HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

& REDRESSAL

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS

BY
POOJA .D. S HARMA
DIV - B
ROLL NO. 19224

ASSESSED BY
DR. KIRAN SAWANT

DEPARTMENT OF FOUNDATION COURSE R.D. & S.H N ATIONAL COLLEGE AND

S.W.A S CIENCE COLLEGE , BANDRA WEST, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI.
INTRODUCTION :
Human rights are essentially the rights of people. They are the rights that an individual
can avail and enjoy, by virtue of being born as human being. In legal terms, human rights means
the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of an individual guaranteed by the
constitution or embodied in the international covenants and which are enforceable by courts in
India.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR 1948],defines ‘human
rights’as”Rights derived from the inherent dignity of the human person.” The human rights can be
broadly classified into three groups – civil rights, political rights and economic and social rights .

TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

1.CIVIL &
FUNDAMENTAL 2.POLITICAL RIGHTS 3.ECONOMIC &
RIGHTS SOCIAL RIGHTS

EXPLANATION :
1. Civil rights/fundamental rights : In India, the civil rights are the fundamental rights
guaranteed to all the citizens under the constitution of India. They are the rights to fights
against unfair treatment by the state and the society.They are the rights that uphold
humanitarian values with the purpose of nurturing human dignity .

2. Political rights :The political rights are guaranteed only to citizens of the state .They enable
the citizens to participate directly or indirectly in the working of the state. These rights enable
citizens to live in a society with law and order.
Special political rights are provided to SC and ST communities . For instance, seats shall be
reserved for SC and ST in the lok sabha and in the Legislatives Assemblies.

3. Economic and social rights : The economic and social rights make an individual self –
sufficient and self –reliant in his/her basic needs - food , clothing and shelter . these rights
enable members of the society to attain economic and social equality . The economic and
 social rights focus on economic and social upliftment of the poor and weaker sectionsof the
society .
Some of these rights include rights to work , right to just conditions of work , right to equal
pay for equal work , right to social security ,right to health , right to education, etc .
Normally , person belonging to SC community are called Dalits .The word dalit comes from
the Sanskrit root dal – and means ‘’borken, ground-down , downtrodden, or oppressed.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. Table of Content
3. Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes
4. Women
5. Children
6. People with Disabilities
7. Minorities
8. Objective
9. Methodology
10. Report
11. Dealing with Environmental Concerns
12. Science and Technology
13. Soft skills for effective interpersonal Communication
14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography
16. Acknowledgement
 FORMS OF VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The vulnerable groups are treated unfairly by some of the members of the general
society. There are shocking acts of communal violence ,child abused gender bias , caste – related
and so on mainly due to poor enforcement of laws, and poor governances, and cheap politics. The
unfair treatment meted out to vulnerable groups can take different forms such as :
1. Discrimination : It refers to unjust or unequal or prejudicial treatment of different
categories of people on the ground of race, religion, caste, age, gender, economic status and so on
.For instance, in India ,in some societies, girls are given unjust treatment as compared to boys in
terms of food, facilities , education , etc.

2. Deprivation : It refers to lack of basic resources and facilities , which are necessary for a
pleasant life such as enough money for food, clothing, and shelter or for good living conditions .
For instance, in some families ,the disable and elderly are deprived Of good food and clothing.

3. Exploitation : It refers to the action of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from
their work . In other words, someone or group may take undue advantages of the weaker sections
in the society . For instances in certain states ,uneducated people especially belonging to weaker
sections are exploited by landlords ,money ,lenders and others.

4. Neglect : It refers to lack of care and attention or disregard to certain weaker sections of the
society . For instances ,in some family , elderly persons are neglected in terms of health care and
other facilities.

5. Violence : It refers to behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or

destroy or kill someone or something . For instances , there are cases or domestics violence ,
violence against migrants, violence against dalits, and so on.
 REDRESSAL MECHANISMS FOR SCHEDULED CASTES
Constitution by article 32 and article 226 has recognized every individuals rights to seek
redressal from the court if his/her rights are violated .

1. Article 32 : States that when an individual is deprived of his fundamental rights ,he can
move the supreme court and seek justice. Under article 32 ,the parliament can also empower any
other court to exercise the power of supreme court ‘within the local limits of its jurisdictions.

2. Article 226 : Empowers every high court to issue the writs . The courts are empowered to
accept/entertain writ petition from person or person whose rights are violated . The government of
India has set up redressal mechanisms at national level and state level . The redressal mechanisms
are in the form of commissions such as national human rights commission, state human rights
commission [set up state government] , national commission for women , etc . with special
references to scheduled caste, the government has set up national commission for scheduled caste.

REDRESSAL MECHANISMS FOR SCHEDULED TRIBES

Constitution by article 32 and article 226 has recognized every individuals rights to seek redressal
from the court if his/her.

