ი. ევგენიძე, ლ. მინაშვილი, ქართული ლიტერატურა - Xix საუკუნე

iuza evgeniZe lado minaSvili
qarTuli literatura
II
(XIX saukune)
gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~

ISBN ????????????
redaqtori: bego beJuaSvili
kompiuteruli
uzrunvelyofa: giorgi maxaraSvili
giuli narimaniZe
© gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~
3
sarCevi
1. axali qarTuli literaturis saTaveebTan _ iuza evgeniZe ..................5
2. aleqsandre WavWavaZe _ iuza evgeniZe .........................................................................10
3. grigol orbeliani _ iuza evgeniZe .............................................................................20
4. nikoloz baraTaSvili _ iuza evgeniZe ....................................................................37
5. aleqsandre orbeliani _ iuza evgeniZe ...................................................................56
6. vaxtang orbeliani _ lado minaSvili ......................................................................65
7. solomon dodaSvili _ iuza evgeniZe ........................................................................81
8. mamia gurieli _ iuza evgeniZe ..........................................................................................89
9. XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis kulturul-literaturuli
atmosfero _ iuza evgeniZe ................................................................................................106
10. giorgi erisTavi _ lado minaSvili .........................................................................110
11. rafiel erisTavi _ iuza evgeniZe ...............................................................................125
12. daniel WonqaZe _ iuza evgeniZe ....................................................................................134
13. lavrenti ardaziani _ iuza evgeniZe ......................................................................143
14. XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi da TaobaTa urTierTobis
sakiTxi qarTul mwerlobaSi _ iuza evgeniZe ...............................................149
15. ilia WavWavaZe _ lado minaSvili ..............................................................................166
16. akaki wereTeli _ lado minaSvili ...........................................................................216
17. giorgi wereTeli _ lado minaSvili ......................................................................246
18. iakob gogebaSvili _ lado minaSvili ..................................................................265
19. xalxosnoba cxovrebasa da mwerlobaSi da qarTuli
literatura _ iuza evgeniZe ...........................................................................................318
20. niko lomouri _ iuza evgeniZe .....................................................................................332
21. sofrom mgalobliSvili _ lado minaSvili ..................................................348
22. ekaterine gabaSvili _ lado minaSvili ..............................................................372
23. ioseb daviTaSvili _ lado minaSvili .................................................................386
24. XIX saukunis bolo ocwleuli qarTul mwerlobaSi _
iuza evgeniZe ....................................................................................................................................401
25. aleqsandre yazbegi _ lado minaSvili ................................................................409
26. vaJa-fSavela _ iuza evgeniZe ..........................................................................................450
27. egnate ninoSvili _ iuza evgeniZe .............................................................................538
28. daviT kldiaSvili _ lado minaSvili ..................................................................554
4
axali qarTuli literaturis
saTaveebTan
mecxramete saukunis qarTul literaturas _ àxali qarTul

literaturas~ uwodeben. àxalia~ am periodis literatura ara mxolod
imitom, rom droiTi manZiliTaa axlos dRevandelobasTan, aramed mas
moepoveba iseTi kulturul-istoriuli da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi,
romliTac momavlis winaSe naTelyofs Tavis `siaxles~, rogorc aseTs. misi
erTi niSani politikur-socialuri xasiaTisaa. is faqti, rom saqarTvelo
me-19 saukunis pirvelsave wels (1801) caristuli ruseTis mier iqna
aneqsirebuli da moiSala qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, aris Cveni qveynis
erTgvari politikuri sikvdilis dadastureba, magram meores mxriv, socio-
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, igi moaswavebs gadasxvaferebul axal
garemoSi axali fsiqo-kulturuli tipis qarTvelis Camoyalibebas.
rasakvirvelia, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi axlad movlenili
politikuri struqturis Canafiqri yovelive erovnulis amoZirkva da
mospobaa, magram literaturul cxovrebaSi is iZleva sapirispiro Sedegs.
adamianis, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, TavisuflebawarTmeuli qarTvelis,
bunebriv moTxovnilebad iqceva arsebul socialur-politikur realobaSi,
gacruebuli imedebisa Tu gegmebis kompensacia SemoqmedebiTs, anu
upirveles yovlisa, mxatvruli fantaziis wiaRSi eZios da sulier-
gonebrivi interesebis realizaciiT moaxerxos Selaxuli politikur-
erovnuli da pirovnuli Tavmoyvareobis dakmayofileba. erovnuli
sturqturebis rRvevas, cnobismoyvare da bunebiT niWier qarTvelSi
SemoqmedebiTi wyurvili ar Cauklavs, aramed, rogorc faqtobrivi
viTarebis gacnobidan Cans, maZiebeli gonebisaTvis mas ufro mZafri da
politikuris ki ara, mxatvrul-mecnierul sferoebSi gamJRavnebuli
erovnuli energiis realizaciis forma miuRia. amitomac, andre moruas
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, àm epoqis saukeTeso gonebrivi Zala~, sworedac
poetebi da mwerlebi aRmoCndnen. maT misces sadinari erovnul tkivilTan
SeduRebul sakacobrio safiqrals. saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri statusis
dakargva sazogadod arc erTi xalxis, kerZod ki, arc qarTveli eris
cxovrebaSi ar gadaqceula literaturuli saxis dakargvis pirobad.
piriqiT, aRmoCnda, rom realobaSi ganxorcielebuli politikuri Zaladoba
istoriul erebSi xSirad erTgvar biZgsac aZlevs Turme SemoqmedebiT
unarsa da fantazias, raTa gansxvavebul sibrtyeze moaxdinon TavianTi
SesaZleblobebis gadanacvleba. esaa mesame _ ukve wminda mxatvruli
aspeqti, sadac mkafiod aisaxeba mZime istoriul-politikuri procesebi. am
mxriv Tavisi rezonansiT, qarTul-literaturul cxovrebas verafers matebs
verc 1819 wels /8.III/ gamosuli pirveli beWduri organo _ `saqarTvelos
gazeTi~, romelsac 1820 wlidan `qarTuli gazeTi~ ewoda. misi
sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli sicocxlisunarianoba xanmokle
aRmoCnda, radgan 1821 wels /4/VII/ gamosuli `tfilisis uwyebani~ (romelic
`Тифлискиеведамости~-s Targmans warmoadgenda) ver miawvdida Cvens xalxs
sulier sazrdos, rom saxelovan moazrovnes, solomon dodaSvils, 1832
wels, misi damateba _ `saliteraturo nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTagani~ ar
gamoeca; aq, aqtiurad daiwyo CvenSi arsebuli SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis
gamovlena. magram, samwuxarod, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis SedegTa likvidaciis
gamo, mxolod misi xuTiode nomeri gamovida. amis Semdeg da masze adrec,
faqizi literaturuli niWiT dajildoebuli qarTvelis erTaderTi
gamosavali TavisTavTan darCena, mxolod Sinagan SemoqmedebiT
5
moTxovnilebebze mindoba aRmoCnda. rasakvirvelia, realuri mdgomareobis
ugulebelyofasTan gveqneboda saqme, rom amgvar movlenaTa ganzogadeba
mogvexdina da gveTqva erovnuli Tavisuflebis dakargva xels uwyobs
SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis ganviTarebaso; kargadaa cnobili, rom pirvel
yovlisa, erovnuli da pirovnuli Tavisufleba Sobs SemoqmedebiT
warmatebas, magram isic faqtia, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, erovnul-
politikuri `meobis~ SezRudva amZafrebs garemo sinamdvilisadmi mowinave
qarTvelTa reagirebis unars, rac garkveulwilad gamodis maRal emociaTa,
Tu axal azrobriv RirebulebaTa Seqmnis wyarod da niadagad. esaa
arsebulTan Seurigeblobis da, maSasadame, gabrZolebis niSniT aRbeWdili
sulieri mdgomareoba erisa. am pirobebSi TviTCaRrmaveba sakuTar TavSi
aqtivobisa da Ziebis kidev erTi forma da SemoqmedebiTi sicocxlis
gamoxatulebaa, rac ukve migvaniSnebs, rom TviTmyofadi, uZvelesi
kulturuli warsulis erisTvis sulis ganviTarebis SeCereba ver xerxdeba.
cxadia, XIX saukunidan, kerZod 1801 wlidan, saqarTveloSi gaCenil
politikur siaxles, kulturul-literaturul RirebulebaTa
orientaciebis cvla da novaciebis miRebis aucilebloba axlavs, rac
zigzagiseburobiT gamoirCeva, anu sulier movlenaTa Soris erTgvari
gardamavlobiT xasiaTdeba. amitomacaa, rom tradiciulad, e. w. `gardamaval
xanas~ CvenSi uwodeben XVIII saukunis bolo wlebisa da XIX saukunis
pirveli aTeuli wlebis qarTul mwerlobas, roca erTmaneTs Sexvda `Zveli
da axali qarTuli literatura~ /tr. ruxaZe/. ufro marTebuli Cans
Tvalsazrisi, rom am tipis mwerloba XIX s. 20-30-ian wlebamde da
romantizmis paraleluradac, ganagrZobs arsebobas (m. kakabaZe). misi
specifikis dasaxasiaTeblad, rasakvirvelia, ar kmara imis aRniSvna: aq
gvxvdeba e.w. aRmosavluri xedvisa da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis
gamovlena. saamiso magaliTebs XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis mraval
warmomadgenelTan vxvdebiT. Arcimis Tqmas aqvs myari safuZveli, rom am
periodis mwerlebis umetesoba Zveli motivebis gadamRerebas undeboda (a.
baramiZe). sapirispiros mowmobs dimitri bagrationis, elizbar erisTavis,
ioane batoniSvilis, daviT batoniSvilis, da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba. aRniSnuli
xanis mwerlobis gardamavlobis Sinaarss hqmnis, pirvel yovlisa, misi
èvropeizacia~, rac tradiciasTan dapirispirebiT ki ar mimdinareobs,
aramed gamoirCeva swored memkvidreobiTad miRebuli tradiciul mxatvrul
xedvasTan siaxlis morgebis niSniT. axali drois evropuli literaturis
arsebiT Taviseburebas warmoadgens mwerlis yuradRebis aqtivizacia
adamianis Sinagani samyarosadmi. adamianis sulieri, fsiqologiuri
cxovreba aris misi asaxvis mTavari obieqti. ramdenadac uaRresad
mravalferovania cocxal individumTa samyaro, amdenad, amgvarma midgomam
amouwurav asasaxav obieqtTa winaSe daayena xelovanebi. am garemoebam
ganapiroba mxatvruli midgomis TvalsazrisiT SemoqmedTa damsgavseba.
mweralTa mxatvruli xedvis am msgavsebebma garkveuli dajgufebis
aucilebloba Seqmna, romelTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba yvelaze metad
mosaxerxebeli aRmoCnda. literaturuli mimarTulebebis niSnis qveS adre,
aravin msjelobda, magaliTad, romel mimarTulebas ekuTvnoda, vTqvaT,
homerosi, dante, Seqspiri, rusTaveli da sxv.
axal droSi, evropaSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebidan Seiqmna aucilebloba
literaturul mimarTulebebad daeyoT xelovneba da emsjelaT
`klasicizmze~, `sentimentalizmze~, `romantizmsa~ da Semdeg mraval sxva
ìzm~-ze... rasakvirvelia, xelovanTa amgvari niSniT dayofa pirobiTia da
mxolod literaturul procesTa Seswavlis efeqturobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
6
es movlena, epoqis garTulebuli sulieri cxovrebis Sedegia da
èvropeizmis~ erT-erT specifikur niSnad SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli. qarTul
sinamdvileSi es niSnebi axal droSi, kerZod, mxolod XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi iCens Tavs da Tu Camoyalibebul saxes ver Rebulobs (mag.,
klasicizmi, sentimentalizmi, sustad mainc krTis misadmi interesi, k.
kekeliZe, d. uznaZe, g. asaTiani, a. kalandaZe). esaa ara mxolod ori
saukunis gasayarze, axal politikur atmosferoSi mimdinare procesi, ar-
amed evropuli kulturuli samyaros gaTavisebis wyurviliTYsavse epoqa,
roca rusul-evropul sinamdvileSi arsebul ideaTa SeTvisebis, mis
qarTul garemosTan Sefardebis moTxovnileba isaxeba da am niadagze
azrTa da ganwyobilebaTa mravalsaxeobis TanaarsebobasTan gvaqvs saqme da
ara WidilTan. Janrobrivad ki viTardeba sxvadasxva Janrebi: lirika, eposi,
drama, saTavgadasavlo poema, romani, iwereba esTetikuri traqtatebi da
sxv. am epoqaSi iqmneba solomon lioniZis mZafri satiruli leqsi niko
dadianze, daviT batoniSvilis satira: `ra iqneba Cvenc viyvneT senatori~,
romelic Tavisi arqiteqtonikiT, satiruli xerxebiT, erTgvar
literaturul winaprobas uwevs Cveni satiruli literaturis
saxelganTqmul warmomadgenlebs, gansakuTrebiT ki gr. orbelians.
`gardamaval xanas~ miakuTvneben ara mxolod gansxvavebuli, aramed
gaorebuli literaturul-esTetikur simpaToebis mqone iseT mwerlebs,
rogoricaa: daviT batoniSvili (1767-1819), daviT reqtori (aleqsiSvili),
dimitri bagrationi (1746-1826), ioane batoniSvili (1768-1830), niko dadiani
(1761-1834), petre laraZe (gard. 1837), mariam, qeTevan, Tekle batoniSvilebi,
Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), giorgi avaliSvili (1769-1850), daviT
ColoyaSvili (1735-1810), solomon lioniZe (1754-1811), elizbar erisTavi (1739-
1813), goderZi firaliSvili, aleqsandre amilaxvari, grigol muxraneli,
grigol batoniSvili, gabriel ratiSvili, dimitri TumaniSvili da sxv.
sasuliero mwerlobidan: iona xelaSvili, gabriel mcire, gaioz reqtori,
iona gedevaniSvili da sxv. (r. siraZe). is faqti, rom qarTvel mwerlebs
aqvT klasicisturi mwerlobisadmi interesi (giorgi avaliSvili, gaioz
reqtori, dimitri ColoyaSvili, Teimuraz batoniSvili da sxv.), is
garemoeba, rom volteris, monteskies da sxva did ganmanaTlebelTa mimarT
vlindeba yuradReba (d. batoniSvili), amasTan, kantianel anselonis
traqtatic iTargmneba, paralelurad, rusoizmis ideaTa gavrceleba da mis
kvalobaze originalur TxzulebaTa Seqmna xdeba (farnaoz batoniSvili,
daviT batoniSvilis àxali Sixi~ da sxv.), esaa sentimentalizmisadmi
gamovlenili mkrTali, magram mainc garkveuli interesi (a. kalandaZe).
paralelurad, magaliTad, ioane batoniSvili Tavis `kalmasobaSi~ saTaves
udebs `realizmis ganviTarebas àxal qarTul literaturaSi~ (mix.
zandukeli); yvelaferi es mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom `gardamavloba~,
rogorc aseTi, mxolod qronologiuri datvirTvis mqone cneba ki araa,
aramed gulisxmobs literaturul-kritikuli azrovnebis duRilis process
da aris axali drois pirmSo. moumwifebeli swrafva klasicizmis,
sentimentalizmis da a. S. midgomaTa gamosavlenad, mxolod Ziebis
moTxovnilebas adasturebs da swored epoqis literaturuli procesis
gardamavlobaze miuTiTebs. amitomac savsebiTY marTebuladaa aRniSnuli,
rom àm xanis saerTo Sefaseba unda moxdes ara mxolod Zvelisa da axlis
Tanaarsebobis mixedviT, aramed imiTac, Tu romeli mxarea masSi samomavlo
perspeqtivebis momtani, ganviTarebadi. amitomac e. w. `gardamaval xanas~
mTlianobaSi unda ganvixilavdeT axali qarTuli mwerlobis farglebSi~
(r. siraZe). `samomavlo perspeqtivis~ mxriv ki, sabolood am xanebSi
7
gamoikveTa romantikul ganwyobilebaTa da SexedulebaTa organuli
siaxlove qarTveli xalxis sulier mzaobasTan. romantikul
ganwyobilebebs met-naklebad TiTqmis yvela zemoCamoTvlil mwerlebTan
vxvdebiT, magram, mogvianebiT, is mainc ufro momwifebuli SinaarsiTaa war-
modgenili im pirTa nawerebSi, romelnic saqarTvelos erovnuli
damoukideblobis dasasrulis mowmeni iyvnen (sakmarisia gavixsenoT
solomon lioniZis (1754-1811) `moTqmiT tirili~ saqarTvelos mefis
Rerkules netarebis Rirsisa~ _ qarTuli zepiri da werilobiTi mW-
evrmetyvelebis Sedevri), an umetes SemTxvevaSi, amave mizezTa gamo,
emigraciaSi, ruseTSi uxdebodaT cxovreba. aseTia, giorgi bagrationis
(1772-1807), dimitri bagrationis (1746-1820), goderZi firaliSvilis (1768-1820),
oTar qobulaSvilis, elizbar erisTavis (1738-1833), bagrat da zaal
baraTaSvilebis, dim. TumaniSvilis, mariam, qeTevan, mirian, daviT, Teimuraz
batoniSvilebis leqsebi. am pirovnebebs adrindel romantizmis
warmomadgenlebadac ki Tvlian CvenSi (a. baramiZe, v. kotetiSvili, tr.
ruxaZe, l. asaTiani, m. kakabaZe); esaa Taoba imedgacruebulTa da
ruseTisagan gawbilebuli batoniSvilebisa, romelTac TavianTi
sasowarkveTilebis Semsubuqebis erTaderT gzad leqsebis Txzva miuCneviaT.
lirikuli aRsarebis, moTqmisa da godebis toni axasiaTebs maT leqsebs.
rasakvirvelia, zogi maTgani mowodebiT poeti ar iyo, mxolod drom aqcia
isini guldamwvar moleqseebad. ganaTlebuli, aristokratiul garemoSi
aRzrdili ufliswulebisa da qarTveli TavadiSvilebisaTvis usasoo
viTarebaSi yofnam gansazRvra sakuTar TavTan gasaubrebis survili.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli
aristokratiis inteligenturi moTxovnilebebis erTi gamoxatuleba isicaa,
rom poeturi forma misces sakuTar gancdebs, daakvirdes maT mimdinareobas
da amiT erTgvarad pativi miagos amgvar gancdaTa arsebobas sxvaSic.
saerTod ki, arc erTi maTganis SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas ara Tu
gamokveTili msoflmxedvelobrivad gamarTuli esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi ar
udevs safuZvlad, aramed maTi literaturuli simpaTiebic metad rxevadia
da amis gamoc, gaurkveveli. magram maT Semoqmedebas, wina Taobis
mweralTagan gansxvavebiT, erTi saerTo, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, sistemuri
xasiaTis ganwyobileba mainc marTavs. esaa mwvave gancda drois
warmavlobisa, gancda dakarguli sakuTari pirovnuli Rirsebisa, aRiareba
pirovnuli `me~-s sisustisa sawuTros winaSe. yvelaferi es ki maTTvis arc
Tu ise Soreul warsulSi Zevs.
am poetebisaTvis tirili, godeba, moTqma da am xerxiT warsulis
mogoneba aris erTaderTi gza Svebis, gulis mooxebisa. mxolod piradi
ojaxuri motivebiT aris nasazrdoebi batoniSvilTa poeziis pesimisturi
toni. Teimuraz da daviT batoniSvilebi, iseve rogorc mariami, Tekle da
qeTevani, cdiloben erovnul aspeqtSi ganixilon pirovnul ubedurebaTa
mizezebi. amitomac amCneven maTs poeziaSi XIX saukunis `qarTuli
patriotuli romantizmis sustad mCqefare saTaves~ (l. asaTiani).
batoniSvilTa poetur Tematikasa da sevdian ganwyobilebebs erTvis
elizbar erisTavis nawarmoebebic. es poeti ara mxolod Tematikuri, aramed
leqsikur-frazeologiuri TvalsazrisiTac ki uaxlovdeba Cvens gamoCenil
romantikoss, al. WavWavaZes. aseTia, magaliTad, misi leqsi `vai es droni~...
sicocxlis warmavlobaze moTqvams oTar qobulaSvili (èha,
sicocxle~), satrfos daSorebiT gamowveul romantikul gancdebs vecnobiT
giorgi bagrationis èlegiaSic~.
8
saqarTvelos warsulis dakarguli dideba yvelaze xelSesaxebad am
Taobis poetTa Soris goderZi firaliSvilma aqcia. man erekle II-is saxels
daukavSira, misi avtoritetis qveS gaaerTiana yovelive is diadi da
gmiruli, rac Zvelma saqarTvelom Seqmna. leqsi _ `TuSTa, fSavTa da
xevsurTagan glova iraklis meorisa~ _ mware naRveliTaa savse, magram
mainc optimisturi ganwyobilebis Semcvel grZnobas saxavs mkiTxvelSi. es
leqsi Tavisi poeturi wyobiT grigol orbelianis patriotuli
romantizmisaTvis qmnis garkveul winapirobas. mas, am didi poetis darad,
uaRresad konkretuli SinaarsiT Semoaqvs Cvens gancdaSi saqarTvelos
warsuli, esaa xotba Zlieri pirovnebisa. erekles saxe poetisaTvis
gmiruli STagonebis wyaroa da, amdenad, gautexeli sulieri Zlierebis
nimuSic.
erTi ram faqtia. am pirovnebebma sistemuri saxe misces fiqrs
saqarTvelos warsulze, mas daukavSirdnen _ nairnairi ocnebebiT. amitomac,
maT nawerebs swored ganwyobilebebisa da Tematikis TvalsazrisiT
erTmaneTTan amsgavsebs drois warmavlobaze, warsulze, konkretulad,
saqarTvelos warsulze fiqri da ocneba.
gancdaTa wyobisa da eTikur-esTetikur miswrafebaTa mixedviT,
rasakvirvelia, e. w. `gardamavali xana~ warmoadgens im monakveTs qarTuli
kulturuli garemosi, romelic dRemde sadiskusio sagnadaa qceuli,
moaqcion Tu ara is àxali literaturis~ farglebSi, magram faqti erTia:
yvela SemTxvevaSi qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis mkvlevarTaTvis
erTgvarad gzismkvlevi azrobrivi kompasis mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieniWos
axali drois qarTvelTa inteleqtualuri metris _ ilia WavWavaZis
fuZemdeblur mosazrebebs, romelmac Cvens sinamdvileSi pirvelma dasva
àxali qarTuli literaturis~, rogorc sruliad garkveuli istoriul-
kulturuli movlenis axsnis aucilebloba. marTalia, is pirdapir ar
imarjvebs àxlis~ cnebas, magram savsebiT marTebulad, àxali
literaturis~ problemas kanonzomierad ukavSirebs èvropeizmis~ gagebas.
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, raki daviT guramiSvilis kulturuli
orientacia gamokveTilad emyareba antikur, berZnul-romaul samyaros
(epikure, lukreciusi, horaciusi) da biblias (daviT winaswarmetyvelis
fsalmunebi), ramdenadac aRniSnuli sulieri winapirobebi ukve ilia
WavWavaZis Semdeg evrosivrceSi èvropuli kulturis~ ganmsazRvrel
komponentebad iqcevian, amdenad, qarTveli moazrovne èvropeizmis~
Sinaarsis miseuli interpretaciiT win uswrebs èvropuli kulturis~
Tanamedrove definiciebs (fr. nicSe, k. iungi).
ilia WavWavaZe èvropeizms~ sayrdenebs qarTul mentalobaSi uZebnis
(antikuroba da bibliasTan Tanaziarobis pirveladoba), riTac migvaniSnebs
am kulturul-istoriuli movlenis saTaveebTan sulieri genetikiT
dakavSirebuli qarTuli gonis, rogorc uZvelesi tradiciis fenomenis,
imTaviTve moazrebis aucileblobaze.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ilia WavWavaZis mixedviT, raki
èvropeizmis~ niSnebi gamokveTili formiT pirvelad daviT guramiSvilTan
vlindeba, amdenad, swored es didi poeti unda CaiTvalos qarTul
sinamdvileSi àxali literaturis~, rogorc siaxlis Semcveli kulturul-
fsiqologiuri movlenis mesaZirkvled.1
1 axali qarTuli literaturis saTaveebisa da èvropeizmis~ Sesaxeb
mdidari literatura arsebobs. ix. magaliTad: 1. k.kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb. 1941, gv. 496.
9
2. a.baramiZe, n. baraTaSvili da Zveli qarTuli poezia,
literaturuli Ziebani, III, Tb. 1946.
3. v.kotetiSvili, qarTuli literaturis istoria (XIX s.), Tb. 1959, gv.
43-47.
4. g.qiqoZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria (XIX s.), Tb. 1947.
5. d.uznaZe, n.baraTaSvili, Txz. t. IX, Tb. 1978.
6. mix.zandukeli, axali qarTuli literatura, I, 1956, gv. 56.
7. tr.ruxaZe, Zveli qarTuli lirikis istoriidan, Tb. gv. 21-263.
8. ap.maxaraZe, qarTuli romantizmi, Tb. 1967, gv. 31-32.
9. l.asaTiani, Zveli saqarTvelos poeti qalebi, rCeuli nawarmoebebi,
t. I, 1958, gv. 47.
10. p.ingoroyva, n.baraTaSvili, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. III, Tb. 1865.
11. d.gamezardaSvili, qarTuli literaturis da kritikis istoriidan,
III, Tb. 1975, gv. 7-143.
12. g.asaTiani, `vefxistyaosnidan~ `baxtrionamde~, Tb. 1974.
13. k.meZvelia, romantizmis motivebi aRorZinebis xanis qarTul
literaturaSi, quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, VII, 1947.
14. manana kakabaZe, qarTuli romantizmis erovnuli safuZvlebi, Tb.
1983.
15. r.siraZe, literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi, 1987.
16. i.evgeniZe, narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, II, Tb.
2003, gv. 96-104.
17. Ницше, Антибиблия, Собр. соч. т. 5, Переводснемецкого, стр. 299.
18. k.iungi, adamianissulieriganviTareba. dawvrilebiTix. n.yiasaSvili,
Tanamedroveobadamodernizmi, krebulSidasavleTevropisliteratura, Tb.
1988, gv. 6-42.
19. kreb. ilia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, t. I, Tb.
1997, t. II, Tb. 1998. da sxv.12
10
aleqsandre WavWavaZe
(1786-1846)
aleqsandre WavWavaZe ara mxolod gamoCenili poeti, aramed Tavisi
drois gamorCeuli adamianic iyo. daibada 1786 wels, peterburgSi,
warCinebuli pirovnebis, imJamad ruseTis samefo karze erekle II-is elCis,
garsevan WavWavaZis ojaxSi. es is garsevania, romelmac 1783 wels erT-erTma
xeli moawera ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebul georgievskis
traqtats. mogvianebiT, roca ruseTis imperiam 1801 wels saqarTvelos
aneqsia moaxdina, Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis moSliT ganawyenebuli
qarTveli batoniSvilebi, sazogadoebis erT nawilTan erTad, garkveulad
garsevan WavWavaZesac sdebdnen brals am aqtSi, magram, rogorc irkveva, es
ase ar iyo (z. cqitiSvili, garsevan WavWavaZis diplomatiuri moRvaweoba).
garsevani mogvianebiTac energiulad cdilobda erekle II-is iniciativiT
SemuSavebuli 1783 wels georgievskis traqtatis realurad ganxorcielebas,
ris gamo, ruseTis Sovinisturad momarTuli kavkasiis mmarTveli elita
(kovalenski, knoringi, cicianovi) imperiisadmi orgulobas swamebda da
peterburgSi gaiwvies, sadac daasrula Tavisi sicocxle (1811 w.) (ix. m.
berZniSvili, masalebi qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, II, Tb.
1983).
aleqsandre WavWavaZis deda, mariam (maia) avaliSvili, aseve qarTuli
feodaluri aristokratiis cnobili ojaxidan iyo. is gaxldaT qarTveli
dramaturgisa da mogzauris giorgi avaliSvilis da. qarTveli elCis
axalgazrda vaJi ruseTis imperatricas _ ekaterine meoresa da taxtis
memkvidres, SemdgomSi imperators, aleqsandres mounaTlavs. etyoba, am
TavisTavad ukeTilSobiles ritualSi garkveuli adgili politikur
angariSianobasac unda sWeroda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am garemoebam
mravalnairi TvalsazrisiT dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina al. WavWavaZis
momavalze. jer erTi, mas Seeqmna metad xelsayreli garemo Sesaferisi
ganaTlebis misaRebad, yovelnairad srulyofil pansionSi iwvrTneboda da
meorec: ekaterine II-isa da aleqsandre I-is naTlobam orjer daixsna poeti
mZime sasjelisagan: pirvelad 1804 wels, sruliad axalgazrda aleqsandre
WavWavaZe farnaoz da iulon batoniSvilis TavkacobiT mowyobil
mTiuleTis ajanyebaSi roca monawileobda da meored, ukve general-maiori,
ruseTis 1812 wlis samamulo omis monawile da pativdebuli, 1827-28 wlebSi
ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis omebis gmiri, _ carizmis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebisas. orivejer al. WavaWavaZes
tambovSi gadasaxleba hqonda misjili. ruseTSi pirvelad mas mama gahyolia,
erTi wlis mere axalgazrda poeti SeuwyalebiaT, xolo meorejer, ukve
generali, nikoloz pirvels peterburgSi daubarebia da `warsulSi damsax-
urebisaTvis~ gadasaxlebidan gauTavisuflebia.
1799 wels WavWavaZeTa ojaxi sabolood TbilisSi gadmosula.
mzrunvel mSoblebs ymawvilis sulier-gonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis yoveli
Rone uxmariaT, repetitorebi mas qarTulTan erTad aswavlidnen rusul,
frangul, germanul, Turqul da sparsul enebs. cxovrebis gzaze al.
WavWvaZes, rogorc samxedro-politikur saqmianobaSi, aseve literaturul
interesTa gamomJRavnebasa da saTanado realizaciaSi kargad gamoadga
ojaxidan miRebuli mdidari sulieri sagzali.
aleqsandre WavWavaZe 1807 wlidan paJTa korpusSi msaxurobs, xolo
1811 wels kavkasiis sardlis, markiz pauliCis adiutantia, ramdenime wlis
win saqarTvelos ruseTisgan gamoxsnisaTvis mebrZoli axalgazrda poeti
ver ascda imdroindeli mravali patrioti qarTvelisTvis imperiisagan
11
gamzadebuli bedis ironias. man iZulebiTi monawileoba miiRo mSobliuri
kaxeTis ajanyebis daSoSminebaSi, molaparakebisas, SemTxveviT, fexSi daiWra.
Semdeg 1813-14 wlebSi al. WavWavaZe barklai-de tolis adiutantia, im
sardlisa, romelmac kutuzovis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi adgili
daiWira. poeti ibrZoda germaniaSi, safrangeTSi da napoleonze gamarjveba
izeima parizSi, CiniT, ordenebiTa da oqros xmliT damSvenebuli brundeba
samSobloSi. 40 wlis asakSi is ukve general-maioria. niWieri mxed-
arTmTavari, xan somxeTis olqis, xan kidev kaxeTis samxedro-sasazRvro
dacvis ufrosia, 1832 wels irCeven amierkavkasiis mTavarmarTeblobis
sabWos wevrad: 1841 wels ki general-leitenantis wodebas Rebulobs,
iniSneba sakarantino zonis ufrosad da mravalmxriv muSaobas eweva Savi
Wiris salikvidaciod. erTxans (1842-43 wlebSi), al. WavWavaZe amierkavkasiis
samoqalaqo sammarTvelos ufrosicaa, xolo 1843 wlis bolos kidev
erTxel gaielvebs misi samxedro niWi, roca didoeTsa da daRestans
Seaxsenebs qarTvelTa mklavis Zalas _ laSqravs da ipyrobs am mxareebs.
al. WavWavaZe XIX saukunis I naxevris qarTul sinamdvileSi sax-
elmwifoebrivad moazrovne iseTi moRvawea, romlis yoveli nabiji
samxedro da samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi erovnuli praqtikuli interesebiT iyo
gansazRvruli. Teoriulad amis erTi gamoxatulebaa `saqarTvelos mokle
istoria~ (1801-1831 wlamde), romelic qarTuli eTnomentaluri samyaros
specifikaSi gasarkvevad man, 1837 wels warudgina saqarTveloSi Camosul
ruseTis imperator nikoloz I-s. es naSromi gamoirCeva problemis garSemo
arsebuli masalis Rrma codniT, movlenaTa analizisa da ganzogadoebis
maRali kulturiT da amasTanave, ara mxolod istoriuli, aramed
mravalmxriv saintereso politikur-diplomatiuri, publicisturi paTosiT
datvirTuli dokumenticaa. aq, arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
msoflio istoriis konteqstSi moazrebulia qarTvelTa bedi, politikuri
damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg CvenSi warmoqmnili problemebi,
gamomzeurebulia biurokratiuli imperiuli aparatisagan daSvebuli uxeSi
Secdomebi da dasaxulia maTi daZlevis perspeqtivebi. safiqrebelia, rom 40-
ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlad movlenili Wkviani da cbieri mix.
voroncovis mier ganxorcielebul kulturul politikas al. WavaWavaZis
narkvevSi gatarebuli Tvalsazrisic daedo safuZvlad.
12
aleqsandre WavWavaZe, amasTan, imdroindel saqarTveloSi erTaderTi
kaci iyo, romelsac evropulad hqonda gamarTuli meurneoba da
yoveldRiur yofaSic amkvidrebda evropuli cxovrebis wess. mis ojaxSi
arsebuli kulturuli atmosferos garda, axalgazrda qarTvel da ucxoel
stumrebs, romelTa Soris mravali gamoCenili poeti, xelovani da
politikuri moRvawe iyo, _ aq izidavda misi mSvenieri asulebi _ qarTvel
da ucxoel mweralTa STagonebis obieqtebi _ nino, ekaterine da sofio.
rogorc cnobilia, sruliad axalgazrda, umSvenieres ninoze daqorwinda,
asakiT bevrad ufrosi, magram literaturuli niWiTa da moqnili
diplomatiuri WkuiT ganTqmuli rusTa saxelovani mwerali aleqsandre
griboedovi. Cvenamde TiTqmis legendur samoselSia gaxveuli da poeturi
romantikis burusi axlavs nino WavWavaZisa da grigol orbelianis,
ekaterinesa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis tragikuli SuqiT mosil ama-
Rlebuli siyvarulis ambavs.
ase rom, brwyinvale garemoSi WeSmariti aristokratiuli cxovrebiT
cxovrobda al. WavWavaZe, rom ucabedi ubedurebis msxverpli ar gamxdariyo.
