BY

MEHAK ZAHRA
Defense policy of Pakistan: issues and
challenges
WHAT IS Security

 The concept of security originated from the “Latin word Se Cura, Se means
without and Cuva means care which mean without care or fear”
 Lippman’s define national security
 ‘The ability of the nation to deter war or if deterrence fails to win a war
without losing its nation integrity and independence’
 Barry Buzan define
 ‘security is pursuit of freedom from threats” .
Purpose of defense policy

 National security is regarded as a duty of government and refers to the

security of a nation state. Protection of country ,economy citizens, and
institutions.

 The purpose of defense policy is to ensure things are done in a certain

manner in order to attain certain objectives all the while respecting
certain rules.

 Building Integrity measures and good governance principles are crucial

in this phase.
IMPORTANCE OF DEFENCE POLICY

 The most important role of the federal government is protecting

our citizens from national security threats. This means creating a
strong system for defense both at home and abroad

 Defense services to defend the country and its vital national

interests and values against external and internal threats of armed
aggression.
Steps of defense policy

 A defense policy include all the steps of the policy process with special attention being given to planning and
management phases.
Historical background
 Pakistan came into being on 14t August 1947 as an independent sovereign state.

 After the separation of Sub-continent into two states Pakistan and India, it was decided that Defense assets would be divided
between tow states India and Pakistan by 60 and 40%.

 Indian leaders who opposed to transfer any ordinance factory to Pakistan and Pakistan did not get any weapons or equipment
which was decided before.

 So at the time of independence, Pakistan did not have a single military unit.

 In 1971, the defeat of Pakistan in Bangladesh war lead Pakistan to develop its own nuclear power, because on the other hand
India was near to test its 1st nuclear weapon.
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 24 January 1972 President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto issued orders that Pakistan should also acquire the nuclear power as it has
become important for our country before that, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was set up in 1956 so that it could
participate in the Atoms for Peace program.

 Dr. A. Q. Khan was employed from 1972 to 1975 by the Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO) in Amsterdam,
which was a subcontractor to Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland. In January 1976 Khan left the Netherlands for Pakistan abruptly.
A.Q. Khan initially worked under the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission headed by Munir Ahmad Khan.

 The PAEC under M. A. Khan went on to develop Pakistan's first generation of nuclear weapons in the 1980s

 With continuous struggles and efforts Pakistan successfully tested its 1st nuclear weapon on 28th May 1998, becoming 1st
Muslim nuclear power in the world.
Current Pakistan has three major forces

 Army

 Navey

 Air force
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 1) The Pakistan Army is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state
borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its
international obligations.

 2) Pakistan Navy is the naval warfare branch of Pakistan Armed Forces, responsible for Pakistan's 1,046 kilometers of
coastline along the Arabian Sea and the defense of important civilian harbors and military bases. Currently the command of
Navy is headed by miral Karambir Singh. The 24th Navy Chief, he took over from Admiral Sunil Lanba, who retired on 31
May 2019 after four decades of service from the navy.

 3) PAF is the air warfare branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces, primarily tasked with the aerial defense of Islamic Republic of
Pakistan with a secondary role of providing air logistics support to the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Navy.

 Beside these three main forces there are also some other paramilitary and special service forces.
 Arms and Ammunitions of Pak Army

 Arms and Ammunitions of Pak Army are divided into following

categories.

 Heavy Armored Weapons 2,672

 Light and heavy weapons 1,509

 Wheeled armored and vehicles = 255

 Internal and external security threats to
Pakistan defense:

 Pakistan, land of the pure’ was created as a separate homeland for the Muslims.
Since coming into existence as an independent state, Pakistan is facing internal
and external threats. The challenges of threats faced are, old as well as new.
 Challenges to Pakistan’s Internal
Security
 Religious/Sectarianism
 Ethnic
 Refugees
 Terrorism
 Crime
 Poverty/Population
 Inter-provincial disharmony
 Water distribution
 Religious
Religious/Sectarianism

 Pakistan’s internal security problem has been marred by the religious/sectarian

problem. The sectarian menace poses a great threat, and could possibly be devastating
for the country.

