Q1.

(A)
Agricultural Economy
1:Agriculture is the main occupation in the this economy

2:Agriculture constitutes a large share of national income

3:Traditional techniques of production are used in this economy

4:Basic infrastructural facilities are absent

Industrial Economy
1:Industry and trade are the main occupations in this economy

2:Agricultural shares is less in national income

3:Modern and complex techniques of production are used in this economy

4:Infrastructural facilitates are well provided in this economy

Reason why we promote agro based industry

The most common problems they face are low productivity, under employment, income disparity, lack
of education. To improve the standard of living of rural masses, there is a crying need to set up agro-
based industries as they are less capital intensive, create employment opportunities in rural areas, raise
the income of farmers, provide a boost to the agricultural production and increase the export of the
agricultural goods.

Q1. (B)
Quotes of Quaid-e-Azam
There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great
competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.

Expect the best, prepare for the worst.

Democracy is in the blood of the Muslims, who look upon complete equality of mankind, and believe in
fraternity, equality, and liberty.

You are free; you are free to go to your temples. You are free to go to your mosques or to any other
places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion, caste or creed—that has
nothing to do with the business of the state.

You will have to make up for the smallness of your size by your courage and selfless devotion to duty, for
it is not life that matters, but the courage, fortitude and determination you bring to it.

Reference to Quaid-e-Azam's speech

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11 August Speech is a speech made by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father
of Pakistan and known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. While
Pakistan was created as a result of what could be described as Indian Muslim nationalism,[1] Jinnah was
once an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.[2][3][4] When the Partition of India finally occurred, Jinnah,
soon-to-be Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan, outlined his vision of Pakistan in an address
to the Constituent Assembly, delivered on 11 August 1947. He spoke of an inclusive and impartial
government, religious freedom, rule of law and equality for all.

He opened by saying the Assembly had two tasks: Writing a provisional constitution and governing the
country meantime. He continued with a list of urgent problems:

Law and order, so life, property and religious beliefs are protected for all.

Bribery

Black-marketing

Nepotism

Next, he discussed at length the partition, saying many were dissatisfied with the details but a united
India would never have worked. He urged forgiveness of bygone quarrels among Pakistanis, so all can be
". . . first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights . . .". Pointing out that England in past
centuries had settled its fierce sectarian persecutions, he proposed that "in course of time Hindus would
cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is
the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State."

He concluded by quoting a friendly, official message from the United States.

Q3. (A)
Geographical Importance of Pakistan
Geographical attributes of a state bring it both, some opportunities to avail and some risks to evade.
Pakistan availed the opportunities from its geography but could escape the risks it posed. When a state
learns how to exploit its geography to the best of its political and strategic interests the study which
comes in shape is called geostrategic and geopolitics. Pakistan’s geography where brought the country
countless material benefits there its unwise exploitation also invited the chaos in the region. Being the
gateway to Central Asia and a suitable route of access of World Powers into land-locked Afghanistan,
the geography of Pakistan suffered from the side effects of the ‘New Great Game’ and the ‘Global War
on Terrorism’. But things are in transformation today. The Northern border with China where gets ready
to bring billion dollars investment in the wake of CPEC there the Western border with Afghanistan is
seeking TAPI Gas Pipeline. Similarly, the South Western boundary with Iran will sooner or later be
flexible for Pak-Iran Gas Pipeline. Pakistan’s newly functional port of Gwadar and the strategic
importance it has concerning its proximity to the Gulf States are some new aspects of Pakistan’s
geographical importance. We shall evaluate all these aspects in this article after going through a brief
description of country’s geography.

Impact of neighbor countries

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Pakistan had some problems with its Foreign
relations. Pakistan's relations with its neighbor, India is not good. Both countries have been fighting over
the disputed territory of Kashmir, over which they have fought two wars. Pakistan has also had difficult
relations with neighbors Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has had a long and good relationship with the
China. Pakistan has interest over the Persian Gulf and has wide-ranging bilateral relations with the
United States and other Western countries.