1846 wlis 5 noembers, roca mTavarmarTebul mixeil voroncovTan midioda,
gzaSi cxenebi dafrTxa, poeti etlidan gadmovarda, mZimed daSavda da 6
noembers gardaicvala. aleqsandre WavWavaZe SuamTis monasterSia
dakrZaluli.
poetis portreti STambeWdavadaa warmosaxuli, al. WavWavaZis
gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT (gazeTi `kavkazi~, 1846.9.XI) gamoqveynebul
didi qarTveli mamuliSvilis, dimitri yifianis mier daweril nekrologSi,
romelic agreTve poetis Sesaxeb arsebul pirvel statiadac iTvleba. dim.
yifianis sityviT, `Tavadi a. WavWavaZe uyvardaT da pativs scemdnen misi
naTeli gonebis, vaJkacuri pirdapirobisa da zrdilobisaTvis, am sityvis
farTo gagebiT. rogorc poets, aleqsandre WavWavaZes didi saxeli hqonda
moxveWili. yvela qarTvelisaTvis, metnaklebad cnobili simRerebidan sul
cota ori mesamedi da maT Soris _ saukeTeso grZnobisa da azris Tvalsaz-
risiT aleqsandre WavWavaZes ekuTvnis. es simRerebi metwilad orig-
inaluria, Tumca maT Soris aris saadis, hafezis, puSkinis, goeTes,
Cinebuli Targmanebi sparsulidan, rusulidan, frangulidan, germanulidan,
romelTac aseve flobda rogorc mSobliur qarTuls. gaocebas iwvevda
misi zneoba, aravis axsovs misgan mcireodeni wyena; misi metyveleba
yovelTvis saamo da azriani iyo: arasodes moixseniebda augad arc
damswreT da arc iq ar myofT. Tavisi cxovrebis nebismier viTarebaSi mudam
inarCunebda sulier simxneves (Sdr. ir. kenWoSvili, winasityva, al.
WavWavaZis Txzulebebisa, Tb. 1981, gv. 22-23). aseTi fizikuri da sulieri
monacemebis pirovneba, romelic arc iaffasiani saxelisaTvis da arc
materialuri keTildReobis mopovebiT ar iyo dakavebuli, literaturul
saqmianobas sasxvaTaSoriso ki ara, aramed saarsebo procesad saxavda,
radgan mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT cxovreba misi Sinagani moTxovnileba
gaxldaT. TavisTavad es faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom aleqsandre WavWavZis
saxiT namdvil poetTan, SemoqmedTan gvaqvs saqme. Tavis droze grigol
robaqiZe werda: `Tu romelime qarTvel poets eTqmis saxelad dendi, es
uTuod aleqsandre WavWavaZea. igi namdvilad dendi iyo qarTul-
aRmosavleTuri dardimandobiT~. magram, amave dros, imave avtoris TqmiT,
àleqsandre WavWavaZe ar aris marto aRmosavlur-sparsuli hangobis
matarebeli. man pirvelma dasavleTurobac Seitana Cvens poeziaSi~.
ukanasknel xanebSi al. WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba ganixileba swored
aRmosavlur da dasavlur literaturul movlenaTa konteqstSi (ir.
13
kenWoSvili) da mis SemoqmedebaSi xedaven TviT klasicisturi mimdinareobis
niSnebsac (g. asaTiani, al. kalandaZe). magram is, raSic mkafiod vlindeba
misi SemoqmedebiTi ier-saxe, mainc romantizmia.
* * *
aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qarTul
sinamdvileSi romantizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimarTulebis
warmoSoba.
didi ilias azriT, al. WavWavaZis poeziis ùmTavresi~ ZarRvi,
`siyvarulisa da trfialebis poeziaa~, magram, iliasave TqmiT, am grZnobebs
ganagebs poetis `moqalaquri gulistkivili~.
al. QWavWavaZis SemoqmedebiT interesTa gancdiseul sayrdenad
qceulan iseTi rigis sakiTxebi, romelTac yvela romantikosi etaneboda,
esaa: sicocxlis azri da siyvarulis uZleveloba, warsulis sidiade da
bunebis momxibvleloba da a. S. poetisaTvis es Temebi qmnian mSvenierebis
konkretul Sinaarss. unda iTqvas, rom yovelive faqizi, momxibvleli,
turfa da warmtaci al. WavWavaZesTan amaRlebulis ieriTaa Semosili.
mSvenieria Tu ara sicocxle, maradiulia Tu ara sicocxliT
miniWebuli mSveniereba, silamaze? raSi mdgomareobs misi azri? ai,
problema, romelic mwvave kiTxvis saxiT dgas poetis winaSe. misi azriT,
adamianis sicocxles, cxovrebas saerTod, `soflis brunvas~ da misTvis
`zrunvas~, `foTolT uxSironi~ `gonebis myofi~ `Wmunva da sevda~ sdevs.
goneba aris sevdis akvani. goneba warmoSobs sevdas. es azria gatarebuli
al. WavWavaZis erT leqsSi (òh, viT gvemtyunva~). gonivruli fiqri
sawuTroze, adamianis sicocxlis arsze, iZleva amouwuravi sevdis
safuZvels. adamianis mTeli sicocxlis procesi aris mwuxare Sinaarsis
mqone procesi. es azri msWvalavs leqss, `sxvadasxva droisaTvis kacisa~.
adamiani, ibadeba Tu ara, tiris, `viT winad mgrZni momavalTa~. es tirili
imis mauwyebelia, rom cxovreba cudia, ase grZeldeba adamianis sicocxlis
mTels manZilze. sxvadasxva SinaarsiT, tanjvis gansxvavebul formebTan
gvaqvs saqme bavSvobaSi, yrmobaSi, simwifis asaksa da moxucebulobaSi, e. i.
adamianis cxovrebis yvela etapze. sabolood ki, yvelaferi sikvdiliT
mTavrdeba. araraobaa am qveyanaze Zieba sibrZnisa, siyvarulisa, survili
didebisa da pativis moxveWisa, radgan, poetis TqmiT, erT dRes _ àxiT
naSvni, vkvdebiT vebiT~.
14
mSveniereba ar unda iRupebodes am qveyanaze, magram survili sxvaa da
sinamdvile ki sxva, _ fiqrobs al. WavWavaZe. ara marto mSvenieri arseba,
aramed am arsebaTagan Seqmnili silamaze da mSvenierebac warmavalia.
mxolod mravlis momswre gogCis tbaa ukvdavi (`gogCa~), mxolod mas uweria
maradiuli arseboba. am tbis garSemo adamianebs bevri ram SeuqmniaT, rac
mSvenierebas qmnida da sicocxlis sixaruls aniWebda maT, magram am
silamazisagan araferi darCenila, droisagan yvelaferi àRgvila~,
`mtvrad~ da `nangrevebad~ qceula. amitomac adamianis mier Seqmnili
silamaze warmavalia, misi fasi araraobamdea dayvanili. poetis azriT,
samwuxaroa, rom lamazi, mSvenieri ispoba. `magram ra?!. drosa msrvelis
celiT, yovlTa warmwymediT, ciurTa mjobi mSveneblobac sxvaTebr
mosTvlila!~ (`gogCa~).
aq sikvdilis gardauvlobis aucileblobis azrTan Serigebas axdens
poeti, riTac amsubuqebs xvedrs adamianisas, esaa mxolod erTi
mniSvnelovani aspeqti al. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebisa. aleqsandre WavWavaZes,
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, sikvdilis mefuri sidiade xiblavs. adamianis
cxovrebaSi sikvdili gansakuTrebulad diadi movlenaa. amitomacaa, rom al.
WavWavaZe ki ar ganicdis, aramed msjelobs sicocxlis warmavlobasa da
sikvdilis maradiulobis Sesaxeb. mas amgvari zogadi msjeloba imisaTvis
sWirdeba, rom sikvdiliT gamowveuli ùdaburebis~, `mCumarebis~ anu
dumilis sidiadis pirobebSi `sevdiT aavsos Tvali da guli kacisa~,
ùneblie oxvriT aRZras grZnoba~, `Wmunvas aziaros~ sikvdilis
moTvalTvale adamiani.
aq sikvdili ganmartebulia, ara rogorc ubedureba, aramed
aucilebloba, amitom masTan Serigeba aucilebelia. am procesSi al.
WavWavaZe xedavs mSvenierebas. mas xiblavs sikvdilis SiSiT aRZrul
gancdebze fiqri da msjeloba. es misi, rogorc romantikosi poetis,
pirovnuli `me~-s gamovlenis saukeTeso asparezia.
adamianTa `momavlis namdvili xati~, al. WavWavaZis gagebiT,
sikvdilia. magram sikvdilis sidiadis aRiareba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs
sicocxleze uaris Tqmas. sikvdilze fiqrs, iseve rogorc fiqrs yovelgvar
diad movlenaze, aqvs Tavisi mimzidveloba, poeturi TvalsazrisiT
momxibvleli Zala. igi awonasworebs sicocxles da amitomacaa dadebiTi
Sinaarsis movlenad miCneuli poetis mier. es rom asea, amas mowmobs is
`moqalaqeobrivi gulistkivili~, romelic Zalumadaa gamomJRavnebuli
leqsSi `vah, sofelsa amas~. wuTisofeli poetisaTvis `borotebis da
sicruis Wuria~. adamianTa Tanasworobisa da Zmobis nacvlad am qveyanaze
usamarTloba, adamianis mier adamianis Cagvra, `zakva~, `mtacebloba~ da
`xveWaa~ dasadgurebuli. al. WavWavaZis azriT, yovelgvari usamarTlobis
damZlevia sikvdili:
`romelnic amwarebT RaribTa cxovrebas
da sTxovT urcxvad, usamarTlod monebas,
moelodeT maTTan Tanasworobas,
ar maradis iSvaT
mdabalT CagvriT, mtaceblobiT da xveWiT~.
15
àma soflisa~ `cvalebis mzire~ poets, `Wmunva da mwuxareba~ eufleba.
am niadagze aRmocenebuli misi pirovnuli sevdiani gancdebi gadajaWvulia
sikvdilis aucileblobis grZnobasTan. `mxolod awmyoze ras dabmulxar,
xedvav brmobilo~, _ wers al. WavWavaZe (`gogCa~) da misTvis mSvenierebis
TvalsazrisiT warmtacs, saocnebosa da momxibvlel Sinaarss iZens
warsuli, misTvis dakarguli da ukve istoriad qceuli epizodebi. erTi
SexedviT, Znelia da faqtebze Zaldataneba iqneboda mainc da mainc
saqarTvelos _ al. WavWavaZis samSoblos warsuli gvevarauda iseT
leqsebSi, rogoricaa: `vah, droni, droni~, ùwyalo senman~, òh,
warmavalno~, ìsmineT, msmenno~, èha, Cemo ocnebav~, `Jamni rbian~, `msurda
oxrva~ da miT ufro _ `gogCa~.
al. WavWavaZis pirovnul-patriotul ganwyobilebaTa gasaRebs mainc
warmoadgens misi istoriuli xasiaTis narkvevi: `saqarTvelos mokle
istoria~ (1801-1831 wlamde) da leqsi: `kvlav marad am Cems survilsa~ anu
`he, saqarTvelo~. aq, konkretulad naTlad Cans al. WavWavaZis, rogorc
qarTvelis, politikuri pozicia da pirovnul-patrioruli gancdebi, misi
survilebi da ocneba. sakuTari qveynis bedze. Tu imperatorisadmi
wardgenili narkvevi ufro politikur-diplomatiuri dokumentia, am leqsSi
daufaravad aris gamJRavnebuli poetis erovnuli mrwamsi. al. WavWavaZis
azriT:
`he, saqarTvelo, ptolemes dros aRyvavebuli!
mSvenier iyo, mara ra?! viT ama soflis yoveli,
keTili, mosawoneli, Savma drom ferxTiT gasTela,
daaWkno vardi walkotSi, miT Cemi gulic mosTvlila.
gahqra daviTis xrmlis elva, Cahqra Tamaris lampari,
oqros dro Jamma Sescvala, agareanTa srbolama,
Seiqmna va-viSviSi, saqristeanos rbeva da
qarTvelTa sisxlis dineba, guli Sezara srevama.
qarTlisTvis mefe iraklis sisxli mravaljer nTxeula,
ver Sehkra misi karibWe, mzrunveli darCa eulad,
rossni moixmo saSvelad man imedgadaleulma.
maT nacvlad Zmobis, erTobis, dagvtova danasxeulad.
maxvilRebulad movida, mzakvrulad migvca gvemasa,
yelsa Segvaba sarazi mimoZgonared mTvlemarsa.
laqaTTa iwyes laqaTi, Zvali ara aqvs enasa,
mkaded edina cremlebi xalxs, micemulsa senasa.
ar varT zorayni, TviTrjulni, arca Cveulni zrzenasa,
sikvdili gvijobs vixmioT kanjarze jdoma-Tvlemasa,
mzakvars xrmliT gavuswordebiT, vhfucav Cven xrmalTa kveTasa,
mnaTi aRmohxdes kavkassa, qarTli mieces lxenasa!
kvlav marad am Cems survilsa upovrad vuwyeb mRerasa,
sakdemelia vumziroT erTurTis Treva-srevasa,
gulTa swyvlen WangTa TareSi, mkerdsa saxmilis gznebasa.
mzakvars xmliT gavuswordebiT, qarTls mivscemT Sveba-lxenasa!~
16
al. WavWavaZe Tavis narkvevSi ki, rogorc iTqva, istoriuli masalis
Rrma codniT aanalizebs saqarTvelos tragikuli bedis gamomwvev mizezebs.
poeti saqarTvelos warsulisa da misi awmyos Sepirispirebis safuZvelze
avlens Tavis romantikul pozicias.
qarTvelobis cnebis moucilebad niSnebad al. WavWavaZe gamoyofs
rwmenis simtkices, samSoblos siyvaruls da mebrZol suls. `qarTvelobam,
romelmac dedis ZuZusTan erTad SeiTvisa urjuloTadmi (Иноверцам)
siZulvili, SeinarCuna sarwmunoeba, mebrZoli suli da siyvaruli
samSoblosadmi. Tu igi gauxeSda, Tu zogierTi ucxo Cveuleba SeiTvisa,
amis mizezi ubeduri garemoebani iyo~.
warsulis Temaze Seqmnil yvela leqsSi vgrZnobT, rom did tkivils
ganicdis poeti da am tkivilis dasaviwyeblad mimarTavs mogonebas,
romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara warsuli: `vah, droni, droni~, òh,
warmavalno~, `vah, sofelsa amas~, òh, viT gvemtyunva~, èha, Cemo ocnebav~,
da a. S. moTqvams, godebs, oxravs, qviTinebs poeti.
warsulis mogonebebiT iviwyebs poeti awmyoTi gamowveul tkivils,
eZleva warsulis sixaruls. imedis Suqi, pirovnuli gautexlobisa da
simtkicis Segneba sicocxlis siyvarulis gancdad iWreba al. WavWavaZis
poeziaSi:
ìmedovnebas vuwodeb farad,
me igive var marad da marad,
ar vsdev JamTa svlas:
me igive var marad da marad~.
am pirovnuli Rirsebis gamomxatveli striqonebiT batonobs poeti
warsulTan dakavSirebul yovelgvar sevdaze, rac mis pesimizms uaRresad
pirovnul Sinaarss sZens.
al. WavWavaZe is poetia, romelic kacobriobis, adamianis arsebobis
azrs gardasulTan ki ar asaflavebs saerTod, sicocxlis maamebel
sixaruls amao movlenad, warmavlobis kuTvnilebad ki ar aqcevs, misi
aramdgradobis gamo, aramed sinanuls gamoTqvams mxolod (`pyrobilisagan
TanapyrobilTa mimarT~).
* * *
al. WavWavaZisaTvis yvela grZnobaTa Soris gamorCeuli poeturi
mimzidveloba aqvs mopovebuli siyvarul;is grZnobas. siyvaruli al.
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis motivTa motivia. da, maSasadame, misi poeturi
samyaros mamoZravebeli Zalaa. siyvaruli, al. WavWavaZis mrwamsiT,
umaRlesi sikeTea. siyvaruliT `gancxroma~ poetisaTvis `vnebis mizezicaa~
da `Svebis wyaroc~, amitomac acxadebs mgosani: `siyvarulo, Zalsa Sensa,
vin ars, rome ar hmonebdes~-o. misi azriT, es grZnoba adamianTa cxovrebaSi
aris `kari gazafxulisa~, am grZnobis arseboba maRali rigis bednierebaa,
esaa adamianisaTvis `sixarulis Jami~ da `Sveba sruli~. aq vgrZnobT, rom
poetisavis siyvaruliT Tavdaviwyeba aris sicocxlesTan SemaerTebeli
xidi.
al. WavWavaZis TvalsazrisiT, siyvarulis sidiade imaSicaa saZiebeli,
rom igi sevdis, rogorc esTetikuri Rirebulebis Semcveli, movlenis
nairferovan saxeTa gamovlenas uwyobs xels. satrfos xilvisas, al.
WavWavaZisaTvis mTavari tvirTi dakisrebuli aqvs Tvals, e.i. garegnuli,
fizikuri silamazea mimzidveli da grZnobis aRmZvreli poetSi. swored am
niSniT SeiZleba vilaparakoT al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi e.w. àRmosavluri
xedvis~ Sesaxeb. magram amgvari xilvis gverdiT Cans al. WavWavaZis poeturi
17
swrafva siyvarulis fizikuri TvalsazrisiT daxasiaTebisas Seunacvlos,
gaaZlieros es movlena masSi sulieri anu fsiqikuri Sinaarsis SetaniT.
siyvaruli, al. WavWavaZis azriT, mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTi procesis
mimdinareobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
al. WavWavaZis SexedulebiT, poetisaTvis, kerZod misTvis, siyvarulis
badali sxva grZnoba ar arsebobs. `sxvaTa yvelaT saqebrad Cangi mSTomia
uxmod~ _ (`Zvirfaso sayvarelo~) _ ambobs igi erTgan.
al. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi ara vrclad, magram mainc garkveul
adgils iWers bunebis Tema, rogorc mSvenierebis gamovlenis erT-erTi
sfero. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi leqsebi: `moved me ared Sesamkobelad~,
`dimit. v.~, `kavkasia~, `Zvirfaso sayvarelo~, `gogCa~, `Tu xe bunebiT mwarea~,
òh, gabadrulo mTvarev~...
am nawarmoebTa mixedviT, bunebis gancdis procesSi al. WavWavaZe
tipuri romantikosia, radgan igi yovelTvis pirovnuli `me~-s Sesatyviss,
sakuTari sulieri viTarebis analogs eZebs da poulobs kidec bunebaSi.
sevdiani ganwyobilebis wyarocaa buneba, radgan misi sidiade,
mdgradoba, ucvleli Tviseba, poetSi sicocxlis swraf warmavlobis
gancdas aRZravs, amis dadasturebaa gogCis tba `vrceli, xmovanebiT zRvisa
mbaZavi~. gogCis tbis bunebriv, amaRlebul, maradiul sidiadesTan
SepirispirebiT araraobaa TviT adamianis Seqmnili silamaze da
mSvenierebac ki. bunebis am diadi movlenis gverdiT `palatTa didebulTa,
ngreuli naSTis~ xilva sevdis aRmZvrelia. al. WavWavaZis TqmiT, mxolod
`WmunvaTa TvisTa mnaxvelTa aziareben~, radgan erT dros `qvani Savni dRes
daxavsilni~, ùerTierTTana kavSirobiT aRmaRlebulan~. gancxromisaTvis
Seuqmnia isini adamianebs, magram Semdgom maTsave gautanlobas, `Sursa da
mtrobas~ `dauRrRnia~ da mouspia adamianuri Semoqmedebis nayofi. amitomac
`droTa msvrelis celiT~, `ciurTa mjobi~ adamianis Seqmnili mSveniereba
gamqrala.
al. WavWavaZe garkveul manZilze dgas bunebisagan. igi Soridan Wvrets
mas da misTvis gansakuTrebuli, zneobrivi grZnobebi iqceva bunebasTan
damakavSirebel Zalad.
18
* * *
al. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa enobriv monacemebze dakvirveba kidev
erTxel naTels xdis, rom Cveulebriv metyvelebisagan daSorebuli eniT,
poeti cdilobs nawarmoebSi pirovnuli `me~-s gaxazvas. al. WavWavaZis
mizania individualurobis niSniT gamoarCios sityva, raTa gaxazos sakuTar
gancdaTa amaRlebuli buneba, enobrivi arqaizmi da nawilobriv berZnuli
miTologizmebiT gataceba (promeTe, kubidoni, porfiri, baxusi, aspirozi,
diana, amuri da sxv.). swored al. WavWavaZis romantikuli xedvis
damadasturebelia, radgan aq Cans midrekileba gansakuTrebul sityvier
samoselSi gaaxvios gancda, gamoarCios igi Cveulebrivad, yofaSi mimdinare
movlenisagan da amiT romantikuli surneli SesZinos saTqmels.
al. WavWavaZis mier Sesrulebuli Targmanebi ucxouri da rusuli
literaturidan imaze miuTiTebs, rom poeti Tu rogori literaturuli
cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
al. WavWavaZes frangulidan uTargmnia lafontenis sami nawarmoebi
(`WriWinasaTvis~, `mglisa da kravisaTvis~, `Txisa da mglisaTvis~),
kornelis erTi (`sina~), volteris ori (àRsareba~, `taktika~); rasinis ori
(èsTeris monologi~, `fedras monologi~); viqtor hiugos `mefe rom viyo~,
magram am klasicisturi xasiaTis TxzulebaTa gverdiT, poeti Targmnis
puSkinis wminda romantikuli niSan-Tvisebis matarebel nawarmoebebs
(`yvavili~, ànCari~, `sizmari~, `kavkasiis zvavi~, `vidremdis gqonan~,
`spilenZis mxedari~), odoevskis erT leqss, rusulidan romantikuli
elferiT savse leqss, `fersa bnels, fersa Savs~.
* * *
al. WavWavaZis romantikuli midgomis dasaxasiaTeblad isic unda
iTqvas, rom rogorc romantikosebs hqondaTYmidrekileba movlenaTa
filosofiuri Zirebis gaSiSvlebisaken, sazogadod, al. WavWavaZisaTvisac es
midrekilebaa damaxasiaTebeli. al. WavWavaZiseuli daxasiaTeba grZnobebisa
ufro abstraqtuli gansjis gziT miemarTeba. mas romelime grZnobis
konkretuli saxis gamovlena ki ar ainteresebs, aramed am grZnobaTa
zogadoba. es niSnavs, rom al. WavWavaZis goneba filosofiuri lirikis
sibrtyeSi mimdinareobs. amgvari filosofiuri midrekilebva aris al.
WavWavaZis grZnobaTa poeturi dinebis umZafresi forma. rasakvirvelia, aris
gadaxvevebi, roca aleqsandre WavWavaZe yofiT Temebze wers, magram faqtia,
specifikuri misTvis `muxambazi laTaiuri~ da sxva am tonis leqsebi ki
araa, aramed pirovnul-individualuri `me~-s gamomxatveli, qristianuli
tanjuli sulis elferiT warmodgenili `gogCa~, `visac gsurT~, `sxvadasxva
droisaTvis kacisa~ da a. S. movlenaTa komikur planSi gaazreba araa
niSandoblivi al. WavWavaZisaTvis. marTalia, calkeul SemTxvevaSi poeti
avlens komikur, satirul mimarTebisunarsac (`muxambazi laTaiuri~,
`marTas avadmyofobis gamo~ da sxv.), magram amgvari midgoma ar asrulebs
wamyvan rols mis SemoqmedebaSi. igi yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
romantikosebs axasiaTebT, saerTod, cdilobs pirvel planze sakuTari `me~-
s wamowevas, ara am `me~-s viwro subieqturi gagebiT, aramed Tavisi
filosofiuri mimarTebis zogadi formebis TvalsazrisiT Cvenebas. al.
WavWavaZis, rogorc poetisa da mamuliSvilis damsaxureba eris winaSe
SesaniSnavadaaa gamoxatuli `saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefed~ wodebul
didi akakis brwyinvale leqsSi _ àleqsandre WavWavaZis saflavzed~, sadac
mTeli saqarTvelos gasagonad aris Tqmuli, rom `tkbilo poeto, naTlisa
xato! Sen ar dagwvia CvensaviT guli, rom Cveni eri, dRes sxvis fexT
mtveri, Sen ar ginaxavs ase Cagruli... mmReralo tkbilo, mamuliSvilo,
19
amaRlebulo suliT zecamde! iyav kurTxeul, ar-daviwyebul, amieridan
ukunisamde!~.
20
grigol orbeliani
(1804-1883)
didi qarTveli romantikosi grigol orbeliani warmomavlobiT
Zveli, feodaluri saqarTvelos uwarCinebules sagvareulos gane-
kuTvneboda. poeti, orbelianTa gvaris fuZemdeblad liparits asaxelebs da
misi ocnebaa ojaxSi gaCenil pirvel vaJs am didi winapris saxeli ewodos.
etyoba, is Tavis uZveles winaprad Tvlis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
feodalur sagvareulodan, kerZod, orbeTis mkvidr orbelTagan
warmomdgar cnobil politikur moRvawes liparit sumbatis Ze orbels,
romelsac amiraxoris da qarTlis erisTavis adgili sWeria XII saukuneSi,
giorgi III-is mefobis dros.
grigol orbelians diaxac hqonda ufleba eamaya Tavisi saxelovani
winaprebiT ara mxolod imitom, rom isini mklavmagari raindebi iyvnen,
aramed saWiro SemTxvevaSi iseTi mamuliSvilebi, romelTac, xmlis gverdiT,
kalmis moxmarebis maRali kulturac gaaCndaT. amis dasturia is faqti, rom
orbelianTa sagvareulom mogviano saukuneebSi mravali Rirseuli
kalmosani misca Ceens kurTxeul qveyanas, iqneba es `mTels saqarTvelos
mamad miCneuli~ didi sulxan-saba orbeliani, Tavis droze cnobili poeti
demetre orbeliani, sasuliero poeti da kaligrafi nikoloz tfileli,
istorikosi papuna orbeliani, poeti da sardali daviT orbeliani,
cnobili romantikosebi, grigol orbelianis axloblebi: Zmebi _
aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebi da sxv. istorikos givi jamburias
sityviT `XVIII saukunis bolos qvemo qarTlis aoxrebasTan dakavSirebiT
orbelianebi gadasaxldnen TbilisSi~. (q.s.e.t.7, gv. 555). 1804 wels
saxelganTqmul feodals, zurab orbelians, roca is pavle cicianovs sxva
qarTvel TavadebTan erTad axlda erevnis asaRebad, SesZenia vaJi,
romlisTvisac grigoli uwodebiaT.
momavali poeti miubarebiaT anCisxatis monasterSi, sadac mas
aswavlida Tavis droze cnobili aRmzrdeli d. aleqsi-mesxiSvili. efemia,
zaqaria da ilia, grigol orbelianis salocavi adamianebi iyvnen. Cveni
poetis epistolaruli memkvidreoba naTelyofs, Tu mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze ra Seuneleblad fiqrobs da zrunavs grigol orbeliani Tavis
da-Zmebsa da maT memkvidreebze. grigolis da-Zmani Tavisi drois SesaniSnavi
adamianebi iyvnen: zrdilni, mamuliSvilebis grZnobiT gulanTebulni,
ganaTlebulni. rasakvirvelia, znesrul SvilTa aRzrdaSi gamorCeuli
wvlili miuZRoda erekle II-is SviliSvils, grigol orbelianis saocrad
saTno dedas, xoreSans, romelic ase mwared gamoitira poetma Tavis pirad
werilebsa da leqsSi `Cems das efemias~...
tradiciuli, qarTuli samonastro swavlebis Semdeg, 1810 wels,
grigol orbeliani Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi SeuyvaniaT,
iona meunargias TqmiT ki keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi grigol orbelians
qarTuls aswavlida mRvdeli xelaSvili. Semdeg grigoli axladgaxsnil
saartilerio saswavlebelSi gadauyvaniaT... rogorc irkveva, aqac momavali
poeti bejiTad swavlobda.
21
bavSvobaSi tanmorCili grigolisaTvis maxloblebs zedmet saxelad
`kurka~ SeurqmeviaT. 1816-dan 20-wlebSi grigol orbeliani 21-e
saartilerio brigadis iunkeria. 1820 wlidan msaxurobs saqarTvelos
grenaderTa polkSi. 1822 wels is CaerTo im samxedro operaciebSi,
romelic miznad isaxavda Wareli lekebis ganadgurebas, 1826-1829 wlebSi
ibrZoda sparseTis da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mis mSvenier poemaSi
`sadRegrZelo~ garkveulad ukvdavyofilia erevnis gasaTavisufleblad
mimarTuli brZolis zogierTi epizodi. am xanebSi grigol orbeklianma,
rogorc mxedarma, Tavi gamoiCina zaqaTalasTan, ganjasa da SamqorTan
warmoebul SetakebebSi. 1831 wlis noembridan samsaxurebrivi movaleobis
gamo novgorodSia. aqve apatimreben mas SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis gamo.
dapatimrebul poets erTxans Tbilisis `yazarmebSi~ amwyvdeven da Semdeg
dasasjelad agzavnian `kavkasiis xazze~ sabrZolvelad (1833 w.). male is
gadahyavT nevis sazRvao polkSi, jer rigaSi da Semdeg vilnoSi. grigol
orbelianis sulieri cxovrebis umSvenieres dokumentebs warmoadgens misi
piradi werilebi, sadac didi siyvaruliTa da mxatvruli
cxovelmyofelobiTaa aRwerili poetis mZime, saintereso mxedruli da
axalgazrduli gatacebebiT savse cxovreba. 1838 wlidan is kvlav
saqarTvelos grenaderTa polks ubrundeba. 1839 wels ebmeba Samilis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1841 wels poeti monawileobs molaparakebaSi,
romelic miznad isaxavda imJamad quTaisis cixeSi gamomwyvdeul, guriis
ajanyebaSi eWvmitanil pirTa gaTavisuflebas. 1842 wlidan is grenaderTa
polkis erT-erTi batalionis ufrosia. 1843 wels ki avariis mmarTvelad
vxedavT. is xan olqis mmarTvelia, polkis ufrosi da sardali. bolos ki
mTels daRestans ganagebda. faqtiurad, mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
Samilis damarcxeba. 1858 wels grigol orbeliani gadmoiyvanes kavkasiis
mTavarmarTebel bariatinskisTan. 1859 wels mTavarmarTeblis sabWos
Tavmjdomarea. 1859, 1860-63 da 1865 wlebSi is mefisnacvlis movaleobasac
asrulebda. am xanebSi (1863) man daamSvida Samilis waqezebiT ajanyebuli
zaqaTalis mahmadiani mosaxleoba da 1865 wels Caaqro Tbilisis amqarTa
`buntis~ saxeliT cnobili somexTa Sovinisturi gamosvlebi. 60-70-ian
wlebSi mas aqvs maRali donis Sexvedrebi ruseTis imperatorTan, samefo
karis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebTan. peterburgSi grigol orbeliani
xvdeba mis mier damarcxebul Samils. 1871 wels mefis ruseTis
xelisufleba poets uxdis moRvaweobis 50 wlis iubiles, aw ukve
infanteriis general grigol orbelians TviT aleqsandre II ajildoebs
umaRlesi jildoTi _ andria pirvelwodebulis ordeniT. daZabul
samxedro da samoqalaqo-politikur saqmianobasTan erTad, grigol
orbeliani 60-iani wlebidan aqtiuradaa Cabmuli literaturulsa da
erovnul saqvelmoqmedo cxovrebaSi. faqtiurad, misi da aleqsandre
orbelianis mecenatobiT suldgmulobs ivane kereseliZis mier
ganaxlebuli Jurnali `ciskari~. grigol orbeliani xels uwyobs Jurnal
`saqarTvelos moambis~ daarsebas. misi SuamdgomlobiT axerxebs ilia
WavWavaZe am Jurnalis gamocemas. 70-ian wlebSi is ebmeba àxali Taobis~
winaaRmdeg mimarTul polemikaSi, rac xdeba imis sababi, rom poetis saxeli
e.w. `mamaTa~ da `SvilTa~ anu `Zveli~ da àxali~ Taobis `progresistebisa~
da `konservatorebis~ brZolas daukavSiron da grigol orbeliani `Zveli~
Taobis meTauradac gamoacxadon. arada, CvenSi dRemde naklebad eweva
angariSi jer kidev 1892 wels ilia WavWavaZis mier gamoTqmul fuZemdeblur
mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT `dRemde ki aravis gamourkvevia _ ra aris, an
vin arian axali, an Zveli Taoba, da aravin icis visze laparakoben, roca an
22
erTs, an meores axseneben~. ufro mkveTrad xatavs `Taobebad~ qarTvel
moRvaweTa dayofas akaki wereTeli da mis gamomwvev mizezsac miuTiTebs,
roca ityvis: CvenSi es ruseTis `wamxedrobiT iyo gadmotanili da amitomac
ufro meti vneba mogvitanao~. axal TaobasTan, wminda literaturul
niadagze gaSlil polemikas poetisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia, rom mas axlo
urTierToba hqonoda ilia WavWavaZesTan da aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo
qarTuli bankis, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, qarTuli
Teatris aRorZinebis, `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis
muSaobaSi. calkeul SemTxvevaSi is am mamuliSvilur wamowyebaTa
organizatoradac ki gvevlineba. mxcovani poeti mxurvaled miesalma aWaris
saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas. 1883 wlis 21 marts xanmokle avadmyofobis
Semdeg saxelovani poeti gardaicvala. 26 marts is daasaflaves qaSveTis
eklesiaSi. am dRem didi erovnuli Sinaarsi SeiZina... saxeli da dafaseba
sicocxleSic ar moklebia SesaniSnav poets da sardals, magram qarTveli
eris Rirseul SvilTa mier aq kidev erTxel dadasturda, Tu ra Rrma
siyvaruliT uyvarda mowinave saqarTvelos SesaniSnavi poeti da Rirseuli
SviliSvili. gardacvalebamde ramdenime dRis win Seqmna poetma
mravlismomcveli sevdiT avsebuli striqonebi: `davberdi, beds ver
moveswar, daemxo Cemi samSoblo, guls miklavs uimedoba, saflavs Cavdivar
simwariT~... poetis dasaflavebaze warmoTqmul ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis, dRes ukve sayovelTaod cnobil sityvebSi, naTlad iqna
gacxadebuli grigol orbelianis mniSvneloba Cveni erisaTvis, misi
moucilebeli kavSiri mTel qarTul sulier samyarosTan, mis warsulsa,
awmyosa da momavalTan.