1. Article 32: States that when an individual is deprived of his fundamental rights , he can
move the supreme court and seek justices . Under article 32 ,the parliament can also empower any
other court to exercise the power of supreme court ‘within the local limits of its jurisdictions.

2. Article 226 : Empowers every high court to issue the writs . The courts are empowered to
accept/entertain writ petition from person or person whose rights are violated . The government of
India has set up redressal mechanisms are in the form of commission such as national human
rights commission , state human rights commission [set up state government ] ,national
commission of women, etc. With special reference to scheduled tribes , the government has set up
national commission for scheduled tribes.
 TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION OF WOMEN

Despite legal provisions , there are various violation of human rights of women such
as :
1. Rape and sexual abuse : Rape is a heinous crime against women . It is on the increase in
several parts of India. According to one estimate , a rape case is registered in India every two
hours . Several such cases are not reported at all for the fear of negative publicity to the victim
woman and at time lack of empathy by the police . According to one report, the maximum number
of rape incidents are reported in state of Madhya Pradesh ,among the cities , delhi is the worst
.Apart from rape women are sexually abused even by the husband and at times by the other male
members in the in –laws family . Eve teasing by young males is also on the rise , and young girls
are subject to such harassment , especially in larger cities.

2. Dowry related exploitation : Despite ,the prohibition of dowry act, 1961 , the system of dowry
is widely practiced among most of the communities in India . There are several cases that are
reported every year relating to abuse of brides by in-laws for inadequate dowry .There are
instances of bride burning in certain parts of India .Quite often the dowry harassment and also due
to procedural formalities.

3. Domestic violence : There are several cases of domestic violence against women by male
members . domestic violence such as wife battering occurs not only among the lower classes but
also among the middle nd upper class that is supposed to be the educated lot . In several cases
,even highly educated women accept such treatment without any repulsion.

4. Woes of widows : The widows face a number of problems in India society . At times , they
are abused by other male members of her in-laws In certain parts of the country there are also
restrictions on her clothing widow re-marriage is difficult in most of the cases, as male do not
prefer to get married to a widow . Even a widower does not prefer to marry a widow.

5. Sexual harassment at work place : Sexual harassment of women at the work place is
prevalent in almost all sectors including the educational institution . In India ,the problem persists
, but most of the women employees are reluctant to complain or register a case against male
employees or the male employer for the fear of negative publicity and also due to procedural
formalities and lack of adequate evidence and witness .
6. Inequality in wages : The women workforce receive less compensation as compared to male
employees , especially , in the unorganised sector, although, article 39 of the India constitution
guarantees equal pay for equal work for both men and women . The women employees do not
resent the low payment of wages and salaries for the fear of dismissal from services , or they are
ignorant of constitutional safeguard.

7. Lack of opportunities for advancement : In India male dominant society women employees
find it difficult to advance at higher levels in the organisation . Quite often the male employees are
reluctant to accept a women as their boss . most organisation do not promote women at higher
levels in the organisation.

8. Women trafficking : Trafficking is an organised crime which violate the basic human rights .
Girls and women are bought and sold trafficking mainly takes place for commercial sexual
exploitation and for other purposes like organ transplant , begging and forced marriage . India
faces the problem of in-country and cross broader trafficking . Girls and women are trafficking
from neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Nepal into India , and in many cases are
trafficked to the middle east, south east Asia, and Europe . trafficking of women is mostly found
in states like Tamil Nadu , Bihar ,up, Rajasthan , west Bengal , Orissa ,& Karnataka.

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN

The national commission for women was set up as statutory body in January 1992 under the
national commission for women act, 1990 for the following purposes :
 To review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women ;
 To recommend remedial legislative measures ;
 To facilitate and redressal of grievances, &
 To advise the government on all policy matters affecting women.
The following are the functions of the NCW:
1. Investigate : Examine all matters relating to the safeguards provided for women under the
constitution and other laws;
2. Present : The central government ,annually and at such other times as the commission may
deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards .
3. Make in such reports, recommendation : The effective implementation of those safeguards
for improving the condition of women by the union and state.
4. Review : Time to time ,the existing provisions of the constitution and other laws affecting
women and recommend amendements there to so as to suggest redmedial legislative measures t
meet any lacunae, inadequacies or shortcomings in such legislations;
5. Take up cases of violation : The provisions of the constitutional and for other laws relating to
women with the appropriate authorities
6. Look into complaints : Take suo motu [on its own] notice of matters relating to :
Deprivation of women’s rights
Non – implementation of laws enacted to provide protection to women and also to achieve the
object of equality and development .
Non –compliances of policy decisions ,guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships
and ensuring welfare and providing relief to women and take up the issues arising out of matters
with appropriate authorities.
7. Call of special status : Investigation into specific problems or situations arising out of
discrimination and atrocities against women and identify the constraints so as to recommend
strategies for their removal.
8. Undertake promotional and educational research : To suggest ways of ensuring due
representation of women in all spheres and identify factors responsible for impending their
advancement , such, as ,lack of access to housing and basic service ,inadequate support services
and technologies for reducing drudgery and occupational health hazards and for increasing their
productivity.
9. Participate and advise : The planning process of socio – economic development of women .

