Online Final Examination Summer 2020

Course Title: Introduction to Psychology Date: 13th August 2020

Course Code: SSC 121 Maximum Marks: 40

Student Name: NIMRA SHAHID Teacher: Umair Jalali

Student ID: 15819 Program: B. Com – 1 A / 2 A (Morning)

Kasbit Email ID: std_Nimra15819@mykasbit.edu.pk

Instructions (Important):
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 Students must attach the screenshot image of the online Admit Card (Cleared) as
Cover Page of Final Assessment.
 Without the Admit Card Image, the final assessment will not be graded.
 Students must submit the Final Assessment as per the given deadline.
 Final Assessment that is submitted late, will not be graded.
 Final Assessment will only be submitted in the Google Classroom.
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 Type your Student ID, Student Name, & KASBIT Email ID in the boxes given above.
 All the questions are compulsory.
 Read the questions thoroughly and answer them accordingly.

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Q1. Which problems can the following professionals best solve? (10)
Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding,
preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and
personal development.Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy,
although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program
development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.

Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory,
perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking"

The origin of cognitive psychology occurred in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which had held from the
1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside of the realm of empirical science. This break came
as researchers in linguistics and cybernetics as well as applied psychology used models of mental processing to
explain human behavior. Such research became possible due to the advances in technology that allowed for the
measurement of brain activity.
Clinical Neuropsychologists are specially trained to understand the relationship between brain and
neuropsychological function. Clinical neuropsychologists require not only knowledge of the broad range of mental
health problems, but also specialist knowledge in the neurosciences.

Brain injuries and neurological illnesses can affect the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is the clinical
neuropsychologist’s job to assess and help to treat the effects of these problem

Clinical Neuropsychologists are specially trained to understand the relationship between brain and
neuropsychological function. Clinical neuropsychologists require not only knowledge of the broad range of mental
health problems, but also specialist knowledge in the neurosciences.

Brain injuries and neurological illnesses can affect the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is the clinical
neuropsychologist’s job to assess and help to treat the effects of these problem

Clinical Neuropsychologists are specially trained to understand the relationship between brain and
neuropsychological function. Clinical neuropsychologists require not only knowledge of the broad range of mental
health problems, but also specialist knowledge in the neurosciences.

Brain injuries and neurological illnesses can affect the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is the clinical
neuropsychologist’s job to assess and help to treat the effects of these problems

According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how
the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied the presence of
other human beings."1 Essentially, social psychology is about understanding how each person's individual behavior
is influenced by the social environment in which that behavior takes place.
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You probably already realize that other people can have a dramatic influence on the way you act and the choices you
make. Consider how you might behave in a situation if you were all alone versus if there were other people in the
room.

You can think of industrial-organizational psychology as having two major sides. First, there is the industrial side,
which involves looking at how to best match individuals to specific job roles. This segment of I-O psychology is also
sometimes referred to as personnel psychology.

People who work in this area might assess employee characteristics and then match these individuals to jobs in
which they are likely to perform well. Other functions that fall on the industrial side of I-O psychology include
training employees, developing job performance standards, and measuring job performance.

The organizational side of psychology is more focused on understanding how organizations affect individual
behavior. Organizational structures, social norms, management styles, and role expectations are all factors that can
influence how people behave within an organization.

Personality psychologists examine individual traits and behavior and determine how they influence the outcome of
specific individual and group situations. The career requires a substantial education culminating in a doctorate and a
great deal of research experience

Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including
biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how psychological factors affect
performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. Sport
psychologists teach cognitive and behavioral strategies to athletes in order to improve their experience and
performance in sports. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement,
applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation,
communication, team building, and career transitions. Also closely associated with Sports psychiatry.

Developmental psychologists study the human growth and development that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.
This includes not only physical development but also cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality, and
emotional growth. These professionals play an important role in adding to our understanding of how people change
throughout life, help address developmental concerns, and work to offer assistance to children and adults facing
developmental problems.
Physiological psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the behavioral effects of physiology.
Physiological psychology is available as a concentration at the master's and doctoral degree levels.

School Psychology
School Psychology, a general practice of Health Service Psychology, is concerned with children, youth, families, and
the schooling process. School psychologists are prepared to intervene at the individual and system levels, and
develop, implement and evaluate programs to promote positive learning environments for children and youth from
diverse backgrounds, and to ensure equal access to effective educational and psychological services that promote
health development.s
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Q2. Explain the following and give examples of each. (6)

(a) Biological Psychology (b) Humanistic Psychology (c) Cognitive Perspective,

(d) Psychoanalytical perspective. Give examples of each.

ANSWER:

Biological psychology:

Also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of
behavior. Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological
processes and the underlying physiological events—or, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. Its
focus is the function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in activities (e.g., thinking, learning,
feeling, sensing, and perceiving) recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals. Biological
psychology has continually been involved in studying the physical basis for the reception of internal and
external stimuli by the nervous system, particularly the visual and auditory systems. Other areas of study
have included the physiological bases for motivated behavior, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, and
mental disorders. Also considered are physical factors that directly affect the nervous system, including
heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet.

Humanistic psychology:

A movement in psychology supporting the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should
be recognized and treated as such by psychologists and psychiatrists. The movement grew in opposition to
the two-mainstream 20th-century trends in psychology, behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic
principles attained application during the “human potential” movement, which became popular in the United
States during the 1960s.