* * *
qarTul sinamdvileSi, Tu romelime xelovanis biografia, anu
portreti epoqaTa da calkeul literatorTa mixedviT danaxula
subieqturad, es, pirvelyovlisa, exeba grigol orbelians. SeiZleba
gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom arc erTi qarTveli mwerlis Sesaxeb iseTi
simkveTriT ar wamoWrila pirovnuli bunebis ormagobis problema, rogorc
es grigol orbelianis mimarT daisva. mas Semdeg, rac didma mgosanma akaki
wereTelma uwoda poets `sityviT swori, saqmiT kuza~ _ qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebisa da literaturis mkvlevaTa umetesobam met-
naklebad irwmuna am Sefasebis samarTlianoba da poetur frazas realuri
mniSvneloba mianiWa, ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswina literaturuli polemikis
mxatvruli aspeqti, misi qveteqsti da peripetiebi. kita abaSiZis, vaxtang ko-
tetiSvilis, simon xundaZis, geronti qiqoZis, mixeil zandukelis,
konstantine kapanelis, Salva radianis da, nawilobriv, TviT iona
meunargiasa da elguja maRraZis monografiebSic viTareba isea war-
modgenili, rom grigol orbeliani winaaRmdegobrivi pirovneba iyo. am
TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss warmoadgens poetisadmi konstantine
gamsaxurdias, grigol kiknaZis, konstantine meZvelias, ramdenadme apolon
maxaraZisa da akaki gawerelias damokidebuleba.
grigol orbelianis xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze saqarTveloSi
mimdinare rTul erovnul-socialur, politikursa da kulturul-
literaturul procesebisadmi sxvagvari midgoma arsebobda CvenSi, rasac
garkveuli politikuri viTarebac gansazRvravda. amitomac poetis
SemoqmedebiTi biografiis SedarebiT martivi axsnis gza ufro xelsayreli
aRmoCnda rTuli da mravalferovani bunebis mqone pirovnebis
TaviseburebaTa gasaTvaliswineblad. SemdgomSi swored yoveli drois ori
udidesi qarTveli _ ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli _ aRmoCndnen is
23
pirovnebani, romlebmac farze azides erT dros maTTan mopaeqre grigol
orbelianis saxeli. pirveli TiTqos akaki wereTlis adre naTqvam azrs
gaekamaTa, mis sityvasa da saqmes Soris aRmarTuli zRvaris Sesaxeb Sexed-
uleba uaryo (gavixsenoT akakis `sityviT swori _ saqmiT kuza~), roca
grigol orbelianis pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad saqveynod ganacxada:
àrian qveyanazed imisTana rCeulni, imisTana `zegardmo madliT cxebulni~,
romelTac miniWebuli aqvT erTi saswaulTmoqmedi Zliereba. igi
saswaulTmoqmedi Zliereba TviTon sityvasac saqmeda hqmnis~. amitomac
uwoda mas didma iliam `TviTmpyrobeli Cvenis qarTulis enisa~... `meufe~
Cvenis sityvierebis Zal-Ronisa da simdidrisa~... `moZRvari Cveni~... xolo
akaki wereTelma savsebiT gaiziara da gaimeora Tavis droze grigol
orbelianis iliaseuli daxasiaTeba, roca brZana: `T. gr. orbeliani iyo
kavSiri Zvelisa da axalis Taobas Soris, sxvadasxva dgmis SemaerTebeli
xidi~. STambeWdavad ambobs didi mgosani: `grigol orbelianis brwyinvale
saxels TviT sikvdilic ki gaudidebia... da gadauqcevia raRac uCveulo
movlinebad~... `saukunoebi saukunoebs gamoscvlian, erTi dgma meores,
magram maSinac Sexedaven am saukunes gonebis TvaliT da rodesac mowinave
razmSi dainaxaven dRevandel mamuliSvils, maTi gulic im gvarisave
grZnobiTa da madliT aRivseba, rogoriTac dRes Cveni gulia savse~.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi didebuli akakis Sefasebis amosavali kriteriumi isaa,
rom `yovelive dro da adgilis viTareba hfasdeba, Cvenc ar SegviZlian ar
davafasoT grigol orbelianis pirovnebao~.
brZen qarTvelTa zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebani mravalgvarad dam-
afiqrebeli, Tan gzismkvlevia grigol orbelianis pirovnebis Sinagani
sirTulisa da misi SemoqmedebiTi bunebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
24
* * *
didi iyo grigol orbelianis pirovnebis gavlena Tanamedroveebze.
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mis azrs, gamoTqmuls Cveni
sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli cxovrebis aqtualur sakiTxebze. axali
Taobis erTi cnobili warmomadgeneli mogvianebiT poetze daweril
monografiaSi kidec aRniSnavda: `grigol orbelianisebr gonieri
qarTvelis mnaxveli ara var~ (iona meunargia). bunebrivia, yovelTvis
interesiT moelodnen mis azrs yovel axal literaturul movlenaze.
grigol orbeliani kritikul-literaturuli statiebiT iSviaTad
monawileobda qarTul literaturul cxovrebaSi, magram mis TiToeul
sityvas didi maorganizebeli Zala hqonda ama Tu im mweralsa da
literaturul movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaqmnelad. yvelasaTvis
cnobilia is maRali Sefaseba, rasac grigol orbeliani aZlevda ilia
WavWavaZes, sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli axalgazrda al. yazbegisadmi
mimarTuli mxcovani grigol orbelianis uSurveli sityvebi: `SabaS,
qarTvelTa omiros ars~... gadmocemis mixedviT, Zalze did pativs scemda
poeti misi iseTi umkacresi kritikosis mxatvrul niWsac ki, rogorc akaki
wereTeli iyo. ase, rom grigol orbeliani arasodes yofila
TvalmoxuWuli, an pasiurad mWvreteli mis Tvalwin mimdinare, duRilis
procesSi myofi literaturuli cxovrebis mimarT. bevri Tbili da masTan
mkacri sityvac uTqvams mas zogierT mweralze, zogjer zedmetad mware,
magram principSi samarTliani. cxadia, Tuki romelime romantikos poetze
iTqmis, rom garkveuli Tvalsazrisi hqonda xelovnebis movlenebis mimarT,
erT-erTi grigol orbelianicaa.
grigol orbeliani Tavisi yofiTi cxovrebis stiliT CvenSi brZeni
aRmosavlelis iluzias qmnida, magram es iluzia macduri iyo. grigol
orbelianisaTvis Rvino `yovlad Zlieri... gulis WirT mdevni, niWi ciuria~
(`sadRegrZelo~), romelic amsubuqebs tvirTs cxovrebisas, raTa dasabami
misces amaRlebul azrs xelovnebis, poeziis, simReris ukvdavebasa da
maradiulobaze. am azriTa da ganwyobilebiTaa datvirTuli
rusTavelisadmi miZRvnili striqonebi: `netar vinc CangiT ganacxovelebs
JamTa cxovrebis mswrafl warmavalTa~ (1832 w.).
iseve rogorc bevr cnobil romantikoss, grigol orbelians aqvs
gamaxvilebuli smeniTi xedva. amitomacaa, rom misTvis yvelaze ufro
poeturi samyaro musikaa. simRera da musika grigol orbelianisaTvis aris
haerovan, faqiz romantikul idumalebaSi gaxvevis erTaderTi gza, Tavis
`dRiurebSi~ novgorodis aRwerisas Cerdeba igi musikis rolsa da
mniSvnelobaze adamianis cxovrebaSi da miuTiTebs kidec, kerZod, sakuTari
SemoqmedebiTi procesisaTvis am yvelaze ufro romantikuli Tvisebis
xelovnebis gavlenis Zalaze.
grigol orbelianis mier SesaniSnavadaa axsnili eTikur-esTetikuri
mizandasaxuloba Teatrisa. poeti brwyinvaled ganmartavs Teatris rolsa
da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebisaTvis, riTac erTgvarad Teatraluri
xelovnebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gaxazavs mis erovnul aucileblobas
Cveni xalxisaTvis.
grigol orbelianisaTvis poeturi STagonebis mTavari impulsi da
sazogadod, xelovnebiTi faqtis Seqmnis saTave siyvarulia, radgan swored
es grZnobaa `sulis, gonebis cada aRmtaci /àlbomSi Rr/op/ermanisas~/,1840/.
sxva SemTxvevaSic leqsis warmoSobis uZlieres faqtorad mas siyvaruli
miaCnia, roca ambobs: `siyvarulma maTqmevina, Torem me vin, _ leqsi vina?~,
grigol orbelianis mrwamsiT, poezia mainc esaa erTianoba, niWisa da
25
gulwrfeli grZnobisa. mraval did evropel romantikosebTa msgavsad,
romelTa TvalsazrisiT `veraviTari skola ver miscems uniWo adamians
poetad wodebis uflebaso~ (Seli), grigol orbeliansac mtkiced sjera,
rom mxolod SromiT miRweuli naswavli weriT mwerali ar SeiZleba
Seiqmnas: àTi weli, asi weli ras argebs, uniWoba Tu Tan hyveba mweralsa~
(`droebis aTi wlis iubile~). niWs ki, poetis azriT, `zena aZlevs mxolod
kacs~. saerTod, grigol orbeliani Sromis rolisa da mxatvruli
ostatobis ignorirebas ki ar axdens, aramed bunebrivi niWisa da
xelovanebis sinTezs moiTxovs, roca wers: `sityvasa unda gawyoba,
gawyobasa hswavla, hswavlasaca unda Seeweodes niWi bunebiTi~.
ara viwro jgufuri, aramed swored am maRali erovnuli poziciidan
upirispirdeba romantikosi grigol orbeliani realist giorgi wereTels,
roca axali Taobis TvalsaCino moRvawes ènis bunebiTi Tvisebis~ dacvas
Txovs. statiaSi _ `mgzavroba svaneTisaken g. wereTlisa (ganxilva)~,
grigol orbeliani sazogadod poetTaTvis uCveulo da TviT
kritikosisaTvis SesaSuri skrupulozuri analiziT naTelyofs g.
wereTlis am nawarmoebis xarvezebs. aq igi ayenebs Zalze saintereso
problemas, mwerlis enis problemas. àxali Taobis~ warmomadgenelTa mier
wamoyenebuli `xalxis enaze weris~ moTxovna, grigol orbelianis azriT,
mxolod moTxovnad darCeba, ukeTu ar gairkva cneba ènis xalxurobisa~.
mwerlis enaSi unda iyos Tavmoyrili yvela is sulier-intele-
qtualuri monapovari, rac Tavisi cxovrebis gzaze ers Seuqmnia. amitomacaa,
rom poetis savsebiT kanonieri moTxovniT, WeSmarit qarTvel mwerals
amouwurav sulier sazrdos miscems qarTuli ena, `romelic hbrwyinavs,
Cuens saRmrTo werilSi, `vefxistyaosanSi~, `ZuelTa da axalTa leqsSi da
TviT svanis simReraSic~. maSasadame, aq savsebiT samarTlianad dgas
moTxovna, romelic scnobs Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac erovnuli
energiis gamomxatveli, pirvel yovlisa, samwerlo enaa da misi Semoqmedi
WeSmariti xelovani _ mwerali, romelsac `hswavlasa~ da mxatvrul
ostatobasTan erTad aqvs `niWi bunebiTi~. amgvar niWs ki, romelic atkbobs
da siamovnebas aniWebs adamians, g. wereTlis sapirispirod grigol
orbeliani xedavs `saqarTvelos istoriisa~ da `kacia-adamianis~ avtoris
nawerSi.
26
grigol orbelianis zemoaRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi aqtualur Zalas
inarCunebs dResac yvela imaTTvis, visac qarTuli samwerlo enis bedi da
momavali awuxebs.
* * *
ra azri aqvs adamianis sicocxles, mis arsebobas saerTod?
am kiTxvas yvela droSi exeboda da exeba rogorc aRmosavluri, aseve
dasavluri literatura. saerTod, rogorc cnobilia, `sicocxlis sazrisis
problema erT-erTi wamyvani problemaa qarTvel romantikosTa
SemoqmedebaSi~ (r. balanCivaZe).
rasakvirvelia, romantizmisa da romantikuli literaturis
specifikis kvalobaze adamianis arsebobis problema ara mxolod sakuTriv
sicocxlis azrisa da raobis sakiTxadaa danaxuli, aramed mWidrodaa
gadawnuli am problemis sxva, ufro mistikur-religiur modifikaciebTan:
es iqneba bedisweris, qristianuli tanjvisa da arsebobis azris, Tu sxva
sakiTxebi.
jer kidev axalgazrda grigol orbelianisaTvis (1827-1832 w.w.)
sicocxle swrafmavalia. `nu ggonia siWabuke marad iyvnes ganuyreli~,
radgan, poetis azriT, ùlmobel dros miaqvs~ sicocxlis xalisiT aRsavse
axalgazrdoba. amitomac mimarTavs igi erT Tavis megobars _ èrT wamsac
nu dahkargav, ilxine da gaixareo~ (àntons~). grigol orbelianis pirovnul
gamocdilebazea amozrdili ùrwmuno soflis~ `muxTlobis~ Semcveli
azri, romelic nakarnaxevia imiT, rom `yovelsa keTilsa aqvs mxolod wami
myofoba~ (`gazafxuli~). aseT ganwyobilebaTa arsebobis pirobebSi
poetisaTvis erTaderTi bednierebaa Troba, TrobiT miRweuli Tavdaviwyeba
uiolebs adamians tvirTs cxovrebisas: `muxTals am sofels gsurs visaca
iyo bednier, siyvaruliTa da RviniTa Cemebr daiTver! daRupe eSySi da
RvinoSi yovli simware~ (`mirzajanas epitafia~). magram amgvar gancdaTa
arseboba sruliad ar gulisxmobs, rom poetis guli dapyrobili ar iyos
sicocxlis sixaruliT. mas swored am sixarulis warmavlobaze fiqri
stanjavs: àw vxarob, marama mtanjavs es fiqri, rom sixarulsac aqvs
dasasruli~ _ wers is erTgan, magram rac dro gadis, grigol orbelianis
SemoqmedebaSi ufro gamokveTil saxes iZens adamianis arsebobis azris
qristianuli interpretacia. mxolod RvTaebrivi Sinaarsis mqone sulieri
sawyisi aris ukvdavi da maradiuli am qveyanaze; `yvela icvalos, yvela
mokvdes, damiwdes, da mxolod wrfeli suli, wminda cxoveli, mRvTada aR-
vides nawilaki mRvTebri~ (`Cemi epitafia~, 1839 w.). poeti araerTgzis
miuTiTebs wuTisoflis amaoebaze, gautanlobasa da cvalebadobaze: `he,
cru sofelo, daundobelo, SenSi keTili sad aris fer-ucvlel?~ (`Tamaris
mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~). poetisaTvis arsebobis azris Sesaxeb fiqri
da msjeloba garkveulad RvTaebasTan Seziarebaa da did sulier
amaRlebas moiTxovs: misi leqsi `fsalmuniT~, esaa adamianis sicocxlis
azris wminda qristianuli TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba _ daxasiaTeba, romelic
gulisxmobs da moicavs Tavis TavSi mwvave socialuri Rirebulebis
matarebel miznebsac, iqneba es moyvasisadmi uangaro siyvaruli, Tu
mamulisaTvis Tavis gawirvis RvTaebrivi movaleoba. `sofeli imad ara
Rirs, kaci natrobdes Jams grZelsa; Tu fuWi misi sicocxle vera ras
argebs mamulsa~ _ ambobs erT SemTxvevaSi (`sadRegrZelo~), grigol
orbeliani da adamianuri arsebobis sayrden mcnebad, misi sulieri
amaRlebis pirobad codvaTagan ganwmendis faqti miaCnia.
grigol orbelianis pesimistur ganwyobilebaTa wyarod xSirad
gamodis martooba. martoobiT gamowveuli sevda grigol orbelianis
27
SemoqmedebaSi gzas xsnis sicocxlis azris mistikur-religiuri, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi qristianuli interpretaciisaTvisac. locvanis eniT gamoxatavs
poeti amgvar ganwyobilebebs da fsalmunebisadmi Tavis midrekilebas,
Teoriuli poziciidan amarTlebs kidec.
mogvianebiT, Tavis cnobil `sadRegrZeloSi~, igi gatacebiT
mogviTxrobs `qristes naTeliT ganaTlebul~ da `jvarisa ZaliT~
garSemortymul mefe mirianze. àxali aRTqmis ZaliT~ _ `Zveli iveriis~
`bnels sarwmunoebis~ damxobaze. masTan SedarebiT qristianobis simaRlesa
da upiratesobaze, gansakuTrebuli kdemamosileba axlavs qristianuli
sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavganwirul pirovnebaTa gaxsenebas, iqneba es qeTevan
dedofali, romlis saxeli `sulis simaRles gvimtkicebs zecad didebis
aRmsvleli~, Tu kaxeTis gmirebi da Zmebi xerxeuliZeebi. mamulisaTvis
Tavganwiruli gmirebi poetisaTvis arian `wminda msxverpli cad
Sewirulni~. grigol orbelianis poeturi mrwamsiT, mamulisadmi siyvaruli
RmrTisadmi samsaxuris dadasturebaa da amdenad, religiuri rwmena misTvis
xidia, raTa erTmaneTs daukavSirdes amqveyniuri qvelmoqmedeba da rwmena
sulis arsebobisa.
bunebaSi Semavali yoveli procesi grigol orbelianma dainaxa
rogorc RmerTis nebas daqvemdebarebuli aqti da amitomac TviT sikvdilis
procesic dadebiTi Sinaarsis movlenadaa CaTvlili mis mier: `RmerTo, vin
miswvdes Sengan qmnils mis fer uTvalavs Svenebas? sibneles aqrob
naTeliT, sikvdiliT hbadav cxovrebas!~ _ wers poeti `sadRegrZeloSi~.
sicocxlis azris, misi mSvenierebis amgvari ganmartebisas aq, grigol
orbeliani Tavis ganwyobilebebiTa da TvalsazrisiTac namdvili
romantikosis poziciaze dgas. magram misTvis niSandoblivia sicocxlis
azris Segnebisa da samyaros xilvis iseTi gzac, roca sicocxlis
amaRlebis gancdisa da am niadagze warmoSobili sevdisagan Tavis daRwevas,
mis CaxSobas, poeti TavdaviwyebiT cdilobs.
grigol orbelianisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, Rvino aris yofiTi tvirTis
Semsubuqebis erTi am saSualebaTagani. esaa swored e. w. àRmosavluri~
motivis gamoxatuleba.
Rvinis gandideba, rogorc Tavdaviwyebis saSualebisa, mainc ar
niSnavs, rom mxolod aqamde dahyavdes poets sicocxlis azri. aRmosavluri
poeziisagan gansxvavebiT, grigol orbelianisaTvis Tavdaviwyeba
sicocxliT tkbobis erTi mxarea da sicocxlis tkbobis faqti ukve
TavisTavad miuTiTebs, rom es ganwyobileba misi poeziis warmmarTveli anu
sayrdeni Sinaarsi ki araa, aramed formaSi gamJRavnebuli erTgvari
mxatvruli tendencia, maSinac ki, roca `muxambazSi~ siyvarulis eSxiT
mTvrali ityvis: `nu masmev Rvinos, uRvinod var mTvral Senis eSxiT... mag
vardis nacvlad masune vards Sens Rawvze gaSlils~.
grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi Rvinisadmi gamomJRavnebuli
Tayvaniscema arsebobis azris gaufasurebisa da adamianis bedis
undoblobisagan xsnis gza ki ara, aramed Sav bedTan da mouwesrigebel
samyarosTan morigebis erTi pirobaa (àzarfeSaze~).
esaa aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mijnaze mcxovrebi qarTveli kacis
gancda miwiuri cxovrebisa, specifikurad qarTuli damokidebulebis
gamovlena Rvinisadmi, qarTulisa, romelSic miwieri grZnoba sicocxlisa,
erwymis zeciurze warmodgenas.
* * *
siyvarulis grZnobis aRqma-gansaxierebis TvalsazrisiT grigol
orbeliani is poetia, romelmac am metad rTuli grZnobis daxasiaTebisas
28
gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoavlina Tavisi sulieri moZraobis
daxatvisadmi.
grigol orbelianis rwmeniT, siyvaruli sicocxlis mSveneba da
gvirgvinia (`sicocxle Svenobs siyvaruliTa~), tanjva ki amaRlebs da
ukvdavs qmnis am grZnobas adamianis TvalSi~ (`n.~).
`sadRegrZeloSi~ ukve poeti siyvarulis, rogorc maRali rigis
sulieri movlenis qebaTa-qebas iZleva: `movigonoT siyvaruli, romliT
sicocxle gvitkbeba, romliT kaci mSvenierobs, maSin TviT RmerTs
emsgavseba~.
siyvarulis daxasiaTebis procesSi grigol orbelianisaTvis su-
lieriT aRtaceba ar gamoricxavs fizikuriT gatacebas da piriqiT. es ori
momenti monacvleobs mis fantaziaSi da maT gareSe poetisaTvis
warmoudgenelia WeSmariti gancda siyvarulisa. siyvarulis mimdinareobis
fsiqologiur momentzea aseve yuradReba gamaxvilebuli leqsebSi: àntons~,
`n-dmi~, `saRamo gamosalmebisa~ da `mogoneba~.
* * *
grigol orbelianma gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT dagvixasiaTa samSoblo
_ qveynis warsuli da amiT aamaRla qarTvelis warmodgenaSi patriotuli
grZnobis done.
qarTul mwerlobaSi gr. orbeliani erTi im pirvel poetTagani iyo,
romelsac aRmoaCnda gansakuTrebulad daxvewili kultura Cveni warsulis
dafasebisa da unari, raTa aqtualuri Sinaarsi mieniWebina am
warsulisaTvis.
gr. orbeliani im xelovanTagania qarTul literaturaSi, vinc swored
miTiuri ieriT amaRlebul farnaozis saxelidan moyolebuli erekles
CaTvliT gaacocxla da erTgvari mxatvruli sistematizacia moaxdina
saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulisa. mis poeziaSi marto gancxadebis saxes
ki ar iRebs mamuliSviluri mowodebani: `misi saxeli kicxviTa maradis
ixsenebodes, vinca saRmrTosa siyvaruls mamulisadmi ar grZnobdes~, `da
movkvdeT, Tu ki sikvdiliT vadidebT missa saxelsao~.
gr. orbeliani daJinebiT cdilobs erTmTavrobis SemomRebi da
qarTuli anbanis Semqmnel farnaozis, CvenSi `qristes naTelis~Semomtani
mirianis, uZlevel miTiur gmirad qceul `muzarad mgel-lom gamosaxuli~
vaxtang gorgaslis, saqarTvelos `feniqsebr ganmaaxlebeli~ daviT
aRmaSenebelis da didebuli Tamar mefis gaxsenebas. poets arc SoTa
rusTaveli, brZeni Wyondideli, `lomebr guladi~ mxargrZeli da gamrekeli
aviwydeba, magram gr. orbelianisaTvis saTayvanebeli ideali mainc Tamaris
droSis qveS gaerTianebuli saqarTveloa. qarTvelTa erTianoba aris
swored gr. orbelianis warmodgenaSi Cveni eris momavali sicocxlis
piroba. poeti drois cvlas adevnebs Tvals, masSi sidiadis, erovnuli sia-
mayis grZnobas marto aRzevebuli saqarTvelos saxe ki ar iwvevs, aramed
aranaklebi poeturi ZaliTa da mZafri patriotuli vnebiT xatavs igi,
tanjul viTarebaSi moqceuli qarTveli xalxis sulieri utexobis
etalonad qceul gmirTa saxeebs. mahmadianur garemocvaSi myof
qarTvelTaTvis raindul qvelmoqmedebisa da Tavis gamoCenis sarbiels
sarwmunoebisa da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba warmoadgenda. amitomac iqceva
`mamulisaTvis tanjul~ da `sarwmunoebis damcveli~ qeTevan dedoflis
mowamebrivi pirovneba misTvis samagaliTo gamZleobis nimuSad; am
gancdiTaa danaxuli da Sefasebuli `kaxeTis mxsneli gmirebis~: elizbar,
Salvas da biZinas saxelebi, cxra Zma xerxeuliZe, Tu erisa da mefisaTvis
Tavdadebuli bevri sxva piri.
29
gr. orbeliani arc `swavlis moyvare~, `goneba amaRlebuli~, magram
`sve-gamwarebul~ saqarTvelos mefe vaxtang VI-s iviwyebs. magram dacemuli
saqarTvelos dideba da imedic poetisaTvis mainc, `mamacTa Soris
sakvirveleba~ patara kaxi, mefe iraklia da TanamedroveobisaTvis ra
ubedurebaa, rom `dideba iveriisa masTan marxia samares~. gr. orbelianis
poeziaSi Cveni qveynis warsulidan kidev mravali gmiris saxeli aris
moxmobili. es saxelebi axal sicocxles sZenen da axal Zalasac hmateben
gr. orbelianis warmodgenaSi aw ukve `damcirebuli~ saqarTvelos awmyos.
mkiTxvelis TvalSi ase itvirTeba konkretuli istoriuli masaliT
qarTvelTa dasafasebeli sanaqebo warsuli da am poeturi gancdiTve
mkvidr niadags poulobs maTi xsovna CvenSi. gr. orbeliani òxvriT
sanatreli~ warsulis mogonebas imitom ki ar mimarTavs, rom masSi
CaiZiros, aramed Tanamedrove saqarTvelo Seapirispiros am warsulTan da
Tanamemamuleebs Seaxsenos: `rad ar gaxsovs ZeTa SenTa, xmalTa krialio~.
30
didebulia warsuli, sidiade axlavs mis gaxsenebas. amaRlebuli
warmodgenebi asazrdoebs warsulis kuTvnil yovel movlenas, rasac ki
qvelmoqmedebis ieri dahkravs.
leqsSi ìaralis~ gr. orbeliani, marTalia, sevdianad moTqvams:
`guls ewuxebis, ra agondebis dReni warsulsa netarebisa~, magram aqve misi
mizani mainc isaa, Tu `vin aRCndes gmiri, rom mis Zlieri, beds daZinebuls
xma aRadgendes~.
beTaniaSi Tamaris freskis winaSe, erTi SexedviT, awmyoze uimedod
xelCaqneuli poetis locviTi formiT gadmocemuli ocnebaa, rom Tamaris
ìveri aRsdges Zlieri, da dadges erad sxva erTa Soris~. samSoblo _
qveynisadmi siyvaruli gr. orbelianisaTvis mxolod istoriul pirTa
gaxsenebiT ar Semoifargleba. poeti migvaniSnebs im fizikur, bunebrivi
siyvarulis grZnobazec, romelic qarTvel kacs akavSirebs sakuTar
qveyanasTan, mis miwasTan, `bumberaz mTasTan~, àlmasebr ufskruls cvenil~
TergTan, `kojris niavTan~ da `ca mSvenier~ saqarTvelosTan, mis
bunebasTan, saerTod.
* * *
gr. orbeliani yuradRebas amaxvilebs mwvave socialur sakiTxebzec.
wuTisoflis amaoebis, adamianis sicocxlis warmavlobisa da si-
cocxlis azris Sesaxeb gansjiTi, SegonebiTi, Tu mWevrmetyveluri brZnuli
msjelobebiTaa avsebuli gr. orbelianis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis TiTqmis
yvela etapze Seqmnili leqsi.
gr. orbelianis qristianuli humanizmi aqtualur socialur simZafres
mainc maSin aRwevs, rodesac poeti fsalmunis gavleniT iwyebs qadagebas.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom socialur sakiTxTa gaSuqeba-
daxasiaTebisas amgvar qristianul humanizmze, dafuZnebuli pozicia gr.
orbelianis mxolod poeturi pozicia araa, igi misi moqalaqeobrivi
mrwamsis gamomxatvelicaa, razec miuTiTebs Tundac poetis `sityva...
warmoTqmuli 1863 wels Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa krebaze~. am
sityvaSi gr. orbeliani exeba ra batonymobis, rogorc garkveuli
socialuri institutis dromoWmulobas, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT
Seuwynareblad miaCnia, rom RvTis mier Tanasworad gaCenili adamianebi
urTierTs Cagravdes.
poetisaTvis Rirebul Tvisebas da kacur kacobas, bunebisagan mo-
madlebuli maRalzneobrivi adamianuri niSnebi qmnian (`muxambazi~).
gr. orbelianis qristianuli suliskveTebiT gaSinaarsebul socialur
mrwamsze SedarebiT mkafiod misi `muSa boqulaZe~ migvaniSnebs.
* * *
gr. orbelians, mravali cnobili romantikosis msgavsad, miaCnia, rom
bunebis mSveniereba urTules fenomenTagania da misi wvdoma gamorCeul
unars moiTxovs xelovanisagan. bunebaSi gamovlenili mSveniereba RmerTis,
Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili mSvenirebaa da Cveulebriv adamians misi
srulyofilad aRwerisaTvis ar Seswevs Zala. es azri kargadaa gamoxatuli
gr. orbelianis moTxroba `mogzaurobis~ im striqonebSi, sadac kavkasionis
mTebis silamazea aRwerili.
gr. orbeliani, iseve rogorc yoveli romantikosi, yovelTvis
sakuTari gancdebis Sesatyviss eZebs da poulobs bunebaSi, iqneba es
patriotuli grZnobis gansaxierebisas, Tu sasiyvarulo gancdaTa
daxasiaTebis procesSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa leqsebi:
`gazafxuli~, `Rame~, `mogoneba~, àlbomSi Rrafinia opermanisas~ da
31
gansakuTrebiT poema `sadRegrZelo~, `saRamo gamosalmebisa~, ìaralis~,
misi prozauli `mogzaurobis~... (dRiuris) calkeuli adgilebi.
* * *
gr. orbelianis _ `Cems das efemias~ qarTuli epistolaruli lirikis
Sedevrs warmoadgens, Tanac iseT nawarmoebs, romlis badali
epistolaruli lirikis sferoSi Cvens sinamdvileSi manamde sxva ar
mogvepoveba.
unda iTqvas, rom yovelgvari miZRvniTi xasiaTis leqsi ar SeiZleba
gavaigiveoT epistolarul lirikasTan, epistolaruli leqsi swored
werilobiTi, baraTis formiT warmodgenili mimarTvaa, sadac gadmoSlilia
subieqtis sulieri cxovrebis uintimuresi fenebi.
`Cems das efemias~ imTaviTve swored èpistoles~ formiTaa Seqmnili:
marTlac, roca vkiTxulobT didi Sinagani intimiT aRsavse leqsis
umSvenieres sawyiss striqonebs da bolos ki mis finals, aq ara mxolod
mimarTvis formebi, sakuTari pirovnul samyaroze mimTiTebeli gamoTqmebia
epistolaruli, lirikuli atmosferos Semqmneli, aramed gardasul dReTa
mogonebis is TxrobiTi forma, romelSic moqceulia grigol orbelianis
mware naRveliT Seferili pirovnuli sulieri cxovrebis istoria. poetis
CaRrmaveba sakuTar TavSi, gaxseneba da xelaxali aSla ganvlili
grZnobebisa, aRZravs wuTisoflis amaoebze fiqrs, ùsagnod, uimedod~
yofnis gancdas. ùbedobis~ grigalis qrolva~, Sobs `gulis siRrmiT
aRmosul òxvras~ da amtkicebs sasomixdil mgosanSi im azris
WeSmaritebas, rom `mwuxarebis dros Jamni mswraflni vlian nelad~. aseT
pirobebSi sakuTari ubedurebis Segnebas aorkecebs imis gaxseneba, Tu
samSoblosaken momavali poeti `mSoblis xvevnis wil~ ranairad xvdeba `mis
samares~. gr. orbeliani am leqsSi pirovnul-individualuri gancdis
ganzogadebas axdens; amitomac gvxvdeba aq miTiTeba ùbedobasa~ da
`velursa~ da `sazarel~ ucnob `xmaze~, romelic misi sulieri cxovrebis
mamoZravebel motivTagania. am niSniTac uwevs is erTgvar literaturul
winaprobas Tavis genialur diswuls, romelic ramdenime wlis Semdeg
Seqmnis ukvdav `merans~... garda amisa, daZmobis Temaze qarTul
literaturaSi arc gr. orbelianamde da arc Semdeg ar vxvdebiT iseTi
siRrmiT daweril leqss, romelic pirovnul-intimurSi aTavsebdes ase
Rrmad zogadsa da filosofiur wyobas gancdisa da azrisa, riTac `Cems
das efemias~ xasiaTdeba. gr. orbelianma epistolarul formaSic moaxerxa
egrZnobinebina mkiTxvelisaTvis uaRresad pirovnul-individualur
gancdaTa socialuri Rirebuleba, roca filosofiuri dafiqrebis
elementebiT datvirTva disadmi mimarTuli epistole-leqsi.
* * *
gr. orbeliani Cvens literaturaSi cnobilia, rogorc gansa-
kuTrebuli polemikuri niWiTac dajildoebuli poeti.
qarTuli polemikuri lirikis istoriaSi gr. orbeliani jerovan
adgils daiWers, radgan Tavis droze am poets, garkveuli socialur-
politikuri viTarebisa da pirovnul mizezTa gamo, SesaZlebloba mieca
Seemowmebina sakuTari mxatvruli talantis Zala polemikis sferoSic. ukve
mxcovan poets, gangebam wilad arguna polemikaSi Cabmuliyo polemikuri
unariT dajildoebul iseT talantebTan, rogornic axalgazrda ilia
WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli iyvnen. rasakvirvelia, aseT brwyinvale saxelTa
garemocvaSi, gr. orbelianis avtoritetis CarTva met interess sZens
qarTul literaturaSi XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaSlil polemikas da
32
kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs asakobrivad Warmagi poetis gonebriv simkvir-
cxlesa da gulmxurvalebaSi.
iliam da akakim, rogorc cnobilia, sazogado asparezze gamosvla
SeteviT daiwyes... es ukve imas niSnavs, rom maT savsebiT gacnobierebuli
hqondaT polemikis saniSned aRebuli obieqtis Rirsebac da naklic, xolo
rodesac 70-ian wlebSi kritikul-publicisturi Janridan lirikis sferoSi
gadainacvla polemikam, aq maT uRalato sayrdenad iqca didi mxatvruli
talantiT nasazrdoebi laRi poeturi fantazia da WeSmarit mgosanTa
utyuari iaraRi _ mdidari enobrivi alRo da sityvieri resursebi.
gr. orbeliani TavdacviT poziciaSi aRmoCnda. Tavdamsxmelisagan
Tavis dacva, raoden samarTliani ar unda iyos sakuTari Rirsebis
damcveli, yovelTvis Seudareblad ufro Znelia, radgan umetesad
Tavdasxma moulodnelobas gulisxmobs.
gr. orbelianis polemikuri niWis gamomavlinebeli sababi gamxdara,
ilia WavWavaZis mier 1871 wlis 7 dekembriT daTariRebuli leqsi
`gamocanebi~, sadac satirulad gakenwlilia mravali pirovneba.
