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Voided Biaxial Slabs - State of Art

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

Voided Biaxial Slabs - State of Art

Ahmed Ismael Adil*, Farzad Hejazi andRaizal S. M. Rashid

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra

Malaysia,43400UPM

*E-mail address: ahmedismealik@yahoo.com

Abstract. A bubble deck slab is a technique of realistically disposing the concrete in the center
of the slab, which does not perform any structural role, thus significantly reducing the dead
weight of the structure. High-density hollow voids of polyethylene replace the actual concrete
in the middle of the slab, as a result reducing the dead load and productivity of the slab will be
increased.This paper reviewed the numerous studies have been prepared on voided biaxial slab
system. conventional Slab are a standout amongst the most widely recognized parts in present
day building development devouring a large portion of the concrete.The Advantages are lower
power as comparison consumption than conventional slab - in both production, transport,
emissions gases especially CO2 and reducing materials, load, cost reduction and it is
ecological structure element. A range of recycled plastic bubbles allows columns spacing of
50% without any symptoms. This offers a wide range of benefits and construction cost. The
bubble system usually combines the benefits of the industrial elements in the controlled
conditions with the completion of the final concrete site, leading to a finalized floor slab.

1. Introduction
In any construction, slab has greatest significant role, utilized for dockingresolution and for
conveying the loads to different structural components.Biaxial voided slabs are reinforced
concrete slabs in which the voids allow concrete to be reduced. The creation of the voided
slab was invented in the 19th century. But using it unique in one-way spanning structure, and
necessity be sustained by beams and fixed walls. The clue was to produce a voided deckwith
the similarvolumes as a conventional concrete slab,however with significantly less weight
because of the removal of the extra concrete[1].
In general, the slabs are divided into two parts in terms of load distribution as one-way
slab and two-way slab. Slabs that tend to carry loads to one side is called one-way. The two-
way slab is also called a "slab spanning" in two directions because bending occurs in
mutually directions, when we observe slabs in general, while the overload increases,
subsequently deflection of the slab will beincreased. Thus, the thickness of the slab
increases. Increasing the thickness of the slab makes it heavier because of the self-weight of
the slab rise too, and will increase the other elements columns, foundations.Therefore, it
makes constructions consume additional materials such as reinforced concrete and steel
reinforcement [2]
The new manufactured construction technology utilizing Bubble Deck slab is
newlypractical in several industrial projects. Bubble Deck slab also called a biaxial voided

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

slab that is created by Jorgen Bruenig in 19th century.A biaxial voided slab is a new system
of construction utilizing plastic balls in slab which replace the concrete in the middle of a
slab todecreasethe dead load of the structure [3].
The usage of sphere-shaped balls to fill the voids in the mid of a slab reduces 35%-50%
of a slab self-weight compared to solid slab having same thickness without affecting its
deflection behavior & bending strength [2].
There are also an amount of green characteristics including; use of recycled materials,
lesser energy consuming reduction in overall construction materials, reduced CO2emissions,
these things make a bubble deck slab ecologically than other concrete construction systems,
this also rises fire resistance as well as sound insulation [4].
According to Beton&stahlbeton (1988),in 19thcentury various tests were carried out in
purpose to find the structural behavior of the monolithic flat slab and to check availability of
the German design DIN 1045[5].
As stated bySchnellenbach-Held & Pfeffer (2002), a high load carrying capacity and
material saving could be combined under the advantages of bubble deck slab and that’s due
to optimized of the cross-section which will cause 30 % reduction of the dead load. In
similarities slab can be bubble deck called as biaxial hollow slab and this alternative name is
inspired from the loads which can be carried in any direction ofslab.Therefore, the
connections between bubbles and reinforcing element can leads to a higher efficient of
construction[6].
Tiwari & Zafar (2016), they made comparison between bubble deck slab and
conventional concrete slab in terms of performance of slab ,forces and maximum stresses
,deflection and durability floor slab . they concluded that conventional slab has a lower
performance than bubble deck slab, in addition they concluded a 40% maximum stresses
and internal forces in the voided bubble deck were lesser than solid slab and that’s because
the reduction of the dead weight. Although they observed bubble deck has a 10% deflection
extra than solid conventional slab and that’s due to reduction in the stiffness from the
presence of bubbles figure 2. Therefore, these observations show us this type of abubble
deck slab can give a better durable floor slab with long term dominate gravity and uniform
distributed load. In addition, they observed a maximum shear load that reached by the
bubble deck slab was 156 KN, Although the cracks appeared at load of 59.6 KN[7].
Lai (2010),in her study states that the standard beam stress isplastic balls will supersede
the concrete from the mid of the slab. The bubble deck slab is designed according to
BS8110 and EC2 floors so that the plastic ball area is enclosed between layers of concrete
approaching the depth of the same pressure block as in the traditional concrete slab. Though,
trials have established that whatever thing up to 20% surplus has little influence on plastic
ball performance[8].
The point of this paper is to talk about different noteworthiness of voided slab in contrast
to solid concrete Slab in the different investigations. conventional Slab are a standout
amongst the most widely recognized parts in present day building development devouring a
largeportion of the concrete. the standard of the sample of bubble deck slab is shown in
figure 1 below:

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

Figure 1. Standard and sample of a precast plain module [6]

2. Advantages of Deck Slabs

he advantages of bubble deck slab can be exposed from
The om different aspects which they are
Structural, construction, engineering, environmental and economical:
First of all, the advantages of the structural part are the weight of bubble deck slab is
lower as compared to conventional concrete slab. Also increasing strength. This slab
without beams besides only little columns are necessary sary tto support a slab.The slab shape is
unrestricted.Thus
Thus will lead to reduce the depth of foundation. Secondly, in construction
onstruction term
has a benefit too, the light weight of slab therefore reduces equipment required and easy
combination of channels and piping into bubble deck slab. Moreover, working on site less
than other slab[7].
Furthermore, bubble deck has other advantages in eengineering part, this slab with
column have a high explosion resistance. Additionally, this type of slab ab and ccolumn
structure works as a flexible membrane that transfers rs horizontal
h forces to connected vertical
structures used for earthquake-resistant
resistant designs[9].
designs
The bubble deck slab has many benefits from the environmental aspect, wh when rreducing
the materials used, thus us reducing the energy consumed. Beside that reducing reduci the CO2
production up to 40 kg/m2. 2. In addition, replacing 100kg of concrete to 1kg of plastic.
Equally important, thee economical aspect, savings time and materials to 50 % also
transportation costs reduced. Finally, it is easy installations and more flexible in the
buildings [2].
On the other hand, some of the disadvantages the cracks aatt the bubble deck slabs are
difficult to rehabilitate, although the slab cannot carry a high load. In addition,the
addition, fire
resistance of the bubble deck slab can reach up to 17% to t 39% which is higher than
conventional slabs. Since the hollow concrete roof structure is heavy, it is necessary to use a
large capacity crane to lift the structure to the planned
lanned location, and it is very difficult for the
crane to reach the desired position[10]
[10].

3. Materials of Bubble Deck Slab

According to N. Tiwari and S. Zafar(2016),
Zafar The biaxial voided slab is mainly consisting of
three materials; they are concrete , steel, and plastic spheres[7]:

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

3.1 Concrete
The concrete is composed of water, standard Portlan
Portland cement and aggregates. Further, self-
self
compressive concrete is typically used, either for pre-casting slabs, or for filling the joint in
site. Also, the extremedimension of aggregate is the thickness of bubbles
bbles deck slab and the
dimension of aggregate must be fewer than 15mm.Therefore, must use the Grade M30 and
above[7].