 Sectarian violence and sectarian strife is a form of communal violence which is inspired
by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of one particular mode of an ideology
or religion within a nation/community. Religious segregation often plays a role
in sectarian violence.

 Examples include the Sunni and Shia within Islam, Orthodox and Reform within
Judaism or Protestants and Catholics within Christianity.
 Ethnic unrest

 Another danger is the problem of ethnic unrest.

 Punjab with almost 60 percent of the population dominates almost all aspects of national life. Smaller ethnic groups, all
of who have at one time been actively dissident, resent this fact.

 Sindh, one of the most industrious provinces of Pakistan faces a divide between urban prosperity and rural deprivation
as no other province in Pakistan.

 Sindh is the most ethnically diverse of four provinces, due to both international transfers of peoples into the province
during and subsequent to partition in 1947 and to domestic internal migration.
 Refugees:
 The problem of refugees in Pakistan is a complex issue for Pakistan. It has

further enhanced the already existing problems.

 It poses a serious threat to the security at various levels. The problems

relating to refugees, rural poverty and proliferation of small arms and drugs

have only radicalized local ethnic and sectarian tensions in the country.
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 The large scale inter-province migration, mainly from Punjab and NWFP to Sindh, and
International migration such as influx of 3.5 refugees, and one million Bengali
immigrants largely concentrated in Karachi has disturbed the existing demographic
character of the cities and towns bordering Afghanistan and cities of Peshawar, Quetta
and Karachi.

 Another cause for concern was the involvement of the refugees in drug trafficking.
They had free access to drugs like heroin that they smuggled through the porous
borders into Pakistan. This made all these drugs easily accessible to the local society,
which, resulted in increase of drug addiction.
 Poverty/Population:

 At the present the economic position of the country is not all that

optimistic.

 With the proposed growth rate, the problems of meeting the basic
needs of the citizens will be difficult.

 The average person living well below the poverty line will be
further drawn into the turbulence of economic deprivation and
embedded further deep into poverty.
 Terrorism:

 It basically exists in two forms in Pakistan. The religious extremist groups, which have
been outlawed and have been involved in sectarian killings or violence fall in this
category, whose prime target is not foreign commercial targets but grudges against the
government and the second one is supported by external sponsorship.

 Internally Pakistan should deal with curbing sectarianism as that is posing a lot of
terrorist threats to the security. With emphasis on controlling internal threats of
terrorism, external the threats should also not be ignored as they act as feeders to the
internal threats.
External challenges

 Outside influences that can impact a business. Various external factors can impact the
ability of a business or investment achieve its strategic goals and objective

 Economic

 Political

 Technological

 Social
External security threats /challenges to
Pakistan
 Pakistan has been facing external threats to its independence and territorial integrity
right from its birth.

 More specifically, the single largest source of security challenges has been with India.

 Pakistan is confronted with a three-threat scenario.

 The perennial threat from India

 The threat from Afghanistan

 The threat emanating from a changing domestic situation. Threats from India and
Afghanistan make a formidable task for Pakistani security planners.
 threats From India

 Since partition, the state of Kashmir, Siachin, Sir Creek, and water related issues are also taking a huge chunk of antagonism between
the two countries.

 Although the process of Indo-Pak normalization was initiated in 2004, and for four years meetings of various agreed baskets were
regularly held, the Mumbai incident abruptly halted the process.

 The long delays in resuming the useful dialogue adversely impacted the process of desired neighborly normalcy. However, the
dialogue has been recently resumed.

 It is the earnest hope of many South Asians that recently resumed dialogue would maintain a desired level of consistency.

 Since Independence, India has proved to have been bitter enemy of Pakistan

 This phenomenon is crystal clear to every Pakistan that India is of Pakistan and even wants to remove her very existence form the
map of the world

 Our nation has always got , whenever India aggressed against Pakistan
Security Threats From Afghanistan:

 The second major source of external threat emanates from the current developments in Afghanistan.
The threat from Afghanistan did not acquire alarming proportion until the Soviets invaded Afghanistan
in December 1979. Since then, Pakistan Afghanistan relations have experienced many vicissitudes.

 Post 9/11 developments further complicated the situation. There is no doubt that people of both Pakistan
and Afghanistan have great regard for each other, but the policies are made by the ruling groups.