`gamocanebSi~ moxseniebuli yvela piri iliaseburi daundobeli da
mrisxane satiris sagnadaa qceuli ise, rom yvelgan maT garegnulad
laqiur qcevasTan gaigivebulia sulieri portreti. ufro zustad, satiris
obieqtad warmosaxul moRvaweTa garegnuli daxasiaTeba gviqmnis srul
warmodgenas maTsave sulier xatze. gr. orbelianis SemTxvevaSi oriode
frazis garda, CamoTvlilia misi Rirsebebi (garegnuli Tu Sinagani), magram
`gaubedavoba~, saqveyno interesebis samsxverploze piradulis bolomde ver
mitana iseTi moRvawisagan, romelic Tavisi arsebiT aris `saqmiT wminda~,
`gulmxurvale~, `sityva tkbili~, `Wkva maRali~, `grZnobiT savse, gonieri~,
`Zvelisa da axlis Sua SemaerTavi xidi~, romelsac ùyvars Tavisi eri~ _
ai, aseT pirovnebasac, Turme ilias azriT, `qveyana zogjer fexebzed
hkidia~...
cxadia, ilia WavWavaZisagan, romelmac yvelazed kargad icoda, fasi
da mniSvneloba gr. orbelianisa, `gaubedaobisa~ da saqveyno interesebis,
Tundac zogjer miCumaTeba, `gaubedaobis~ mZime braldebad aRiqva ukve
xandazmulma grigol orbelianma.
rogorc cnobilia, `gamocanebi~ ilia sicocxleSi ar dabeWdila. am
faqts arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ilia WavWavaZis literaturuli
simpaTiebisa da misi poziciis naTelsayofad. qarTvelTa gonebrivi
moZraobis did belads, ar CauTvlia saWirod, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani
sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli figura, rogoric gr. orbeliani iyo,
moeqcia revaz andronikaSvilis da Tundac mixeil TumaniSvilis rigSi.
maTdami miZRvnil satirul qmnilebaSi poetis mraval sasikeTo TvisebaTa
aRiarebis miuxedavad, Tundac iribad gamxelili nakli beWdurad moefina
erisaTvis.
vinc gr. orbelianis adrindeli damokidebuleba icis ilia
WavWavaZisadmi da, piriqiT, am poetis iliaseul Sefasebebs icnobs, SeiZleba
moulodneli ar moeCvenos is aRSfoTeba, rasac am `WkvamaRali~, `gonieri~
pirovnebis wonasworobis rRveva rom gamouwvevia. 1872 wels poetma dawera
`gamocanebis pasuxi~, romelic amJamad `pasuxi SvilTas~ pirveli variantis
saxeliTaa cnobili. iseve, rogorc ilias `gamocanebi~, gr. orbelianis
`gamocanebis pasuxic~ xelnaweris saxiT vrceldeboda, is Sefasebulia,
rogorc `bunebiT dinji da darbaiseli, magram aw wonasworobidan
gamosuli poetis lanZRva~ (l. minaSvili).
33
etyoba, moxuci poeti fiqrobda, rom satiruli dacinvis iliaseuli
obieqtebi esoden mkacr Sefasebas ar imsaxurebdnen. saamiso safuZvels mas,
albaT, aZlevda is cocxali urTierTobani, riTac axali Taobis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen dakavSirebulni `ZvelTan~ anu e. w. `mamebTan~.
gr. orbelianis polemikas aklia is, rac argumentirebuls da amdenad,
sxvebisTvis met-naklebad sarwmunos gaxdida misi poziciis marTebulobas.
e. i. polemika ar mimdinareobs `msjeloba-mtkicebis niSniT~. bunebrivia, am
da kidev sxva faqtorebmac gaaRiziana ilia WavWavaZe, roca `pasuxi~ Seqmna
da es leqsic ilias sicocxleSi ar dabeWdila, `gamocanebis~ da gr.
orbelianis `gamocanebis pasuxis~ msgavsad isic xelnaweris saxiT
vrceldeboda.
amave, 1872 wels daiwera da kvlav xelnaweris saxiT gavrcelda akaki
wereTlis `xarabuza Renerals~.
mainc unda iTqvas, rom arabeWduri saxiT gaSlil am polemikaSi bevri
ram iyo iseTi, rac momenturi ganwyobilebis, Tu afeqtis niSniTaa
daRdasmuli. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom akakim kidev am Temaze mwvave
satiruli nawarmoebebi Seqmna, `patriotis aRsareba~, `farSevangi~, àxmed-
faSa kaxaberi~, xolo ilia WavWavaZem `gamocanebis pasuxs~ ubrwyinvalesi
`pasuxis pasuxiT~ upasuxa, maSin ufro naTeli iqneba ideuri
upiratesobebis garda, ZalTa is calmxrivi Tanafardoba, rasac am
polemikis procesSi hqonda adgili. magram aRniSnulis miuxedavad, unda
iTqvas: gr. orbelianis polemikur midgomaze mis axalgazrda oponentTa
maRalniWierma satirebma saTanado gavlena moaxdina da niadagi Seamzada
imisaTvis, rom moxuc poets Seeqmna Seudareblad ufro myari argumentebiT
datvirTuli brwyinvale patriotuli paTosiT savse leqsi, romelsac axla
`pasuxi SvilTa~ saxelwodebiT vicnobT. TavisTavad is faqti, rom gr.
orbelianma am leqsis gamoqveyneba gadawyvita da dabeWda kidec Jurnal
`ciskarSi~ 1874 wels saTauriT, `pasuxi uRirsTa SvilTa~, miuTiTebs
imazed, rom poets saWirod CauTvlia sazogadoebisaTvis miewodebina
polemikuri ieriT dawerili leqsi, sadac satiruli daxasiaTebis wridan
pirovnulad gamorTulia Cveni literaturisa da sazogadoebrivi
azrovnebis ori didi figura: ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. aq ukve arc
`liberali burTiviT mrgvali~ iliaa warmodgenili da arc àkakiebi,
bakakiebi~. gr. orbelianis `pasuxi SvilTas~ gamoqveynebis sababic kvlav
akaki wereTeli gaxlda, roca man 1872 wels gazeT `droebaSi~ gamoaqveyna,
satiruli Txzuleba àxmed-faSa kaxaberi~. rogorc miuTiTeben
`mkiTxvelisaTvis Zneli ar iyo axmed-faSa kaxaberis saxeSi grigol
orbeliani ecno~ (gr. kiknaZe). ukve 1874 wels dabeWdil gr. orbelianis
leqsSi ki araferia iseTi, rac amcirebdes didi iliasa da akakis Rvawlsa
da pirovnebas. Tuki vinmem icoda, es gr. orbelianmac kargad uwyoda, rom
ilia da akaki is pirovnebebi arian, romelTac unda ezidaT axali saqa-
rTvelos mZime uReli. amitomac poeti Tavis polemikur qmnilebaSi
pirovnul motivebs gamoricxavs da mxolod sazogadoebrivad Rirebul
movlenebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. swored aq iRebs maRal patriorul da
sazogadoebriv yuradRebas TviT iliasa da akakisagan dafasebuli da aw
ukve yvela qarTvelisaTvis lozungad qceuli mWevrmetyveluri striqonebi:
èris cxovreba,
misi dideba,
mis istoria dacul ars eniT;
ra ena waxdes
eric daeces...
34
waecxos Cirqi taZarsa wmindas!..~
roca gr. orbelianma saWirod CaTvala beWduri saxiT reagireba
moexdina Cvens cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebze, man sruliad sxva
literaturuli gaformeba misca Tavis azrebs da enis, rwmenis, eris
sasicocxlo aqtualuri problematika wamoswia wina planze, riTac
moqalaqeobrivi TvalsazrisiT aamaRla sakuTari poziciis mniSvneloba
sazogadoebis TvalSi.
* * *
gr. orbelians ekuTvnis mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo
ramdenime prozauli qmnileba. esenia: `mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam
peterburRamdis~ (1831-1832 w.w.), `dRiuri 1836 wlisa~, romelic iTvleba
`mgzavrobis~ nawilad, àn-dmi~ (1824 w.), `zamTrisa qari grialebs~ (1829),
`n.e.m.~ (1832 w.), ànbavi rigis RoSpitalSi naTqvami~ (1835 w.). gr. orbelianis
es prozauli Txzulebebi zogi dausrulebelia, zogic nawarmoebis
monaxazs warmoadgens da TavianTi literaturuli doniT araTanabari
Rirebulebisaa. rasakvirvelia, isini ver dganan im simaRleze, riTac
saxelovani mgosnis poezia gamoirCeva. albaT, amis gamo iyo, rom TviT gr.
orbelians maTi gamoqveyneba ar ucdia.
gr. orbelianis mwerluri niWi ufro gamoCnda SedarebiT mSvidi
STabeWdilebebiT datvirTul nawarmoebSi, romelsac hqvia `mgzavroba Cemi
tfilisidam peterburRamdis~. es Txzuleba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grigol
orbelianis saprogramo nawarmoebis monaxazadac miviCnioT, ramdenadac aq
gamoxatuli ideebi, mxatvrul-esTetikuri interesebi, saTanado gaSla-
gaRrmavebas ganicdis poetis xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze da naTlad
avlens rogorc mis erovnul-polemikur mrwamss, aseve samwerlo interesebs
da mxatvrul simpaTiebs. aq mravalferovan sakiTxTa wyebaze aCerebs poeti
yuradRebas: iqneba es erovnuli, socialur-politikuri, esTetikuri, eTno-
grafiuli, Tu sxv. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi erovnuli mizanswrafva
marTavs poetis interesebs. is faqti, rom gr. orbeliani erTi nawarmoebis
farglebSi Tavs uyris mraval sakiTxs, axerxebs Caatios interesTa
mravalferovneba erT qmnilebaSi, gansazRvrulia imiT, rom mwerali
mogzauris TvaliT danaxuli sinamdvilis asaxvas axdens. arqiteqtonikis
TvalsazrisiT, sakiTxTa nairferovnebis Tavmoyras amarTlebs mogzauris,
am SemTxvevaSi gr. orbelianis Tvalwin gadaSlili sinamdvilidan
miRebuli STabeWdilebebis siuxve. avtors, mocemul SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebloba eZleva yuradReba SeaCeros yvela im mtkivneul, an
saintereso kiTxvaze, rac awuxebs da romelzec msjeloba da sakuTari
azris gamoTqma mas mizanSewonilad miuCnevia.
aRiarebulia, rom `warsul saukuneebSi bevrs ar dautovebia iseTi
mniSvnelobis dokumenturi prozis nimuSi, rogoricaa gr. orbelianis
`mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam peterburRamdis~ (j. WumberiZe).
gr. orbelianis prozis romantikul xasiaTze kidev ufro afarToebs
mkiTxvelis warmodgenas misi mxatvruli eskizebi. Tu eskizebs: `zamTrisa
qari grialebs~ da ànbavi rigis RoSpitalSi naTqvami~, pirvels ufro
meditaciuri, xolo meores met-naklebi aRwerilobiTi forma aqvT,
danarCeni ori qmnileba àn...dmi~ da `n.e.m.~, SeiZleba iTqvas, epistolaruli
prozis niSnebs Seicavs. epistolaruli forma ki, rogorc cnobilia,
miCneulia romantikuli prozis specifikur mxared da mis arsebiT niSan-
Tvisebad CaTvlilia yuradRebis centrSi mwerlis pirovnuli _ `me~-s
moqceva, grZnobaTa TviTanalizi, romelic aRsarebaSia gadazrdili.
35
gr. orbelianis mdidar epistolarul memkvidreobaSic vxvdebiT
adgilebs, sadac namdvili mwerlis Tvali da xedva Cans.
* * *
grigol orbelianis esTetikuri pozicia mis mier gansaxierebuli
masalis enobriv qsovilSicaa gamosaxuli, e. i. poeti garkveulad enobrivi
masaliTac exmaureba da pasuxobs im amaRlebuli sagnis Sinaarss, rac misi
poeziis sayrdenia.
qarTul sinamdvileSi swored gr. orbelianis Semoqmedeba mkafiod
iZleva poeziaSi mWevrmetyvelebiTi xerxebis gamoyenebis yvela
SesaZleblobas: poets yvelgan etyoba lamazi azrebis, lamazi frazebis
sagangebod SerCevis survili. gr. orbelianis poezia am amaRlebul
gamoTqmaTa Tavyrilobas warmoadgens. am toniTaa dawerili `sadRegrZelo~,
`muSa boqulaZe~; `Cems das efemias~, `saRamo gamosalmebisa~, ìaralis~,
`Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~... da TiTqmis gr. orbelianis mTeli
poezia, sadac warsulis Tu warsul grZnobaTa gaxsenebis, mogonebis
formasTan gvaqvs saqme.
gr. orbelianis poezia mWevrmetyveluria ara mxolod imitom, rom aq
poeti ritorikul xerxebs iyenebs, aramed imitomac, rom gansakuTrebul
midrekilebas avlens brZnuli, Warmagi gamocdilebiT datvirTul adamianis
gonierebiT aRbeWdil azrTa mowodebisaken.
gr. orbelianis poeziis mWevrmetyveluri buneba misi `poeturi
artistizmis~ gamoxatulebaa; poeturi artistizmi e. i. mWevrmetyvelobiTi
tonis lirikaSi gadatana, mxatvruli sityvisadmi gr. orbelianis, rogorc
qarTveli romantikosis specifikurad qarTul damokidebulebas gvidgens.
es aris dadastureba erTgvari `poeturi aristokratizmisa~ qarTul
literaturaSi. yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT angariSgasawevia
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT, `pirveli qarTveli poeti, vinc seriozulad
ecada gamijvnoda Zveli qarTuli lirikis tradicias da daeZlia inercia,
iyo gr. orbeliani. am mxriv misi damsaxureba Zalze didia~. (daviT
werediani).
gr. orbelians sxvadasxva dros uTargmnia, an gadmoukeTebia
Jukovskis, puSkinis, rileevis, lermontovis, goeTes, cSokes, herderis
Txzulebebi. gr. orbelianis `dRiurebSi~ gvxvdeba SeniSvnebiT datvirTuli
STabeWdilebani ucxoel mweralTa, kompozitorTa da mxatvarTa
nawarmoebebze. am Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom gr. orbeliani icnobda
antikur miTologias, Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas, sxvadasxva dros poets
itacebda rusi mwerlebidan: puSkini, Jukovski, krilovi, griboedovi,
ucxoeli avtorebidan: petrarka, volteri, didro, dalamberi da herderi,
moqandakeebidan da mxatvrebidan: miqelanjelo, rafaeli, rubensi, tenirsi,
beghemi, greigi, nikola puseni, lebruni, falkoneti, korejo,
kompozitorebidan Cveni poeti moxibluli yofila mocartiT, veberiTa da
rosiniT. gr. orbeliani gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT axsenebs msaxiobTagan
moCalovs.
* * *
grigol orbelians gansakuTrebiT aqvs gamaxvilebuli yuradReba
enobriv fenomenze da ara mxolod Tavis poeziaSi eZebs enobrivi grZnobis
Sesabamis formebs, aramed mas mkafiod aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom daxvewili
qarTuliT wera aris maRali Rirebulebis mqone literaturis arsebobis
ZiriTadi piroba.
36
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi saxelovani poetis adgilisa da
Rirsebebis Sesafaseblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos ilia
WavWavaZis azrs `< ... > gr. orbelians, rogorc poets win veravin
gadaurbens am mecxramete saukuneSi < ... > erTs evropul gazeTSi naTqvami
iyo, rom erTi udidesi lirikosia am mecxramete saukunisao~.
37
nikoloz baraTaSvili
(1817-1845)
`winaswarmetyveli~ da `winamorbedi axali cxovrebis ganTiadisa~ _
ase uwoda `qarTuli poeziis ialbuzad~ aRiarebulma ukvdavi `ganTiadis~
avtorma akaki wereTelma didebul mgosans _ nikoloz baraTaSvils.
marTlac, mravalsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobaSi nikoloz bara-
TaSvilis garda ar arsebobs meore Semoqmedi, romelsac ase xanmokled
ecxovros amqveynad da esoden masStaburi memkvidreoba daetovebinos. misi
Rrma, mxatvruli interesebi da daxvewili, faqizi gemovneba mxolod imas
mowmobs, Tu raoden aqtiurad momarTul SemoqmedebiT movlenasTan gvaqvs
saqme, poetTan, romelic Tavisi nawerebiT tols ar udebs msoflioSi
aRiarebul romantikosTa mxatvrul xilvebsa da naazrevs.
* * *
nikoloz baraTaSvili daibada 1817 wlis 15/27 dekembers, TbilisSi.
poetis deda efemia _ Cveni saxelovani mgosnis grigol orbelianis da
gaxldaT. misi sulieri simdidre da fizikuri momxibvleloba
TanamedroveTa yuradRebas iqcevda da momavlis TvalSi mxatvrulad
samaradJamodac aris ukvdavyofili saTayvanebeli Zmis leqsiT _ `Cems das
efemias~. nikoloz baraTaSvili, sulieri sinaTliT savse dedis da
saxelovani didedis _ erekle mefis SviliSvilis _ xoreSanis
zedamxedvelobis qveS izrdeboda. axlobelTa gadmocemiT, am mandilosanTa
wyalobiT eziara momavali poeti saRvTo werils, mdidar Zvel qarTul
mwerlobas. nikoloz baraTaSvilis mama _ melitoni, baraTaSvilTa gvaris
STamomavali, ar iyo mdidari memamule, magram TanamedroveobaSi, rogorc
WeSmarit qarTvels Seefereba, _ cnobili gaxldaT Tavisi xelgaSlilobiT,
puradobiTa da alal gulTan Serwymuli sificxiT. Tu misi mama da tatos
papa _ niko, antirusuli orientaciis pirovneba iyo da Seurigebeli darCa
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis moSlis, saerTod, axali wyobilebis
politikisadmi, risTvisac is imperiuli Zalebis risxvas imsaxurebda,
melitoni Tavisi Semrigebluri bunebiT gamoirCeoda. is kargad flobda
rusulsa da aRmosavlur enebs da axerxebda axal xelisuflebasTan
TanamSromlobas. melitons imdeni ndobac daumsaxurebia, rom jer
samsaxurSi maioris Cinamde miuRwevia, xolo Semdeg, samoqalaqo karieris
gza aurCevia, saidumlo mrCevlad, Tarjimnad umuSavia da Tbilisis
TavadaznaurTa winamZRoladac dawinaurebula. is ki ara, umaRlesi
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobaSi imdenad ndobiT aRWurvil pirad
Tvlidnen, rom saqarTveloSi nikoloz I-is Camosvlisas (1837 w.) misTvis
imperatoris Tarjimnobac ki dauvalebiaT.
nikoloz baraTaSvils oTxi da (ekaterine, babale, nino (ninuca),
sofio (apliputila) hyolia, patara Zma (daviTi), romelic mogvianebiT
SesZenia efemiasa da melitons, didi sixarulis momtani yofila
ojaxisaTvis, magram, samwuxarod, mcirewlovani gardacvlila.
ojaxSi rigian, tradiciul, qarTul ganaTlebis sawyisebs naziarebi
nik. baraTaSvili Tbilisis `keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi~ miubarebiaT. es
saswavlebeli Semdeg gimnaziad gadakeTda. aq swavlebis bolo periodSi
nikolozi kibidan Camovardnila da sabolood dakoWlebula. am garemoebam
garkveulad Seaferxa poetis ocneba _ samxedro ganaTleba mieRo da
cxovrebaSi am xaziT dawinaurebuliyo. momaval poets gimnaziaSi im drois
mravali cnobili maswavlebeli aswavlida, magram gansakuTrebuli kvali
mainc mis sulier ganviTarebaSi daamCnia gamoCenilma qarTvelma filo-
sofosma, literatorma, gramatikosma, mTargmnelma da politikurma
38
moRvawem solomon dodaSvilma. nikoloz baraTaSvilis mowafeo-
bisdroindel megobarTagan SemdgomSi mravali cnobili mwerali da
sazogado moRvawe gaxda. aseTebi iyvnen: mixeil TumaniSvili, daviT
maCabeli, konstantine mamacaSvili, levan meliqiSvili, dimitri yifiani da
sxv. CamoTvlil pirTagan, zogierTma mSvenieri da didi poetis biografiul
cnobaTa simwiris pirobebSi, sadReisod metad Zvirfasi mogoneba da
naambobi dautova STamomavlobas.
nikoloz baraTaSvilma gimnaziaSi 1835 wlamde dahyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saqarTvelodan moSorebuli sayvareli biZa grigol orbeliani
bevrs wers saimedo momavlis mqone diswulis gonebriv ganviTarebaze, unda,
rom is saxelmwifo xarjze sauniversiteto codnas eziaros, ara imdenad
meliton baraTaSvilis ojaxis nivTieri xelmokleobis, aramed swored
mamis mZime avadmyofobis gamo, misi daJinebuli moTxovniT,1 poeti samsaxurs
iwyebs uzenaes sasamarTlo palataSi moxeled da ukve ramdenime mxatvruli
Sedevris avtori iZulebulia mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi ojaxis
interesebis angariSgasawevad ymawvilma kacma didi moTminebiT gaswios
yoveldRiuri wvrilmanebebiT aRsavse Cinovnikis mZime uReli, magram nik.
baraTaSvilis cxovrebis am etapis Sesaxeb tradiciulad ganmtkicebuli
Sexedulebis gverdiT, arsebobs sxva versiac, romelsac garkveulad
iziarebs didi mgosani akaki wereTelic.2
ilia WavWavaZis ìveriaSi~ 1893 wels gamoqveynebuli am cnobis
mixedviT, `baroni rozeni, saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli Camovida Tu ara
TfilisSi, daaTvaliera keTilSobilTa saswavleblis pan
1 nikoloz baraTaSvilis mamasTan urTierTobis dasaxasiaTeblad
angariSgasawevia oTar jinorias dakvirveba. `rom Cveni mkvlevarebi,
samwuxarod, ar uRrmavdebian tatos `mamis problemas~. melitonis,
dakninebuli qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis am damaxasiaTebeli
warmomadgenlis yofa-cxovreba da Tavis genialur pirmSosTan
damokidebuleba iseve Seicavs Rrma socialur azrs, rogorc magaliTad,
franc kafkas an uiliam tenesis TavianT mamebTan kapitalisturi biznesis
am tipur mesveurebTan konfliqtebi~. (ix. o.jinoria, nikoloz baraTaSvilis
romantizmisaTvis, Tsu Sromebi, t. 163; Tb. 1975, gv. 89.
2 akaki wereTeli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali~, ix. krebuli: akaki wereTeli
literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2004, gv. 84.
39
sioni da IV klasis moswavleTa Soris Tavis adiutantad airCia aw
gansvenebuli Tavadi l. i. meliqiSvili, mis amxanagebs metad guls
daakldaT, nametnavad tatos, amxanagis ganSoreba. saxelovanma axalgazrda
tatom Tavis gulis wyroma baron rozenze warmoacaliera Tavis cxare
werilSi, dabeWda igi petre bagrationis (Tavis amxanagis) beWdiT laqze
cda yazaxs, imxanad fostis matareblis xelSi werilebis gasinjvis dros _
Cvens saxelze werili xom ar aris rao, _ Caudo Cumad davTarSi. rozeni
aenTo amisTana SeuracxyofisaTvis. daniSna gamoZieba da beWdiTYaRmoaCines
tatos bralianoba. tatom, rogorc imave TaviT didsulovanma, warbic ar
Seixara. petre bagrationi daariga, eTqva _ beWedi Cemia, magram ara vici-ra,
uTuod mompares da ise dahkres laqzedao, TviT ido Tavs danaSauli da
yovelive dawvrilebiT aRiara gamoZiebis winaSe da aravin amxanagTagani
danaSaulSi ar gahria.
tato ori kviriT daamwyvdies calke rkinis cxavgadakrul sardafSi
da am xnis ganmavlobaSi amxanagni Cumad uzidavdnen saukeTeso saWmel-
sasmels, daqrTamulis mosamsaxuris xeliT. ori kviris Semdeg ki unda
samasi wkepla (rozgi) daekraT. gamoarCies asi Segirdi da maTgan TiTos
sam-sami unda daekra. garozgvis win madlianma maswavlebelma (III da IV
klasebSi werisa da geografiisam) Segirdebs aswavla rozgis dartyma ise,
rom tato ar gaewvalebinaT. es maswavlebeli iyo pavle ivaniC Sapulini.
daniSnul dRes mosamsaxureebs mihyavdaT tato da bolos ki
maswavlebelni _ asi SegirdiT. tato garozges dedamisis Tvalwin,
gansvenebul gr. orbelianis saxlis maxloblad. (orbelianTYubanSi idga
baraTaSvili). garozgvis dros melitoni dasZaxoda: magrad dahkaT mag
saZagelso! deda ki ixveweboda _ apatieTi. tato amxnevebda dedas _ me amiT
ver momklaven da enas ver momWriano...
garozgvis dros tatos krintic ar dauZravs. isev pansionSi darCa.
erTi wlis Semdeg tatom Seugdo rozens aivanze samaxsovro naxati,
romelzedac baroni abuCad iyo agdebuli. eWvi miitanes tatoze da
amisaTvis gamoricxes saswavleblidan. raki naTesaoba didkacoba hyavda, igi
gaamweses mwerlad sagubernio sammarTveloSi, sadac stolnaCalnikoba
miiRo, mere mdivnoba. bolos ganjaSi gaamweses naCalnikis TanaSemwed da
iqve gardaicvala.
sagubernio sammarTveloSi samsaxuris dros tatom dawera ramdenime
leqsi, romelSic tfilisis somxoba masxrad hyavda agdebuli. amisaTvis
erTs bnels saRamos, sionis quCaSi, daxurul bazris gaswvriv momaval
tatos dauxvda ori ucnobi somexi, Camoacves Tavze tomara, waaqcies da
Zalian scemes. mcemelni iyvnen pansionSi naamxanagari somxebi (naambobi
tatos naamxanagaris 73 wlis moxucis Tavad giorgi mixeilis Ze
andronikaSvilisa)~1.
zogierTi detali am naambobSi SeiZleba dasazustebelic iyo,
1 p. cxviloeli, nikoloz (tato) baraTaSvili Tbilisi,
`keTilSobilTa saswavleblis meoTxe klasSi~. gaz. ìveria~, 1893, IV, #79.
Sdr. saistorio moambe, #65-66, Tb. 1993-1994 w.w. gv. 316-317.
40
magram faqtia, rom is nasazrdoebia msusxavi sinamdvilis realobiT,
marTlac, meliton baraTaSvili Tavisi Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobiT,
sazogadoebrivi reputaciiT da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTac ise ar
yofila, rom Tavisi erTaderTi maRali idealebis vaJi mxolod imisaTvis,
rom ojaxs marCenali hyoloda mosawyeni Cinovnikuri samsaxurisaTvis
gaemetebina. vfiqrobT, am informaciaSi erTgvarad irekleba didi poetis
kulturul-politikuri simpaTiebic. xolo, poetis samxedro karierasTan
dakavSirebiT, rogorc Cans, germanuli punqtualobis rusTa sardals p.
renenkamfs xels ar aZlevda samxedro operaciebSi koWli moxele. amis
gamo, grigol orbeliani ugvianebs pasuxs diSvils, razec ganawyenebuli
nikolozi wers Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil striqonebs: `qarTveli
Tavisians ar gamoadgeba...~ 1844 wlidan nikoloz baraTaSvili naxWevanSi
mazris ufrosis moadgled iwyebs muSaobas, Semdeg gadadis ganjaSi _
mazris ufrosis TanaSemwed. aq, mas mZime, daZabuli cxovreba uxdeba.
samoqalaqo karieris kidev ufro maRal safexurze dawinaurebis
perspeqtivebic esaxeba, magram male igi malariiT daavadda da 1845 wlis
9/22/ oqtombers gardaicvala sruliad marto. TiTqos asrulda misi
winaswarmetyveleba: `dae, movkvde me upatronod~...
mowinave qarTvelobam mwvaved ganicada misi dakargva. grigol
orbeliani, romelsac erTxans arc umJRavnebdnen mis gardacvalebas, avadac
gamxdara am faqtis gamo... giorgi erisTavi leqss uZRvnis didi mgosnis
dakargvas: xolo aleqsandre orbeliani dastiris ra am genialur poeturi
movlenis naadrev wasvlas amqveynidan, uwodebs mas ùzado poets~,
`sxivmosxmul naTel suls poetobisas~, `geniis RmerTs~. bevri fiqrobs,
rom baraTaSvili martosuli adamiani iyo da mas ver gaugo
Tanamedroveobam.
am TvalsazrisiT qarTvelma poetmac gaiziara yoveli drois did
xelovanTa xvedri, magram arc ise yofila saqme, rom n. baraTaSvilis fasi
da mniSvneloba daunaxavi darCeniliyos mis TanamedroveTa mier. ara
mxolod zemoxsenebul cnobil qarTvel mwerlebs, aramed poetis
axlobelTa wris rigiT warmomadgenlebsac kargad hqoniaT Segnebulio, Tu
baraTaSvilis saxiT ra dakarga saqarTvelom. am mxriv ixseneben xolme
grigol orbelianisadmi levan meliqiSvilis mier 1845 wels miweril
sityvebs: `saqarTvelom masSi dakarga kaci, romelsac igi uyvarda sruli
poeturi suliTa da am siyvaruls, yovelTvis movaleobaze maRla ayenebda,
ymawvili kaci mSvenieris da brwyinvale niWisa~.
faqtia, yoveli kulturuli qarTveli `Cumis naRveliT~ atarebda am
marTlac `mSvenieri da brwyinvale niWis~, misi Rirsebis Sesaferisad
dafasebis moTxovnilebas: qarTvel sazogadoebaSi jer kidev gr.
orbelianis sicocxleSive mwifdeboda azri didi qarTveli poetis neStis
samSobloSi dasabruneblad, rac mxolod 1893 wlis 25 aprils
ganxorcielda. axali saqarTvelos didma Svilebma _ ilia WavWavaZem, akaki
wereTelma, 60-ian wlebSive Rirseulad Seafases saamayo mgosnis
damsaxureba, xolo ganjidan gadmosvenebis dRes didubis panTeonSi
warmoTqmuli sityvebiT kidev erTxel gausigrZeganes moazre saqarTvelos
nikoloz baraTaSvilis sidiade. poetisadmi miZRvnili genialuri vaJas
leqsi ki am erovnuli Tavyrilobis gvirgvinad iqca. 1938 wels erTxel
kidev daxara Tavi saqarTvelom didi qarTveli romantikosis winaSe, roca
ilias, akakis, vaJas... gverdiTY mTawmindaze rogorc giorgi leoniZe ityoda
`did mTawmindelTa~ gverdiT miuCina samudamo gansasvenebeli mas.
41
* * *
gamorCeuli niWis mqone nikoloz baraTaSvilis sulieri ganviTareba
inteleqtualurad sasurvel garemoSi moxda. erTi mxriv Zveli,
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos biologiur-zneobrivi tradiciebis matarebeli
ojaxi, romlis yoveli wevri samSoblos `didebis dReTa~ dabrunebaze
ocnebobda, da meores mxriv, saswavlebeli, sadac Rrma inteleqtis
maswavleblebi swor mimarTulebas aZlevdnen gonieri ymawvilis interesebs.
ver vityviT, rom n. baraTaSvilis droindeli Tbilisis gimnaziis `saerTo
done dabali iyo~1. poet vaxtang orbelianis cnobiT, nik. baraTaSvili
gamoiwvrTna solomon dodaSvilTan da polonel profesorebTan Seigno
man mamuliSviluri mimarTuleba2. am garemocvaSi poets dakvirvebiT
ukiTxavs `visramiani~, `vefxistyaosani~, SavTelisa da CaxruxaZis odebi, ise,
rom `zogjer ucvleladac gadaaqvs... Tavis lirikul SedevrebSi sazomebi,
calkeuli frazebi da iSviaTad sityvebic~. amaSi swored s. dodaSvilis
keTilismyofel gavlenas xedaven3. Tu oficialur moZRvarTa wridan es
didi pirovneba axdenda gavlenas momaval poetze, axlobel-naTesavTagan,
grigol orbeliani iyo is kaci, romelsac nikoloz baraTaSvili ara
mxolod Tavis mesaidumled Tvlis, aramed sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi
procesis Semfasebladac saxavs. amis utyuari sabuTia biZisadmi mis mier
siyvaruliT aRsavse baraTebi da Sesafaseblad gagzavnili mravali
Sedevri. bunebrivia, igive pirovnebani ukanasknel adgils ar iWeren n.
baraTaSvilis politikuri da, saerTod, moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis
SemuSavebaSi.
nikoloz baraTaSvils, jer kidev gimnaziaSi swavlisas, aRmoaCnda is
enTuziazmi, rac WeSmarit sazogado moRvawes unda gaaCndes: moswavleTa
mier Sedgenili literaturuli almanaxi, romlis saxelwodebaa `tfilisis
gimnaziis yvavili~, swored nik. baraTaSvilis energiuli
TananmSromlobiTYgamodioda. aq moTavsebulia, rogorc sakuTriv poetis
kritikul-publicisturi narkvevebi da leqsebi, aseve gamoCenil qarTvel
mweralTa nawerebi. am Jurnalis meoTxe nomris sarCevidan irkveva, rom aq
rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli yofila n. baraTaSvilis sami teqsti: I. werili
soflidan; II. Targmani Zveli qarTuli romanidan `visramiani~ (nawyveti); III.
papizmis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb I. papizmis amaRleba; 2. misi dacemis Ses
1 a. gawerelia, nikoloz baraTaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tb. 1978,
gv. 114.
2 iqve, gv. 119. amas aRniSnavs z. WiWinaZec,. ix. `Teatri da cxovreba~,
1916, #47.
3 akaki gawerelia, nikoloz baraTaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tb.
1978, gv. 114.