10. Evaluate the progress of the development : Women under the union and any state .

11. Inspect a jail : Remand home women ‘s institution or other place of custody where women
are kept as prisoners or otherwise and take up with the concerned authorities for remedial action,if
found necessary .
12. Fund legislation : Involving issues affecting a large body women.
CHILDREN
FORMS OF VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
Despite constitutional safe guards and legislation to protect the rights of children , there are
various violation of human rights of children.

1. Physical abuse : It takes place when a child is physically harmed or tortured . There are cases
where children are physically to tortured by way burn marks.
2. Emotional abuse : It refers to the failure to provide a supportive environment for children so
that they may develop a healthy range of emotional abilities . Emotional abuse of child is by
parents , foster parents , employers [employing child labours] and others .There are cases
where children are mentally tortured through abusive language and other activictes.
Examples of these acts are restricting movement , threatening ,scaring , discriminating
,ridiculing ,etc.In India , a growing concern is the pressure on children to perform well in
school and college examinations, which can be seen as a form of emotional stress and abuse.
3. Sexual abuse : It takes place when a child is engaged in any sexual activity . Abuse is
undertaking by an adult or another child who developmentally superior to the victim . This
includes using a child for pornography , sexual materials , prostitution and unlawful sexual
practice . In 2007 the ministry of women and child development [MWCD] released a study
report on child abuse . The report discusses incidence of child abuse nationwide .It is
estimated that 150 million girls and 73 million boys 18 years have been subjected to forced
sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence.
4. Negligent treatment : It is purposeful omission of soem or all development needs of the child
by a care by a caregiver with the intention of harming the child . this includes the failure of
protecting the child from a harmful situation or environmental when feasible.
5. Child labour : In India, children are exploited for labour . It is estimated that India has the
highest number of child labour in the world . As per 2011 census India had 4.4 million child
labour in age group of 5 to 14 years . Poor enforcement of laws and poverty are the main
reasons for child labour in India. However , child labour has significantly decreased as the
2001 census stated that child labour in India was13 million .
6. Female Feticide : In India , male child is considered as an asset and female child as a
liability . this is mainly due to certain misconceived religious beliefs and the problem of dowry
. therefore , in certain parts of India , the girl child is killed immediately after the birth . In
certain other cases, amniocentesis is often misused to determine the se of the under born child ,
 and if it is female fetus, the child is aborted . Due to female feticide , the sex ratio has declined
in India . The 2011 census indicates a continuing preference for male child over female child .
the latest child [0-6 years] sex ratio is 914 female against 1,000 male – the lowest since
independence.

7. Cyber crime against children : There are certain cyber crimes against children such as :
Online sexual abuse , blackmail, and financial extortion. Cyber bullying , and emotional
harassment. Cyber radicalization , threats , and acts of violence. Exposure to inappropriate
content, phishing , etc.

8. Violation of rights of girl child : The rights of girl child are violated in number of cases. In
some stares, girls are not given proper education. Even their health and nutrition is neglected.
Such practice put the girl child at a disadvantage.

REDRESSAL MECHANISM

 The national commission for protection of child rights is a statutory body set up in 2007 under
commissions for protection of child rights act, 2005 objective of this commission is to protect,
promote and defend the child rights in India including the rights adopted in the united nations
convention on the rights of children 1989 ratified by India in 1992. This convention defines child
as a human being below 18 years of age.

 Composition of the commission : This commission has a chairperson and six members of
which at least two should be women. All of them are appointed by central government for three
years. The maximum age to serve in commission is 65 years for chairman and 60 years of
members. The central government can remove the chairperson from his office on the ground of
proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The chairperson of NCPCR should be a person of eminence
who has done outstanding work on promoting the child rights.

The functions of the commission are as follows:

A . It examines and review the safeguards provided by the laws for protection of child rights and
recommends measures for the same to government. It can submit a report annually or as it deems
fit, for recommendation of these measures.
B. It can insure into the violation of child rights and recommend initiation of proceeding in these
cases. While inquiring into any such matter, the NCPCR has powers of a civil court trying a suit
and in particular in respect of the following mattes:
 Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath .
 Requiring the discovery and production of any document.
 Receiving evidence on affidavits.
 Requisitioning any public record from any court or office
 Issuing summons for the examination of witnesses documents.
However, national commission is prohibited from inquiring into any matter which is pending
before a state commission for protection of child rights or any other statutory commission.