Pakistan distrusted the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War. Because of this Pakistan had strong
relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China.

Pakistan was a member of the American-sponsored CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Pakistan's'
alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of
Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey
and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union,
wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has had a close relationship with Turkey.
RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding
of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. For several years, Pakistan's relations with the
Republic of India had been gradually improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues
beyond security.
Pakistan foreign policy
In the formulation of foreign policy, the statesmen including all other policy makers play a decisive role.
As the final shape of foreign policy is the handiwork of these elites, the impact of their views and
personality is but natural. Policy makers define the situation not only in terms of conditions abroad, but
also in terms of what is feasible bureaucratically. They receive information from various government
agencies and the alternatives they consider are often alternatives that have been drafted and debated
by lower officials of various government department.

Q3. (B)
Pakistan is the only atomic power in the Islamic world. This is why it has an eminent position amongst
the nations of the world. Pakistan not only plays an important role to resolve the controversies of
Islamic countries but also has a significant character to solve the problems of the nations of the world.

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest organization after the United Nations
with a membership of 57 states spread over four continents. The Organization is the collective voice of
the Muslim world. It endeavors to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit
of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the world.

The Organization was established upon a decision of the historical summit which took place in Rabat,
Kingdom of Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra (25 September 1969) following the criminal arson of Al-
Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem.

In 1970 the first ever meeting of Islamic Conference of Foreign Minister (ICFM) was held in Jeddah which
decided to establish a permanent secretariat in Jeddah headed by the organization’s secretary general.
Dr. Yousef Ahmed Al-Othaimeen is the 11th Secretary General who assumed the office in November
2016.

The first OIC Charter was adopted by the 3rd ICFM Session held in 1972. The Charter laid down the
objectives and principles of the organization and fundamental purposes to strengthen the solidarity and
cooperation among the Member States. Over the last 40 years, the membership has grown from its
founding members of 30 to 57 states. The Charter was amended to keep pace with the developments
that have unraveled across the world. The present Charter of the OIC was adopted by the Eleventh
Islamic Summit held in Dakar on 13-14 March 2008 to become the pillar of the OIC future Islamic action
in line with the requirements of the 21st century.

The Organization has the singular honor to galvanize the Ummah into a unified body and have actively
represented the Muslims by espousing all causes close to the hearts of over 1.5 billion Muslims of the
world. The Organization has consultative and cooperative relations with the UN and other inter-
governmental organizations to protect the vital interests of the Muslims and to work for the settlement
of conflicts and disputes involving Member States. In safeguarding the true values of Islam and the
Muslims, the organization has taken various steps to remove misperceptions and has strongly advocated
elimination of discrimination against Muslims in all forms and manifestations.

The Member States of the OIC face many challenges in the 21st century and to address those challenges,
the Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit held in Makkah in December 2005, laid down the
blue print called the Ten-Year Program of Action. It successfully concluded with the close of 2015. A
successor programmed for the next decade (2016-2025) has since then been adopted.

The new programmed OIC-2025 is anchored in the provisions of the OIC Charter and focuses on 18
priority areas with 107 goals. The priority areas include issues of Peace and Security, Palestine and Al-
Quds, Poverty Alleviation, Counter-terrorism, Investment and Finance, Food Security, Science and
Technology, Climate Change and Sustainability, Moderation, Culture and Interfaith Harmony,
Empowerment of Women, Joint Islamic Humanitarian Action, Human Rights and Good Governance,
among others.

Among the OIC’s key bodies: the Islamic Summit, the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM), the General
Secretariat, in addition to the Al-Quds Committee and three permanent committees concerned with
science and technology, economy and trade, and information and culture. There are also specialized
organs under the banner of the OIC including the Islamic Development Bank and the Islamic Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, as well as subsidiary and affiliate organs that play a vital role in
boosting cooperation in various fields among the OIC member states.

Pakistan and Egypt (Misr), both being Muslim countries, share cordial relations. Both are also members
of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation), as well as "the next eleven" and "D8". After the
foundation of Pakistan, it has established diplomatic and trade relations with Egypt.