42
axeb, rogorc aRniSnaven, ùneblieT yuradRebas iqcevs axalgazrda
baraTaSvilis interesi papizmisa da kaTolicizmis istoriisadmi~. es
interesi unda dabadebuliyo varSavas dacemis Semdeg, 1831 wels
saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul `polonur wreebTan siaxloviT~1.
nikoloz baraTaSvils uTargmnia agreTve kornelius tacitusis
Txzulebis fragmenti `Sesxma agrikolasi~ da leizevecis tragedia
ìulius taranteli~. mogvianebiT is Turme ocnebobda saqarTvelos
istoriis sakiTxavi wignis Sedgenaze. garkveuli wvlili miuZRvis poets im
Tvalsazrisis SemuSavebaSi, romlis mizani biblioTekis, qarTuli Teatris
da Jurnalis daarseba iyo.
aseTi seriozuli, sazogadoebrivi interesebis mqone pirovneba,
`meranis~, `fiqrni mtkvris piras~, `suli obolis~, `sulo borotos~, `bedi
qarTlisas~ da sxva SedevrTa avtori, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sruliadac
ar tovebda daRvremili, suliT oboli adamianis STabeWdilebas. cnobili
mwerlisa da moRvawis dimitri yifianis TqmiT, `megobrebi icnobdnen
baraTaSvils, rogorc saucxoo amxanags, romelic yovelTvis acocxlebda
saubars, icinoda, acinebda, enamaxvilobda, erToboda da sxvasac arTobda~.
SeiZleba swored am gare gamoxatuli TvisebebiT arRvevda es SesaniSnavi
niWis adamiani pirovnul tkivilsa da gauxarel yoveldRiurobas... es
daudgromeli bunebis ymawvili kaci, nawerebSi cxovrebiseuli sibrZniT
datvirTuli berikaciviT azrovnebda, zogjer ki ymawvilurad celqobda.
xasiaTis am StrixebiT, azrovnebis maneriTa da stiliT, Tavisi
martosulobiT da `gaucxoebiT~ SeiZleba mogvagonebdes mis did evropel
Tanamedroves sioren kirkegorsac (ix. РолСтретен, Кьеркегорза 90 минут, м. 2004.
gv. 18-60).
mkvlevarTa daJinebuli cda, poetis pirovnul cxovrebaSi ipovon mis
lirikul SedevrTa Seqmnis sayrdenebi, mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba
aRwevdes mizans. nikoloz baraTaSvilis STagonebis obieqtad qceulia
ekaterine WavWavaZe, delfina labieli da gonCa begumi. istoriul pirTagan:
napoleoni, erekle meore, solomon lioniZe. `meranis~ Seqmnis mizezad misi
megobrisa da biZis ilia orbelianis tyveobas asaxeleben, iseve rogorc
leqsis `Cvili~ daweris sababi SeiZleba poetis patara Zmac yofiliyo. es
da amgvari faqtebi, mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom mxatvruli
SemoqmedebisaTvis, poeturi xilva _ fantaziis asamoqmedeblad, adre
dagrovil STabeWdilebaTa SemoqmedebiTi realizaciis pirobad SeiZleba
SemTxveviTi movle
1 p. ingoroyva, nikoloz baraTaSvili (narkvevi), wignSi n.
baraTaSvili. Txzulebani, Tb. 1968, gv. 37. nikoloz baraaSvilis
inteleqtualuri interesebis gasaTvaliswineblad sagulisxmoa, cnobili
numizmatikis, dekabristis, Semdeg generlis mixeil petres Ze baraTaevis
(1784-1856) baraTi beliton baraTaSvilisadmi, sadac is wers: `metad
gavaxarebdi Cveni saerTo sayvareli nikoloz melitonis Ze, Tu igi
Seavsebda Tavisi uxvi codniTa da niWiT moxuci papis naSroms~. aq mas
mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi Sroma: `Нумизматическиефактыгрузинскогоцарства~
rogorc viciT, am pirovnebas leqsi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, 1842 wels
miuZRvna poetma. ix. p. ingoroyva, dasaw. wigni, gv. 203.
43
nebi gamovides, poeturi ganwyobis _ inspiraciis damaCqarebel aseT
faqtorebad sxvadasxva pirovneba Tu SemTxveva warmosdges da gza misces im
ukvdav gancdebs, riTac am didi poetis qmnilebebia moculi. SemoqmedebiT
procesSi CaZiruli nikoloz baraTaSvili, zogjer, roca sakuTar
mdgomareobas afasebs, Seqmnil pirovnul-SemoqmedebiTi daZabulobisas,
mraval cnobil xelovanTa msgavsad acxadebs: `mec ar vicodi, ra mindoda~
da roca Seqmnis axal sinamdviles, qarTuli `poeziis margalitebs~, ityvis:
`leqsebi davwere da TiTqos aman Sveba momcao~.
aRniSnuli mxolod imas metyvelebs, rom nikoloz baraTaSvilisaTvis
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba aris momabezrebeli yofidan erTaderTi gza xsnisa,
raTa bolos da bolos `mokvdavTa eniT~ mainc SeeWidos ùkvdavTa
grZnobaT gamoTqmas~.
nikoloz baraTaSvilis piradi werilebi kidev ufro afarToebs Cvens
warmodgenas am didi mgosnis azrovnebis siRrmesa da grZnobaTa sifaqizeze,
`maTi sevdiani toni, romelic Tavisi xarisxiT metoqeobas uwevs missave
poetur Sedevrebs piradi gancdili siyvaruliTac SeiZleba iyos
nakarnaxevi. isic SesaZloa, rom gulgatexilobis niSanTa Semcveli
martoobis grZnoba, romelic mis werilebsa da leqsebSia gamovlenili,
zogierTi amxanag-megobris saqcielma gaaRrmava, magram Cven saamiso
utyuari faqtebi mainc ar mogvepoveba~1. faqti erTia: nikoloz
baraTaSvilis saxiT qarTvel xalxs hyavs iseTi poeti, romelic Tavis
TavSi itevs did romantikosTaTvis niSandobliv Rrma filosofiuri
mRelvarebiT savse kiTxvebs da calkeul SemTxvevaSi fxizeli realistis
xedvas.
* * *
arc erTi qarTveli romantikosis saxeli da Semoqmedeba ar gamxdara
CvenSi iseTi momxibvleli da amave dros sakmaod macdunebeli
literaturuli asociaciebis wyaro, rogorc nikoloz baraTaSvili da misi
poeziaa. jer kidev ilia WavWavaZem migvaniSna nikoloz baraTaSvilis
poeziis evropul masStabebze, roca baironisa da goeTes saxelTa
garemocvaSi moaqcia igi. am droidan moyolebuli, vidre dRemde, ki ar
Senelebula, aramed ufro da ufro gaZlierda interesi n. baraTaSvilis
poeturi samyaros dasaaxloeblad cnobil evropel romantikosebTan da im
problematikasTan, rasac es poetebi eWidebodnen. am mimarTulebiT
gaSlilma Ziebam sababi misca kritikosebs emsjelaT baironizmisa da
rusoizmis Sesaxeb qarTul mwerlobaSi2.
poetis Rrma sulierma interesebma gansazRvra is faqti, rom n.
1 gr. kiknaZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili, wignSi: axali qarTuli
literaturis istoria, I, Tb. 1972.
2 ix. mag., i. meunargia, cxovreba da poezia n. baraTaSvilisa. Tb. 1968,
gv. 77. k. abaSiZe, etiudebi, Tb. 1963, gv. 64. g. nadiraZe, n. baraTaSvilis
cxovreba da esTetikuri samyaro, Tb. 1961, gv. 102, 110, 125 da sxv.
44
baraTaSvilis poezia imTaviTve ganixileboda da axlac ganixileba,
rogorc, filosofiurad momarTuli da socialurad sadReisodac
aqtualuri Sinaarsis matarebeli mxatvruli fenomeni.
sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva viTarebaSi n. baraTaSvilis poezia
Seudares baironis, a. mickeviCis, alfred de miuses, lamartinis,
leopardis, a. puSkinis, m. lermontovis, Tu sxva saqveynod cnobil
romantikos xelovanTa SemoqmedebiT nimuSebs.
* * *
erTi im sakiTxTagani, romelsac nikoloz baraTaSvilis poezia
Tanamedroveobis winaSe ayenebs, aris adamianis arsebobis azris anu
sicocxlis sazrisis Ziebis problema.
adamianis sicocxlis azris Ziebis wyurviliT mravali xelovanis
Semoqmedebaa avsebuli. am sakiTxs exeba al. WavWavaZe da gr. orbelianic.
pirveli, uaRresad pesimistur pasuxs iZleva aRniSnul kiTxvaze, xolo
meore, SedarebiT optimistur gamosavals imaSi poulobs, rom qristianuli
humanizmis poziciaze dgeba.
n. baraTaSvili, rogorc cnobilia, is xelovania, romelic adamianis
sicocxlis gamarTlebas misi arsebobis faqtSi xedavs da masTan didi
socialuri SinaarsiTac tvirTavs adamianis cxovrebas amqveyanaze (`fiqrni
mtkvris piras~, `xma idumali~, 1836).
am samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis povnis rTul gzaze n. baraTaSvils,
misive TqmiT, ìdumali xma~, anu raRac mistikuri Zala uTvaliswinebs
samoqmedo programas, romlis paTosi Ziebaa. idumali xma CasZaxis mgosans,
èZie ymao, Sen mxvedri Seni, vinZlo ipovno Seni saSveni~, magram gare
samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis povnis gadaulaxavi sirTule, gauvali sevda-
kaeSnis wyarod iqceva poetisaTvis, roca gveubneba: `kaeSans verRa viSoreb~,
radgan `mxvedrsa Cemsa ver vhpovebo!~
qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa SromebSi sagangebodaa
miTiTebuli da daxasiaTebuli n. baraTaSvilis kavSiri adrindel
literaturul tradiciebTan, mkvlevarTa mier xazgasmulia isic, rom yvela
SemTxvevaSi didi poeti aris Rirseuli memkvidre Cveni didebuli
literaturuli warsulisa1.
nikoloz baraTaSvilTan ara mxolod SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis
dasawyisSi, aramed misi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi SeTxzul leqsebSic
amoatans xolme aRmosavluri poeziis kvali (`bulbuli vardzed~, 1833,
`kniaz baraTaevis azarfeSazed~, 1842). am leqsTa kiTxvisas aSkaraa, rom n.
baraTaSvili Cveni saxelovani romantikosebis _ al. WavWavaZis da gr.
orbelianis darad, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, garkveulad moqceulia
aRmosavluri xedvis gamomxatvel poetur
1 p. ingoroyva, nikoloz baraTaSvili (narkvevi), n. baraTaSvili,
Txzulebani, Tb. 1968, a. baramiZe, n. baraTaSvili da Zveli qarTuli poezia,
literaturuli Ziebani, III, Tb. 1946; g. asaTiani, `merani~, da misi avtori, Tb.
1975.
45
atmosferoSi1. msgavs viTarebas gvidgens leqsi: `vardi da ia~, `nar-
gizi da yayaCo~ (1832), magram n. baraTaSvilis romantikuli xedva sul sxva
xasiaTis nawerebSi gamJRavnda. am mxriv, raodenobrivad mcire, magram
Taviseburad da mniSvnelobiT Zalze didi Semoqmedeba dagvitova poetma.
mravalnairi, urTierTis sawinaaRmdego kiTxvebi gaaCina man Cvens
literaturul cxovrebaSi.
* * *
nikoloz baraTaSvili maZiebeli sulis poetia, mis winaSe mudmivad
dgas kiTxva _ rogor da ratom? Ziebis gamomxatveli am kiTxvebis arseboba
ukve TavisTavad niSnavs, rom n. baraTaSvilis poezia filosofiuri
interesebiT datvirTuli poeziaa.
`Cveni arsebobis miznis miuwvdomlobam, adamianis survilTa us-
azRvroebam da yovelive amqveyniuris amaoebam saSineli sicarieliT aRavses
Cemi suli~-o _ wers erTgan poeti da ocnebobs im sanetaro Tavisuflebaze,
rac adamianuri arsebobis Sinaarsia.
swored tragediaa `wuTisoflis amaoebaze~ fiqri da bednieria
amqveynad Cvili yrma, radgan àr fiqrobs igi Tavis cxovrebas, ar ganicdis
sawuTros vnebas~, magram n. baraTaSvilis azriT, sazRvardebulia adamianis
bedniereba mas Semdeg, rac goni, es umaRlesi adamianuri fenomeni,
gabatondeba da marTavs kacs. am momentidan iwyeba wuxili, tanjva da
ikargeba bunebisagan boZebuli Tavisuflebac. amitom ambobs poeti:
`vidremdis xar, yrmao Tavisufali,
ar gicvnia sofeli momRerali!..
itiktike eniTa ususuriT~-o (`CCvili~).
maZiebeli xasiaTi ver egueba garemos da konfliqtSi modis
sazogadoebasTan, im wresTan, romelSiac uxdeba cxovreba.
samyaros wvdomis, arsebobis miznis, sicocxlis sazrisis Ziebis
procesSi `sulieri sicarielis~ gancda poetSi iwvevs cnobierebis Sinagan
konfliqts, rac sabolood sazogadoebasTan, gare sinamdvilesTan mis
konfliqtSia gadazrdili.
ase isaxeba n. baraTaSvlis sulSi sulieri martoobis motivi, rac
Tematikur garemoebaTa sxvadasxvanairi variaciiT formirdeba mis poeziaSi
`sulieri oblobis~ Temad. mravlad moazrovneTa da xelovanTa msgavsad, n.
baraTaSvilic adamianis arsebobis, misi `me~-s ganmsazRvrel Tvisebad
`martoobas~ Tvlis da miaCnia, rom sulieri obloba, martooba udidesi
tanjvis wyaroa:
`sabraloa mxolod suli oboli:
ZnelRa hpovos ra dakargos man toli~.
fizikur-materialur saganTagan daSoreba ki ara, sulieri martobaa
amqveyniuri ubedureba, radgan poetisave sityvebiT:
1 a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tb. 1978, gv. 156-158; aRmosavlur
poeziasTan n. baraTaSvilis siaxlove araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli mkvlevarTa
mier. ix. mag., v. kotetiSvili, qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb. 1959, gv.
140; S. radiani, nik. baraTaSvili da qarTuli romantizmi, Tb. 1946; gv. 99; g.
natroSvili, SemoRameba mTawmindazed, Tb. 1968, gv. 44.
46
`Zneli aris martooba sulisa,
mas eltvian siameni soflisa~.
`soflis siamed~ am samyaroSi adamianis mdgomareobis ganmamtkicebel
faqtorad ki, rogorc misi piradi mimoweridan Cans, poeti Tvlis `maRal
grZnobas~, `zegardmo niWs~, `gansjas~, `mSvenierebas~, anu saerTod, `sulis
ganviTarebas~ (ix. werili maiko orbelianisadmi).
martoobis yvelaze umaRlesi saxea sikvdili, `mSvenieri mogonilia
sasaflao, aucilebelia igi, raTa mokvdavma waikiTxos iq Tavisi cxovrebis
ambavi. nugeSi ubedurTa aris bednierebis dasasruli~ _ wers poeti.
n. baraTaSvilma ara mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, magram mainc, warmoaCina
sikvdilis, rogorc adamianis martoobis, mis av-kargze damafiqebeli
movlenis analizi. TumcaRa, aqac sikvdili miwier tanjvaTagan xsnis gzad
ki araa CaTvlili, aramed sasaflaos wiaRSi masze fiqri miCneulia
adamianis zneobrivi arsebobis gamawonasworebel faqtorad... risTvis
vcxovrobT da ra aSinaarsebs adamianis sicocxles? raa adamianis
daniSnuleba amqveynad da saiTken miiswrafvis adamiani saerTod? ai, am
kiTxvebs dastrialebs Tavs n. baraTaSvili. `mainc ra aris Cveni yofa-
wuTisofeli~ _ kiTxvas svams poeti da iqve miuTiTebs, rom adamiani
àRuvsebeli sawyaulia~ (`fiqrni mtkvris piras~) ukmarisobisa. ra didi
tanjviTac ar unda hqondes mopovebuli warmateba, n. baraTaSvilis
SexedulebiT, adamiani mainc usasrulobisaken iswrafvis da mainc ratom?
`TviTon mefenic uZlevelni, romelT umaRles
amao soflad arRa aris sxva ram dideba,
SfoTven da drtvinen da ityvian: `rodis iqneba,
is samefoca Cveni iyos?~ da aRiZvrian
imav miwisTvis, rac dRes Tu xval TviTve arian~.
am striqonTa mixedviT, adamiani araraobaa, radgan sikvdili Slis
yovelgvar materialur brwyinvalebas. marTalia, n. baraTaSvilisaTvis
tanjvaa es cxovreba, Tavisi gautanlobiT, simdabliT, siwvrilmaniT,
sulieri ukmarobis niadagze amozrdili sevdiT da a. S., magram poeti
fiqrobs, rom Tu adamiani Tvals gausworebs sakuTar mdgomareobas,
dainaxavs, rom amnairi viTareba autanelia, magram adamianzevea
damokidebuli misi gardaqmna:
`magram radganac kacni gvqvian Svilni soflisa,
unda kidevac mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa,
arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunos!~
aq ukve yovelgvari determinizmisagan Tavisufali, `soflisTvis
zrunvis~ Rrmad socialuri Sinaarsia gadaqceuli adamianis sicocxlis
sazrisad, anu imgvari sicocxlis Sinaarsad, romelsac am bolo dros rom
fausturs uwodeben1.
1 ix. g. gaCeCilaZe, `zrunvis~ fausturi problema baraTaSvilis
lirikaSi~, saiubileo krebuli, nikoloz baraTaSvili, Tb. 1968, gv. 242.
47
* * *
adamianis arsebobis azris sakiTxTan nikoloz baraTaSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli bedisweris sakiTxi. mravali didi
xelovanis qmnilebaSi, antikuri droidan moyolebuli romantikuli
xelovnebis warmomadgenel mweralTa CaTvliT, umiznodaa miCneuli
adamianis aqtivoba. carieli aqtivobaa da sxva araferi misi moqmedeba,
radgan bedisweriTaa es moqmedeba sazRvardebuli.
`meranSi~ n. baraTaSvili irwmuneba, rom Turme adamianis amqveyniuri
arsebobis mizania `ganaCens bediswerisa... vupasuxoT janyiT~ _ amitomac
uwodeben am movlenas `socialuri azris dabadebas poetur aqtSi~1. n.
baraTaSvilis `merani~ adamianis bedisweris simboluri gamoxatulebaa.
ufro metic, `bedi~, n. baraTaSvilis gagebiT, mistikuri Sinaarsis movlena
ki araa adamianis cxovrebaSi, aramed igi poetisaTvis sicocxlis idealis
ekvivalentia.
adamianis sicocxle da adamianuri arsebobis Sinaarsic, saerTod
isaa, rom iocnebos da imoqmedos, ideali da am idealisaTvis Tavganwirva
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebad aqcios.
esaa swored rainduli sulis gamoxatuleba da roca n. baraTaSvilis
poeziis qristianul literaturasTan kavSirze msjeloben, amosaval
Tvalsazrisad am momentsac unda mieniWos garkveuli mniSvneloba.
ase rom, n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi `bediswera~ uTanabrdeba ideals.
idealis Semqmneli da misi Tanamdevi ki adamiania. amitomcaa, rom
adamianisaTvis aris gamiznuli idealuri meranis Tundac tragikuli bedic:
oRondac, am tragedias socialuri aqtivobis naTeli sxivi axlavs da
anelebs mis simZimes, roca poeti imisaTvis ki ar eWideba `beds~, rom
mxolod gamarjvebis sixaruli igemos, aramed ufro metad imisaTvis, rom
gviTxras:
`da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa
siZnele gzisa gauadvildes,
da Seupovrad, mas hune Tvisi,
Savis bedis win gamouqroldes~.
e.i. kidev ufro maRali sulieri SinaarsiT aivsos da daitvirTos
momavlis ideali. n. baraTaSvilis poeturi ideali ki ukvdavebisken
swrafvaa.
* * *
mainc raSi mdgomareobs ukvdavebis arsi? n. baraTaSvilis azriT,
`TviT ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi mdgomarebs~. misive TqmiT, `dro da xani~
ver àberebs~ sulis mSvenierebas, radgan maradiulia sulieri sawyisi,
warmavalia yovelive xorcieli, materialuri, fizikuri. am niadagze axdens
n. baraTaSvili `silamazisa~ da `mSvenierebis~ cnebaTa definicias2. poeti
Tvlis, rom `silamazea niWi mxolod
1 m. gogiberiZe, nik. baraTaSvilis `meranis~ esTetikur-entifikaturi
analizi, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, IV, Tb. 1978, gv. 245.
2 `silamazisa~ da `mSvenierebis~ gagebas n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi
exeba g. qiqoZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, 1947, gv. 150-151; g. nadiraZe,
n. baraTaSvilis
48
xorcielebis~. drois msaxvrali xeli spobs `silamazes~, magram ver
ereva igi `sulis mSvenierebas~. am umaRles adamianur fenomens, radgan
`mSveniereba naTelia zeciT mosuli~.
n. baraTaSvili, leqsSi `rad hyvedri kacsa~, mSvenierebaze platonuri
ideis erTgvar modifikacias axdens, roca `sulis mSvenierebas~ maradiul
movlenad saxavs. marTalia, Znelia wvdoma `sulis mSvenierebisa~, radgan
`mSvenieri Znelia~ (platoni), magram amisTvis saWiroa adamianur ZalTa
mobilizacia, Sinagani amaRleba miwierze da didi sinaTle sulisa,
upirvelesad ki, pirovnebis Tavisufleba.
adamianis arsebobis azris Zieba `sulis mSvenierebis~ anu ukv-
davebisaken miswrafebis maradiuli surviliTaa gaSinaarsebuli; n.
baraTaSvilis gagebiT, TavisTavad am samyaroSi adamianTagan `ganwirulis
suliskveTebaa~ am gzaze svla, radgan poetisaTvis es qveyana marto keTili
sulebiT dasaxlebuli rodia. misi mrwamsiT, `mSvenieri oboli sulis~
gverdiT arsebobs `boroti sulic~. `boroti suli~ amRvrevs gonebisa da
ocnebis saxiT mocemul yvelaze naTel adamianur sawyisebs da adamianis
`wrfel zraxvaTa~ Rirebulebebsac aufasurebs igi. n. baraTaSvilis
mixedviT, Zalze Znelia Widili mis mier `borot sulSi~ personificirebul
miwier amaoebasTan, magram poetisaTvis, iseve rogorc yvela didi
SemoqmedisaTvis saerTod, àdamianuri cxovrebis tragediis siRrme mxolod
sikeTisa da borotebis konfliqtSi ki araa, aramed ufro metad TviT
sikeTis mravalferovnebasa da sirTuleSi Zevs~1, mxolod Zlier pirovnebas
SeuZlia masTan Sebma da ara Tu am macduri Zalis daZleva, aramed misi
sasikeTo energiad gardaqmnac, poetis Semtevi toni:
`ganvedi Cemgan, hoi, macTuro, sulo boroto~ (`sulo boroto~).
swored iqiTkenaa mimarTuli, rom adamianebs Caunergos adamianuris
uZlevelobis rwmena. n. baraTaSvilis azriT, bedisweris `mosisxle mters~
_ Zlier pirovnebas ver aSinebs misi `basri maxvili~. mxolod mas SeuZlia
`moZmis~ xidad da `ganTiadis morbed varskvlavad~ iqces, raTa adamianebs
`siZnele cxovrebis gzisa~ gauadvilos. sakuTari Zalebis TviTgancda
Zlieri pirovnebis niSania da Zlierebis gamomxatveli es Tviseba n.
baraTaSvilis poeziis dedaZarRvia.
araferia imaze diadi, roca adamiani _ gvirgvini am samyarosi _ Tavis
arsebobas amarTlebs `sulis mSvenierebazed~ anu ukvdavebaze fiqriT. esaa
adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis gamarTlebac da misi yvelaze umaRlesi
jildoc. amitom es cxovreba Rirs imad, rom adamiani SeeWidos `borot
suls~, `yovelgvar simdables~, raTa Semdeg, gaixaros umaRlesi sulieri
sixaruliT. am zogad safuZvelze `bedisweris~ gamgebeli Zlieri
pirovnebaa. Zlier pirovnebaTadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi Cans n.
baraTaSvilis poeziaSi. aq Zlier pirovnebaTa gavlenis Zalis
STamagoneblad ixsenebs poeti `qarTlosis saflavs~, `daviTis suls~,
ìraklis xmals~ (òmi cxovreba da misi esTetikuri samyaro, Tb. 1961, gv. 90;
r. siraZe, `mSveniereba naTelia zeciT mosuli~, literaturul-esTetikuri
narkvevebi, Tb. 1987, gv. 232.
1 Н. Бердяев, Опитыфилософские, социальныеилитературные, СПб, с. 21.
49
saqarTvelosTavadaznaur-glexTapirispirdaRistnisdaCeCnelTa, welsa
1844~). iraklis `wmindaaCrdilis~ winaSemuxlmodrekilpo-
etsxiblavsmisigmirobadasulissimtkice. mravalromantikosTamsgavsad
(baironi, puSkinidasxva) n. baraTaSvilismoxiblulianapoleoniT,
amWeSmaritaddiadipirovnebiT.
n. baraTaSvilismierdaxatulinapoleoniesaapirovneba,
romelsacsworedTavisisidiadisgamo `suligvamSivermoTavsebia~.
poetiswarmodgeniTkiaseTpirovnebasZaluZsbedissaswaul-
moqmedebistolZalovnadwarmoadginosTavidaTqvas:
`miTxzavs gvirgvinsa didebisas me TviTon bedi,
xolo me unda movasxa mas Saravandedi,
Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi~.
esaa swored demonuri pirovneba, romelsac SeuZlia ganacxados:
`TviTon samarec meviwrovos, Tu toli myvandes~-o.
* * *
n. baraTaSvilisaTvis siyvarulis mSveniereba ùkvdav~ grZnobaTagania.
imdenad didia misi siRrme da Zala, rom TviT mgosnis `mokvdavsa enas ar
ZaluZs ukvdavTa grZnobaT gamoTqma~ (1841). am maRal grZnobas `ver dasdvan
kacTa saxeli~ (`...n fortepianozed momRerali~, 1832).
n. baraTaSvili apoeturebs, zeciur sxivs hfens miwier arsebas. aq
aris swored is fenomeni, razec meore didi qarTveli mgosani galaktion
tabiZe miuTiTebda: `baraTaSvilis suli ocnebobs qalis mSvenier sulze...
Sors dausrulebel silaJvardeSi mosCans saTayvanebeli landi beatriCesi,
mudmivad sasurveli da mudmivad miuRweveli ideali, ciuri, RvTaebrivi
silamaze~...1. esaa n. baraTaSvilis, rogorc axali tipis xelovanis anu,
rogorc ilia WavWavaZe ityoda, Cvens sinamdvileSi èvropeizmis~ tipurad
ganmasaxierebeli poetis Tavisebureba. am mxriv ki, rogorc cnobilia,
mxolod ùaxlesi xelovneba iwyebs siyvarulis idealisturi bunebis
gagebas. ase rom, sakuTriv siyvarulis poezias, saxeldobr, idealur-
romantikul siyvaruls aqvs Rirebuleba, radgan mxolod igi amaRlebs
adamians `cxovrebis prozaze~2. swored `cxovrebis prozaze~ amaRlebuli,
idealuri siyvaruli, romelic SemaerTebeli xidia yovelgvari sikeTis,
adamianis sulSi `ciuri niWis~ ammoqmedebelia da mgosnis mudmivi
STamagonebeli.
n. baraTaSvils, mraval did romantikosTa msgavsad, sulis vul-
garizacia udides zneobriv danaSaulad miaCnia. amitomacaa amaRlebuli,
gansaulierebuli, haerovan arsebebad qceuli mis poeziaSi qali da
yvelaferi, rac siyvarulis grZnobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. siyvarulis
grZnobis gamoxatvis am romantikul-idealuri maneriT,
1 galaktion tabiZe, nikoloz baraTaSvli, Txzulebani, t. XII, Tb. 1975,
gv. 63-64.
2 Н. Бердяев, Опитыфилософские, социальныеилитературные, СПб, 1907, с. 21.
50
araTuSordeban. baraTaSvilievropelromantikosebs, arameduax-
lovdebadaemsgavsebakidecmaT.
n. baraTaSvilissatrfialolirikidan (iqnebaes `radhyvedrikacsa~,
`sulioboli~, `sayure~, `TavadisW.-Zisasuls, ek-nas~ dasxva),
RrmasevdaiRvreba, sevda, romelictragikuliSuqiTaaganaTebuli.
esgasagebicaa,
radgansiyvarulisarsicxomyvelazemetadtragikulsiyvarulSimJRavndeba.
magrampoetisaTvistragikuliaaramxolodmiuRwevelisiyvaruli,
aramedyovelgvarisiyvaruli,
ramdenadacTukisimSvidisadakmayofilebisatmosferoSimoeqcevasuli,
igiidealurTvisebaskargavsdaprozauldeba.
SemdgomdaSemdgomn.
baraTaSvilisaTviskidevufromkafioxdebasiyvarulis, rogorc
`zeciTmosili~ `naTelimSvenierebis~ Rirebuleba,
rocasulierisawyisixorcielisgamaZlierebladgamodisdapiruku.
esukveqarTulgaremoSigamovleniliromantikosisesTetikurimrwamsia,
romelicnasazrdoebia, erTismxriv, tradiciiTdameoresmxriv,
axalidroisevropulimwerlobismonapovriT. n.
baraTaSviliqarTvelpoetTaSoriserTipirvelTagania, romelmac
`sulismSveniereba~ ukvdavebissadaradamianurfenomenadgamoacxadadaTqva,
rom `mxolodkavSiriesreTsulTaSobssiyvarulsa~-o.
aserom, n. baraTaSvilibolomdedarCahaerovanisiyvarulispoetad,
idealismgosnad.
amrTuligrZnobisgansaxierebisasigimxolodlirikulisferoTiSemoifarglad
asiyvarulisSinaganisirTulisCvenebafarToplaniTmasukveaRarucdia.
amiserTimizezi, SesaZlebeliaisicaa,
romfarToepikurplanSicalkeulTemaTadamuSaveba, axalgazrduliasakisgamo
(TumxedvelobaSiarmiviRebT `bediqarTlisas~), manverSeZlo.
xelovanisganJan-
robrivadamdagvardidmasalasTanWidilisulieriganviTarebissimwifesadaSemo
qmedebiTienergiisgansakuTrebuldaZabvasrommoiTxovs, amasmowmobs 1816
wliTdaTariRebuliSeliswerilibaironisadmi,
sadacpoetiasemimarTavsdidTanamokalmes: `mearmsurda,
romTqvensaswrafodmogekidaTxeliepikuripoemisaTvis...
romelicmoiTxovsmTeliZalebisdaZabvas. memindoda,
romarafersarSeeSalaxeliTqvenibunebriviganviTarebisaTvis~1. etyoba, sa-
TanadoSemoqmedebiTigamocdilebacsWirdebaepikuraspeqtSima-
salisdamuSavebas, rakiTviTbaironismimarTacgarkveulmoTmine-
basadaZalTadazogvasmoiTxovenTanamedroveni.
qarTvelipoetisaTvis, amasTan, ucxoasiyvarulis
èrotiuligrZnobadobis~ wminda àvadmyofur-romantikuli~ TvaliTxilva,
rasacqristianul-religiurikulturismwvervalzemdgomxelovne-
baSisworedamqristianulasketizmTandapirispirebis, misigar-
RvevisgadaudebelimoTxovnilebaiwvevs. esaa, rogorcamboben, bai-
ronulinakadiromantikulliteraturaSi, nakadi, romlispirmSocdonJuania.
inglisuriromantizmiswiaRSiSelisdaufrometadki
1 Шелли, Письма. Статьи. Фрагменты. М, 1972, ст. 110.
51
baironisSemoqmedebaarisqristianulisamyarosSinaganisulieriSinaarsi
ssimwifismauwyebeli. kirkegorisTqmiT, `donJuanis~
saxespecifikuradqristianulikulturisnaSieria, vinaidanwarmarTo-
bisaTvisRrmaducxoaTviTatmosfero, romelSicisSeiZlebodagaCeniliyo.
amatmosferomantikurobisagan (warmarTulisagan) gansxvavebiT,
pirvelmaSemoitanasamyaroSierotiulisgrZnobiereba~1, xolo,
rogorcerTiavtoriaRniSnavs, baironisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelimsofliosevda,
misimsgavsipesimizmi, TundacqristianobidandaSorebuli,
SeiZlebaipovomxolodqristianulsamyaroSi,
sadacpirveladgaiRviZapirovnebisadmiusasrulomiswrafebam2.
n. baraTaSvilisSemoqmedebaSimxatvruliinteresierotiku-
liproblemisadmiSeesityvebareligiursadasazogadod,
suliersferoebSigamovlenilimtradicias,
racqarTulerovnulsulsspecifikuradaRmosavluriqristianulikulturuli
samyarosmemkvidredaqcevs.
esaamwvaveqristianulidogmatikisaganSedarebiTTavisufali,
miwieridealebTanTanxmobaSimosulipoeturixedva,
romlisamosavalsadamianTaganganxiblulisulisumweobisCvene-
baarwarmoadgens.
qarTulsinamdvileSisxeulebriviswrafvebiarasodesyofilamkacradSez
Ruduli, arcyofaSidaarcsuliericxovrebissx-
vadasxvaubanzedawesebulacenzuraxorcielitkbobisgamoxatvaze. amdenad,
literaturaSierTgvariamboxismoTxovnileba, ro-
melicgamoavlendasworedsarwmunoebisaganakrZalulimiwierivnebebisTavisuf
lebebSiaRdgenisaucileblobas,
arcadrindelmwerlobaSidaarcqarTvelromantikosebTanargamomJRavnebula.
n.
baraTaSvilicsworedamepoqispirmSoadaTanacqarTulicxovrebisSvili.
bunebrivia, romsiyvarulisgrZnobisCveneba-daxasiaTebisprocesSic,
iserogorcbevrsxvaSemTxvevaSi, manSedarebiTufromartiv,
magramTavisTavadZalzemiwier-humanuraspeqtSidainaxaadamiani,
riTacmkveTraddaSordabaironisSinaganadrTuldaSeudarebladufroRrmaesT
etikurpozicias.
