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1
‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet
Light Practical Electricity
Law of Reflection Normal Electric Power P = Power
Өi = Өr V = voltage
2
Өi Өr P = VI = V2/R = I R R = resistance
Өi = angle of incidence I = current
Өr= angle of reflection Electrical Energy E = energy output
Snell’s Law (refraction) E = Pt = (VI)t P = power
Normal
t = time
n1Sin Өi = n2Sin Өr Өi n1 = refractive index 1 V = voltage
I = current
Өi = angle of incidence Electromagnetism
Өr
Өr = angle of refraction Transformer V = voltage
n2 = refractive index 2
Vp Np N = number of coils
Critical angle =
Normal Vs Ns I = current
(ideal transformer) Subscript p = primary coil
n2 n1 = refractive index 1
sin 𝚯𝐜 = Өc VPIP = VsIs Subscript s = secondary coil
n1 Right hand grip
(special case of Snell’s
law where Өr = 90°) n2 = refractive index 2
Resistance in Parallel V
R1
1 1 1 1
= + +
R total R1 R 2 R 3 R2
R3