Cognitive Perspective:

Cognitive behavior represents another approach to understanding the effects of learning on the instigation of
behavior. In the process of learning that particular behaviors can lead to particular goals, expectations about
the goals are established and the goals acquire values. One cognitive approach to motivation, called
expectancy‐value theory, stresses that the probability of occurrence of behavior depends upon individuals'
perception of the value of a goal as well as their expectation of reaching it. Variations of the theory have
been used to study such motives as the need for achievement (Henry Murray) and the need for success (John
Atkinson).

Examples of Cognitive Psychology:

1. Making a judgment about something based on information you received that your brain processes.

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2. Learning is an example of cognition. The way our brain makes connection as we learn concepts in
different ways to remember what we have learned.

Psychoanalytic Perspective (Psychoanalytic Approach):

The psychoanalytic approach focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind (not the conscious mind).
In other words, psychoanalytic perspective dictates that behavior is determined by your past experiences that
are left in the Unconscious Mind (people are unaware of them).

Examples of psychoanalytic

April broke up with Adam, and three months later went on a date with Mark. While at the restaurant, April
accidentally called Adam by Mark's name. While this could have just been a simple accident, psychoanalytic
theory says that there is a deeper reason for April's slip - for example, she still has feelings for Mark and her
mind is on him, and therefore she called her new date by her old boyfriend Mark's name.

Mary's therapist believes that Mary's current relationship difficulties stem from the unstable relationship she
had with her father while growing up.

Q3. Explain the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from a psychological perspective. Also, can you think
of recent examples of how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs might have affected your behavior in some
way? [[[[[ (4)

ANSWER:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A
Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. There is little scientific basis to the theory: Maslow
himself noted this criticism. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans'
innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of
which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. He then created a classification system which
reflected the universal needs of society as its base and then proceeding to more acquired emotions. Maslow's
hierarchy of needs is used to study how humans intrinsically partake in behavioral motivation. Maslow used
the terms "physiological", "safety", "belonging and love", "social needs" or "esteem", and "self-
actualization" to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally move. This means that in
order for motivation to arise at the next stage, each stage must be satisfied within the individual themselves.
Additionally, this theory is a main base in knowing how effort and motivation are correlated when
discussing human behavior. Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation
that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy. The goal in Maslow's theory is to
attain the fifth level or stage: self-actualization

Q4. Explain two Personality Theories and 5 factors model of Personality? How can personality
assessment support in organizational development. (10)

ANSWER:

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Theories of Personality:

From Aristotle to Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow, countless theories and concepts for understanding
personality have been proposed. Throughout history, these and other great minds sought to answer questions
not only about what personality is and how best to describe it, but also what causes personality differences,
including those that make people more or less functional and resilient.

Some theories are still being tested, while others have fallen out of favor. Some compete while others
complement one another. A look at some major ideas in personality psychology, both historical and recent,
offers a sense of the many ways to think and talk about this complex subject.

The 5-factor model of personality is the theory that there are 5 variables or factors that can be used to
describe the human personality. These 5 factors are collectively referred to as the Big 5 factors. The Big 5
are:

Extraversion, includes traits such as talkative, assertive, and outgoing

Agreeableness, includes traits such as forgiving, generous and appreciative

Conscientiousness, includes traits such as organized, responsible, and reliable

Neuroticism, includes traits such as anxious, tense, and touchy

Q5. Analyze a Psychological disorder, which you have studied in class i.e. selfie. (5)
ANSWER:

Psychological disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Although challenging, it is essential for psychologists and mental health professionals to agree on what
experiences and actions constitute the presence of a psychological disorder. Inner experiences and behaviors
that are atypical or violate social norms could signify the presence of a disorder; however, each of these
criteria alone is inadequate. It is generally accepted that a psychological disorder is defined by significant
disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; these disturbances must reflect some kind of dysfunction
(biological, psychological, or developmental), must cause significant impairment in one’s life, and must not
reflect culturally expected reactions to certain life events.

In this section, you’ll learn about how disorders are defined, and also how they are diagnosed and classified.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is essentially a classification manual
that clinicians can use to read about the criteria, prevalence, risk factors, and details about over 200
disorders.

Q6. Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they
differ? (5)

ANSWER :

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Consequence:

In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives,5 while classical conditioning involves
no such enticements. Also, remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while
operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to
be rewarded or punished.

For operant conditioning to work, the subject must first display a behavior that can then be either rewarded
or punished. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves forming an association with some sort of
already naturally occurring event.

In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves
no such enticements. Also, remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while
operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to
be rewarded or punished.

For operant conditioning to work, the subject must first display a behavior that can then be either rewarded
or punished. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves forming an association with some sort of
already naturally occurring event.

Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning

There is a key distinction or difference between classical and operant conditioning 6:

Classical conditioning associate's involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning
associates' voluntary action with a consequence.

Classical conditioning is passive in the sense that the learner cannot choose to engage or not engage in a new
behavior because the association is made through naturally occurring event. On the other hand, operant
conditioning involves the learner actively choosing to receive the reinforcement or punishment by
performing or not performing the target behavior.

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