* * *
n.
baraTaSvilisromantikulixedviscxadyofadmkafiomasalasiZlevamismiergaco
cxlebulibuneba, sazogadoebisaganimedgacruebuli,
wonasworobadarRveulipoetissulisakuTariTavisRirsebaTamsajulad,
sicocxlissazriszedafiqrebissaukeTesogaremodbunebasTvlis.
bunebaxalissubrunebsdasulsuamebsdidsakiTxebzefiqriTmoRlilmgosans.
aRiarebulia, romn.
baraTaSvilisworedsakuTarisulierimoZraobisanalogiaseZebsdapoulobsbun
ebaSi (`SemoRamebamTawmindazed~), esaasworedromantizmisaTvisspecifikurie.
w. simpaTi
1 kirkegorisazrsvimowmebTp. gaidenkosmixedviT. ix. misi
«ФилософиямузыкиСеренаКиркегора», «Советскаямузыка, №3, 1972, ст. 132.
2 Г.Мартенсен, Христианскоеучениеонравственности, т. 1, СПб, 1890, ст. 188.
52
kurigrZnobabunebisa1. faqtia, rommTawmindasaerTodkiararis
`veranadaudaburi~, aramedn.
baraTaSvilissevdianiganwyobilebisSTagonebiTiqcais `mwuxaredasevdian~
bunebad. rakipoetisevdiania, bunebacaseTnairadveeCvenebamas.
esaaromantikulixilvabunebisadaamgvarixedvissimyareaSkaraayvelaqmnilebaSi
, sadackin. baraTaSvilibunebasasaxavs.
* * *
Tun. baraTaSvilislirikisubrwyinvalesnimuSTafilosofi-
uriproblematikadamaTSimoqceuligancdaTawyobagaremosadmimisromantikulm
idgomasmowmobs, konkretulsocialur-politikursakiTxTa, kerZod,
CvenSimimdinaremwvaveerovnulprocesTadaxasiaTebisaspoetmamovlenaTaobieqt
urigansjaikisradaamdenad, tradiciuliTvalsazrisisTanaxmad,
realistisampluaSimogvevlina. aqkideverTxelgamoCndan.
baraTaSvilisgonebrivisimkvircxledapolitikurisimwife,
erissasicocxloproblema-
TamimarTrealisturidamokidebulebisupiratesobisaRiarebiT,
raodenmwarecundayofiliyosinamdvilisobieqturadmiReba,
isgaemijnaCvenspoeziaSiTavCenile. w.
romantikuliistoriografiisyovelgvargamovlenasdaerisxsnisgzasqarTvelT
amierganvliligzisidealizaciakiara, misianalizidasaxa. poema `bediqarTli-
sa~, leqsebi: `saflavimefisiraklisa~, `sumbulidamwiri~, sworedn.
baraTaSviliserovnul-
politikurikoncefciismxatvrulenazeTargmnisbrwyinvalenimuSebia.
tradiciuliSexedulebismixedviT,
TupirvelnawarmoebSisaqarTvelosruseTTanSeerTebisprocesiaaRwerili,
misimizanSewonilobisproblemaikveTeba, meoreleqsSi _
ukveSeerTebisSedegiaSefasebuli; xolomesameSiki, alegoriulixerxiT,
TavisuflebisumaRlesformadCaTvliliaadamianisiseTimdgomareoba,
rocaisTavissamSobloSi, saxeldobr, TavisufalsamSobloSicxovrobs.
poema `bediqarTlisa~ istoriulixasiaTispoemadSeiZlebaCaiTvalos,
ramdenadacaqwarmodgeniliistoriulpirTaqceva-moqmedeba,
aRwerilimimdinareistoriulimovlenebi,
TavianTkvalstovebenCvenixalxissuliercxovrebaze, gavlenasaxdenendadRe-
vandelsamyaroSicgarkveuladgansazRvravenerisyofna-aryofnissakiTxs.
`SoriTmosulTa~ uRlidansaqarTvelos `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~
moTxovnamravaliqarTvelimwerlisadamoazrovniswinaSeidga. sakmarisia,
ammxriv,
TundacgrigolorbelianisadasolomondodaSvilisnawerTagaxsenebac,
magrammxatvrulisityvissferoSimTelisigrZe-
siganiTgansaxovnebakonkretulad, problemam, _
TuramdenadmizanSewoniliiyoCveniqveynisruseTTanSeerTeba, gr. orbelianis
`mogzaurobaCemitfilisidanpeterburRamdis~ Semdeg, esufromkafiodn.
baraTaSvilTanacdadga.
poetsalternatiuliTvalsazrisismatarebelpersonaJebadpoemaSigamohyavsyve
laqa
1 А.Бизе, Историческоеразвитиечувствоприроды, 1890.56
53
rTvelisaTviscnobilidasayvareliorididipolitikurimoRvawe _
ereklemeoredasolomonlioniZe. maTsaxeebScpersonificireb-
uliqarTulisazogadoebiswiaRSiarsebuliissapirispiroSexedulebani,
romelicerTismxriv, iwonebsdameoresmxriv,
iwunebsruseTTansaqarTvelosdasakavSirebladereklesmiergadadgmulnabijs.
aRniSnulsakiTxTandakavSirebiTarsebulazrTasxvadasxvao-
bismiuxedavad, sadReisodgarkveul;ia (gr. kiknaZe)1, romTviT
`bediqarTlisas~ ganxilvisfarglebSi, amorpersonaJsSorisgaSli-
lipolemikisanaliziT, n. baraTaSvilinaTelyofs:
ararsebobssafuZvelieWviSevitanoTammoRvaweTagulwrfelobaSi;
orivesmizanisamSoblosTavisuflebaa, oRondac,
ereklemefismidgomawamoWriliproblemisadmi, misiargumentebissiuxve,
mowmobsqarTvelierisrealurisasicocxlopolitikisTvalsazrisiT _ misi,
rogorcmoRvawisSorsmWvretelobas. erekles, rogorcsax-
elmwifosmeTaurismxriv, qarTvelTagan `Tavisuflebisgansyidva~,
anurusTamfarvelobaSiSesvlanakarnaxeviaCveniqveynissaSinaodasagareoviTare
bismkacriaucileblobiT. isaraasasurveli,
magramarisistoriuligardauvalobiTgansazRvruliaqti, anu `na-
klebiboroteba~, raTadaRupvasgadarCeseri; espoziciamotivirebuliaimiTac,
rom `dResiqnebaTuxvaleiqneba, qarTlsadaicavsrusTxelmwifeba~,
anuerTmorwmunesaxelmwifo, maSin, rocasolo-
monmsajulismsjelobaufroemociurplanSimimdinare, gulmxurvale,
romantikuladganwyobilimamuliSvilismsjelobaadaaramkacrirealizmisunar
iTaRWurvilipolitikosisa.
magramundagavixsenoTYSemdegi:
ereklsadasolomonsSorispoemaSiasaxuliazrTadapirispirebisrealobaimTav
iTveusafuZvlodCaTvala `patarakaxis~ _ ereklemefisSviliSvilma, n. bara-
TaSvilisufrosmaTanamedrovem, cnobilmaromantikosmaaleqsan-
dreorbelianma. kerZod, isaRniSnavda:
`nikolozmelitonisZebaraTaSvilisaqarTvelosbedsromleqsaTawers,
sadacsolomonmsajuligamohyavsmefisiraklisubnobaSi, isleqs-mgosno-
basaucxovoa, magramistoriisaTviskiargamodgeba. manamaRamax-
madxanimovidodasaqarTvelozeda,
samiwliswinaTdauTxovniaTavisgniTdaZaliangaswyromiadaaRamaxmadxanisSemd
gomisevSeurigebia~2. meoresmxriv, fiqroben, rom
èsmsajulimarTlacSeiZlebaCaiTvaloslegaluriopoziciismeTauradmefiska
rze,
lioniZesastikiwinaaRmdegiiyomonarqiulruseTTansaqarTvelosdaaxloebisa~
(ak. gawerelia, rCeulinawerebi, II, Tb., 1978, gv. 148).
Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi eWvis qveS dgas n. baraTaSvilis mxriv
1 grigol kiknaZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili, wignSi axali qarTuli
literaturis istoria, I, Tb, 1972.)
2 a. orbeliani, daRistnidan lekebis gamosvla da sxva ambebi, ix.
krebuli: `qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb~,
krebuli Seadgines, winasityvaoba, Sesavali werili, komentarebi da
saZiebeli daurTes iuza evgeniZem da lado minaSvilma, leqsikoni _
korneli daneliasi, Tb, 1980, gv. 129.57
54
istoriuli simarTlis, misi realobis dacva, meoregan xazi esmeba mis
utyuarobas.
al. orbelianis cnoba Tu met-naklebad sarwmunoa (Tumca solomonis
gasamarTleba istoriulad 1796 wels moxda, Serigeba imave wlis
noemberSi), Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, istoriulad solomon msajuli
erekles politikuri orientaciis opozicioneria, ar gamoxatavs
sinamdviles. istoriulad erekle da solomon lioniZe erTiani
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri azrovnebisa da poziciis moRvaweebia.
istorikos-specialistTa aRiarebiT1 (n. berZeniSvili, z. cqitiSvili da
sxva), es ori moRvawe erTad ayalibebda saqarTvelos momavlis programas
`pirvelad saqarTvelos traqtatis ruseTTan SeerTebaSi me viyavi moqmedi
da amas garda, saqarTvelosa da sruliad imereTis Sav zRvamde me gavakeTe
traqtati~ (igulisxmeba 1790 wlis saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebs Soris
dadebuli samokavSireo xelSekruleba _ traqtati) werda solomoni 1801
wlis 17 Tebervals (z. cqitiSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo moRvaweni, Tb.,
1980, gv. 59).
rogorc Cans, didma poetma mwvave erovnul problemasTan Cvens
sinamdvileSi arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis realuri suraTis
Sesaqmnelad, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, efeqturad CaTvala istoriulad
erT poziciaze mdgomi ori gamoCenili pirovnebis poemaSi sawinaaRmdego
polusebze warmosaxva: ase rom, rogorc WeSmarit xelovans Seefereba, n.
baraTaSvilis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi, istoriuli faqtebi erTgvar
transformacias ganicdian, nawarmoebSi poeti istoriis suls, mis sazriss
gvidgens, politikuri atmosferos ragvarobas acocxlebs da konkretul
faqtTa sizustes imdenad ki ar misdevs, ramdenadac qarTuli sazogadoebis
sulieri wyobis realobas, mis fsiqo-sociologiuri da istoriuli
zogadobis simarTles icavs.
cnobil leqsSi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, ukve `gansyiduli~
damoukidebloba, saqarTvelos SeerTebac ki ruseTTan, rogorc Sedegi,
Sefasebulia dadebiTad, roca naTqvamia: àha, aRsrulda xelmwifuri aw
hazri Seni da vhsWamT nayofsa misgan tkbilsa aw Zenni Senni~. aq, rogorc
es SeniSnulia, saqarTvelos SigniT miRweuli SedarebiTi simSvide da
kulturuli atmosferoa CaTvlili (ak. gawerelia) `tkbil nayofad~ da ara
politikuri saxelmwifoebriobis moSla. Torem Tu vinmem icoda
saqarTveloSi, es upirelesad nikoloz baraTaSvilma, rom `samSoblos
vels~ `ganSorebuli yvavili~ sicocxlisa, ùwyalo xeliT~ ùdrood
Wkneba~ (`sumbuli da mwiri~).
* * *
didi galaktionis TqmiT, `nikoloz baraTaSvilis ena ufro uax-
lovdeba Tanamedroveobas, Tanamedrove siyvarulisa da mwuxarebis
1 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965, gv.
2890-290, 380-381; z. cqitiSvli, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo moRvaweni, Tb., 1980,
gv. 52; s. kakabaZe, krwanisis omi, TB., 1991, gv. 100.58
55
gamosaxatavad1. poeturi faqtebis Sefasebisas ki mTavari swored am
Tvalsazrisze dgomaa.
yoveli qarTvelisaTvis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis saxelis sidiadis
Sesaferisi Rirsebis misageblad, yovelTvis uberebel, mWevrmetyvelur
daxasiaTebad darCeba, 1893 wlis 25 aprils, didi mgosnis neStis ganjidan
TbilisSi gadmosvenebaze ilia WavWavaZis mier warmoTqmuli sityva, sadac
oratori Cveuli oqropirobiT auwyebs saqarTvelos: `RmerTi rom ers,
qveyanas, mowyalebis TvaliT gadmoxedavs, mouvlens xolme kacs, poeziis
madliT cxebulsa... poezia madlia, niWia, romelic eZleva mxolod kacTa,
RvTiv rCeulTa. madlia, magram amasTanave tvirTic aris... am madls, am
tvirTs, didi Zal-Rone unda sulisa da xorcisa. da amitomac, roca
RmerTma gamogvigzavna Cvenda nugeSad da Tavmosawoneblad nikoloz bara-
TaSvli, ukurTxa ena metyvelebisaTvis, Tvalni xedvisaTvis, yurni
smenisaTvis, guls Caudga gauqrobeli cecxli kacTa gulis gasaTboblad,
da ubrZana, _ wadi da kacTa naTesavs amcne uzenaesi mcneba Cemi da sityviT
guli gauTbeo~. amitomac miakuTvna ara mxolod XIX saukunis, aramed
yoveli drois saqarTvelos azrTa mpyrobelma, didma iliam, nikoloz
baraTaSvili kacobriobis mudmiv sulier TanamgzavrTa, anu ukvdavTa rigs,
roca aRniSna: `nikoloz baraTaSvili ukvdavia da ukvdavisaTvis, arc raime
qveynierebaze gviania, arc raime adre~. akaki wereTlis moxdenili TqmiT
sxva ki ara, swored nikoloz baraTaSvili da ilia WavWavaZe àrian mose da
aaroni Cveni literaturisa~. amitomac, vaJa-fSavelas sityviT, `qarTlis
wylulebis mozare~, `medgari suliskveTebis~ mgosani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT,
kulturuli samyaros winaSe marad darCeba qarTuli sulis Zlierebisa da
ukvdavebis gamomxatvel erT-erT fenomenad.
1 galaktion tabiZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, 1975,
gv. 64.59
56
aleqsandre orbeliani
(1802_1869)
aleqsandre orbeliani daibada 1802 wels. is qarTvelTa saxelovani
mefis, erekle meoris SviliSvili gaxldaT. deda _ Tekla batoniSvili,
erekles sayvareli Svili iyo da gamoirCeoda silamaziT, gonierebiTa da
simamaciT. leqsebsac werda, gulmxurvale patrioti iyo da 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebaSi eWvmitanili, baronma rozenma Tavisi iniciativiT, SvilebTan
(aleqsandre, dimitri, vaxtangi) erTad gaasaxla ruseTSi (ix. i.
uTuraSvili, Tekla bagrationi, Tb. 1991). mama _ vaxtang orbeliani,
jambakur orbelianTa cnobil saxleulobas ekuTvnoda, politikur mrwamss
moklebuli, gaorebuli piri yofila da daiRupa TanamoZme kaxelTa
ajanyebis Caqrobis dros, 1812 wels. mwerlis umcrosi Zma _ vaxtangi,
SemdgomSi cnobili poeti _ romantikosi da sazogado moRvawe, mamis gar-
dacvalebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg gaCnda. aleqsandre orbelianma im
drois kvalobazed, rigiani saojaxo ganaTleba miiRo. Semdeg ki daamTavra
Tbilisis keTilSobilTa da peterburgis samxedro saswavleblebi.
saswavleblis direqtorma Turme erTxel `romaeli publi~ uwoda da aqedan
SerCa metsaxeli `publia~. al. orbeliani mogviTxrobs rogor Seerqva mas
es metsaxeli. erTxel, roca is, 12 wlisa iyo, saswavlebelSi Sesvenebis
dros taSis kvris TamaSisas gamarjvebuli gamovida `derextorma momiyuana
TavisTan da miTxra... oo, Sena xar romaeli publi. magram Senma gazrdam
rom iswavlo, es ufro kargi iqneba SenTvis. ecade iswavlo Cemo romaelo
publi. ai, publia saidgan gamikeTda~ (ix. m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX sau-
kunis I naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, II, Tb., 1983, gv.
124-125).
1817 wlidan `publia~ ukve samxedro samsaxurSia, ewafeba TviT-
ganviTarebas, bevrs kiTxulobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom al. orbelians
savsebiT naTlad hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi,
gaaCnda mkafio erovnuli pozicia, mravali imdroindeli patriotulad
ganwyobili qarTvelis msgavsad, iZulebuli iyo sakuTari mrwamsis
sawinaaRmdegodac emoqmeda, 1820 wels is monawileobs imereTis ajanyebis
CaqrobaSi. mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze amgvari usiamovno misiis
Sesruleba mraval saxelovan qarTvels mouxda. es iyo bedis ironia da
garkveulad tragikuli xvedri didi qarTvelebisa... 1822 wels al.
orbeliani samxedro samsaxurs Tavs anebebs, 1823 wels ki qorwindeba daviT
baraTaSvilis asul ekaterineze. 1828 wels mas Tbilisis mazris marSlis
movaleobis Semsruleblad irCeven, xolo 1829 wels saqarTvelos umaRlesi
mTavrobis saaRmsruleblo eqspediciis mrCevlad. ganaTlebuli, gonieri,
erekle mefis STamomavali, dReniadag saqarTvelos rusTagan gamoxsna-
aRdgenaze ocnebobs. aris 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi lideri. al.
orbeliani imave wlis 11 dekembers daapatimres. misi TqmiT, am SeTqmulebis
mizani `Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde sruli60
57
ad mTebisa da baris xalxis gaerTianeba~ da saqarTvelodan rusTa
gandevna~ iyo. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebis Semdeg al. orbeliani
gadaasaxles orenburgis guberniaSi. saqarTveloSi 1840 wels dabrunda.
samSoblosTan Sexvedris sixaruliT aRZruli mamuliSvilis
nostalgirebuli gancdebi STambeWdavad aris gadmocemuli mwerlis Semdeg
sityvebSi: àba rodis meRirseba imis naxva, visac mouTmenlad veli... Sen,
Cemo mSobelo mamulo, Sen risTvis gamimete, amdeni weliwadi gadamagde...
exla naxevarkaci Zlivs movdivar. moval mag Sens xeobaSi. Sens qvebs
movlok Cemi amdeni wlis daxavsebulisa gulisa gansakurnad. Sen iqnebi,
mdinareo Tergo, Cemi pirveli ukvdavebis wyaro... darielis xids qvemoT
Tergis pirs Cavel... iq daviCoqe, erTs qvas movexvie da imas kocniT
movlokamdi, romelsaca mixaroda da RmerTs madlobas Sevwiravdi: kidev
vnaxe Cemi mSobeli mamulis samZRvris piri~ (gv. 1661, 164-9) (ix. m.
berZniSvilis dasax. wigni, gv. 126).
am droidan is aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv-kulturulsa da
literaturul cxovrebaSi. mwerali daucxromlad iRvwis qarTuli Teatris
aRorZinebis, Jurnal-gazeTis daarsebis, skolebis gaxsnisaTvis. iv.
kereseliZis redaqtorobiTY aRdgenil Jurnal `ciskars~, faqtiurad, gr.
orbelianTan erTad aleqsandre orbeliani afinansebda. al. orbeliani
Zalzed xelxvavrieli mweralia. is iyo poeti, prozaikosi, dramaturgi,
publicisti, literaturis kritikosi, avtoria mSvenieri istoriul-
eTnografiuli narkvevebisa. samwuxarod, mis TxzulebaTa didi nawili
gamoucemelia, ucnobia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis. aleqsandre
orbeliani gardaicvala 1869 wels, dakrZalulia sionSi.
* * *
akaki wereTeli didi simpaTiiT ixsenebs mwerals, roca aRniSnavs:
àl. orbelianisTana qarTvel kacs Zvirad Sevxvedrivar; suliTa da guliT
moyvaruli iyo Cvenis xalxisa da Cvenis qveynisa da TiTqmis Tavis
dasadebadac mzad iyo. rodesac gaigonebda, rom esa da es niWieri vinme
gamoCnda mis sixaruls sazRvari ar hqonda~. (gaxseneba, 1893 w.) sxvisi
sixaruliT gaxarebul mweralTa da moRvaweTa raodenoba yovel droSi
mcire iyo da aris... al. orbeliani, rogorc literatori, imiTacaa
dasafasebeli, rom erTnairi patriotuli gulisZgeriT adevnebs Tvals da
gverdSi udgas yvelas, vinc qarTuli mwerlobisa da Cveni erisTvis iRvwis,
iqneba es, grigol orbeliani, Tu akaki wereTeli. sayovelTaod cnobilia,
Tu ra sasargeblo konsultantobas uwevda is `sadRegrZeloze~ muSaobisas
gr. orbelians; esaa pirovneba, romlis arsebobis forma sazogadoebrivi
saqmianoba da literaturuli cxovreba iyo. am uangaro bunebis da naRdi
mamuliSviluri miswrafebebis gamo iyo, rom TavianT nawarmoebebs uZRvnian
al. orbelians ilia WavWavaZe (statia `pasuxi~) da grigol orbeliani
(`sadRegrZelo~). gansakuTrebuli siTboTi acocxlebs mis portrets akaki
wereTeli (`Cemi Tavgadasavali~).
pirveli leqsi _ `mTovare~, aleqsandre orbelianma 1832 wels 61
58
dastamba solomon dodaSvilis mier gamocemul `saliteraturoni
nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTaganSi~. misi adrindeli leqsebi satrfialo
Sinaarsisaa. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ùecari Sexvedra~, `mSvenieras
qarTvelas~. aleqsandre orbelianis patriotuli ganwyobilebebi
warmodgenilia iseT leqsebSi, rogoricaa: alegoriuli xasiaTis `mTovare~,
misi saTayvanebeli papisadmi miZRvnili èpitafia saqarTvelos mefis
iraklisadmi~, romelic nikoloz baraTaSvilis brwyinvale leqsis Semdeg,
sagulisxmo nawarmoebia am didi mefis Temaze Seqmnil TxzulebaTa Soris.
aleqsandre orbeliani qarTvel romantikosTagan erT-erTi pirveli poetia,
romelmac sagangebo leqsi miuZRvna genialur rusTvels (`rusTveli~). misi
mzera bunebis suraTTa aRweriskenac aris miqceuli, magram rogorc
aRniSnaven al. orbeliani bunebis gansaxierebis procesSi ufro peizaJistia
da gamokveTil romantikul xilvas ar avlens (`saqarTvelos gazafxuli~,
`kavkasiis mTebi maSukis mTidgan~). aleqsandre orbeliani zogjer
satirulad momarTuli poeticaa. aseTia, magaliTad, misi `simSiliT
gamxrWvali ZaRlikaci~. poema `qurcikis siyvaruli~ raime gansakuTrebuli
mxatvruli RirsebiT ar gamoirCeva. aleqsandre orbelianis prozaul
qmnilebaTagan Tavisi patriotuli gamiznulobiT yuradRebas iqcevs ùmanko
sisxli~. satiruli xasiaTisaa àraki tartarozisa anu kudianebis Rame~,
romelic uxvad Seicavs romantikul fantastikasa da aseTsave xilvebs.
dramatul nawerTagan mkvlevarTa (ap. maxaraZe, j. WumburiZe, n.
vaxania) ganxilva-dakvirvebis sagnad upiratesad oTxi Txzulebaa qceuli:
`daviT aRmaSenebeli anu ukanaskneli Jami saqarTvelosi~, `batoniSvilis
iraklis pirveli dro anu Tavdadeba qarTvelebisa~, `keTili berikaci~ da
`Jamni mefoben~.
aleqsandre orbelianis mxatvruli mizanswrafvis amosavali am
qmnilebebSic saqarTvelos warsuli, Cveni qveynis bedze fiqri da ocnebaa.
mkvlevarTa azriT, am mwerlis mxatvruli qmnilebebi, leqsiTi xasiaTisa
iqneba is, Tu prozauli da dramatuli, arc SemoqmedebiTi fantaziiT, arc
aRmafreniT, arc sxva mxatvruli niSniT ar iqceven yuradRebas.
am TvalsazrisiT, maT sadReisod mxolod istoriuli mniSvnelobaRa
Tu aqvT.
* * *
aleqsandre orbelianis literaturuli SesaZleblobebi ufro
farTodaa warmodgenili mis kritikul naazrevSi, sadac kargad Cans am
saRad moazrovne pirovnebis kritikuli alRo da sazogadoebrivi pozicia.
aleqsandre orbelianis literaturuli mrwamsis dasaxasiaTeblad,
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Semdeg TviTdaxasiaTebas: `bevrs raRacas amboben
Cemze, imaT Soris imasac mwameben me, oRond qarTuli iyos da rac unda
sul erTia imisTvisao, vaRiareb sazogadoebis winaSe, rom swore aris
naTqvami~. mogvianebiT amave pozi62
59
ciidan afasebs al. orbelianis pirovnebas didi qarTveli poeti akaki
wereTeli, roca `Cems TavgadasavalSi~ wers: ìs iyo namdvili qarTveli
kaci, bevris mnaxveli, bevris gamgone da naRvawi... Zalian sayvareli vinme
iyo da saqarTveloc gansxvavebulad uyvarda; es misi nawerebidanac Cans~.
ase, rom al. orbelianis literaturul-esTetikuri mrwamsi, iseve
rogorc misi moRvaweobis amosavali principi, yvela SemTxvevaSi
patriotul mizandasaxulobas eqvemdebareba da miTaa gansazRvruli. esaa
misi pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis rogorc aqtivobis SinaarsiT avsebuli,
progresuli, sicocxlisunariani Tavisebureba, aseve romantikul ocnebaTa
samyaroSi zedmetad Setopvis gamo, konservatizmis elferiT daRdasmuli
niSan-Tviseba; magram unda iTqvas, konservatuli elferi mometebulad mainc
al. orbelianis socialur SexedulebaTa gacnobidan gamokrTis, roca igi
ocnebobs warsulis dabrunebaze: `nu moviwonebT saqarTvelos Zvelsa
drosa?~ _ kiTxulobs mwerali da Tvlis, rom es is xanaa, roca `yovlis
keTiliT aRorZinebulia mTeli qveyana. sadac naklulevaneba aRarafrisa
aRar aris da xalxi fufunebs umankoebis simdidriT~. al. orbeliani
axdens rusTvelis sityvebis erTgvar modifikacias da kacobriobis xsnad
saxavs azrs `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~. Tumca am striqonebis
mixedviTac Znelia imsjelo al. orbelianis konservatizmze. tradiciuli
gagebiT es ufro didi kulturuli genetikis mqone qarTul sivrceSi
`jansaR istoriul konservatizmze~ (s. bulgakovi) damynil qristianuli
sulierebis elfers aZlevs mis pirovnebas. iseve rogorc mwerali arsad ar
xsnis da ganmartavs, Tu konkretulad ra Sinaarss gulisxmobs igi
rusTvelis striqonTa miRma. SesaZlebelia, rogorc qarTveli, is aq fenaTa
Soris saerTo niadagis yofnaze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac ase
Zvirfasia yvela didi qarTvelisaTvis da mogvianebiT ilia WavWavaZis
àCrdilSic~ rom poulobs gamoZaxils.
al. orbeliani wminda literaturul sakiTxebze msjelobis drosac
yovelTvis angariSgasawev Sexedulebebs gamoTqvams. mwerlis azrovnebis es
Tavisebureba kargad moCans werilSi `darTuls darTuli~, romelSic
ganxilvis ZiriTad sagnad daniel WonqaZis `suramis cixea~ qceuli. aq mas
gamoTqmuli aqvs rigi mosazrebani, romlebic angariSgasawevia `suramis
cixis~ literaturuli Rirsebebis Sesafaseblad. ase, magaliTad, avtori
ambobs, d. WonqaZes ufro meti SesaZleblobebi hqonda mwerlobaSi, vidre es
gamovlinda mis moTxrobaSi. amitomac Tvlis igi d. WonqaZis `dakargvas
saqarTvelos danaklisad~, radgan misive TqmiT, ètyoba imis Txzulebasa
kargaT gaimarTavda xels im guars mwerlobaSi, iqneba bolo dros didi
saxelic darCenoda~. amasTan, al. orbelianis azriT, d. WonqaZis Txzulebis
mTavari nakli isaa, rom nawarmoebi SemTxveviT ambavzea agebuli da ara
tipurze. al. orbelianis SexedulebiT ki, iseTi tendenciis mweralma,
rogoric d. WonqaZea, SemTxveviT `Worebze~ ar unda aagos Txzuleba, es ar
aris mwerluri TvalsazrisiT 63
60
gamarTlebuli. al. orbelianis msjelobidan gamomdinare, arc dur-
miSxanisa da osman aRas TavgadasavalTa Txrobisas aris fsiqologiuri
simarTle daculi. am SeniSvnaTa samarTlianobis miuxedavad, unda iTqvas,
rom al. orbeliani sabolood mainc ver axerxebs d. WonqaZis Txzulebis
socialuri mniSvnelobis marTebul Sefasebas, radgan igi ver
Tavisufldeba `warsuli drois kuTvnili batonymobisadmi~ anu
patronymobisadmi romantikuli midgomisagan. saanalizo masalisadmi amgvar
damokidebulebaSic vlindeba aleqsandre orbelianis, rogorc
romantikuli mrwamsis matarebeli moazrovnis pozicia. qarTuli
mentalobis gamomxatveli rainduli samyarosadmi mwerlis romantikulma
mimarTebam gansakuTrebiT logikur-diskursiuli forma miiRo 1859 wels, J.
`ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ ùwindels dros batonymoba
saqarTveloSi~, sadac avtori wers: `saqarTveloSi mebatoneTa ymoba ar
iTqmis. marTalia sityva ymoba iyo, magram saqme monobas ar acxadebs.
uwindels droSi, gareSe kaci imas eZebda: me batoni viSovno da imas
Sevexizno, amisTvis, rom mebatone Tavis ymasa SvilsaviT yurs ugdebda da
Svilis msgavsad guli stkioda ymisTvis~ (ix. aleqsandre jambakur
orbelianis naweri z. WiWinaZis gamocema, 1879, gv. 77).
zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebis araswori interpretaciidan daedo saTave
azrs, romlis mixedviT, a. orbeliani, batonsa da ymas Soris `mamaSviluri~
urTierTobis apologeti da amdenad, `konservatori~, `reaqcioneria~. am
mxriv TviT studentTaTvis rekomendirebul saxelmZRvaneloSic ki vxvdebiT
msjelobas, rom al. orbelianma `yvelaze tipiurad gamoxata reaqciuli
romantizmis tendenciebi qarTul mwerlobaSi da amiT Tanamedroveobas
mkveTrad daupirispirda~. aSkaraa, rom aseTi ideologiis mqone mwerlis
literaturuli Sexedulebebi konservatiuli iyo da isini imdroindeli
mwerlobis sasicocxlo interesebs araTu CamorCeboda, aramed zogjer
ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec~ (ix. j. WumburiZe, aleqsandre orbeliani, wignSi:
àxali qarTuli literaturis istoria~ I, Tsu, 1956, gv. 246). Tu
davakvirdebiT, Tavis statiaSi a. orbeliani batonymobis institutis
idealizacias ki ar iZleva, aramed qarTuli `patronymobis~ anu raindobis
Taviseburebebs arkvevs, mis raobas aSinaarsebs da sagulisxmo dakvirvebebs
gvTavazobs `ymisa~ da `batonis~ anu `Tavadis~ sulieri genetikis erovnul
fesvebze. al. orbelianis aRniSnuli sadiskusio Sexedulebis siRrmiseul
gaazrebad gvesaxeba axali drois didi qarTveli mwerlisa da moazrovnis
grigol robaqiZis Semdegi dakvirveba: `CvenSi ZvelisZvelad rCeuli arsi
iyo: naTelmgebi xalxisa, mcveli da mmarTavi, igi `raindi~ iyo _ ra
oqrosityvaa! batonymoba CvenSi ar yofila `krepostniCestvo~. aba
gansWvriteT: `yma~ qarTulSi ar niSnavs `monas~ _ gadafurcleT
rusTaveli!@daakvirdiT sityvas `ymawvili~ _ gana aq `yma~ monas niSnavs?
`batonymoba~ `lehn~-is sistemis xmierebaa. es sistema aRmosavleTSi
qarTvelebma Seqmnes, dasavleTSi germanelebma, Seqmnes erTi meoris
damoukideblad (sacnauri paraleli mkvlevarTaTvis). `Tava64
61
doba~ qarTvelobaSi bolo xanebSi gadagvarda. xolo mis anarekls
Cven dromdec mouRwevia. aq erTi zeimi unda vaxseno, gagonili apolon
wulaZisagan, romelic mas moswrebia da kidec daswrebia mravaljer. yovel
ianvris meore dRes Tavad gurielebisas Turme zeimi imarTeboda, saca
`ymebad~ gurielebi gamodiodnen `Tavadebad~ glexebi~. (gr. robaqiZe),
mogonebaTa barduli, ix. mixako wereTeli, eri da kacobrioba, Tb., 1990, gv.
323).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, es problema saintereso
mecnieruli gansjis sagnad iqceva qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi (g.
imedaSvili, `vefxistyaosani~ da qarTuli kultura~, Tb., 1968; i. evgeniZe,
qarTuli romantizmis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1982, gv. 35. vaJa-fSavela, Tb., 1989; z.
gamsaxurdia, `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba, Tb.,1991). erTi ram faqtia: a.
orbeliani iseT kiTxvebs ayenebs, rac Semdgom Tergdaleulebs awuxebT.
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, al. orbelianis pozicia axali Taobis mimarT
progresulia im niSniT, rom mas TvalsazrisTa sxvadasxvaoba
urTierTuaryofis, erTmaneTTan mkveTri dapirispirebis da, maSasadame,
TaobaTa anu `dasTa~ Soris brZolis safuZvlad ki ar miaCnda, aramed
azrovnebis da kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi winsvlis pirobad. `marTla etyoba,
rom ori dasi ibadeba, kargi niSania. es is aris, win mivdivarT da ukan
aRar vrCebiT. progresistebs undaT konservatorebi gaigdon win,
konservatorebi Sehyureben jer saxeSi imaT, vnaxoT ra iqnebao. raRa ra
iqneba, unda pasuxi vsTqvaT Cvenis azrisamebr ase: kargs ambavisas Zvelisas
unda pativi vsceT da axlandels ganaTlebas Tayvani vscemoT. oRond kargi
ram iTqvas, rom sazogados zneobisas gasakeTebeli iyos, gonebis sinaTlis
mimcemi da qveynis sasargeblo, Torem sul erTia, ra gindaT TqvaT, ginda
Zveli, ginda axali ganaTlebisa~... (`darTuls darTuli~). gaivlis ramdenime
aTeuli weli da ilias statiaTa serialSi `werilebi mecxramete saukunis
qarTul literaturaze~ kvlav aRorZindeba `Zveli~ da àxali~ Taobis
moRvaweobis amgvari interpretaciis saWiroeba.
al. orbelianis literaturul SexedulebaTa gacnoba gvarwmunebs,
rom am mwerlis naazrevSi bevri ram aris iseTi, rac kritikuli Sefasebis
sferoSi erTgvar literaturul winaprobas uwevda Cvens did
samocianelebs.