C. To study treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of
existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendation for
their effective implementation.
D. To undertake and promote research in the field of child rights.

E. To spread child rights literacy among various section of the society and promote awareness of
the safeguards available for protection of these rights.

F. To inspect any juvenile custodial home or any other place of residence or institution[under the
control of the central government or any state government or any other authority, including any
institution run by social organization] Where children are detained or lodged for the purpose of the
treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action.

G. To inquire into complaints and take suomoto notice of matters relating to :

 Deprivation and violation of child rights.
 Non implementation of laws providing for protecting and development of children and
 Non – compliance of policy decisions or instruction aimed at mitigating hardship.
 Ensuring welfare and providing relief to children.

H. To perform such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights.
Functions assigned under RTE act, 2009 : The right to education [RTE] assigns
following duties to NCPCR :
A. To examine and review the safeguards for rights provided by or under this act and recommend
measures for their effective implementation.

B. To inquire into complaints relating to the child’s right to free and compulsory education.

C. To take necessary steps after completion of an inquiry.

Function assigned under POCSOact,2012 : The commission has been given

following functions under protection of children from sexual offence [POCSO] act,
2012 :
 To monitor the implementation of the provisions of the POCSO act
 To monitor the designation of special courts by state governments;
 To monitor the appointment of public prosecutors by state governments;
 To monitor the formulation of the guidelines described in the act by the state government etc.
Working of the commission : The commission may take any of the following steps
upon the completion of an inquiry :
 It may recommend to the concerned government or authority the initiation of proceeding for
prosecution or such other suitable action against the concerned person.
 It may approach the supreme court or high court concerned for the necessary directions,
orders or writs.
 The commission may recommend to the concerned government or authority for the grant of
necessary interim relief to the victim. The commission submits its annual or special reports to the
central government and to the state government concerned. These reports are laid before the
respective legislature, along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations of the
commission and the reasons for non- acceptances of any of such recommendations within the year.
FORMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION OF DISABLED PERSONS

Despite legislative provisions, the disabled persons are subject to human rights
violations:
1. People with disabilities are especially vulnerable to abusive treatment and human rights
violations. Due to misconceptions, prejudice, and social exclusion, people with disabilities are at
great risk and are often victims of harassment, bullying, and violence.
2. People with disabilities can also be victims of sexual abuse, particularly if they have
intellectual disabilities.
3. Within institution, such as mental care facilities or prisons, people with disabilities may be
neglected , given inadequate care or accommodation, be restrained or secluded, and subjected to
physical mental or sexual violence.
4. Also in institutions, people with disabilities may be subject to abuse if they are given drugs or
subject to medical procedures without giving free and informed consent, such as forced
sterilizations or abortions, surgeries or other intervention and electroshock treatment.
5. Even in their own homes, people with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to being abused
by caregivers, health professionals or even family members.
6. Children with disabilities are less likely to attend school,. Children with disabilities are also
discourage from attending school due to lack of resources, teachers without adequate training and
certain physical barriers.

THE PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES [EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES

PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND FULL PARTICIPATION]
“The persons with disabilities [ equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation]
act,1995” has come into enforcement on February 7,1996. This law is an important land mark and
is a significant step in the direction to ensure equal opportunities for people with disabilities and
their full participation in the nation building.
“Disability” includes blindness, low vision , leprosy cured, hearing impairment, loco-motor
disability, mental retardation, mental illness. The act provides for both preventive and promotional
aspects of rehabilitation like education, employment and vocational training, reservation, research
and manpower development, creation of barrier-free environment, rehabilitation of persons with
disability, unemployment and establishment of homes for persons with severe disability, etc.
1. Prevention and early detection of disability : Surveys investigation and research shall be
conducted to ascertain the cause of occurrence of disabilities. Various measures shall be taken to
prevent disabilities. Staff at the primary health centre shall be trained to assist in this work. All
the children shall be screened once in a year for identifying at-risk cases. Awareness campaigns
shall be launched and sponsored to disseminate information. Measures shall be taken for pre-
natal ,prenatal, and post-natal care of the mother and child.
2. Education : Every child with disability shall be have the right to free education till the age of
18 years in integrated schools or special schools. Appropriate transportation, removal of
architectural barriers and restructuring of modifications in the examination system shall be
ensured for the benefit of children with disabilities. Children with disabilities shall have the right
to free books, scholarships, uniform and other learning material. Special schools for children with
disabilities shall be equipped with vocational training facilities. Non- formal education shall be
promoted for children with disabilities. Teachers training institutions shall be established to
develop requisite manpower. Parents may move to appropriate forum for the redressal of
grievances regarding the placement of their children with disabilities.
3. Employment : Three percent of vacancies in government employment shall be preserved for
people with disabilities, one percent each for persons suffering from : 1. Blindness of low vision 2.
Hearing impatient 3. Loco motor disabilities & cerebral palsy.
Suitable scheme shall be formulated for :
i. The training and welfare of persons with disabilities.
ii. The relaxation of upper age limit.
iii. Regulating the employment.
iv. Health and safety measures.
v. Environment in places where persons with disabilities are employed.
Government educational institutes and other educational institutes receiving grant from
government shall reserve at least three percent seats for people with disabilities. No employee can
be sacked or demoted if they become disabled during service, although they can be moved to
another post with the same pay and condition. No promotion can be denied because of
impairment.
4. Affirmative action: Aids and appliances shall be made available to people with disabilities.
Allotment of land shall be made at concessional rates to the people with disabilities for : house ,
business, special recreational centres, special school, research schools, factories by entrepreneurs
with disability.
5. Non-discrimination: Public building rail compartments, buses, ships, and aircrafts will be
designed to give easy access to disabled people. In all public place and in waiting rooms, toilets
shall be wheel chair accessible. Braille and sound symbols are also to be provided in lifts. All the
places of public utility shall be made barrier-free by providing ramps.
6. Research and manpower development: Research in the following areas shall be sponsored
and promoted: Prevention of disability. Rehabilitation including CBR. Development of assistive
devices. Job identification. On site modification of office and factories.
Financial assistance shall be made available to the universities, other institution of higher learning,
professional bodies and non-government research units or institutions, for undertaking research for
special education, rehabilitation and manpower development.
7. Social security: Financial assistance to non- government organisation for rehabilitation of
persons with disabilities. Insurance coverage for the benefit of the government employees with
disabilities. Unemployment allowance to people with disabilities registered with the special
employment exchange for more than a year and who could not be placed in any gainful
occupation.
8. Grievance redressal : In case of violation of rights as prescribed in the act people with
disabilities may move an application to : Chief commissioner for persons with disabilities in the
centre. Commissioner for persons with disabilities in states.

MINORITIES
India is a pluralistic society due to its multi- lingual and a multi-religious character. India has 22
official languages. It is estimated that there are over 1650 mother tongues spoken in India, but
only about 150 language are spoken by sizable population.
In India, different religious are followed by various communities. As per 2011 census, the
population of India- religion wise [in percent] as follow:
1. Hindus 79.8
2. Muslims 14.2
3. Christians 2.3
4. Sikhs 1.7
5. Buddhists 0.7
6. Jains 0.4
7. Other religious 0.7
8. Not stated 0.2
By virtue of the numerical strength, the Hindus comprise the majority while the rest of the
religious communities comprise the minorities. The constitution of India does not define the term
minority status is given to certain groups mainly based on religion and language. Article 29 of the
constitution of India does not define the term minority, but minority status is given to certain
groups mainly based on the religion and language.
Article 29 of the constitution of India states that any group living within the jurisdiction of India is
entitled to preserve and promote its own its own language, script or literature, culture. Article 30
states that a minority group – whether based on religion or language shall have right to establish
and administer educational institution of their choice.

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR MINORITIES

The national commission for minorities [NCM] is a body constituted by the government of India
to safeguard the constitutional and legal rights of religious other than Hinduism and weaker
sections in the Hindu community.
The statutory national commission for minorities came into existence in 1993under.The national
commission for minoritiesact,1992.

Functions :
The commission has the following functions:
1. Evaluate the progress of development of minorities under the union and states.
2. Monitor the working of the safeguards provided in the constitution and in laws enacted by
parliament and the state legislatures.
3. Make recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of
the interest of minorities by the central government or the state government.
4. Look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguard of the minorities
and take up such matters with the appropriate authorities.
5. Undertake studies or surveys into problems arising out of any discrimination against
minorities and recommend measures for their removal;
6. Conduct studies, research and analysis on the issue relating to socio-economic and
educational development of minorities;
7. Suggest appropriate measures in respect of any minority to be undertaken by the central
government or the state government.
8. Make periodical or special reports to the central government on any matter pertaining to
minorities and in particular difficulties confronted by them;
9. Any other matter which may be referred to it by the central government.

POWERS :
The commission has the following powers :
1. Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining
him on oath.
2. Requiring the discovery and production of any document.

3. Receiving evidence on affidavit.

4. Receiving the discovery and production of any document.

5. Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents.

