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“FINAL EXAMINATION – 2020”

“PAKISTAN STUDIES”

AEMAN TARIQ KHAN

02-133192-074
BEE 2-B

QUESTION NO 1
FOREIGN POLICIY OF PAKISTAN
FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy is defined as;

 A government’s strategy in dealing with other nations.

INTRODUCTION
 It is really important for a country to have foreign relations; there is no
survival without having strong relations with other countries .As having
foreign relations to meet the requirements in many sectors like ;
 Economical, industrial and technological fields etc.

OBJECTIVES

1. Protection of freedom and sovereignty

 The principle of protection and sovergnity is the mainstay of Pakistan’s
foreign policy, as it is obtained with a lot of hard work and sacrifices faced
by millions of Muslims .
 So it’s really important to consider the independence and hardships of
Muslims with deep felicitations and not letting anyone to harm its freedom .
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2. Cordial relations with Muslim countries

 Pakistan has always shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence
for protecting the rights of Muslims.
 She always stood back to back for all other countries in all the rough
patches.

3. Noninterference in international affairs of other countries

 Pakistan endeavor to maintain good and friendly relations with the
neighboring countries on the root of universally acknowledge the principle
of national security and sovereignty, non-use of force, noninterference in
internal affairs of two states.

4. Implementation of UN charter
 Pakistan has to support the every kind of budge by UN.
 She has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.

5. Promotion of world peace

 Pakistan policy is to promote peace among all other nations.
 Having no other harsh designs against any country, neither does it support
any action of violence placed at wrong time.

6. Non alignment
 Pakistan has the policy of non-alignment to stay back from alignment with
big powerful bloc and avoid taking sides in cold war.
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7. Support for self-determination and condemnation of racial

discrimination
 Pakistan is stalwart to the self-determination and has been in the fore front
of efforts to eliminate imperialism.

8. Nuclear non –proliferation and disarmament

 Pakistan is deeply aware of the fact that arms cannot achieve and sustain
international peace and security in the world .
 It has a vital part to play in promoting both nuclear and conventional
disarmament.
9. Member of international organization
 With the time of its establishment Pakistan had become a member of the
British Commonwealth.it is also a member of the United Nations (U.N), Non
Aligned movement (NAM), the Islamic Conference Organization (OIC) etc.
and many more.

CONCLUSION
 Pakistan’s foreign policy guiding principles are rooted in the country’s
Islamic ideology, rich culture heritage and historical experience .Pakistan as
an Islamic and non-alignment country supports Islamic causes and firmly
upholds the aforementioned principles.
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FOREIGN RELATIONS OF PAKISTAN WITH IRAN

Relationship Overview

 Bilateral relations between Pakistan and Iran are grounded in historical

links, and are based on political, geographical, cultural and social upon
freedom Iran became the first nation to recognize Pakistan. Pakistan was
one of the first countries to emerge after Iran's Islamic Revolution in
1979connections.

Explanation

 The Pakistan-Iran border was named "Border of Peace, Friendship, and

Love" by both countries' leadership. There are other systems of border
control that exist between the two nations.
 At the invitation of Iranian President Dr Hassan Rouhani, Prime Minister
Imran Khan made his first official visit to Iran on 21-22 April 2019. The
timely and productive visit helped to deepen common understanding on a
number of topics in the areas of diplomacy, economics and defense. The
visit helped set a consistent policy course for enduring, mutually beneficial
relations with Iran.
 Iran remained a significant supporter of the Kashmir cause. Under brutal
siege by Indian forces, it has openly voiced support for the innocent
Kashmiris. The Iranian high leadership has also made repeated statements
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in support of the Kashmir people and condemned unjust atrocities

committed against the Indians.
 A substantial number of Pakistani Diasporas reside in Iran. In fact, a
significant number of Zairians (0.3 million) frequent holy sites and shrines
via the Quetta Taftan border in Iran, Iraq and Syria. Work is also under way
to further strengthen bilateral relations with Iran by promoting religious
tourism by strengthening tourism at historic religious sites in Pakistan.
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QUESTION NO 2

Challenges faced by Pakistan in terms of foreign policy:

 Like any nation in the world experiencing foreign policy issues or
challenges. In formulating foreign policy, Pakistan is confronted with the
following challenges;

Pakistan atomic program

 After many difficulties, Pakistan became a nuclear country in 1998 ;
 U.S. fights against countries producing weapons for mass destruction
Destroyer.
 As the US is opposed to Pakistan becoming an Islamic state in the
beginning Pakistan faces a number of challenges.