Figure 2. Standard Stress Block [8]

3.2 Steel reinforcement

The steel reinforcement has numerous review, for example, Fe60 or Fe 40or more. The
reinforcement consists of two layers at the top and the other at the bottom for lateral
supports. In addition, the separation in the middle of the bars relate to the measurements of
voided be used and the amount of reinfo
reinforcement of thecross ribs of the slab[7].
3.3 Plastic spheres
Thebubbles (Fig.3) are preparedutilizinghigh
preparedutilizing intensity of polypropylene or HDPE. These are
frequently made of impermeable materials that do not interact chemically with concrete
reinforcement. The plastic spheres have sufficient strength and strong enough stiffness to
sustenance thehe loads applied safely in the stagesduring and before the concrete casting. The
diameter of the bubbles ranges from 180 mm to 450 m mm. Contingent on this; depth of
voided slab is 180mmmm to 600mm. The distance among a plastic ball and another plastic ball
should be greater than 1/9th a plastic ball dimeter. The insignificant diameter of the holes
might be 180, 225, 270, 315, or 360 mm. The plastic spheres heres could be spherical, oval or
square[3].

4. Properties of bubble deck slab

4.1 Flexural Strength
The slab roof is designed to omit great importance capacity of the concrete (contrasted to
the concrete solid mortar) in the middle of slab w where
here the slab is essentially un stressed in
flexure [6].
In the slabs, the depth of compression in the concr
concrete
ete is a small part of the depth of the
slab. In other words, its effect includes concrete only between the ball and the surface.
Therefore, there is no sensible difference between the behavior of a solid slab and Bubble
Deck [11].
According to A. M. Ibrahim, N. K. K. Ali, and W. D. Salman (2013), Studied flexural
capacities of two-way
way bubble deck slabs of spherical voids. It has been been confirmed the
flexural performance of this biaxial voided slab su such
ch as strain, crack pattern, concrete
compressive, ultimate load and ddeflection,
eflection, using special frame for testing two-dimensional
two

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

flexural tests. It watches that the split shape and flexural conduct be dependent upon the
void measurement to thickness of slab proportion.

Hollow spherical and elliptical bubbles [3]

Figure 3.Hollow

Figure 4.Cracks in bubble deck [12]

A definitive load capacity with respect to voided deck deck section having bubble
measurement to deck thickness of (0.51 and 0.64) we
were
re the same of strong pieces, while
when bubble size to deck thickness of (0.80) a defi
definitive
nitive limit were lessened by around
(10%)[12]. as shown in figure 4.

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

4.2Shear strength
At somewhat flat slab, the resistance of shear the outline is frequently basic close to the
sections of columns. The shear swings from the sections of columns and moves rapidly and
outside the segment territories. Shear has been affirmed by testing and plotting the
longitudinal and transverse weights inside the scope of the surface plate framework. Shear
quality of biaxial voided piece is 0.6 times the shear quality of a customary solid slab of a
similar thickness [11].
Valivonis, Skuturna, Daugeviþius, & Šneideris(2017)studied the punching shear
strength of reinforced concrete slabs with plastic void formers. In respect of increasing the
punching shearing ability of the flat slabs, the concrete ribs provide shear reinforcement at
voids. Sections of slabs with void edging increments situated in the whole slab zone, bubble
deck chunks with conventional slab cross shapes and voided biaxial deck piece chunks with
conventional slab heads were investigated in this examination. A technique to register
punching shear limit made on EC2 code has been anticipated. The outcomes accomplished
for the punctured shear quality of the test pieces were affirmed with the EC2 system, and a
procedure to decide the length of the punching shear outskirt has been projected[13].

4.3 Durability
The durability of the voided slab does not differ significantly from conventional slab.
Concrete is a standard grade and mutual with an appropriate bar cover provides most of the
durability control equal to the normal standards of conventional slabs[11].
In addition, the design of slabs is modern, the reinforcement part and balls are shaken
into cement and create institutionalization of pressure, so a thickness of surface cement is
delivered that is in any event safe and strong. The joints might be on the surface of the
voided biaxial slab within edges to guarantee that the concrete surrounding every bar does
not permit coordinate airflow from the strengthening steel superficial. This is basically
fusion for imperviousness to fire yet in addition identified with sturdiness [2].