OBJECTIVES
1. To work for ensuring that basic human rights are respected everywhere.
2. To cooperate to avoid compromising on human rights for economic or political expediency.
3. To recognise democratic institutions as a fundamental human right.
4. To work towards the sovereignty and self determination of entities with historical, cultural and
ecological identity.
5. To restrict cooperation with governing regimes that violate human right.
6. To actively engage with the Government of India and other countries to promote human rights
education.
7. To bring diplomatic and commercial pressures on regimes that violate human rights, to ensure
that they respect the basic rights of their citizens.
8. To keep the interests of disempowered communities foremost in all dealings with countries in
which human rights violations occur.
9. To support the end of colonization and press for resolution of colonial conflicts through the UN
framework.
10. To develop a more distinctive and effective role for the International Court of Justice in the field
of human rights.
11. To support through the UN framework, democratic and economic reforms in countries coming
out of totalitarian control.
12. To promote a culture for educating the citizenry that cultivation and promotion of human rights
culture is the sine qua non for the smooth functioning of the organs of a democratic State and for
the kind of development that results into overall development of the society.
13. To train the young men and women for facing the challenges of the pluralistic society and the
rising conflicts and tensions in the name of particularistic loyalties to caste, religion, region and
culture.     
14. To study the effects of draconian laws and unlawful use of State's machinery and force by the
enforcement agencies.
15. To prepare case studies on the rising custodial deaths, killings in encounters and related issues
for ensuring that human rights education must address the need of evolving new structures of
knowledge and accountability to impart new skills and sensitivities amongst holders of State power
so as to make them more responsive to the culture of human rights and values of democracy.

METHODOLOGY
Access to information is a human right in itself and empowers people to exercise other human
rights. The right to information is enshrined in the international human rights treaties, especially in
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its article 19 on freedom of expression,
which includes the right to seek, receive and impart information. In 1946, the United Nations
General Assembly adopted resolution 59 (I), stating that “freedom of information is a fundamental
human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated”. If
official information (excluding exemptions that must be clearly defined by law) is made available,
accessible and understandable, it could serve as a catalyst for participation in decision-making and
the realization of other human rights. The right to information applies to the production and
dissemination of official statistics, whether produced with commonly available administrative
records or more sophisticated statistical tools. Official statisticians are therefore key actors for the
realization of the right to information and for human rights in general. In this regard, the
Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission
in 1994 stress the duty of official statistical systems to “honour citizens’ entitlement to public
information” (Principle 1). The preamble to the Principles states that the essential trust of the public
in official statistical information depends to a large extent on respect for the fundamental values and
principles which are the basis of any society that seeks to understand itself and to respect the rights
of its members. By 2010, about 90 countries had adopted right-to-information legislation. Among
the main characteristics of these laws is the principle of disclosing maximum information: Public
bodies have a duty to release information and members of the public have a concomitant right to
request that information; Not only are public bodies expected to release information if specifically
requested to do so, they are also expected to publish and disseminate information of significant
public interest (e.g., details on budget spending, administration of justice); The right to access
information can be claimed by any resident in the country; The State should not require any person
requesting information to demonstrate a need for or interest in the information. If a public body
does not want to release the information requested, it is for the public body to justify that refusal,
not for the individual to justify his or her interest.
 Report

Women continued being subjected to sexual and domestic violence, including by husbands and other
relatives, and sexual harassment at workplace, while perpetrators continued to enjoy impunity.

In April, a woman employed as a junior court assistant at the Supreme Court, made an allegation of
sexual harassment against the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in connection with an incident in 2018. The
CJI responded by convening a panel of judges to examine concerns that the claims were motivated by
the complainant’s wish to attack the judiciary’s independence. Media reports said the CJI claimed the
victim was the subject of an “ongoing criminal investigation”. Subsequently, the complaint was
referred to an in-house committee made up of three judges including two female judges but not
including any external members as required under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act. The complainant was not allowed to bring her lawyer to
the committee proceedings and denied her request for information on the committee’s procedures. 
Consequently, she withdrew from the proceedings. After the panel cleared the CJI of any
wrongdoing, it denied her access to a report detailing its findings.

In July 2019, the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act was passed by the
Parliament which came into force in September 2019. It criminalizes the discriminatory practice of
triple talaq (Islamic instant divorce available only to men) making it punishable by up to three years’
imprisonment.

DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEREN

1. Extinction Loss of habitat Degradation of environment Pollution Climate change

2. Extinction takes place when the last number of a species dies. Extinction of species may come
suddenly when an otherwise healthy species is wiped out completely due to toxic pollution . It is
estimated that over 99.9% of all species that ever lived are extinct. The average span of most of the
species is 10 millions years.

3. Habitat degradation – the main cause of habitat degradation world wide is agriculture with urban
sprawl, logging, mining, and certain fishing and hunting practices. Physical destruction: for e g,
destruction of ocean floors by bottom fishing . Vital resources including water and food can be
limited during habitat degradation ,leading to extinction of some species.

4.  It is due to destruction ,fragmentation or degradation of habitat . Habitat loss is the loss area or
natural place of an organism.  Habitat is the natural home or environment of animals ,plants ,or
other organisms.  Habitats are the place where the organisms live. 