Q.4 (A)
In Pakistan decentralization took the form of devolution of powers. This was introduced by General
Musharraf back in 2000, as a devolution plan and was adopted by the Provincial governments as ‘Local
Government Ordinance’ in 2001. This plan was based on five principles that is (1) Devolution of political
power (2) DE concentration of management functions (3) Decentralization of administrative authority
(4) Distribution of resources to the district level and (5) Diffusion of the power-authority link [1].

Still, the health care system of Pakistan is in a complicated phase. Because decentralization strategy was
actually used to strengthen centralization in Pakistan [2]. However, to address this issue parliament
unanimously passed 18th Amendment on 20th April, 2010, thereby, dividing power and sovereignty
between national and regional levels of governments in order to reduce the likelihood of an
authoritarian or overly centralized government. Taking this into account provinces took active steps to
pass provincial health bills. Thus, respective bills were passed by Punjab health commission (PHC) in
2010, Sindh health commission (SHCC) in 2014 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2015 [3-5].

The bills were passed to ensure promulgation of following roles in the healthcare department of
different provinces. Thereby, Punjab healthcare commission bill was passed with an aim to improve the
quality of healthcare service delivery by implementing ‘Minimum Service Delivery Standards (MSDS)’
and to ban quackery in all its forms [3]. Whereas, Sindh Healthcare Commission bill was passed with an
aim to make provision for improved access, equity and quality of healthcare services, to ban quackery
and to provide for ancillary matters [4]. However, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa healthcare commission bill was
passed with an aim to provide people with safe and high-quality health care services [5]. But still, there
is neither any commission for province of Baluchistan nor any bill is passed for the health care delivery
services for the people of Baluchistan at the provincial level.
In each of the bills that were promulgated at provincial levels, the needs of the healthcare system were
highlighted in various domains which include: (1) Governance (2) Registration and Licensing (3)
Standards of healthcare services (4) Inspection and enforcement (5) Funds, budget and accounts.

But health indicators still lag behind in achieving set targets thereby provides a depressing account.

(1) In health financing domain, Government is expending only 0.4% (50 billion PKR) of GDP on health.
Whereas, almost 78% of the general population pays out of their pockets for medical treatment.

(2) Health Workforce indicates insufficient human resource. There is approximately 1:1300 Doctor-
patient ratio and 1:2.7 Doctor nurse ratios which is very low as recommended by WHO

(3) Organization and Service Delivery in Pakistan indicates that there is an absence of programs for non-
communicable diseases at provincial and federal levels. The regulatory arrangements for medicines are
unsatisfactory. There is a lack of proper health diagnostic facilities and medical education. In particular,
there is absence of health information-related institutions.

The health care system of Pakistan is also facing an increased challenge to achieve Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). MDG-3 states ‘Health for All’ but “Presently, Maternal and Infant Mortality
Rates are as high as 260 per 100,000 deaths and 61.27 per 1,000 live births, respectively. In addition,
almost 19% of the general population and 30% of children under five years of age are mal-nourished

In addition to these, macroeconomic issues of government further complicate the problem. The
government of Pakistan has limited its ability to increase health finance and expenditure. Moreover, a
large burden of population demanding scarce resources redirection. And finally, the administrative and
political changes in the health system of Pakistan.

The creation of a national public health network of institutions and professionals is necessary for
effective planning in health reforms [8]. A number of elements are responsible for this scenario,
however feeble health system leadership & governance and planning & implementation challenges are
dominant factors.