1857 wels al. orbeliani Jurn. `ciskris~ Sesaxeb, im Jurnalisa,
romlis arsebobis erTi masazrdoebeli TviTonvea, wers: `sakvirvelia
WeSmaritad, Cuens qarTuls Jurnals hqvian ciskari da riT aris ciskari?
mxolod saxeliT~. oriode wlis Semdeg am Sexedulebis gagrZelebaao
TiTqos, ise moCans iliaseuli Sefaseba Jurnalisa; `Cveni ciskari
jojoxeTis karia da ara cisa~. al. orbeliani, Tavis mxatvrul nawerebSi
es mouRleli mexotbe Cveni qveynis warsulisa, Tavis werilebSi dReniadag
imaze zrunavs, rom èvropis ganaTleba sufevdes~ CvenSi da rom `Cven Zvels
qarTvelebs, romlebsaca aTasobiT weliwadia gvaqvs moraluri ufleba
gvqondes Jurnali da amasTan wesieri Jurnali, radganac, rogorc mwerali
ambobs, `sa65
62
daca veluri xalxni iyvnen, am ramdensame wlis win, axla evropis
ganaTleba sufevs imaTSi~ (`me da is~). saerTod unda iTqvas, rom al.
orbeliani is pirovnebaa, romelsac Cveni eris moralur-politikuri, Tu
kulturul-literaturuli winsvlis pirobad evropul sinamdvilesTan
qarTvelTa dakavSireba miaCnia. am poziciidan aqebs da gaxazavs igi
`salaybos furcelSi~ gamoqveynebuli `molaybis~ satirul-iumoristuli
nawerebis Rirebulebas da moiTxovs qarTveli sazogadoebis amaRlebas
amgvar literaturamde (`salaybos furcelze~).
satirul-iumoristul literaturas, rogorc cnobilia, qmediTi
mniSvneloba samocianelebma mianiWes; magram al. orbelianis am werilSic
mkafiod moCans qarTul literaturul cxovrebaSi misi damkvidrebis
aucileblobis moTxovna. amgvari literaturis simciris pirobebSi
moRvaweobis arenidan `molaybis~ wasvlis Semdeg swored iliaseburad
gaismis al. orbelianis sinanuliT savse sityvebi: ìs viRac molaybe iyo,
ra kargad laybobda xolme~...
al. orbelianma Cvens sinamdvileSi erT-erTma pirvelma daayena
qarTuli kritikis ganviTarebis moTxovna. `rogor davijero Cvens
qarTvelebSi kargi mxilebeli aravin iyos, romelsaca SeeZlos Cveni
sityvierebis ganxilva? ar aris dasajerebeli~. gaivlis xani da ilia
WavWavaZe kvlav daubrundeba am mtkivneul kiTxvas (`ra mizezia, rom
kritika ara gvaqvs~) da pasuxsac gascems eris satkivars, magram faqtia, rom
konservatorad monaTlul romantikoss al. orbeliansac awuxebs igive
kiTxvebi. `ratom ar viciT qarTulad kritika ra aris~ _ ekiTxeba 1857 wels
igi `ciskris~ redaqtors iv. kereseliZes da TviTonve ganmartavs: `kritikas
Targmnian: zogni garkvevas, zogni dafasebas, zogni gakicxvas, zogni
gansjas da zogni garCevas. oho! Tu amdeni saxeli hqvian qarTulad
kritikas, swored vityvi kargi didi da ganieri mafraSa yofila~.
rasakvirvelia, didi ilias naazrevSi ukve Tanamedroveobis moTxovnaTa
donezea gadawyvetili is siZneleebi, rasac kritikis cnebis gagebis
sakiTxSi al. orbeliani awydeba, magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani
mainc isaa, rom masTan mwvaved dgas am sakiTxis gadaWris moTxovna.
aleqsandre orbelianis nawerebSi dgas saliteraturo enis problema.
cnobilia, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi e. w. `mamaTa~ da `SvilTa~ Soris
brZolis erT mTavar sababad am sakiTxs Tvlian. 1860 wels `ciskarSi~ (#6)
gamoqveynebul werilSi `qarTuli ubnoba anu wera~ mwerali am problemas
exeba. mwerali moiTxovs imave eniT weron, rogorc laparakoben da es aris
saSualo ena _ darbaisluri, arc saeklesio da arc glexkacuri. al.
orbeliani saliteraturo enis safuZvlad acxadebs `visramianis~,
`vefxistyaosnis~, `rusudanianis~, `davriSianis~, `yaramanianis~ da `sibrZne-
sicruisas~ enas. mas savsebiT samarTlianad g. erisTavis komediebis enac
saliteraturo enis nimuSad ki ar miaCnia, aramed komediis enad. `gayris~
personaJebis ena ar SeiZleba qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZvlad
gamocxaddes. `gayris~ ena komizmis Seqmnis erTi pirobaa da Tavisi funqcia
66
63
aqvs (`ramdenime sityva `gayris~ kamediazed~, `ciskari~, 1857, #9). ro-
gorc aRniSnaven, àl. orbeliani sinamdvileSi arc Zvel enas icavs da arc
sisadavisa da simartivis moTxovnis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. al. orbeliani
enis siwmindis sakiTxze laparakobs da saliteraturo qarTulis
dadgenisas saSualo gzas adgas. (gr. kiknaZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1999, gv.
172). amasTan aqac ki ar jiutobs, aramed Zalze frTxilad da faqizad
aRniSnavs: `Tumca Cemis azriT me amas vamtkiceb, magram nurvis egoneba...
rasaca vsTqvi uTuod asea meTqi. ara, rasac vambob iqneba ase ar iyos da
ufro sxvagvarad iyos. kaci Tavis nakluvanebas agre rigad ver dainaxavs~
(`qarTuli ubnoba anu wera~). rogorc vxedavT, al. orbeliani am sakiTxSiac
sazogado _ eris interesebiT cocxlobs da suldgmulobs da sruliadac
araa iseTi moazrovnisa da mwerlis tipi, romelsac sakuTari xedvisa da
dakvirvebis Sedegi miaCnia erTaderT WeSmaritebad. istoriuli perspeqtivis
TvalsazrisiT, bevri ram al. orbelianis SexedulebebSi drom gaamarTla
ara marto enis sakiTxze, aramed kritikis tonis sakiTxzec: `lanZRviT
kritika uzrdeloba aris. mova dro, rom exlandelsa gamoCenilsT
kritikosebs Zalian Serisxamen, ara imaTs Rirseulsa kritikebsa, mxolod
imaT lanZRvebsa~.
aleqsandre orbelianma pirvelma Cvens sinamdvileSi yuradReba
miaqcia qarTuli musikis specifikas da ara patriotuli grZnobiT
Tvalabmulobam, aramed mxolod faqtiuri viTarebis Rrma codnam misca
sababi amayad ganecxadebina: `Cveni galoba... simReris xmebi sxva qveynisas ar
miemsgavsebao~. qarTuli musikis sakiTxebze al. orbelianis msjelobidan
gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom am moRvawes imdroindel saqarTveloSi qarTuli
xalxuri musikis polifoniurobis Semnaxvel kerad dasavleT saqarTvelos
xmebi miaCnia. konkretul-istoriuli, socialuri pirobebis gamo, igi
savsebiT kanonzomierad Tvlis, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos musikalur
kulturaze Zalum zemoqmedebas axdenda aRmosavluri musikaluri
tendenciebi, rac Cqmalavs da zRudavs sasuliero _ qristianuli
tradiciebis mqone qarTuli erovnuli musikaluri kulturis Semdgom
winsvlas. SeiZleba sadReisodac ar iyos moklebuli aqtualobas saukuneze
meti xnis winaT Tqmuli al. orbelianis sityvebi: `qarTvelebo! aRiReviT
yizilbaSuris yiyinzed, imis simRerebis xmebzed xeli... rad daviviwyeT is
Cveni mama-papuri kargi galoba... gamigonia gurulebi Turme kidev galoben
mama-papis galobasa. RvTis gulisaTvis gurulebo! Cvenis samSoblos da enis
sadRegrZeloT Tqven mainc nu daiviwyebT Tqveni mama-papis eklesiebis
galobasa, romelic is xma mogvagonebs, Cvens keTils qristianobrivsa
namdvilsa~.
aleqsandre orbeliani erTi im pirvelTagania, vinc iqadaga qarTuli
xalxuri musikis Sekrebis, notebze gadatanis aucilebloba da Jurnal
`ciskris~ furclebidan mTeli saqarTvelos gasagonad Tqva: `Rirs
saxsovrad darCeba imisi saxeli mamuls, vinc amdensa xmebsa erTad
Semohkrebs da notebzed daawyobs sulerTianad. is iqneba istoriis piris
saCenio~.
am striqonebis daweridan gaivlis kidev ramdenime weli da ilia 67
64
WavWavaZe Tavis SesaniSnav statiaSi `qarTuli xalxuri musika~ kvlav
gamoacocxlebs Cveni erovnuli kulturis am metad saWirboroto sakiTxs.
aleqsandre orbelianis Sexedulebani literaturisa da xelovnebis
sakiTxebze Zalze mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac aq kardinalur problemad
dgas problema qarTuli erovnuli kulturis tradiciebis Senaxvisa da
misi perspeqtivebisa. marTalia, al. orbelianis naazrevs zogadTeoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, romantizmis esTetikis TvalsazrisiT, raime gansxvavebuli
niSani ar moepoveba adre cnobil SexedulebebTan (da es arcaa
mosalodneli), magram erTi mainc faqtia, rom Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis
moTxovnaTa pasuxad, aq mkiTxveli bevrs raimes ipovis iseTs, rasac ara
mxolod im droisaTvis, aramed sadReisodac aqvs SenarCunebuli Tavisi
Rirebuleba qarTuli kulturis, literaturisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebis
procesisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, ara mxolod al. orbelianis kritikul-
Teoriul Sexedulebebs, aramed sazogadod, mis mxatvrul nawerebs bevr
SemTxvevaSi ufro naocnebaris, Zvelis idealizaciis beWedi azis, magram
yvela viTarebaSi aSkaraa, rom mis ocnebasa da idealur miswrafebebs
saqarTvelos momavalze fiqri da zrunva asazrdoebs. am niSniTacaa
erovnuli ideiT gulanTebuli mwerlisa da moRvawis naazrevi sayuradRebo
axali saqarTvelos mkvidri dRevandeli qarTvelisaTvis. amis erTi
gamoxatuleba isicaa, rom CvenSi ukve qveyndeba ara mxolod saintereso
narkvevebi da monografiebi (nino vaxania, rostom CxeiZe) erT dros
`konservator-reaqcionerad~ monaTluli mwerlis Sesaxeb, aramed Seiqmna
àleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoeba~, romlis mizandasaxulobaa
saxelovani mamuliSvilis anderZisamebr erovnuli faseulobebis movla. 68
65
vaxtang orbeliani
(1812_1890)
vaxtang orbeliani qarTuli romantizmis erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgenelia, imdenad gamokveTili da Tanmimdevruli, rom jer kidev maSin,
roca Cvens mwerlobaSi romantizmze, rogorc literaturul
mimarTulebaze saubari ar yofila, ilia WavWavaZem pirvelma sruliad
garkveviT vaxtang orbeliani romantikul skolas miakuTvna. ilia werda:
`vaxtang orbeliani namdvili lirikosia romantikuli skolisa. egred
wodebul `romantizms~ igi hyavs CvenSi TiTqmis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli.
erTaderTs vambobT imitom, rom misi poezia am mxriv TiTqmis Seurevelia
da auWrelebeli. `romantizms~ evropis poeziaSi im xanebSi didi adgili
eWira da misi udidesi deda-boZi iyo viqtor hiugo, safrangeTis saxelovani
poeti, romlis TxzulebaTa kiTxva T. vaxtang orbelians, rogorc sCans
misi leqsebidan, xSirad hyvarebia~.
vaxtang orbelianis pirveli biografia ilia WavWavaZem dawera
vaxtang orbelianis leqsebis krebulisaTvis, romelic poetis qaliSvilis
mariam orbelianis TaosnobiT gamoica 1894 wels.
ilias mier dawerili biografia daedo safuZvlad Semdgom avtorTa
naSromebs.
daibada vaxtang orbeliani 1812 wels, maRal aristokratiul ojaxSi.
momavali poetis deda, Tekle, iyo erekle II-is umcrosi qaliSvili.
èrekle mefes Tavisi umcrosi asuli Tekle batoniSvili gansakuTrebiT
hyvarebia da xSirad ubrZanebia Turme: `Cems vaJiSvilebs Cemis Tekles
sikeTe rom sWirdeT, bednieri viqnebodio~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
mefe erekle, Tavis asuls Tekle-biWs rom eZaxda, bavSvobidanve
aCvevda cxenze jdomas, iaraRis xmarebas da isic SesaniSnavi msroleli
dadga. vaJurad gamowyobili da iaraRasxmuli xSirad Tan dahyveboda Tavis
saxelovan mamas. `Tekle batoniSvili zedmiwevniT mcodne yofila mis
droindel qarTuli mwerlobisa, saRmTo werilisa, kargad ganaTlebuli
maSindel kvalobaze, WkuiT, sibrZniT da saTnoebiT Semkuli, amasTan
sakvirveli mxne da gamWriaxi~ (ilia WavWavaZe). qarTuli literaturis
tradiciebze aRzrdils, gansakuTrebiT besikis poezia moswonda da misi
gavleniT leqsebsac werda. akaki wereTlis dasturiT, `pirveli qali,
romelsac saqveynod dauwyia leqsebis wera im saukunis dasasruls da am
saukunis dasawyisSi, yofila darejan batoniSvili, mefe solomon pirvelis
qali, amave dros amereTSiac gamoCenila mwerali qali Tekle batoniSvili~.
poetis mama, vaxtang orbeliani, gavlenian pirs warmoadgenda samefo
karze. aqtiurad `monawileobda iranel da Turq agresorebisagan qarTl-
kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefos dacvaSi~ (givi JRenti). 69
66
erT dros igi sagarejos mouravic yofila. platon ioselianis
gadmocemiT, vaxtang orbelians èbara yarabulaxi da garemo soflebi da
ifaravda sagarejos, manavs lekTa dacemisagan. udabnos bolos daamarcxa
beladi erTi da mosWra Tavi~. rusebis saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis Semdeg
erekles siZe samxedro samsaxurSi Sevida da polkovnikobamde miaRwia.
kaxeTis ajanyebis dros sxva qarTvel TavadebTan erTad mTa-
varmarTebelma markiz pauliCma isic gaiwvia kaxeTSi. vaxtang orbeliani
kaxeTSi daiRupa Svilis dabadebamde erTi TviT adre. Svils mamis
sapativcemulod mamis saxeli, vaxtangi. daarqves. marTalia, Svili mamas ver
moeswro, magram faqtia, rom mas asazrdoebda dedisa da ufrosi Zmis,
aleqsandres, Tu sxvaTa monaTxrobi, gadmocemebi aramarto gmir papaze,
aramed mamazec _ vaxtang orbelianze; miuxedavad imisa, rom momavali
poetis mama samxedro samsaxurSi imyofeboda, igi ver faravda
ukmayofilebas rusuli mmarTvelobisadmi. kaxeTis ajanyebis dros aSkarad
TanaugrZnobda ajanyebulebs da sindisis Zlier qenjnas ganicdida, rom maT
winaaRmdeg unda gamosuliyo, amitomac man Tavi Seakla ajanyebulebs.
sikvdilis wina dReebSi Sewuxebuls eTqva: ùnda wavide da qarTvelma
kacma qarTvels Tofi vesroloo~ (givi JRenti).
vaxtang orbelianis ufrosi Zmis, aleqsandres, gadmocemiT, uSualod
ajanyebis CaqrobaSi Cabmuls, sindisis qenjniT mosvenebadakarguls
daRupvamde erTi dRiT adre miuweria Tekle batoniSvilisaTvis: `rusebis
ueWvelobisaTvis da miTam imaTis erTgulebisaTvis xval Zlier omis
cecxlSi Seval, egeba momklan, anu rogorme Tavi Sevakla~.
bunebrivia, mamaze aseTi gadmocemebic kvebavdnen Wabukis suls,
siamayiT avsebdnen da misi xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi did rols TamaSobdnen.
gansakuTrebuli iyo is dro da is atmosfero, roca vaxtang or-
belianis sulieri formireba xdeboda. es iyo dro, `roca jer kidev
cxovrebas zed eCneoda wylulni da dakodilebani meTvramete saukunisa da
mecxramete saukunis qars ver gaefanta maT mier movlenili naRveli,
mwuxareba da sasowarkveTileba. jer kidev TiTo-orola ojaxSi cocxali
iyo xsovna meTvramete saukunisa, romelmac suli dalia 1795 w. 11-s
seqtembers soRanluRs, krwanisis baRebTan da wamebis saxelovani gvirgvini
daadga im qveynisaTvis Tavganwirul mamuliSvilebs, romelTac fici
dasdes~:
`Tu gagviwyreba RmerTi da vera ganvdevneT mtris Zali,
iyos Sercxvenil, vinc Cvengan Sina wavides cocxali!~ (g. orbeliani)
da gaficebulTagan erTic ar gamosula omidam cocxali~ (ilia
WavWavaZe).
vaxtang orbelianis Camoyalibeba xdeboda ojaxSi, sadac deda
warmarTavda yvelafers, sazogadoebriv wreSi, romlisTvisac miuRebeli
iyo axali, rusuli marTva-ganmgebloba, romelic tradiciuli 70
67
cxovrebis wesebs upirispirdeboda. bunebrivia, cvlilebebi yvelaze
mtkivneulad aisaxeboda swored batoniSvilis ojaxze, ramdenadac igi
yvelaze axlos idga imasTan, rac iTrguneboda, iTeleboda da
Seurigeblobac axali wyobis mimarT yvelaze metad swored aq
mJRavndeboda.
camet wlamde vaxtang orbeliani uSualod dedis mzrunvelobiT
izrdeboda. bunebrivia, deda, romelic warsulis mogonebebs cxovlad
flobda, Svilebsac am mogonebebiT zrdida. amaze TviTon poetic godebs
Tavis vrcel leqsSi, ìmedi~:
`suli mikvnesis, guli Cemi mwared Rondeba,
ra saqarTvelos mware bedi momagondeba;
ra magondeba, rasac deda norCs momiTxrobda~.
magram, amasTanave, Tekle batoniSvili imasac kargad grZnobda, rom
àxali dro ukve dadga da es axali dro aucilebliv da daJinebiT
Txoulobs axalgazrdobis aRzrdas evropul-rusuli ganaTlebis
moTxovnilebaTa mixedviT. amitom is Seecada im droisTvis Sesaferi
ganaTlebac mieca SvilebisaTvis~ (mixeil zandukeli).
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba vaxtangma dedisagan miiRo, aqve, ojaxSive
dauwyia viRac kaTolike patris SemweobiT franguli enis Seswavla, rac
Semdeg peterburgSi gauRrmavebia. rogorc vaxtang orbeliani TviTonve
gvacnobs sagamomZieblo komisiisadmi micemul CvenebaSi 1883 wlis 6
Tebervals, swavla gaagrZela Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi,
saswavleblis daumTavreblad 1827 wlis bolos peterburgSi gaemgzavra da
iq paJTa korpusSi Cairicxa.
peterburgSi CasvlisTanave vaxtang orbeliani ruseTis kavkasiuri
politikisadmi Seurigeblad ganwyobil qarTvel batoniSvilTa wreSi
moxvda.
ise rogorc bevrma samxreTelma, vaxtang orbelianmac ver aitana
CrdiloeTis susxiani da mkacri hava, igi xSirad avadmyofobda.
peterburgSi weliwadnaxevris yofnis Semdeg Tekle batoniSvilma jer
SvebulebiT Camoiyvana saqarTveloSi, ris Semdegac igi peterburgSi aRar
gabrunebula, TbilisSi darCa. swavlas mowyurebuli axalgazrda imTaviTve
TviTganaTlebas daewafa. dedis xelmZRvanelobiT man Cinebulad icoda
qarTuli ena da qarTuli mwerloba, rusuli da franguli enebi. marTalia,
arc tol-megobrebze, maTTan dros tarebaze ambobda uars, magram wignis
siyvaruli imdenad mZlavri iyo masSi, rom arasdros ganSorebia mas. es
kargad Cans misi leqsidanac, romelic `Zvel megobars~ uZRvna; Zvel
megobarSi igi dimitri yifians gulisxmobs, did sazogado moRvawesa da
mamuliSvils;
modio, _ iwvevs Tav. vaxtang Tavis megobars.
`modi, aq miZevs TvalT wina rusTvelis didi qmnileba,
imis furCqvnilis leqsebiT suli da guli davitkboT,
gete, Seqspiri, Silleri kvlav erTad gadavikiTxoT~.
ai, ra gamoCenil avtorebTan hqonia saqme Tav. vaxtang orbelians da
wignebis kiTxvis wyurviliT ra zRvas daswafebia... gandidebuli 71
68
TvalTaxedviT da sulTaswrafviT gaZlierebuli survili gamoCenil
wignTa kiTxvisa, ra Tqma unda, sikvdilamde ar dadumdeboda cnobismoyvare
kacis gulSi da amitomac advilad misaxvedria, rom Tav. vaxtangs saflavis
karamde mihyolia eg siyvaruli kiTxvisa~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
frangulis codna saSualebas aZlevda poets originalSi ekiTxa
hiugos leqsebi. am dros vaxtang orbeliani iwyebs lirikuli leqsebis
weras, umTavresad sxvaTa mibaZviT, Targmnis rusi avtoris karatiginis
piesa _ vodevils ùcnobi nacnobi~. dimitri yifianis gadmocemiT,
axalgazrdebs gadauwyvetiaT daedgaT es piesa. ASedgomian repeticiebsac,
magram kars iyo momdgari 1832 weli, roca yvelaferi Tavdayira dadga;
rogorc iTqva, peterburgSi yofnisas, bunebrivia, vaxtang orbeliani
axlos iyo Tavis naTesavebTan, batoniSvilebTan; dadioda oqropir
batoniSvilTan, sadac is xvdeboda dimitri batoniSvils, elizbar erisTavs
da sxvebs. swored am dros Caisaxa SeTqmulebis ideac. 1830 wels
saqarTveloSi Camodis oqropir batoniSvili. amave wlidan SeTqmuleba
organizebul formas iRebs.
praqtikulad SeTqmulebaSi Cabmuli aRmoCnda orbelianebis mTeli
ojaxi. Zmebi orbelianebi SeTqmulebis gacemis pirvelsave dReebSi daakaves.
gasamarTlebamde mTeli weliwadinaxevari SeTqmulni àvlabris yazarmebSi~
iyvnen moTavsebulni SeTqmulebis moTaveebs da aqtiur wevrebs, romlebic
damnaSaveTa pirvel kategoriaSi aRmoCndnen, Tavdapirvelad sikvdiliT
dasja miusajes; maT Soris aRmoCndnen Zmebi aleqsandre da vaxtang
orbelianebi. ruseTis imperatorma bolos yvela sikvdiliT gansasjels
ganaCeni Seucvala ruseTis Soreul guberniebSi gadasaxlebiT. vaxtang or-
beliani dedasTan, romelic `yazarmobis~ dros ar daukavebiaT, da ZmasTan,
dimitrisTan, erTad kalugaSi gadaasaxles, xolo ufrosi Zma, aleqsandre,
orenburgSi. deda, Tekle batoniSvili, male ukan daabrunes xandazmulobis
gamo, vaxtangma ki gadasaxlebaSi mTeli oTxi weli dahyo. gadasaxlebaSi
yofnam kidev ufro gaumZafra samSoblos grZnoba. man mwared ganicada
samSoblodan ganSoreba, ver àxarebdnen RamiT mTovare, dRe mze cxoveli~,
`suli ukvnesda, guli ukvdeboda~, rogorc `yvavili mzis usxivod, udrood
Wkndeboda~, `samSoblosagan etliT moSorebuls~ `dRedaRam edga dabund-
vilTa... TvalTa wina Cveni mamuli `mSvenieri Cveni qveyana~. ocnebiT sul
saqarTvelosTan iyo, mxurvaled eficeboda: `sada gind viyo, rac gind viyo,
var Seni Svili!~ rogorc TviTon poeti gadmogvcems, gadasaxlebis simZime
ramdenadme imas Seumsubuqebia, rom adgilobrivi sazogadoeba
gulisxmierebiT Sexvedria gadasaxlebulT, TanagrZnoba gamoucxadebia
maTTvis. amis Sesaxeb vaxtang orbeliani ityobineboda rZlisadmi moweril
werilSi: `Zalian Sevwuxdebodi martoobiT, Tu aqaurs sazogadoebas ase
miRebuli ar vyvandeT, me ara mgonia, saqarTveloSi rom meRirsos mosvla,
Cemma naTesavebma asre mimiRon, yovels saxlSi naTesaurad~ (givi JRenti). 72
69
1837 wlisaTvis vaxtang orbeliani gaaTavisufles da samSobloSi
dabrunda.
1838 wlidan 1881 wlamde vaxtang orbeliani samxedro samsaxurSia. igi
samsaxurs iwyebs dabali wodebiT; _ praporSCikobiT niJegorodis dragunTa
polkSi, monawileobs sxvadasxva brZolebSi. 1855 wels gadahyavT qarTvel
grenaderTa polkSi. 1858 wels polkovnikis wodebas Rebulobs. xolo 1860
wels general-maiori xdeba. 1858 wlidan 1863 wlamde vaxtang orbeliani
Crdilo kavkasiaSi asrulebda sapasuxismgeblo administraciul
Tanamdebobebs _ jer iyo yubanis mxaris mmarTveli, xolo Semdeg Tergis
mxaris ufrosis Tanamdebobis droebiT aRmsrulebeli.
garda samxedro uwyebebisa poets umsaxurnia samoqalaqo dawe-
sebulebebSic. 1864 wels saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebisas igi glexTa
sakrebulos wevrad airCies, xolo Semdeg gardacvalebamde momrigebel
mosamarTled muSaobda sxvadasxva adgilas.
vaxtang orbeliani ara marto poeturi sityviT, aramed saqmiTac
gamoxatavda dabali socialuri fenebis, kerZod, glexobisadmi humanur
damokidebulebas. akaki wereTlis gadmocemiT, vaxtang orbelianma iseTi
saqcieli Caidina, rac aravis sxvas ar moumoqmednia: glexTa
ganTavisuflebisas ymis sulze misaRebi fuli, romelic xelisuflebam
yofil mebatoneebs dauriga, ramdenime aTasi Tumani ar aiRo: ìsini Cemi
umcrosi moZmeni iyvnen da ara gasayidi pirutyvebio~. xeluxlebeli datova
bankSi _ de, im fuliT, rogorc Tavad-aznaurebis, ise maTi Svilebic
gaizardono~, es marTlac saarako saqcieli iyo.
vaxtang orbeliani 1890 wels samocdaTvrameti wlis asakSi gar-
daicvala. igi dakrZalulia TbilisSi, sionis taZarSi.
vaxtang orbelianma literaturuli interesebi Tavidanve gamoamJRavna,
rac Tavdapirvelad gamoixata did SemoqmedTa wignebis kiTxvaSi.
literaturuli interesebi akavSirebda mas Tavis megobrebTan (leqsi `Zvel
megobars~), daiwyo Targmna rusulidan da frangulidan. mainc, rogorc
poets kalami didma emociebma, didma tkivilma aaRebina; es iyo
samSoblodan gadasaxlebis simware, saqarTvelosTan ganSorebis sevda,
monatrebis wyurvili. aseTia misi adreuli leqsebi `gamosalmeba~, `wigni
mowerili ruseTidam~, `mogoneba~, es erTi mxriv, meore mxriv, amave droidan
iqmneba leqsebi did ucxoel poetTa mibaZviT, rac gvianac grZeldeba;
kerZod, viqtor hiugos (`mimsgavseba viqtor hiugosi~, `videg Sens wina~,
`sicocxlis raSi~, `vis ginaxavT~), puSkinis (`mSvenierni dasni~, `ra mze
dasavals Caesveneba~), rogorc TviTon wers, `mimsgavsebiT~.
intensiur xasiaTs misi poeturi moRvaweoba 70-iani wlebis bolosa da
80-ian wlebSi Rebulobs, roca, rogorc poeti, igi savsebiT momwifebulia,
misi interesebi myaria, roca poeti imas gamoxatavs, rac misi sulis
nawilia, Rrmad gancdilia da mudam Tan axlavs.
savsebiT mosalodnelia da bunebrivic, rom erekle mefis 73
70
SviliSvilis, Tekle batoniSvilis vaJis fiqrebi warsuls dastri-
alebdes, warsulis mogonebebiT suldgulobdes, mas Sehxarodes. amitomac,
ilia WavWavaZis TqmiT, ùmTavresi ZarRvi vaxtang orbelianis poeziisa
erTi gulsakdomi, magram gulwrfeli godebaa warsulisaTvis~. marTalia,
Cveni qveynis warsuli ufro adre grigol orbelianma daxata, magram v.
orbelians `viTarca siyvarulis madliT mosils poets, didi wili uZevs,
rom am grZnobam CvenSi fexi moikida da frTa aisxa~ (i. WavWavaZe).
poeti saqarTvelos Soreul istoriasac ixsenebs, kerZod, saqa-
rTveloSi qristianobis damkvidrebis xanas, ninos saqarTveloSi zRviT
mosvlas, mirianis Rvawls, krZalviT axsenebs `did daviTs~, `Tamars
brwyinvales, Tamars turfas da mSveniersa~... `poeziisa, eris gulSi sxiviT
mosilsa, iveriis ZeT didebas da siyvaruls~. daviTi da Tamari mudam
Tayvansacemi gmirebi arian poetisaTvis, magram mainc, savsebiT cxadia, rom
igi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT Cerdeba mefe erekleze, Tavis saxelovan
papaze, mis saarako gmirobaze, mas dastrialebs, mis dros upirispirebs
ubadruk awmyos. mefe erekle, poetis TqmiT, `cam mouvlina Cvens qveyanas~.
igi
`mamulisTvis Zrwis,
dRedaRam ibrZvis,
icis, raca sZevs mamulis vali,
ebrZvis qristes mters,
win udgas Tvis ers,
oTxkuTxiv awvdis mkvircxls, magar mklavsa,
usjulo mteri,
mZlavri, Zlieri,
ver daimonebs iraklis xrmalsa!~
ebrZvis daRestans,
ebrZvis azaT xans,
zed evfratzeda dgas da gzas iWers, _
osmalebs marjvniv,
sparselebs _ marcxniv,
aRtacebiT mas evropa umzers~.
vaxtang orbeliani aRtacebulia warsuliT, qarTvelTa saarako
gmirobiT da TavdadebiT, sevdiT imsWvaleba, roca awmyoSi sanugeSos
verafers xedavs, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi leqsebi `Zveli dmanisi~, àris
adgili~, òri Senoba~ da a. S.
vaxtang orbelianis poeziaSi gandidebulni arian ara marto
calkeuli istoriuli pirebi, Seqebulia maTi sasaxelo saqmeni, aramed aq
idealizirebulia sazogadod Zveli dro, Zveli sazogadoebrivi
urTierToba, socialuri wyoba (mag., poemaSi `gankiTxva~). poeti
romantikulad aRwers erTi moxuci qarTveli Tavadis qvelur saqmeebs, mis
sabrZaniss da ambobs:
ùyvars moxucsa Tvis glexni _ ymani, _
misTvis is ymani arian Zmani, _
maTTan nadimi da maTTan lxena, 74
71
maT saubari ùmzakvro ena _
ymas hyavs patroni, ara batoni,
erTni arian yma da patroni~.
poeti vaxtang orbeliani warsuli drois gaidealebis, warsulis
gmirTa gandidebis, mefe erekles sasaxelo saqmeTa gadmocemisas leqsSi
ìrakli da imisi dro~, exeba saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis
sakiTxsac da am mxriv Tavis pozicias gamoxatavs. garkveulad vaxtang
orbeliani TiTqmis naxevari saukunis Semdeg `bedi qarTlisas~ Seqmnidan
baraTaSvilisebur pasuxs iZleva, bunebrivia, vifiqroT, baraTaSvilisave
gavleniT. krwanisis tragikuli uTanasworo brZolis dros
`TviT qalaqis win ibrZvis irakli,
gmirni wydebian,
veras Svelian,
qalaqs avarda oTx kuTxiv ali.
iraklim naxa,
guls daisaxa:
manam qveynad ars, aris cocxali,
ar miscems mtersa
monad Tvis ersa,
ar Caegeba qarqaSs mis xrmali.
roca mokvdeba
viRa darCeba,
iraklis xrmali vin atrialos?
saxlSi arvin hyavs,
is naTlad hxedavs
unda eris win man aRiaros.
da aRiara:
àrvin myavs, ara!~
da CrdiloeTi aCvena TiTiT.
brZana: `vibrZoleb,
manam vicocxleb;
aRar viqnebi, mas ers SeerTdiT!~
gavixsenoT n. baraTaSvilis poema `bedi qarTlisa~ mefe erekle
solomon lioniZes ruseTTan dakavSirebis sasargeblo erT-erT argumentad
imas usaxelebs, rom
Seni irakli is aRara var.
patara kaxad rom ginaxivar!
aba, romels Svils vxedav Rirseuls,
rom eqmnas kverTxad mamuls darRveuls?..
n. baraTaSvilis poemis mixedviT, solomonis mimarTvaze,
`Sengan ki magas nu gagvagoneb
da merme vinc ver ganagos qarTli,
maSin man uwyis, rac hyos keTili,
xolo irakli vidre hyavT qarTvelT,
ubedurebac bednier aqvndeT~.75
72
erekles pasuxis erTgvari gamoZaxilia, meores mxriv, v. orbelianis
leqsis zemoTmoyvanili adgili. erekle, n. baraTaSvilis poemis mixedviT,
ambobs:
ài, miviReb me Sens rCevasa
da davidumeb Cemsa gulis Tqmas.
nu daiviwyeb magram Cems sityvas,
rom dRes iqneba, Tu xval iqneba,
qarTlsa daicavs rusT xelmwifeba~.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa vaxtang orbelianisaTvis, rom mefe
erekles RvawliT,
`dRes Cvenzed qristes naTeli mnaTobs,
gadagvarCina~.
warsulis trfiali vaxtang orbeliani mainc sabolood gulayrilia
awmyoze da verc momavalSi xedavs raime sasikeTos sazogadoebrivi,
socialur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT.
es kargad gamoCnda leqsSi, romelic poetma ilias leqsis _ `Cemo
kargo qveyanav~ sapasuxod dawera:
`mkiTxav, Cemo poeto, razed mogiwyenia,
neba momec, me gkiTxo, Sen ki mogilxenia
meubnebi, marwmuneb: `momavali Cvenia!~
maggvari imedebi Cems yurs bevri smenia!~
poeti amaze ar Cerdeba, igi gulgatexilobis mizezebsac asaxelebs.
qarTvelebi mxned ebrZodnen momxdurT, cal xelSi xmali eWira
qarTvel kacs da meoreSi guTani. damTavrda omebis dro, miwyda xma
naRarisa, magram Svilebma ara Tu gaagrZeles mama-papaTa gza Sromis,
Zmobis, erTobis gziT da STamomavlobas ayvavebuls da gaRonierebuls
gadascemen qveyanas _ aramed sinamdvileSi `Sromis wil zarmacoba, swavlis
wil sma da Zili, Zmobis wil dava-mtroba, zogma Tvis qoneba biTur cxraSi
waago, col-Svili mSieri daagdo, CarC-vaWrebs fulebs arTmeven, mere ki
emalebian, an valis daclas cremliT evedrebian, mTeli wlis Semosavals
erT-or kviraSi aniaveben, qveyanas naWer-naWer yidian, ucxo juris ùriani~
epatronebian, gmir winaparTa STamomavalni am ucxotomelebis monebad
qceulan, ucxotomelebi ki saqarTvelos keTils aras uqadian. poeti
sayvedurobs Tavadaznaurobas, rom maT TavianT umcros Zmebs _ glexebs,
sisxls sisxlTagans da xorcs xorcTagans, ver mouares da CarC-vaWrebs
Caugdes xelSi, avazakebs, sisxlis msmelebs, RvTis mtrebs.
