Department of Mechanical Engineering

PREPARING FOR THE NEW VENTURE

LAUNCH: EARLY MANAGEMENT
DECISIONS
Instructor
Engr. Waheed Gul
MSc. Mechanical Engineering (Dynamics & Control)
PhD (Automation & Control) in progress
Cell # +923008363243,+923481359349
Email: waheedciel@gmail.com
 Long-Term vs Short-Term
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Debt
The entrepreneur may need to borrow funds to finance assets and
meet cash needs.

Fixed assets are usually financed by long-term debt borrowed from

a bank.

Alternatives include borrowing from family members, having

partners contribute more funds or selling corporate stock.

Many of these options require the entrepreneur to give up some

equity.

Fixed Assets: which are purchased for long-term use and are not likely to be
converted quickly into cash, such as land, buildings, and equipment.
 Managing Costs and Profits
Department of Mechanical Engineering

An interim income statement helps to compare the actual with the

budgeted amount for that period. The most effective use of the
interim income statement is to establish cost standards and
compare the actual with the budgeted amount for that time period.
Costs are budgeted based on percentages of net sales. These
percentages can be compared with actual percentages to see where
tighter cost controls may be necessary. This lets the entrepreneur
manage and control costs before it is too late. When expenses or
costs are much higher than budgeted, the entrepreneur may need to
determine the exact cause.

A budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year. It may also
include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs
and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments,
families and other organizations use it to express strategic plans of activities
or events in measurable terms.
 TAXES
Department of Mechanical Engineering

The entrepreneur will be required to withhold federal and state

taxes for employees and make deposits to the appropriate agency.
Federal taxes, state taxes, social security, and Medicare are
withheld from employees’ salaries and are deposited later. The
entrepreneur should be careful not to use these funds. The new
venture may also be required to pay state and federal
unemployment taxes. Federal and state governments will require
the entrepreneur to file end-of- the-year returns of the business.
 Ratio Analysis
Department of Mechanical Engineering

▪Calculations of financial ratios can also be valuable as an analytical

and control mechanism.

▪ These ratios serve as a measure of the financial strengths and

weaknesses of the venture, but should be used with caution.

▪There are industry rules of thumb that the entrepreneur can use to
interpret the financial data.

Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio is commonly used to measure the short-term solvency of
the venture or its ability to meet its short-term debts. The current liabilities must be
covered from cash or its equivalent. The formula is:

While a ratio of 2:1 is generally considered favorable the entrepreneur should also
compare this ratio with industry standards.
 Ratio Analysis
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Acid test ratio: is a more rigorous test of the short-term liquidity of the venture.
It eliminates inventory, which is the least liquid current asset. The formula is:

Usually a 1:1 ratio would be considered favorable.

Activity Ratios: Average collection period indicates the average number of days it takes to
convert accounts receivable into cash. This ratio helps gauge the liquidity of accounts
receivable or the ability of the venture to collect from its customers.
The formula:
 Ratio Analysis
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Acid test ratio: is a more rigorous test of the short-term liquidity of the venture.
It eliminates inventory, which is the least liquid current asset. The formula is:

Usually a 1:1 ratio would be considered favorable.

Activity Ratios: Average collection period indicates the average number of days it takes to
convert accounts receivable into cash. This ratio helps gauge the liquidity of accounts
receivable or the ability of the venture to collect from its customers.
The formula:

This result needs to be compared to industry standards.

 Ratio Analysis
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Inventory turnover measures the efficiency of the venture in managing and selling its
inventory. A high turnover is a favorable sign indicating the venture is able to sell its
inventory quickly.

Debt ratio helps the entrepreneur assess the firm’s ability to meet all its obligations. It is
also a measure of risk because debt also consists of a fixed commitment. The
calculation:

Debt to equity ratio assesses the firm’s capital structure. It provides a measure of risk by
considering the funds invested by creditors and investors. The higher the percentage of
debt, the greater the degree of risk to any of the creditors the calculation:
 Ratio Analysis
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Profitability Ratios Net profit margin represents the venture’s ability to translate sales
into profits. You can also use gross profit as another measure of profitability. It is
important to know what is reasonable in the particular industry as well as to measure
these ratios over time. The calculation:

Return on investment measures the ability of the venture to manage its total investment
in assets. By substituting stockholders’ equity for assets, you can also calculate a return
on equity.

The result of this calculation will also need to be compared to industry data. As the firm
grows it will be important to use these ratios in conjunction with all other financial
statements to provide an understanding of how the firm is performing.
 Rapid Growth and
Management
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rapid growth may result in management problems.
Controls
Before rapid growth occurs, the new venture is usually operating with a small staff and
limited budget.

Rapid growth may also dilute the leadership abilities of the entrepreneur.

The entrepreneur’s unwillingness to delegate responsibility can lead to delays in

decision-making.

The entrepreneur can avoid these problems through preparation and sensitivity.

It may be necessary to limit the venture’s growth if the future financial well being of the
venture means a more controlled growth rate.

The limits to the growth of any venture will depend on the availability of a market,
capital, and management talent.

Too rapid growth can stretch these limits and lead to serious financial problems.
 Creating Awareness of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering New venture
In the early stages, the entrepreneur should focus on developing awareness of the
products offered through:

1. Publicity

2. Internet Advertising

3. Trade Shows

4. Selecting an Advertising Agency

 Hiring Experts
Department of Mechanical Engineering

▪If the entrepreneur has no expertise in financial analysis, marketing

research, or promotion, he or she should hire outside experts.
There are accountants, financial experts, and advertising agencies
that cater to new ventures.
 Case Study / Research Papers
20 % Marks
Department of Mechanical Engineering

1. Modeling of Digital Entrepreneurship Structure for the

Development of Pakistan economy
2. Modeling of Entrepreneurship education & Training in Pakistan /
Entrepreneurship education and training needs to be developed in
Pakistan
3. The Social, Physiological and economic dimensions of entrepreneurship in
Pakistan
4. The Current status and Future development of entrepreneurship in Pakistan
Department of Mechanical Engineering