The 18th Amendment is the “holding together” vision of federalism, also known as the “new
federalism.” It is an attempt to decentralize roles and responsibilities in the mixed health system of
Pakistan. Thereby, to foresee secessionist propensities and to overcome the regional discontent with
central policies. Hence, according to the Devolution Initiative (DI), the roles and responsibilities in the
mixed health system were mapped to manage different levels of service providers and to avoid
replication. In the words of a Chinese philosopher, “All long journeys start with the first small steps.” The
18th Amendment must be seen as that first step in the long journey to restore Pakistan to its original
glory

The 18th Amendment can be considered as a first step toward the fundamental restructuring of the
mixed health governance system in Pakistan. This is because the amendment have offered some
prospective for public governance improvement. But on the other hand, also introduces major risks for
economic and political union. In Pakistan, there have been many attempts at decentralization [11]. The
18th Constitutional Amendment has devolved many systems’ mandate as a welcome step towards
improved governance and leadership. Thereby, it approved long-promised autonomy to provinces and
granted them health responsibilities as their mandate. Thus, Provincial government’s needs (1) to
improve plans and policies for health finance and expenditure increment (2) for restructuring of public
facilities (3) to establish engagement between public and private (4) develop compliant policy for human
resources under 18th Constitutional Amendment and (5) ensure provincial drug regulation capacity [12].
However, the constitution still dictates the roles and responsibilities of federal government about the
national roles in health. These include, (1) overarching policy norms (2) health information (3) federal
fiscalism (4) trade in health (5) external resource mobilization and (6) interprovincial regulation and
coordination

But, a long-awaited change in the health sector of Pakistan in the form of 18th Amendment has brought
more confusion than clarity. The reason of this confusion is that the health sector has become a
provincial matter, thereby, dissolving the Ministry of Health, resultantly. Probably, now Pakistan is the
only country in the world without the Health Minister at the national level. Therefore, the health sector
of Pakistan is likely to suffer more in future, until and unless abstruseness is removed. And there would
be a clear demarcation of roles and responsibilities at federal and provincial level.

Therefore, in reality, the sharing out of responsibilities altered over time between the provinces and the
districts. Thereby, the health sector has suffered badly, due to lack of experience as well as capacity that
delayed the progress and influenced the general population negatively. Consequently, issues started to
arose after devolution which included (1) absence of initiative for overseeing federal health
responsibilities (2) lack of funds at provincial level for proper functioning of health programs (3) lack of
drug regulation (4) lack of proper mechanism for transferring of power to provinces (5) lack of
mechanism to involve community in decision-making (6) misuse of funds at provincial level due to lack
of capacity etc.

In addition, many other factors are involved that influence the success or failure of decentralization.
These factors include (1) lack of adequate preparation (2) lack of strategy for implementation (3)
inadequate financing (4) the mind-set of federal bureaucracy and weak capacity at all levels. Moreover,
health care service could not be delivered satisfactorily by any of the province due to lack of interest,
experience and financial capacity. The division of financing between provinces and districts have made it
difficult for the districts to work properly. As in all provinces, developmental budget is retained at upper
level. While the bulk of recurrent costs for service delivery, were managed at the district levels [15-17].

Furthermore, in the context of Pakistan, many questions have been posed by the devolution of health
sector. These questions are posed in terms of (1) The provinces’ capacity for policies regulation and
health planning (2) Leadership and strategic directions (3) Generation of health information (4)
Development of human resource and international agreements [13,18].

As a consequence, post 18th Amendment, the Pakistan’s mixed health system syndrome has been
accompanied by a deterioration of both law and order. Thereby, declining of quality and quantity of
public services. The dysfunction of public governance in Pakistan has reached a tipping point which has
provoked the media to label it as a “failing” state. Whereas, some Pakistani scholars have already
labeled it a “failed state”. Low literacy rate along with low health care budgetary expenditure, extreme
poverty, lack of skilled professional in the health field, population explosion, and insufficient health care
facilities, have further weakened the state.

Methodology
Identification of health system performance domains

The websites of WHO and Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO (EMRO) were searched to
identify health system performance domains. Thereby, data was extracted and analyzed after taking
guidance through WHO’s Building Blocks Framework that is a conceptual framework model for
assessment of health system performance domains. The criteria that support the health system
performance domains were also drawn from the WHO analysis on the features of government role in
health system in the well-developed and developed countries. The WHO framework basically
emphasizes on six relational domains of health system performance including: (1) Health system
leadership and governance (2) Health Financing (3) Health Care services (4) Health Workforce (5) Health
Information and (6) Medical products, Vaccines and Technologies [20].