Islamic Oneness
 Pakistan supports Islamic unity but is also a great idea Foreign policy
obstacle for Pakistan,
 Since Afghanistan India and America paint Pakistan's bad image and
Muslims worldwide and also blamed the attack on 9/11 Incidence of World
Trade Center on Muslim Community Build a negative picture on other
countries and against India as well To the Muslim people.
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Globalization a Threat to Foreigners

Pakistan's World
 This is more a challenge for developed countries than Opportunities.
 Just certain nations that participate in globalization.
 In this kind of world politically and economically strong can survive.
 Each nation has its own principles according to its own nationalities Skill in
formulating and executing International Policy
 The foreign policy offers challenges and opportunities.
 There's Monetary policy principles, insurance with fiscal transparency and
Payment, securities, corporate, governance and all-out draw Other fields
up.

Anti-terrorism Movements
 Pakistan has been recognized internationally, and has funded the US
 Combating Terrorism. These person are Amil Kansi and Ramzi Yusuf
Involved in the terrorist community, so
 Pakistan chose these two men have been turned over to the US to prevent
possible incidents of crime
 On The incidence of 9/11 Pakistan has considerable influence from the
United States,
 so Pakistani government agreed to cooperate with the United States and
shared a long frontier attack over Afghanistan then India have started
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action against terrorism in Kashmir and Pakistan accused of terrorism

activities in Kashmir and India.

Drone Hits
 Drone assault is now a foreign security problem for Pakistan
 Even after the bombings it is a single problem for Pakistan.
 There are two think-tanks on the drone attack :
 One claims it was a coalition contract that struck CIA killing of Tehreek-e-
Taliban (a terrorist group) State-Country. Conversely, the point of view is
that Loss against sovereignty in Pakistan and the killing of several innocent
Humans.

CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor)

 In the world there are three parts of one belt-one road

 Next is the northern corridor from Beijing to London
 Train and second is the main Shanghai to Shanghai corridor
 The third part of Paris is Gawadar kashgir which is China
 Pakistan 's Trade Corridor India faces CPEC problems,
 They claim in news that the area is Gilgit Baltistan.
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Conclusion
 Pakistan's foreign policy is directly influenced by its military and intelligence
policies State agencies which cause the democratic governments to fail and
neglect For leadership diplomacy.
 The main source of Pakistan's foreign policy weakness is Too focused on
superpower in terms of economy and military assistance Countries,
America in particular.
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QUESTION NO 3
THE ERA OF Z.A BHUTTO:
 On 5 January 1928, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born. He was a Pakistani
politician who served from 1971 to 1973 as Pakistan’s president, and from
1973 to 1977 as Pakistan's Prime Minister.
 He was the founder of the People's Party of Pakistan (PPP), which is among
Pakistan 's main political groups. His daughter Benazir Bhutto has served as
prime minister twice, too.
 Born into a rich and powerful household, when Bhutto joined the
government headed by President Ayub Khan, he was one of Pakistan’s
youngest leaders.
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was appointed the youngest leader of Pakistan's United
Nations delegation in 1957.
 On 25 October 1957, he would address the Sixth Committee on Aggression
of the United Nations. Bhutto became the youngest Minister in the cabinet
in 1958.
 Subsequently he was promoted to Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of
Information and Industry in 1960.
 Bhutto aided Ayub Khan in signing the 1960 Indian Indus River Treaty.
Bhutto negotiated an oil exploration agreement with the Soviet Union in
1961 which also agreed to give Pakistan economic and technical assistance.
 As foreign minister, Bhutto transformed the hitherto pro-Western foreign
policy of Pakistan in a significant way.
 While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Organization of
the Treaty of Southeast Asia and the Central Treaty Organization,
 Bhutto began to assert a course of foreign policy for Pakistan that was
independent of American influence.
 On the growth hand of the world Bhutto introduced a new constitution for
Pakistan. Transferring to prime minister’s position, Bhutto has nationalized
a variety of sectors.
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 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the architect of the nuclear arms program in
Pakistan and due to his strategic and proactive leadership in heading this
nuclear deterrence programme, Often known as Father of Nuclear
Deterrence Program Pioneerin Islamic Socialism in Pakistan, Bhutto
undertook land reforms, and other socialist policies.
 The Military Junta of Zia set up a PNA dummy government with CMLA as its
Chief.
 On 5 July 1977 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was detained and released on 28 July
1977.
 Re-arrested from Karachi on 3 September 1977 on allegations of murder
case, and executed on 4 April, following a divisive court and outcry.
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MAJOR WEAKNESSESS IN POLTICS:

 History has to be rectified about the 1965 Indo-Pak War that it was Mr.
Bhutto, the Foreign Minister, who pushed the entire country into that war
by designing and supporting "Operation Gibraltar," which ended in a sheer
failure with 3000 Pak Army commandos’ dead or missing in the Kashmir
Valley.
 Bhutto’s Peoples Party could not even achieve half power of what Sheik
Mujeebs Awami League had won in the federal parliament in 1970
Elections. However, he rejected the right of government of East Pakistan
and was on alert to protect his unlawful case even at the expense of dignity
of the countries. Finally, in December 1971, the final arrived as other
statesmen had foreseen.
 Mr. Bhutto, went to negotiate a post-war peace pact with Indian Premier
Indira Gandhi at Shimla in 1972. There, he consented to recognize, as
Indians had always wanted, the long-standing "Kashmir Dispute" as a
bilateral, regional dispute rather than an international issue arbitrated by
the United Nations.
 "Nationalization" project which proved the last nail in Pakistan's war-torn
economy. Pakistan's capitalism-based economy never recovered from the
loss, nor did buyers ever return to the sector in full faith. We do not ignore
that this was the period that states were denationalizing their main
economies on the other end of the planet, such as in the USA and Europe.
 As Pakistan's Foreign Minister, in 1962, the harm Mr. Bhutto did to the
world was unconditionally surrendering Pakistan's 750 square km of land to
China. Bhutto had sealed off the deal himself.
 At the tide of his ambitions and fantasies, he remained unchallenged in his
conduct of Pakistan's foreign policy. It was Bhutto who, out of sheer
emotionalism or more likely out of design, tied the Polish resolution on the
peaceful surrender of Pak Army to the UN Forces in East Pakistan into
pieces at the UN Security Council session.
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QUESTION NO 4
MAJOR GLOBAL WARMING CONCERNS IN PAKISTAN:

 Pakistan contributes less than ONE % of the world's greenhouse gasses that
have been blamed for causing global warming, yet its 200 million people
are among the most vulnerable victims of the increasing consequences of
climate change.
 While Pakistan itself contributes relatively little to the total greenhouse gas
emissions, the cycle of global warming remains one of the world's most
badly affected nations. Global warming has impacted Pakistan 's
atmosphere in the form of ice melting, recurrent floods and droughts.
 The mean annual surface temperatures in Pakistan have been steadily
increasing over the past century as an ill effect of global warming.
 A rise in coastal mean temperature of 0.6-10 c coupled with an
improvement in solar radiation of 0.5 to 0.7 per cent over the southern half
of the country was observed.
 Also responsible for increasing temperatures was a 3-5 percent decrease in
cloud cover in central Pakistan with increasing hours of sunshine.
 As the obvious floods and droughts begin to destroy the economies of the
world, Pakistan, which is already a resource-stressed region, has been
devastated by the global warming cycle.
 Over the last two years, more than 10 million people were displaced, the
agricultural land lies barren, and financial losses were estimated at $2
billion.
 For several years Pakistan 's economy has been heavily punched by the
continuous spell of droughts, particularly in the Balochistan and Sindh
provinces. The droughts in these regions have raising river flows, forcing
the drainage canals to dry up, contributing to extreme degradation of farm
land.
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 It was also blamed for causing massive damage to livestock and other
species, culminating in a general food and water shortage for humans.
 The increased temperatures must be blamed for the condition due to the
increased greenhouse gases as well as the mismanagement of the water
reservoirs.
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GLOBAL WARMING PREVENTION:

INCREASING THE USE OF RENWABLE ENERGIES:

 A move away from fossil fuels is the first way of preventing climate change.
 Renewable options include sun, wind , biomass, and geothermal plants.

REDUCING CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY AND WATER:

 Clean energy production is essential, but reducing our energy and water
consumption by using more efficient devices ( e.g. LED light bulbs,
innovative shower systems) which is important.

PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT:

 Public transportation, carpooling, but even battery and hydrogen storage
will certainly help to minimize CO2 pollution and thereby counter global
warming.

LOW ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE:

 In order to minimize CO2 pollution from buildings – generated by heating ,
air conditioning, hot water or lighting ,
 both the development of modern low-energy buildings and the
rehabilitation of current buildings are important.
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FOCUSING ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:

 Encouraging proper utilization of natural resources, avoiding major
destruction and getting cultivation greener and more productive could also
be a focus.