5. Habitat degradation Habitat fragmentation Habitat destruction

6. Agriculture . Land conversion for development. Water development . Pollution. Global warming.

7. Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources

such as air ,water, and soil the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. It can occur
naturally or through human process. E g. ozone depletion ,destruction of marine environment .
8. Industrial activities Population explosion Farm mechanization Pesticides and insecticides Felling
of trees Urbanization and changing lifestyles Development projects Natural causes

9. Ozone depletion Acid rain Depletion of marine life Loss of forests Pollution of ground water Soil
erosion Air pollution Desertification Global warming

10. Pollution refers to the act of contaminating the environment by introducing certain hazardous
elements that disturbs ecosystem and directly or indirectly affects the living organisms.

11. Air Pollution Soil Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution

12. Reduced lungs functioning. Irritation of eyes, nose ,mouth and throat . Asthma attacks Headaches
and dizziness Cancer Premature death Cardiovascular problems Reduced energy levels

13. Water borne diseases Damage to DNA Liver and kidney problem Hormonal problems Cancer

14. Decreases the efficiency of a man Lack of concentration Fatigue Causes of blood pressure
Temporary or permanent deafness

15. Can alter metabolism of micro organism and arthropods in a given soil environment Disturbance
in food chain. Negative effect on predator animal species Animal extinction

16. The earth’s climate has changed throughout history There is increasing occurrence of floods ,
famines , storms, hurricanes, and so on Biggest climate change is greenhouse gases which results in
global warming.

17. Carbon dioxide Methane Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Sulphur dioxide Nitrous oxide

18. Rise in sea level Rise in global temperature Warming oceans Shrinking ice sheets Declining
arctic sea ice Glacial retreat Ocean acidification
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY-1

In today’s world, the role of science and technology is indispensable. We need Science and
Technology in every sphere of our life like to treat diseases such as cancer or even to book a cab or
train/flight ticket.

In fact, without technology (integrated with science), we cannot imagine our life per se.

One of the most important aspects of Science and Technology is that it has solution to the difficult of
the difficult problems, the problems which have the potential to become major bottlenecks to the
overall growth of the country. Some of these problems could be −

Health aspects

Standard of education

Availability of healthy food and safe drinking water

Infrastructure

On the other hand, once mitigating solutions are found for these problems, then the second major
issue is the under-development in the field of scientific research and technology that directly affects
the development of the country’s economy, infrastructure, higher education, and a few other fields
listed below −

Development of nuclear technology

Defence technology

Development of satellites

Biotechnology

Meteorological science

Space technology

Nanotechnology

Wireless communication, etc.

All these technologies, in turn, provide favourable conditions for the country’s growth and increase
healthy competition nationally and also internationally.

In today’s world, more often, we get to read or listen that developed countries, developing countries,
underdeveloped countries, or even third-world countries, all these designate the level of development
of Science and Technology in other countries, they have the influence on.

Government has also created an exclusive department to emphasize on the development of Science
and Technology and a separate budget is also allocated for the same.
Nature of Science & Technology

Let us now discuss the nature of Science and Technology. There are normally two types of
knowledge required for the overall development of a country −

Technical Knowledge

It can be defined in the simplest term as – ‘know-how’. It includes ranges of basic skills such as
advancement in agriculture, development of chemical industries, medical technology, software
engineering, etc.

Understanding of the attributes or elements

It means, knowledge and understanding of the intelligence of workers, quality of products, value of a
firm, effectiveness of market, etc.

The uncompetitiveness of any of the attributes or elements leads to knowledge gap and information
deficiency, which is directly related to the under-development of the respective country. Likewise,
Science and Technology is directly related to the overall development of the country. As a matter of
fact, Science and Technology facilitates healthy competition between the different attributes and
elements and acts like a platform for a better life. Therefore, in order to alleviate the basic problems
of food and supply, safe drinking water, health problems, education, infrastructure, etc., the emphasis
and gradual development of Science and Technology is essential.

SOFT SKILLS FOR EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 Introduction to communication

• communication is derived from latin word ‘communicare’ • communication is the exchange of

ideas from one person to another • communication is not used in organization but also in day to day
life. • e.g:- new born communicates with its mother even stones, plants communicate etc.

 Process of communication - formal and informal communication

 Formal communication • formal communication refers to official communication in the

organization. • formal communication is done in all levels in an organization. • for e.g:- an employee
may first communicate with its superior and then the superior with the higher authorities.

 Types of formal communication • horizontal communication communication between the

departments or person on the same level in the organization is called horizontal communication. for
e.g:- marketing department needs to interact with production department and other department.

 • Upward communication it involves flow of communication from lower levels to higher levels in
the organization. it involves subordinates communicating with lower levels, lower level with the
middle level and middle level with top level.