Actions required in the health system domains

After the identification of health system performance domain through the WHO framework, we started
to assess the health system performance in different domains in Pakistan after the 18th Constitutional
Amendment. We followed many papers including that of Nishtar (2013) to identify the required actions
needed to be performed in various domains of the health system to create the fiscal space for health
system and to widen the base public means financing. This will surely help in attaining the access, quality
and equity to health care services. Mentioned below are the actions required as per the Nishtar (2013)
in different domains of health system of Pakistan for its better performance or else system failure could
be noticed.

Q.4 (B)
Since the country's independence in 1947, the economy of Pakistan has emerged as a semi-
industrialized one, based heavily on textiles, agriculture, and food production, though recent years have
seen a push towards technological diversification. Pakistan's GDP growth has been gradually on the rise
since 2012 and the country has made significant improvements in its provision of energy and security.
However, decades of corruption and internal political conflict have usually led to low levels of foreign
investment and underdevelopment.

Historically, the land forming modern-day Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization
from 2800 BC to 1800 BC, and evidence suggests that its inhabitants were skilled traders. Although the
subcontinent enjoyed economic prosperity during the Mughal era, growth steadily declined during the
British colonial period. Since independence, economic growth has meant an increase in average income
of about 150 percent from 1950–96, But Pakistan like many other developing countries, has not been
able to narrow the gap between itself and rich industrial nations, which have grown faster on a per head
basis. Per capita GNP growth rate from 1985–95 was only 1.2 percent per annum, substantially lower
than India (3.2), Bangladesh (2.1), and Sri Lanka (2.6).[2] The inflation rate in Pakistan has averaged 7.99
percent from 1957 until 2015, reaching an all-time high of 37.81 percent in December 1973 and a record
low of -10.32 percent in February 1959. Pakistan suffered its only economic decline in GDP between
1951 and 1952.

Overall, Pakistan has maintained a fairly healthy and functional economy in the face of several wars,
changing demographics, and transfers of power between civilian and military regimes, growing at an
impressive rate of 6 percent per annum in the first four decades of its existence. During the 1960s,
Pakistan was seen as a model of economic development around the world, and there was much praise
for its rapid progress. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy,
including South Korea, which replicated the city of Karachi's second "Five-Year Plan."

The partition of British India and the emergence of India and Pakistan in 1947 severely disrupted the
country's economic system. The united government of Pakistan expanded its cultivated area and some
irrigation facilities, but the rural population generally became poorer between 1947 and 1971 because
improvements did not keep pace with the rural population increase.[23] Pakistan's five-year plans opted
for a development strategy based on industrialization, but the major share of the development budget
went to West Pakistan, that is, contemporary Pakistan.[23] A lack of natural resources meant that East
Pakistan was heavily dependent on imports, creating a balance of payments problem.[23] Without a
substantial industrialization program or adequate agrarian expansion, the economy of East Pakistan
steadily declined.[23] Blame was placed by various observers, but especially by those in East Pakistan,
on the West Pakistani leaders who not only dominated the government, but also most of the fledgling
industries in East Pakistan.

In 2013, Nawaz Sharif returned to inherit an economy crippled by energy shortages, hyperinflation, mild
economic growth, high debt, and a large budget deficit. Shortly after taking office, Pakistan "embarked
on a $6.3 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility, which focused on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing
public finances, increasing revenue collection, and improving its balance of payments position." Lower
oil prices, better security, higher remittances, and consumer spending spurred growth toward a seven-
year high of 4.3 percent in the fiscal year 2014-15 and foreign reserves increased to US$10 billion. In
May 2014, the IMF confirmed that inflation had dropped to 13 percent in 2014 compared to 25 percent
in 2008, prompting Standard & Poor's and Moody's Corporation to change Pakistan's ranking to a stable
outlook on their long-term ratings.