 The powerful elements within the incumbent Karazai cabinet are not just known to be extremely
sympathetic to Pakistan’s eastern neighbor, but appear to take some kind of pleasure in making Pakistan
uncomfortable.
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 It is true in strategic terms that in view of Afghanistan’s internal problems and the relative
military inferiority, it cannot pose a serious threat to Pakistan’s security.

 But the danger of possible fallout from Afghanistan’s political instability into the
neighboring provinces of Pakistan cannot be overlooked.

 The provinces of Kyber-Paktoonkhawa, FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), and

Baluchistan are extremely prone to such an eventuality, primarily because of the existence of
dissident elements.

 During his recent confirmation hearings for Secretary of Defense, Senator Chuck Hagel
remarked that India has over the years financed problems for Pakistan from Afghanistan
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 Six issues have been impacting Pakistan-Afghanistan relations rather consistently since
the emergence of Pakistan as an independent country, and each of them has taken some
toll on the Pak-Afghan reservoir of goodwill.

 These issues include unbridled rumors regarding the Taliban’s linkages with Pakistan
and their periodic adventurism, the status of the Durand Line, Indo- Afghan relations,
the landlocked nature of Afghanistan, the presence of foreign forces and the undesired
critical speeches of the Afghan leaders unnecessarily vilifying Pakistan.

 Each of these issues has been periodically making adverse contributions

Kashmir issue

 The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan,
and china as a third-party role over the Kashmir region.

 The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the
entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir as a direct dispute over the
region that escalated into three wars between India and Pakistan and several other armed
skirmishes.

 India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region and 70% of its population,
Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land, while China controls the remaining 15%
area and 0.0% population.

 Bothe countries claimed that Kashmir their own part

India views about Kashmir

 India has officially stated that it believes Kashmir to be an integral part of India.
 India holds that the instrument of accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to
the union of India, signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on 25 October 1947 and executed on
27 October 1947 between the ruler of Kashmir and the Governor General of India was a
legal act and completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act (1935), Indian
Independence Act (1947) as well as under international law.
 United nation security council resolution cannot be implemented since Pakistan failed
to withdraw its forces from Kashmir, which was the first step in implementing the
resolution.
 Insurgency and terrorism in Kashmir is deliberately fuelled by Pakistan to create
instability in the region.
Pakistan views about Kashmir

 Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the "jugular vein of Pakistan" and a

currently disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the
people of Kashmir.
 Pakistan claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of
Accession was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in
Kashmir in violation of the stand still agreement which was designed to
maintain the status quo in Kashmir
 According to the two nation theory one of the principles that is cited for the
partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with
Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority
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 Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian
Army, because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was
merely a British appointee, after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area
before the British conquest.
The future threats for Pakistan:

 Direct military attacks and intervention into Pakistan to provoke a

confrontation between Pak army and Afghanistan based NATO forces. This has
also begun. Drones, Salala attack and now threats of attacks in North
Waziristan.
 US wants Pakistan to open war with Afghan Taliban also. Pakistan already has
its hands full in internal insurgencies and hence is resisting the US pressure.
 While US is talking peace with Afghan Taliban and their allies, Pakistan is
being forced to wage a war against Haqqani, Hekmatyar and Mullah Umer.
 Direct attacks on Pakistan army leadership and on all strategic assets to
decapitate Pakistan in a single strike and then launch a massive two prong
invasion under Af-pak and Cold start.
Recommendations

 Pakistan's domestic environment has become increasingly degraded in terms of economic,

social and internal security during the last ten years. The common man wants economic
security i.e. the money he earns sustains him and his family.

 The youth educated or illiterate want jobs and the employees and workers want job security.
The people must not live in fear. National economy has been destroyed by massive pilferage
of banks and DFI's loan defaulting, non-payment of taxes and utility bills, and outright rip-
offs of national wealth by greedy and corrupt influential, rulers, bureaucrats and officials.
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 All important institutions of the state must develop together in harmony. And
this is possible only if the nation state follows a strategy of sustained
economic development, and educational and social progress.
 Defense would be strong and national security assured when the state is
politically stable and its economy is robust.