UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL

RESOURCES
NAME: MUSAH HARUNA

INDEX NUMBER: UEB0506618

PROGRAMME OF STUDY: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: PENG 202

A. Diag. of face = √ ¿ ¿

=√ 8 r

=r√ 8

Diam. of small part.

Diam. of face - 2r

.: r of small part.
 r √8−2 r
r1 =
2

r ( √ 8−2)
=
2

1 4 p r3 4 p r 3
Vol. of grain = 8 × × ×
8 3 3

4 p r3 4 p r3
= +
3 3

4 p r3
= +¿
3

V cell−V grain
The porosity f =
V cell

24 r 3 4 p r 3
.: f = − −¿
3 3

=¿ ¿

=0.4392

=43.92%

B. Diag. of cell =√ (2 r )2+(2 r)2 +(2 r)2

=√ 12r 2

=r√ 12

Diam. of small part.

Diam. of cell - 2r

.: r of small part.
 r √12−2r
r1 =
2

r ( √ 12−2)
=
2

1 4 p r3 4 p r 3
Vol of cell = 8 × × ×
8 3 3

4 p r3 4 p r3
= +
3 3

4 p r3
= +¿
3

V cell−V grain
The porosity f =
V cell

24 r 3 4 p r 3
.: f = − −¿
3 3

=¿ ¿

=0.27099

=27.099%

C). To convert psig to atma you add 14.7 to the value and divide through by 14.7.

q×μ×L
k= (Permeability equation for brine)
A (P1−P2 )

2× q × μ × L
k= (Permeability equation for N2)
( P12−P22 ) A

To calculate the normalize permeability and porosity of the given data you divide all the
permeability and porosity values with their corresponding first k and Ø value.
 Flow Data
Outpu Outpu
Sleeve Input Input t t Norm. Norm.
Press. Press. press. press. press. Flowrate Perm. Perm. Porosity Por.
(psig) (psig) (atma) (psig) (atma) (cm^3/min) (mD) (-) (-) (-)
500 101 7.8707 30 3.0408 20 47.55 1.0000 0.21 1.0000
1500 121 9.2313 31 3.1088 19.27 36.14 0.7600 0.197 0.9381
2500 116 8.8912 33 3.2449 14.5 29.49 0.6202 0.19 0.9048
3500 111 8.5510 32 3.1769 12.51 26.73 0.5621 0.188 0.8952
4500 107 8.2789 30 3.0408 11.5 25.21 0.5302 0.185 0.8810
5500 108 8.3469 33 3.2449 10.565 23.78 0.5001 0.184 0.8762

Norm. Perm. Norm. Por.

1.0000
0.9000
Normal Permeability and Porosity

0.8000
0.7000
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Overburden Pressure

vi). Permeability decreases with overburden this is because the rock compaction of the rock samples
causes a decrease in the number of pore spaces, and hence leading to the reduction in the permeability of
the liquid or fluid flow.

vii). Porosity decreases with overburden pressure due to the reduction in the pore volume which is
relative the bulk volume. From the porosity equation we can conclude that when the pore volume
decreases with overburden pressure and increases the bulk volume causing the porosity to also decrease.

viii). Overburden pressure has a much larger effect on permeability than on porosity because,
permeability or the flow depends on the interconnected pore spaces which gives the porosity. So if the
overburden pressure is able to overcome the rocks tensile strength, it reduces the interconnected pore
spaces and also reduces the pore spaces, this effect results in the fluid not able to flow.
 ix). The calculation does not take account for the reduction in the whole sample because that one also
affects both area and length. It results in a very small change but can be noticed. This calculation is
under-estimated because the overburden pressure causes a reduction in dimensions.

D). Length, L= 7.8cm

Radius, r= 1.905cm

Weight, w= 186.15g

Viscosity, µ= 0.0176cp

P1= Input pressure

P2= Output pressure

q= Flowrate

A= πr2 = π×1.9052 = 11.4009 cm2

Flow Data
Sleeve Input Input Output Output Flow Perm.
Pressur Press Press. Press. Press. Rate(cm3/min) (mD) Mean
e . (atma (psig) (atma) Press.
(psig) (psig) ) (atma) 1/Pmean
0.9
500 2 1.136 0.2 1.014 3.27 4.986 1.075 30

500 4 1.272 0.3 1.020 7.02 4.883 1.146 0.872

0.
500 8 1.544 0.5 1.034 15.47 4.72 1.289 776

500 16 2.088 0.9 1.061 36.12 4.481 1.575 0.635

500 32 3.177 1.5 1.102 92.18 4.167 2.139 0.467

500 64 5.354 3.1 1.211 265.56 3.919 3.282 0.305

Klinkenberg Effect
5.5

5
Apparent Permeability

4.5

3.5

3
0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
1/Pmean
III). KL = 3.40 mD,

IV). α= 0.5 atma

THE RELEVANCE OF PETROPHYSICS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES

Petro physics is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their interactions with
fluids. It is also a branch which talks about the physio chemical properties of rocks and its fluid
in the oil and gas industry. The oil and the gas are found with the study of the properties of the
sub surface rocks and their component materials.

A main use of petro physics is to study reservoirs . It also helps to understand the rock properties
of the reservoir. How pores in the subsurface are interconnected. Controlling the buildup and
relocation of hydrocarbons. A vital aspect of petro physics is calculating these rock properties by
obtaining well log measurements, in which a string of measurement tools are introduced in the
borehole. Duo to petro physics, petro physicist can use widely wireline log statistics and
information from tests done on cores extracted from the well and will sometimes use other
sources of information as well as mud logging data. It has also help petro physicist uses
laboratory data to evaluation how easy it will be to extract the hydrocarbons.

THE CHALLENGES AND ADVANCEMENT IN PETROPHYSICS

Issue most Petro physicists face in the industry is the identification of the accurate method of
determining the actual behavior of the reservoir. Several techniques are being used starting from
well logging, to core sample experiment down to retrieving of rock samples from drilling mud
which carries the cuttings to the surface. All these methods give data which describes the
behavior of the reservoir but due to their difference, they find it difficult to figure out which of
the methods are accurate until production takes place. Due to all these issues there have been
some advancements in the field. The use of artificial intelligence to compile all data collected
into one to give a good model of the reservoir which was a burden at first.