The IMF loan program concluded in September 2016. Although Pakistan missed several structural
reform criteria, it restored macroeconomic stability, improved its credit rating, and boosted growth. The
Pakistani rupee has remained relatively stable against the US dollar since 2015, though it declined about
10 percent between November 2017 and March 2018.Balance of payments concerns have also
reemerged as a result of a significant increase in imports and weak export and remittance growth. In its
South Asian Growth report, the World Bank stated: "In Pakistan, gradual recovery to around 4.5 per cent
growth by 2016 is aided by low inflation and fiscal consolidation. Increases in remittances and stable
agricultural performance contribute to this outcome. But further acceleration requires tackling pervasive
power cuts, a cumbersome business environment, and low access to finance." In his 2016 book, The Rise
and Fall of Nations, Ruchir Sharma opined that Pakistan's economy is in its 'take-off' stage and termed
the future outlook for 2020 ‘very good,’ predicting that Pakistan would transform from a "low-income to
a middle-income country during the next five years.

In 2016, articles by Forbes and Reuters declared Pakistan's economy to be on track to becoming an
emerging market in Asia, and affirmed that Pakistan's expanding middle class is key to the country's
economic prospects.[51][52] On 7 November 2016, Bloomberg News also claimed that "Pakistan is on
the verge of an investment-led growth cycle."[53] On 10 January 2017, The Economist forecasted
Pakistan's GDP to grow at 5.3 percent in 2017, making it the fifth fastest growing economy in the world
and the fastest growing in the Muslim world.
Q5. (A)
Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission (HEC) asked universities to engage faculty and quickly develop
online courses and broadcast those to the students in view of the coronavirus situation in the country.
Coronavirus pandemic has endangered us all and online education is the solution for the safety of the
faculty and the students. But there are some issues regarding online system in Pakistan, most of the
students don’t have smart phones and internet facility which leads to failure. Before Covid-19 the
education system was not up to the mark, after this pandemic era it badly effect the students and their
future. Many students return from abroad because of this pandemic era, after the flights suspension
most of the students stuck in their home country and facing problems such as study, financial and time
research

Q5. (B)
Allama Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal (9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938), known as Allama Iqbal, was a poet,
philosopher, theorist, and barrister in British India. He is held as the national poet of Pakistan.
He has been called the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan" for his contributions to the
nation. Iqbal' s poems, political contributions,
and academic and scholarly research were distinguished. He inspired the Pakistan movement in
Subcontinent and is considered a renowned figure of Urdu literature, although he wrote in both
Urdu
and Persian.
Books and poems:
The secret of the self
Sikwa and Jawab e shikwa
Khulliyat e iqbal
Maktabon mein kahin rana e afkaar bhi ha
Khanakahon mein kahin lazzat e israr bhi ha
Quaid e Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948)
was a
barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India
Muslim
League from 1913 until Pakistan's creation on 14 August 1947, and then as
Pakistan's first Governor-
General until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader")
and Baba-i-Qaum,
("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is a national holiday in Pakistan.
Books
Speeches of jinnah
The political career of mohammad ali jinnah
Duniya mein dou kuwatein hain
Ek talwaar aur dosra qalam.
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician and leader of the
Nazi
Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP). He rose to power as the
chancellor of
Germany in 1933 and then as Führer in 1934.[a] During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he
initiated
World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in
military
operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust.
Books
Hitler's table talk
Hitler's secret book
Joseph stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[b] (born Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jugashvili;[a] 18 December [O.S. 6
December]
1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the
Soviet Union
from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He served as the general secretary of the
Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and premier of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Despite initially
governing the Soviet Union as part of a collective leadership, he eventually consolidated power
to
become the country's de facto dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically
committed to the
Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalized these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while
his own
policies are known as Stalinism.
Books
The road to power
History of communist
Economic problems of socialism in U S S R
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials
FDR, was
an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until
his death
in 1945. A member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and
became a
central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the
federal
government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda
in
response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built
the New
Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined
modern
liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and
fourth
terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in office.
Books
Four freedoms
Infamy speech
Atlantic charter