class. Faculty will also need to decide
how many interview participants to require. Papers based on one or two
interviewees have worked well in our classes. Students next interview their par-
ticipants and write individual papers describing the results. An important issue
at this point is confidentiality for the interviewees. It is advisable for each
student to ask his/her participants if they are comfortable being named in the
paper and book or if they would prefer being quoted anonymously. Formal con-
sent forms could also be used. Instructors will want to provide clear guidelines
as to how the papers should be formatted and written (e.g., see Appendix D).
This portion of the project produces an individual grade.
Phase 4—Papers Submitted, Oral Presentations, and Theme Extraction: The oral
presentations occur during the week in which the papers are due, typically
the 9th week. The presentation of the data from students’ interviews and the
subsequent theme extraction process may take a few class periods, depend-
ing on class size. This phase begins with students presenting their interview
findings individually in front of the class. Presentations include background
information on the managers and a summary of interviewees’ answers to the
standard set of questions. These presentations typically run about 10 minutes
per student. Students also are required to write their interviewees’ responses
to each question on 3×5 (or larger) cards. A sheet of poster paper is used to
capture the findings for each interview question. After their presentations,
students tape their 3×5 cards onto the appropriate piece of poster paper spe-
cific to each interview question. These 3×5 cards become the data that will
be used by the groups in writing their chapters of the book. Before presenta-
tions begin, it is strongly recommended that the instructor provide guidance
on effective presentation skills. Because we have found that this skill is con-
sistently overlooked in the typical undergraduate curriculum, we give a skill-
building lecture on the dos and don’ts of presenting. The presentation also
produces an individual grade.
To set the stage for the group-driven chapter-writing phase, the instructor
should guide class discussion toward an optimum number of themes that will
provide enough substance for groups to work on for the book. The goal is to
have the themes become chapters in the leadership book. These themes can
be extracted from the various interview findings that students have presented
and written on 3×5 cards. For example, six themes would work well in a class
of 30 students. Typically, our chapters have been constructed around leader-
ship theories and concepts, and they tend to flow naturally from the interview
questions (which are also targeted at leadership theories and concepts). The
instructor can help the students group the interview questions into themes
such as background of leaders, what works, what does not work, leadership
traits, leadership behaviors, leadership challenges, leadership pitfalls, and
what managers wish they had known before they became leaders. During this
phase, the instructor can also discuss content analysis to broaden students’
knowledge of research methodologies.
At this point, the instructor also needs to determine his or her approach to
forming groups in preparation for the chapter-writing phase of the project.
Some literature on the subject has suggested that instructor-determined
groups are superior to self-selected groups or randomly selected groups
(Cooper et al., 1990; Feichtner & Davis, 1990). However, a more recent study
has called into question this stance on group formation (Chapman, Meuter,
Toy, & Wright, 2006), providing support for the self-selection argument. To
assist in the team-building process, Siciliano (2001) and Butler (1995) offer
POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS
Two additional points about this project are worth noting. First, the proj-
ect can be shortened. If necessary, this project can be pared down to fit the
instructor’s specific time constraints. For example, one version could use only
Phases 1 through 4. Although the group and large-scale project experiences
would be missed, students would still gain from skill areas 1 through 6 (see
the “What Skills Are Enhanced” section). Second, this project can be adapted
to many other courses that have an interview assignment. It has been equally
effective, for example, in a course on groups, in which students have observed
and interviewed various groups at work and then compiled a class book on
what they learned from these group interviews.
GRADING GUIDELINES
Conclusion
Appendix A
Suggested Timeline
The timeline for a 15-week semester might look something like this:
Week 10: Phase 5—editorial group discussions on chapter formatting and other
guidelines with chapter groups (class time needed: 20 minutes)
Week 12: Phase 5—submission of group chapters to editorial group (class time
needed: 5 minutes)
Week 13: Phase 5—return by editorial group of edited chapters to chapter
groups for final changes (class time needed: 5 minutes)
Week 14: Phase 6—final compilation of book by editorial group and submission of
book to instructor for photocopying and binding (class time needed: 5 minutes)
Week 15: Finished copies of book given to students; discussion of the project
experience (class time needed: 30-60 minutes)
Appendix B
Examples of Students’ Questions Used
for Leadership Interviews
1. How did you get to your current position, referring to your past educational,
work, and life experiences?
2. In your opinion, what makes an effective leader?
3. What personal characteristics have helped you in your position? How has
your management/leadership style changed over time?
4. Describe your overall approach to leading and motivating your employees.
How do your employees respond to your approach?
5. Describe the ways in which you deal with employee-related problems (e.g.,
poor performance, attitude problems, etc).
6. What challenges have you experienced as a manager/leader? What did you
learn from the experience(s)?
7. How much of a role do ethics play in your job (e.g., in making decisions)?
What is your company’s position on ethics?
8. What ethical dilemma do you recall as being a challenge in your career? Why?
9. How do you manage stress?
10. How do you develop your followers?
11. What are the key differences between leaders and managers?
12. What advice would you give to someone just starting out as a leader?
13. How can leaders gain and retain trust?
Appendix C
Handout on Guidelines for Planning
and Conducting Interviews
Source: Whetten, Developing Management Skills, 6th Edition, © 2005, p. 575. Adapted by
permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
2. Formulate questions.
a. Determine the type of questions (closed or open) that are consistent with
your objectives.
b. Write specific questions for each topic on the agenda.
c. Use appropriate language in your questions.
d. Avoid biased or leading questions.
3. Develop the interview guide/script.
a. Select the appropriate format: structured, semistructured, or unstructured.
b. Use either the funnel or inverted funnel question sequence.
c. Formulate transition statements between topics.
4. Select an appropriate setting.
5. Identify potential complications that might arise and develop backup plans.
Appendix D
Paper Assignment
For this project, you will conduct semistructured interviews with two managers
of your choice. The managers can work in any kind of organization (public/private,
profit/nonprofit) and at any level (from senior executive to first-line supervisor) but
do need to be practicing managers (that is, they are currently managing people/fol-
lowers). Also, be sure that the managers fit the qualifications that we decided on as
a class: Managers must oversee at least three subordinates and must have at least 2
years of managerial experience. You will be asking the managers about the key lead-
ership issues and concerns that they face on the job. Be sure to take good notes dur-
ing the interviews, so you can reconstruct what you learned for your paper. Also, for
each question asked during the interview, you will need to write the interviewee’s
response on a 3×5 card after the interview. We will be using these data cards for the
group phase of our project.
The paper needs to
Papers should be a minimum of six pages and must follow the writing require-
ments as described in the syllabus. We will work together to develop a set of inter-
view questions as a class so that our interview findings can be compared more
easily. In addition to the class-generated questions, you need to develop additional
questions of your own that tap specific areas of leadership that interest you.
The evaluation criteria for these papers will include the following:
References
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