CONSUMPTION & RECYCLING PRACTICES:

 It is important to follow responsible consumption practices, whether in
relation to food (especially meat), clothes, cosmetics or cleaning items.
 Last but not least, recycling is an utter must to cope with pollution.
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QUESTION NO 5
OVERVIEW
 The PTI administration, which came into power in 2018, inherited the
balance of payment problem from the reduction of foreign exchange
reserves, which contributed to economic instability affecting almost any
sector's growth.

CHALLENGES FACED
 Khan, then and now, has confronted both domestic and external
international threats. There has been a great deal of discussion between
the opposition and political parties as to whether or not the government
will bargain with the IMF.
 The former was in favor while the latter was struggling to reach a
consensus. Finance Minister Assad Umar then met with the IMF, but no
deal was reached during his short tenure.
 The US regarded former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif more favorably
during his term than Khan does at present. That's how Khan firmly opposed
to the CIA drone attacks in Pakistan.
 At a talk organized by the World Affairs Council in Houston , Texas, Daniel
Markey, author of the book No Escape from Pakistan, said that by opposing
US foreign policy in general and drone strikes in particular, Khan said.
 The political parties discussed the formation of a new alliance to wage war
against the regime. However, they are more focused on finding political
retribution, pressuring the government to win the next election than they
are on formulating an economic policy.
 The so-called opposition is made up of leaders who have dominated
Pakistan for decades. The population of Pakistan can be categorized into
three socio-economic strata – landowners or feudal lords (bureaucrats,
industrialists and leaders of this class), the state, and the popular masses.
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 The first class enjoys sophisticated health facilities and excellent access to
quality education in Pakistan and abroad. The second class also have
specific resources reserved for them.
 The third class is truly a third class, lacking even basic healthcare facilities,
proper food, and quality education.
 For starters, according to UN International Children's Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) education specialist Rubina Nadeem, Pakistan had the second-
largest number of out-of-school children in the world last year – 22.6
million. Much of the illiterate people belong to this third class.
 "The Water Gape – The Condition of the World Water 2018," said the NGO
Water Aid, noting that 21 million citizens need safe drinking water.
 While there are no official figures available to assess the amount of
unemployed, the output and operation of the manufacturing sector has
experts agree that the government's regulatory intervention in 2020 should
concentrate on the introduction of ongoing structural reforms under the
IMF program that will determine the potential course of the
economy.eclined by 30—40 per cent, according to business moguls.
 "The main challenge for Imran Khan 's government is not only to maintain
economic prosperity," Suleri said, adding "The key challenge for PM Khan is
to hold hope alive among Pakistanis."
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STEPS WHICH SHALL BE TAKEN FOR IMPROVING ECONOMY OF

PAKISTAN

Strengthen fiscal policy

 By growing the tax base, expanding the Federal Revenue Office (FBR),
enhancing tax and audit processes, simplifying procedures, and automating
the whole framework. It would also serve to improve the fiscal pressure on
tax avoidance mafias and, as a consequence, raise national incomes.

Attract Foreign Direct Investment

 This can be accomplished by strengthening public stability, secure
macroeconomic infrastructure, a healthy political environment, a
sustainable financial structure and a stronger customer sector.

Secure local industries

 Tariffs on imports will be enforced in order to preserve the domestic
economy such that the nation can become self-sufficient and the private
sector, which is the guiding force of economic prosperity for the region, will
prosper.

Public sector companies

 Public sector companies which are proving to be a strain on the national
treasury, such as PIA, steel mills and railroads, must be privatized in order
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to improve demand and to provide better goods and services to these

businesses.

Human Capital Construction

 Pakistan will pay attention to building up its human resources in order to
boost its economy. It is the nation's most important commodity and must
be prioritized so that the country can deliver a sufficient amount of skilled
and well-trained people required for the world’s rising service-based
economy.

Healthy governance
 Effective government is the most critical aspect of raising the prosperity of
the world. Citizens would have faith in the government for alleviating and
remedying their deprivations and concerns. Investors will feel assured that
they can launch innovative projects and will be handled with considerable
consideration and politeness in government offices.

Continuity of programs
 The lack of consistency of the initiatives of the different governments is also
a significant stumbling block in the country's economic growth. It will be
strengthened in order to draw investment and, as a result, to raise the
economy of the region.
 Appropriate savings
 Pakistan should enable citizens to save money to increase national savings
of up to 25 per cent of GDP, currently at just 16 per cent.


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