4.4 Fire resistance

As a voided biaxial slab performance like a conventional slab, the imperviousness to fire is
simply a question of the measure of concrete layer. The imperviousness to fire is reliant on
the temperature in the bars and subsequently the transport of the heat.As the bottom and top
of the biaxial slab is conventional slab , and the rebar's are set in this solid portion, the
imperviousness to fire can be planned by requests[14]. As indicated by Nasvik J. (2011)
inspections did as per ISO 834 also, demonstrated that imperviousness to fire endures 60 -
180 minutes and the imperviousness to smoke is 1.5 times the imperviousness to fire[15].

5. Thetestsofhollow-core slabs
The consequences of Andersen and Lauridsen (1999) began an open deliberation on the
resistance to fire of voided slab into Denmark, yet nonconformities of the figured outcome
were not instantly clarified. Danish who is the minister of trade demanded another tests
ought to be made. the Institute of Danish for Technology of Fire made on 1.2 m wide and
two 265 mm thick expelled voided deck as found in Fig 5. Components ought to a traverse
of 6min the middle of the supports. The furrow in the middle of components ware thrown
out[16].
When the element is lifted from the oven, it Has been shown that the base was spine
somewhat dropped down, wide cracks have been created to alternate canals in fig 6. No
indication of shear disappointment be realized, the deflection showed that a disappointment
mode of shear may have been bending. Be that as it may, as clarified in the accompanying,
the disappointment methods of shear, berth, bending and overlay might be consequences of
a similar decay of the slab [17].

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

Figure 5.The sample of hollow slab [17]

Figure 6.Damages after 25 min[17]

6. Punching Shear
Voided in the mid slab sections eradicate solid con
concrete
crete where it isn't required. The lessened
weight of the solid slab takes into consideration llonger
onger decks between column deprived of
beams and a decrease in steel and concrete in floors, footings, sparing cash and diminishing
the aggregate construction weight, permitting lighter
lighter footing additionally utilizing reused
material [18].
The usage of SSC increment the punching shear quali quality
ty and decrease the mid cross
deflection. Punching shear value is expanded in voi voided
ded SCC deck and the center of
deflection diminished. Including steel fiber at the basic zone expanded the punching value

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

and decreased the edge of punching disappointment. By utilizing the SCC leads to decrease
the crack pattern of punching shear[19].
The punching shear limit of SVBS is impressively not as much as conventional concrete
slab; thus, the act of not putting bubble formers nearby columns is conceivable [20].
7. Applications
Bubble deck slab can be used in different sites such as, it can be used in Building all kinds
of construction especially sky scrapers. Although can be used as larger span halls like
theatres, Also pedestrian bridge deck. In addition, it is used in parking areas because it
requires a less numbers of columns.
In this idea might now be tried for a lightweight pedestrian bridge deck. A vehicular
bridge has been chosen since the shear capacity of a voided slab is fundamentally not as
much as a strong conventional slab. Since the kind of capacity that bridge slabs practice,
high shear strength is a noteworthy design necessity and the present outline of voided slab
could not financially oblige this need [8].
8. Conclusion
Overall bubble deck slab can carry a higher load than conventional concrete slab and it is
better in stress criteria. The weight of the bubble deck slab reduced 35% compared to the
conventional slab and that will cause reduction in cement use which means emissions of
CO2 to the environment and more saving money. Although the volume of concrete in the
bubble deck slab are less than conventional slab. The conception of material in bubble deck
slab made it probable to make the construction time faster and to reduce overall cost and
lower the dead weight up to 50%. Eventually, bubble deck slab is very useful and efficient
than a solid conventional slab in office floor. Shear strength of voided biaxial slab is 0.6
times the shear strength of the conventional slab of same thickness. However, essential
resistance can be reached by providing vertical reinforcement. The fire test is carried out for
extruded hollow slabs then resistance of fire time is 25 minutes. Since this test and from
other trialsinformed in literature from real fires, from our information distinguish that the
crashes are molded in the lower edge of the hollow, and occasionally the crashes fall below.

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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012004

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