 • Downward communication it is the flow from the higher authorities to the lower levels in the
organization. for e.g:-the top level managers communicate with middle level managers and middle
level with the lower level managers.
 • Diagonal communication diagonal communication can take place when employees from one
department, or when a manager of one department communicates with employees of another
department. such communication is required in urgent cases and important matters.

Informal communication

• along with formal communication in an organization, there exists a secondary network of

communication, which is referred as informal communication • it is also known as grapevine. • the
grapevine may grow or move in any direction with the support of tendrils, in the same way informal
communication can move in any direction with the support of informal groups.

 Types of informal communication • single strand chain:- in this, the information passes from one
person to another person and then to another person and so on. • gossip chain:- in this chain, one
person obtains information and then transmits to others in the organization.

 • probability chain:- in this, the information is passed on random or selective basis. • cluster chain:-
in this chain, one person informs to a few selected persons, who in turn may pass on the information
to other selected persons.

 advantages of informal communication • quick transmission • feedback • supplement to formal

channels • promotes team spirit • informal relations

 verbal and non-verbal communication

 verbal communication words are used to communicate verbally. the verbal communication is further
divided into two groups: • oral communication • written communication

 oral communication • it takes place in the form of listening and speaking. in organization spend more
time (80 to 85%) on listening and speaking rather than on writing and reading(about 15 to 20%) •
oral communication takes place in variety of forms such as: gossip, meaningful discussion, phone
conservation, formal and informal meetings, presentations, oral complains etc.

 advantages of oral communication

• save time • less expensive • direct and informal • instant feedback • persuasive in nature • develops
relations • motivates the speakers • generates ideas • confidential and secret information

 disadvantages of oral communication • problems of retention • lack of legal validity • lack

accountability • chances of misunderstanding • problem of distance • not suitable for lengthy official
messages • lacks planning • diversion of subject matter

written communication • written communication is a form of verbal communication. the common

forms of written communication are letters, memos, reports and proposals. • written communication
is necessary in cases like permanent record required for future, information required for legal point of
view etc.
 CONCLUSION

The development of state institutions to promote and protect human rights is a critical safeguard to
ensure that people can obtain recourse and redress in the face of injustice. A dynamic and
autonomous human rights commission can play a role in this process. For that reason, it is important
that existing human rights commissions are encouraged to play an active and central role in the
upholding of human rights. In some cases, where the political will is present, this task requires only
training and funding opportunities. In other cases, greater pressure on a government is required for it
to allow formal and actual independence of its human rights commission. Human rights
commissioners also need to be supported and pushed by the international community to push the
limit of their boundaries and to withstand the inevitable resistance from other government agencies.
This is a process that can only be achieved with sustained national and international attention over a
period of time.

More importantly, are the individuals who serve within a human rights commission able to
institutionalize their contribution in a lasting fashion or does a dynamic commission fade with the
departure of the person heading it? Building an enduring human rights institution that will become an
integral part of government is the greatest challenge for human rights commissioners and their
proponents. That long-term contribution has yet to occur in Africa. In many cases it is still too soon.
In other cases, it is clear that the human rights commission is falling short of achieving this goal. At
this time, the independence and effectiveness of the human rights commissions within Africa depend
heavily on the personality of the individuals heading the commission.

Another question that needs to be asked is whether the international community is playing as
constructive a role as it can in contributing towards strong and sustainable national human rights
institutions? It is a mistake to view the creation of a human rights commission, in and of itself, as a
contribution towards human rights. The ability of a national human rights commission to function
effectively is enhanced by independent judicial and legislative branches as well as a vocal civil
society. A more nuanced approach by the international community is required. International support
should be based on the records of the commissions, and weak or compliant institutions should be
pushed to play a stronger role. A weak human rights commission that seeks to absolve or shield a
government of its abuses through inaction may do more harm than its token or potential presence
may justify. Additionally, international support for human rights commissions should be given as part
of an integrated system of support for judicial independence and independent human rights NGOs.

Finally, it should be noted that a human rights commission is not a prerequisite for a government to
uphold the human rights of its citizens. Other state institutions, such as an independent judiciary or a
representative legislature, can equally provide oversight to ensure recourse and redress to human
rights abuses. In fact, many countries with strong records of respect for human rights do not have
such commissions. The creation of a national human rights commission can be an important
mechanism for strengthening human rights protection, but it is not enough. It can never replace or
diminish the safeguards inherent in an independent legal system and disciplined law enforcement
forces.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Google.com
2. Wikipedia
3. Manan prakashan

Declaration

I declare that this written submission Represents my ideas in my own words and
where others idea or words have been included I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea or data fact sources in my submission I understand that any
violation of the above will be caused for disciplinary action by the institute can also
evoke Panel action from the sources which have does not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Signature of the student

________________

Pooja D Sharma
19224