`tkbilis leqsebisaTvis Cems guls aRar scalian:
Cem batonad, patronad Zunwni CarCni dgebian~.
aseT mware sinamdviles uxatavs poeti avtors leqsisas `Cemo kargo
qveyanav~ ilia WavWavaZes, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze kalmiT Tu
praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT ibrZoda swored aseTi
SemaZrwunebeli realobis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc iTqva, awmyoTi gulgatexili poeti mxolod warsulis
didebis mogonebiT ibrunebs suls. 76
73
vaxtang orbalianis poeziaSi bunebis grZnobac iCens Tavs.
grigol orbelianis Semdeg vaxtang orbelianma daukavSira buneba
patriotul grZnobas. bunebac patriotul enazea masTan ametyvelebuli.
`SeiZleba iTqvas, rom patriotuli TvalsazrisiT buneba Cvens mwerlobaSi
ise naTlad da farTod aravis gauSuqebia, rogorc amas vaxtang orbelianis
SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT~ (gr. kiknaZe).
poetis azriT, SeuZlebelia mSobeli qveynis bunebam adamiani ar
aavsos sicocxlis sixaruliT, RvTiuri cecxli ar ganucxovelos mis
Tvals damaSvrals:
`soflis sixaruls, soflis tanjvas is kvalad igrZnobs,
kvalad Sehxedavs cas da miwas naTlis TvaliTa,
oRond Sehxedos dabla vrcels vels mis win gardaSlils,
velsa mTlad mosils walkotebiT da yvavilebiT
velsa edemsa, turfa edems, RvTisgan pirvelqmnils,
mis win mTaT rigsa, didebulad camdin aRmarTulT,
maRla yinuliT, Zirs furCvnilis tyeebiT morTulT;
mis vrcels vels Sua mSveniersa dids mdinaresa,
zogan kamkamiT, zogan mCqefarad momdinaresa.
Sehxedos, naxos mis mdidari, turfa Sveneba,
da misi guli sicocxlisTvis kvlav gaiSleba.
rodis meRirsos, mSvenoero, Cveno kaxeTo,
mwvaniT mosilis gomboris mTiT kvlav gadmogxedo.
Senis SvenebiT, Senis mzeriT gaviZRo Tvali.
Sens sadRegrZelod Sen-win Sevsva savse fiali!~
garda imisa, rom poetis sulier ganaxlebas iwvevs, rac mTavaria,
Tavisi qveynis buneba poetisaTvis saqarTvelos warsulTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, mis istoriasTan, vaxtang orbelianisTvis is garemoa
momxiblavi da sayvareli, romelic mainca da mainc silamaziT ki ar
gamoirCeva, amiT ki ar axarebs adamianis guls, aramed momxiblavia imiT,
rom warsulis mogonebaTa amSlelia, istoriis utyvi mowamea, am mxrivaa
sayuradRebo leqsi `Zveli dmanisi~.
`mama-papaTagan mxvedrad Semxvda dmanisi Zveli,
dmaniso Zvelo, aba miTxar, Sengan ras veli?
sala frialo unayofo xar aRmarTuli,
mwvane mdeloTi, mwvane tyiTa ar xar morTuli
Sens sala gverdzed ver gavavleb guTniTa kvalsa,
wyaro mdinari ar axarebs patronis Tvalsa,
vazs ar axareb, rom rTveliTa guli vixaro,
rom Senis RviniT gulis Wmunva, sevda viqarvo~;
magram poetisTvis Zvirfasia es cixe, es taZari
`mama-papaTa istoriis wminda rveuli...
mogesalmebi did nangrevTa patroni Tqveni,
didi Senobis, rogorc Tqvena, sabralo STeni,
vdgevar Tqven wina Tavmoxrili, fiqriT moculi,
vdgevar da fiqrSi miaxldeba, rac ars warsuli~,77
74
erTgvari Sinagani dramatizmiTaa savse leqsis bolo striqonebi;
imdenad mtanjvelia, mtkivneuli poetisaTvis warsulis sevda, rom poets
sasowarkveTiT aRmoxdeba:
`ganqri, dmaniso, da dainTqe ufskrulTa Sina,
Cems satanjavad rom ar idge Cems TvalTa wina!~
vaxtang orbelianis poeziis dinamizms, erTi mxriv, gansazRvravs is,
rom warsuli xSirad Sepirispirebulia awmyosTan, raTa pirvelis sidiadis
fonze ufro mkveTri gaxdes meoris ubadrukoba.
warsuli sasaxeloa, warsuli gmirTa mSobelia, warsulis safuZveli
mkvidria da gamZle. axali zogjer silamaziT Tvals atyuebs, magram igi
araa saimedo da momavlisTvis gankuTvnili, mas ara aqvs warsuli da arc
momavali eqneba.
sayuradReboa Sepirispirebis TvalsazrisiT leqsi òri Senoba~.
poeti erTmaneTs upirispirebs or Senobas; erTi aris axali drois, turfad
nagebi, mgzavris Tvals izidavs misi silamaze, mis kedelT gare walkoti
yvavis, zurmuxt mdeloTi mosilia imisi are, sasZlosaviT morTulia Sin da
gareT,
`magram mis kedels, am droT naSens, miss kirsa da qvas,
viT susts asulsa, arca Zali da arc Rone aqvs~.
meore Senoba ki aris
`ZvelT winaparT sadguris STeni,
savse RoniTa, RoniT savsiT xeliT naSeni:
koSkni maRalni, cixe vrceli, wminda taZari
didi palati, didi are, rosme mdidari
dRes ki uWero, upatrono, aoxrebuli,
grZelT welT moxuci, daCagruli, daxavsebuli!
imis wiaRSi amosula balaxi mware,
SambiT da ekliT moculia imisi are~;
axla misi danaxva `guls awuxebs, Tvals ar axarebs~. im axals ara
aqvs didi dro da xani, mas male daangrevs setyva da qari, misi nangrevebic
ukvalod ganqreba.
`ganqreba masTan misi kvali da mis xseneba,
ar aqvs warsuli, momavali mas ar eqneba~.
Zveli Tu daingra mtris xeliT Seryeuli, Seginebuli, misni STenni
`saukunod mTlad darCebian, darCeba misi saukunod qveynad xseneba, magram
did warsuls momavalic didi eqneba~.
rogorc es aRniSnulia, vaxtang orbelianis poezia mkveTrad
gamoxatul moralistur xasiaTs atarebs, rac, pirvel yovlisa, misi
rwmenidan iRebs saTaves. samSoblo qveynis savalalo awmyoTi Sewuxebuli
poeti, socialuri viTarebiT, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT
guldamZimebuli rwmeniT ganimtkicebs suls, rwmenaSi poulobs nugeSs. misi
imedianoba, rogorc WeSmariti qristianisa, rwmenas efuZneba. ìmedi viTarca
valdebuleba~ (revaz siraZe) gamoxatulia, pirvel yovlisa, poetis vrcel
leqsSi ìmedi~. am leqss ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevs `saxelovan leqsad~,
`romelic erTi uwarCinebulesi margalitia qarTul poeziaSi~. ilias
zemoqmedebiT, 78
75
am azrs kita abaZiZec ganamtkicebs Tavis etiudSi `vaxtang orbe-
liani~.
`gwamdeso, Rvawli mama-papaT ar ganqrebian,
gwamdes es STenni didebulad kvlav aRdgebian,
marTlmadidebelT WeSmariti RmerTi Zlieri
mogfensT Tvis sxivsa da Tqveni eri.
qristes jvarisTvis wamebuli kvlav ganaxldeba,
Tqveni samSoblo dangreuli kvlav ayvavdeba~.
es leqsi poetis uaRresad Rrmad gancdil fiqrebsa da grZnobebs
warmogvidgens.
poeti amxels evropis qveynebis usulgulobas saqarTvelos mimarT:
`da dasavleTis qristes erno, Tqven ras SvrebodiT,
roca qristesTvis Tqven Tvali-wina, Tqven kars vwydebodiT?
Tqven iraklisa RimiliTa Tavsa ukravdiT,
rCevas aZlevdiT da qebisa taSsa ukravdiT!~
istoria, poetis rwmeniT,
àr daidumebs, nu gaqvsT imedi!
marTlmadidebelT wminda sisxli kisers gedebaT,
magram mogkiTxven, magieri rosme gergebaT!~
qveynis ubedobiT Sewuxebuli Rrmad morwmune poeti erT xans
RmerTis arsebobaSiac ki daeWvdeba. es metad dramatuli wuTebia or-
belianisaTvis. Tavis droze didma iliam miuTiTa im Sinagan sulier
dramaze, rac vaxtang orbelianma ganicada. aq, am leqsis mixedviT, vaxtang
orbeliani gardasul dReebs ise aRiqvams, rogorc umwvervales tkivils. am
dros `yoveli grZnoba dumdeba, sasoebas adgili aRara aqvs da... marto
sasowarkveTileba Ra hRaRadebs mTeli Tavis saSinel zarTa:
`goneba hxelobs, _ iZaxis gamwarebuli poeti: _ gaSmagebuls azri
mereva,
sarwmunoebas gulis Wmunvis Zala ereva!
da risxva-wyromiT amRvreuli ikiTxeba _ Tu qveyanazed RmerTia, `maS
saqarTvelo ase mwared risTvis daemxo!~
aq sCans mTeli sidiade, mTeli Zal-Rone mamuliSviluri siyvarulisa,
romlis risxvam TviT sarwmunoebac ki agmobina Rrmad morwmune poetsa. rom
igi Rrmad morwmune da RvTis moyvare kaci iyo, amas sxvaTa Soris
gvimtkicebs misi `locva~ da misi moTqma imave ìmedSi~, saca TiTqo Tavisi
warmoTqmuli gmoba TviTonve mTqmelma Seizarao da tkbilis sinanuliT
miixeda isev RvTisaken vedrebiT _ momiteveo.
`RmerTo keTilo, momiteve Sens dabadebuls,
nu mkiTxav gmobas gaSmagebuls, gulgadagebuls!
ra vqmna codvilma? gulsa da suls cecxli medeba,
ra saqarTvelo dangreuli momagondeba,
ra fiqrs momiva, TviT nangrevnic iqneba ganqrnen
da maT saxelni, maT xseneba aRarsad darCnen~. 79
76
vai Tu warsuli didebis igi saxsovarni, igi didebulni naSTni da
nangrevni, eg utyvni da utyurani mTxrobelni warsulisa ganqrnen da maTi
saxelic da xsenebac aRar darCeso, am cecxl-mosadebma da ZalRonierma
fiqrma, am eldacemulma SiSma Seajaxa erTmaneTs poetis gulSi didi
mamuliSviluri siyvaruli da Rrma sarwmunoeba, _ es ori uZlieresi
grZnoba adamianisa, didi guli unda, rom kacma es amisTana brZola da
quxili aitanos da omgadaxdilma Tavis wiaRSi isev moaTavsos es ori
erTmaneTze xmalamowvdili grZnoba. didi wuTia es amisTana wuTi adamianis
cxovrebaSi da marto rCeulTa ama qveynisaTa eRirsebaT xolme madli
amisTana wuTebis gancdisa da gaZlebisa. xolo im imeds, romelic am didsa
da gansacdelians wuTs Cvens poets movlinebia turfa da mSvidi asulis
saxiT, _ dauwynarebia saSineli drama gulisa da erTmaneTTan mourigebia
risxviT mgrgvinavi mamuliSviluri siyvaruli da mis mier gmobili, magram
mSvidobiani sarwmunoeba~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxtang orbeliani axal qarTul
mwerlobaSi erTi pirvelTagania, romelic safuZvels udebs vazis jvris
kults. jvari qarTul qristianul kulturaSi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas
iZens. vazis lerwisagan qalis TmiT LSekruli jvriT movida wmida nino
saqarTveloSi qristianobis saqadageblad da misiT ganamtkica qristes
rwmena. vaxtang orbeliani sxva leqsebSiac miuTiTebs, rom warsuls
gvingrevdnen, lewdnen, amsxvrevdnen, magram warsulidan mainc gadagvrCa
yvelaze didi ganZi, jvari vazisa. vaxtang orbeliani wers poemas `jvari
vazisa~, romelic vazis jvris erTgvar apologias warmoadgens, poetis
azriT
`madli im jvaris
Cvens samSoblozed, Cvens erzed aris!~
roca moralizebis tendenciaze vlaparakobT vaxtang orbelianis
poeziaSi, unda gavixsenoT misi iseTi leqsebi, rogoricaa `kaci is aris~ da
`qali is aris~, romlebSiac poeti CamoTvlis idealur Tvisebebs qalisas
da kacisas. kaci, poetis azriT, is aris, vinc daudgromeli xeliT ZlieriT
dedamiwas arRvevs da iqidan nayofs aRmoacenebs, romelsac qvriv-oblebs
uyofs, vinc ismens ciur sityvebs Zmobisas, erTobisas, vinc saqmiT, swavliT
da qvelobiT maRal RmerTs uaxlovdeba, vinc ar ikarebs sicrues, Surs,
visac pirmoTneoba ar exeba, visac aqvs suli wrfeli, sityva naTeli, guls
daimarxa WeSmariteba da a. S. erTis sityviT, poeti ise wers, `TiTqos
winaswar aRebul moralur kodeqss misdevs~ (gr. kiknaZe).
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxtang orbelianis poeziaSi Tavs iCens
trfialis Tema. poetis am tipis leqsebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaclilni
arian xorcielebisagan, qali satrfo uaRresad gafaqizebul, romantikul
warmodgenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vaxtang orbelians aramiwieri,
mokrZalebuli siyvarulis gverdiT SeuZlia poeziaSi Semoitanos axali
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis mainc erTgvarad uCveulo faqizi erotikuli
suraTi da es suraTi realisturi detaliTac gaacocxlos. am mxriv
sainteresoa misi leqsi `dedofali~. 80
77
mefisa da misTvis yvelaze sasurvelis satrfos _ dedoflis
qorwinebis Ramea _
`brwyinvale taxtzed mefis gverdiT zis dedofali,
im dRiT mis taxtzed ukeTesi, ufaso Tvali,
Wabuki mefe mas mSvenier TvalebSi Camzers,
guli Wabuki siyvaruliT uTrTis da uZgers...
Sevidnen mefe, dedofali oTaxs sawolsa,
dibiT, farCebiT, yvavilebiT mdidrad morTulsa,
dedofals mklavi mefis mxarzed aqvs moxveuli,
mefe xsnis TiTon, riTac igi aris morTuli...
spetaks gul-mkerdsa, guliT warmtacsa brols tans exveva,
igic mTlad arsiT ucnobs, ciurs grZnobas eZleva,
Tvalmibinduli, bage Ria da miRaluli
netarebisa naTel zRvaSi ars dakarguli,
aTrTolda uceb, mefis mklavzed TrTis viT foToli,
mSvenieria, im mSvenebis arsad ars toli!~
am romantikul scenas, rogorc iTqva, acocxlebs meore dilis aRwera
da TxrobaSi realisturi detalis Semotana poetis mier: dedofali mefis
walkotSi, sadac yvelaferi yvavilebiT da namiT brwyinavs, qvriv-oblebs
brolis TiTebiT uyofs sazrdos da uSrobs cremlebs, _ aqve aris mefec,
igi
`zis erTan da ganagebs masTan samefos,
magram mis guli trfialebiT elis saRamos~.
aseTia am leqsis bolo taepebi...
vaxtang orbelianis mier maRalmxatvrulad gansaxierebul am suraTs
metoqeobas qarTul poeziaSi Tu gauwevs msgavsi suraTi paolo iaSvilis
leqsidan `qorwili~, romelic `dedoflis~ Seqmnidan 33 wlis Semdeg
daiwereba.
vaxtang orbelians aqvs erTi daumTavrebeli leqsi `poets~,
romelSiac igi Zalian mkveTrad da naTlad gamoxatavs Tavis poetur
pozicias.
am leqsis mixedviT poeti emijneba muxambazur poezias: `me ar miyvars
kilo muxambazisa~. _ acxadebs igi. mas miaCnia, rom es bazris kiloa, kintos
kilo. am formiT, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba gamoixatos Rrma, amaRlebuli,
gafaqizebuli grZnobebi. rogorc aRniSnulia samecniero literaturaSi, es
erTgvarad dagvianebuli galaSqrebaa muxambazuri formis winaaRmdeg,
ramdenadac am droisaTvis praqtikulad qarTuli poezia ganTavisuflebuli
iyo am Janris leqsebisagan, magram mniSvnelovani iyo igi imiT, rom vaxtang
orbelianis poetur mrwamss cxadad warmoaCenda (grigol kiknaZe). vaxtang
orbeliani aqac romantikosia im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi muxambazur
poezias upirispirebs rusTvelis kilos, romelsac ZaluZs did saganTa,
warsulis gmirTa, maTi sagmiro saqmeebis gadmocema, amaRlebuli
siyvarulis daxatva, mSvenieri asulis gamoZerwva, `Silerisas hgavdes
amaliasa, an BSeqspiris ciurs ofeliasa~. amave rusTvelis kiloTi fiqrobs
poeti mwvave socialuri prob81
78
lematikis asaxvas, eris naklovanebaTa, udardelobis, sizarmacis,
bedovlaTobis mxilebas da gakicxvas.
muxambazuri formis dagmobisas poeti TviT didi grigol orbelianis,
sxva SemTxvevaSi Tayvansacemi adamianis, erTgvar sayvedursac ar erideba da
mis lopianas da dimitri onikovsac gadaswvdeba.
unda iTqvas, rom sikeTiT da saTnoebiT savse vaxtang orbelianma
bavSvebisTvisac izruna. jer erTi, man moxdenilad Targmna vasil Jukovskis
leqsi `Мальчикспальчик~ _ `TiTistola bavSvis~ saxelwodebiT. masve
ekuTvnis leqsi `vasikos Tavgadasavali~, romelSiac cocxladaa daxatuli
celqi vasikos ambavi; vasiko Tavisma sicelqem da onavrobam, mSoblebis
daujereblobam ara Tu sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Caagdo, aramed
savalaloSic _ virze amxedrebuli vasiko ise dasca didyuram Zirs da mere
wixlic miayola, rom Tumca sikvdils ki gadaurCa,
`magram veRar rbis mindvrad, tyis wina,
fex CaxeCili,
mTlad daCexili,
zis mowyenili dRe da Ram Sina,
da viris nalic cxvirze atyvia,
rogorc rom kedels zarbaznis tyvia~.
arc is SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom vaxtang orbeliani pirvelia axal
qarTul mwerlobaSi, vinc `saiqioSi namyofi~ kacis ambiT seriozulad
dainteresda da vrclad aRwera leqsSi `ra naxa lazarem saiqios~; am
leqss ar aklia garkveulad wminda socialuri gamiznulobac da simwvavec,
bunebrivia vifiqroT, samocianelTa zegavleniT.
roca vsaubrobT vaxtang orbelianze rogorc poetze, arc isaa
dasaviwyebeli, rom am saintereso romantikos poets, Zalian mokrZalebuli
warmodgena aqvs sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar poetur SesaZleblobebze; is
erTob upretenzioa am mxriv, da es araa misi poza. am garemoebaze kargad
miuTiTebs misi leqsi `baqar qarTlels~ (baqar qarTleli dimitri yifianis
fsevdonimia). Tavis Zvel megobars poeti gulwrfelad mimarTavs:
`risTvis miwodeb Sen me poetad?
getyvi, rasac mwer, mwer metis metad!
ar var poeti, niWi maRali
Cems Tavzed maRliT ar gadmosula
da Cems gul-sulSi ciT naperwkali
poeziisa ar aRgznebula~.
igi fiqrobs, rom rogorc poets, mas ar ZaluZs gamoiwvios Zlieri
grZnobebi, erze didi zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, aaRelvos da aRZras igi.
vaxtang orbelianis es upretenzioba rom misi myari grZnobaa, es
kargad Cans iseTi leqsidanac, rogoricaa ìrakli da koxta beladi~. roca
poets unda erekles saarako gambedaobis da simamacis es Zalian cnobili
faqti mxatvrulad gaacocxlos, sinanuliT aRmoxdeba~. 82
79
`sad aris muza, rom guls ar STambers
leqssa mgrgvinavsa, leqssa mdidarsa,
rom viT is brZola, ise grgvinavdes,
rom kaxsa guli,
qvelobiT sruli,
imis kiTxvazed TrToliT uZgerdes!~
vaxtang orbelianis poeziis mxatvrul mxareze da poetur stilze
msjelobisas TvalnaTliv miuTiTeben misi poeziis mWevrmetyvelur
xasiaTze, amaRlebulobaze.
vaxtang orbelianis poezias èmCneva maRalfardovneba ara marto
leqsikis mxriv, aramed leqsis mimdinareobisa da tonis mxriv saerTod. misi
leqsebis umravlesoba amaRlebuli, paTetikur nawarmoebebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos~ (gr. kiknaZe). vaxtang orbelianis leqsebis didi nawilis
pirveli striqonebidanve cxadi xdeba im adgilis, Senobis, faqtis
gansakuTrebuloba, romelsac poeti aRwers. poeti migvaniSnebs, rom misi
gansaxierebis sagani gamorCeulia da araCveulebrivi:
àris adgili, mis Svenebas ver aRwers xeli,
rogorc edemis, mis aRwera isea Zneli!
misi Sveneba edemisa aris Sveneba
imis Svenebis moSoreba Tvals enaneba~ da a. S.
(àris adgili~)
àris qveyana sadme, ganmSvenebuli bunebiT,
ukan tyiT, mTebiT, velebiT, win zurmuxifris mindvrebiT~
da a. S.
àris xeoba viwro da mwiri
imis danaxva Tvals ar axarebs;
arsad ara Cans buCqisac bwkiri
yvavils da mdelos arsad agvarebs...
*
aris egreTi igi xeoba
Cans, madli RvTisa mas ar exeba
masze mis Tvalsa ar umzeria.
Tumca mainc ki mSvenieria~ da a. S.
(`Zegli~)
`vis ginaxavT qveyana mSvenieri
sadac mTani Semkobilan dafniTa,
sadac hyvavis aTasfrad rododendri
bulbulT stvena ismis zafxul-zamTrobiT?
misken guli mimwevs, mieSureba~ da a. S.
(`vis ginaxavT~)83
80
àris qveyana, zRva amSvenebs mass erTis mxriTa
da mxriT meoriT morTulia did mTaT rigiTa~ da a. S.
(ìanvris ToTxmets~)
rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, poeti gamorCeulobas da
amaRlebulobas imiTac aRwevs, rom Tavdapirvelad ar asaxelebs
konkretulad Tu raze an visze eqneba saubari da Cerdeba mxolod mis
gamorCeul, gansakuTrebul Tvisebebze. amiT aRZravs mkiTxvelSi
gansakuTrebul cnobismoyvareobas da interess.
vaxtang orbelianTan xSiria paTetikuri SekiTxva-SeZaxilebis,
mimarTvis formebi da a. S. yovelive aRniSnuli, romantikuli elferiT misi
poeziis aRqmas emsaxureba.
vaxtang orbelianis CivilSi, mis romantikul godebaSi aris iseTi
safiqrali, rac Cvenc gadmogvwvdeba. araferia CvenTvisac ucxo mis
SeSfoTebaSi, rom iyideba qarTuli miwebi naWer-naWer, rom CarC-vaWrebs
CauvardaT xelSi Cveni buneba, Cveni qalaqi Tu sofeli, rom mSromels
yvlefen da atyueben, rom qveyanam glexkacs ver mouara, rom Cveni
udardeloba da Zili damRupvelad moqmedebs Cvens momavalze... yvelaferi
es dResac ZalaSi rCeba, dResac mware gafrTxilebad gaismis. xolo rac
Seexeba poetis WeSmarit trfials _ saqarTvelos did warsuls _ gana
axlac aqtualuri araa, rom qarTvelma kacma, axalgazrdobam piri ar
ibrunos misgan, erTguli iyos marad cocxali warsulis, rom igi awmyos
samsaxurSi Caayenos!
vaxtang orbeliani, rogorc erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
qarTuli romantizmisa, Rirsia yovelTvis axsovdes qarTvel mkiTxvels. 84
81
solomon dodaSvili
(1805_1836)
filosofosi, mwerali, Jurnalisti, literaturis istorikosi da
Teoretikosi, oratoruli xelovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli,
politikuri moRvawe _ asea daxasiaTebuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis
istorikosTa, filosofosTa da literaturis mkvlevarTa SromebSi
solomon dodaSvili, romelic daibada 1805 wlis 17 maiss (Zv. st.) siRnaRis
mazris s. maRaroSi. saqarTvelos am regionSi _ qiziySi, batonymoba ar
yofila. amitomac am kuTxis yovelma mkvidrma kargad icis Tavisuflebis
fasi da mis dakargvasac sxvaze metad ganicdis. solomon dodaSvilis mama
_ ivane _ mRvdeli iyo. momaval filosofossa da mwerals ganaTlebis
elementebi ojaxSi SeuZenia, Semdeg bodbis monastris skolaSi SeuyvaniaT,
swavla gaugrZelebia siRnaRis sasuliero saswavlebelSi. yvelgan
solomon dodaSvils Tavi gamouCenia niWiT. mis erT megobarTan erTad, 1820
wels, gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg, Tbilisis samazro sasuliero
saswavlebelSi Caricxula. 1822 wels, jer kidev ymawvil s. dodaSvils
siRnaRis sasuliero saswavlebelSi amweseben maswavleblad. imdenad didi
iyo masSi codnis gaRrmavebis survili, rom 1823 wels gadauwyvetia
maswavleblobisaTvis Tavi daenebebina da swavla ganegrZo. marTlac, 1824
wels, zafxulSi, s. dodaSvili, Tavisufldeba samsaxuridan, Cadis
peterburgSi da ber iona xelaSvilis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT, romelic im
dros emigraciaSi myof qarTvel batoniSvilTa wreSi trialebda, farTo
kontaqtebi hqonda rusul inteligenciasTan, is Tavisufal msmenelad Sedis
saimperatoro universitetSi, xolo Semdeg, rogorc irkveva, amTavrebs
peterburgis universitetis filosofiur-iuridiul fakultets.
maRalniWierebiT, patiosnebiTa da muyaiTobiT gamoirCeva s. dodaSvili
TanatolTagan. amis utyuari sabuTia mis mier, universitetis
damTavrebisTanave, 1827 wels, kvlav iona xelaSvilis mecenatobiT rusulad
dabeWdili wigni: `filosofiis kursi, nawili I, logika~. aRsaniSnavia, rom
es Sroma s. dodaSvils Semdeg qarTuladac gaumzadebia. am wignma farTo
aRiareba moipova. maRal Sefasebas aZleven mas `moskovski telegrafi~
(polevois statia), `moskovski vesntniki~ (v. titovi), `severnaia pCela~. s.
dodaSvilis filosofiuri memkvidreoba Sevida g. voskresenskis
`filosofiis istoriaSi~, iberveg _ hainecis àxali filosofiis
istoriasa~ da e. radlovis `filosofiur leqsikonSi~. s. dodaSvilis
saxelma jerovani adgili daikava agreTve brokhauz-efronis cnobil
enciklopediur leqsikonSi (t. XX). s. dodaSvilis wignis gamosvlis
drosac SeniSnes, rom is cnobili filosofosis, ioane Sadis mowafea. Cvens
droSic dasturhyves, rom maswavlebel-moaswavlis SromaTa Soris
`teqstualuri siaxlove aris~ (S. nucubiZe), magram `dasturdeba, rom s.
dodaSvils Tavisi logikis formalur-teqnikuri mxareebis damuSavebis
dros xelT hqonia i. Sadis laTinuri saxelmZRvanelo da aqedan isargebla
is, 85
82
rac yvela analogiur saxelmZRvaneloSi moipoveba~. (S. nucubiZe).
kvlevis meTodiT, arsebiTi siaxleebiT, aRiarebulia, rom `s. dodaSvili
Tavisi saucxoo naazreviT qarTuli filosofiis istoriis erTgvar
Sejamebas warmoadgens~ (S. nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiis istoria, t. II,
1958, gv. 522). aseTi SemoqmedebiTi biografiis pirovneba brundeba
saqarTveloSi da 1828 wels iniSneba `tifliskie vedomostis~ sagamomcemlo
komitetis wevrad. amasTan is uZRveba amave gazeTis qarTul variants. 1832
wels s. dodaSvili aqtiuri mcdelobiT daarsda J. `saliteraturoni
nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTagani~, romlis mxolod xuTi nomeri gamovida. am
xanebSi is bevrs Sromobs, eweva pedagogiur moRvaweobas keTilSobilTa
saswavlebelSi, aswavlis qarTul sityvierebas. SemdgomSi cnobil mraval
mweral-moRvawesTan erTad, isaa maswavlebeli genialuri nikoloz baraTaS-
vilisa. am xanebSi s. dodaSvili Targmnis, wers originalur nawarmoebebs,
aris sulisCamdgmeli im erovnuli moZraobisa, romelic CvenSi 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. mkvlevarTa azriT, s. dodaSvili is
moazrovne-politikosi iyo, romelic respublikur ideebs iziarebda da
nergavda, erovnulTan erTad socialuri Tanasworobis princips Tvlida
qveynis warmatebis pirobad. SeTqmulebis sxva monawileebTan erTad s.
dodaSvili gadaasaxles ruseTSi, kerZod, q. viatkaSi (axla q. kirovi). aq is
ojaxTan (meuRle da qal-vaJi) erTad, cxovrobda, muSaobda jer
kancelariis mdivnad, Semdeg magidis ufrosad. aqve gardaecvala patara
gogona ana. misi meuRle elene kobiaSvili cdilobda Seemsubuqebina qm-
risaTvis cxovrebis tvirTi. ukve dauZlurebuli, susti janmrTelobis s.
dodaSvili WleqiT daavadebula. avadmyofobis dros is mounaxulebia
gamoCenil rus mweralsa da moazrovnes, aleqsandre gercens,
xelisuflebis mimarT araerTgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad, s. dodaSvils
sasjeli ar Seumsubuqes. gardaicvala is viatkaSi, 1836 wlis 20 agvistos.
mTavrobisagan Sewyaleba movida imave wlis 19 seqtembers. akad. Salva
nucubiZis sityviT: àse mkacrad ar dausjiaT arc erTi monawile 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebisa. mefis mTavrobam kargad icoda, ras Cadioda: Tu igi
CamomavlobiT Tavadebs asaxlebda saqarTvelodan CrdiloeTSi, kidev meti
sabuTi hqonda gadaesaxlebina namdvili Tavadi, gansakuTrebuli Tavis
patroni qarTveli moazrovne solomon dodaSvili~ (dasax. wigni, gv. 486).
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi didi moazrovne gadmosvenebul iqna
samSobloSi da dakrZalulia mTawmindis panTeonSi. solomon dodaSvilis
mravalmxriv SemoqmedebiT interesebs naTlad warmogviCens mis
gamoqveynebul da gamouqveynebel nawerTa gaxsenebac ki. gaxmaurebuli
`logikis~ garda, mas dauweria agreTve `logikis meTodologia~,
`ritorika~ (teqsts miakvlia da gamoaqveyna prof. T. kukavam). `piitika~
(teqsti dakargulia), `mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu
sityvierebisa~, (1832), romelic man rusuladac gamoaqveyna (`tifliskie
vedomosti~, 1832, #1). aRsaniSnavia, rom es ganxilva Semdeg gadaibeWda
`moskovskie vedomostiSi~ (#3) da 1836 86
83
wels i. milaSeviCis TargmaniT Sevida a. Jarri de mansis wignSi.
«ИсториядревнихиновыхЛитератур, наукиизящныхискусств, М, 1836, Ч. II (ix. s.
dodaSvili, Txzulebani, 1989, gv. 407). yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve s.
dodaSvilis narkvevi `mefoba iraklis meorisa~ (1832), statiebi: `SeniSvna~
(gr. gordeevis werilze, 1832), `pasuxi tfilisidam~ (1832), misi `gancxadeba~
da `madlobis gancxadeba~ (1832), `Sesxma~, `sityva-mowodeba~ (1832), `milocva~
(daviT bagratis Zisadmi), moTxroba `Jinevra~-s Targmani (1832), eskizi
ùmankoeba~ (1832), moTxroba èlena~ da leqsi `maisi~. s. dodaSvilis
memkvidreobidan qarTuli sazogadoebriv-literaturuli azris
ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis yuradRebas imsaxurebs werilebi iona
xelaSvilisa da stefane dodaSvilisadmi. mas Seudgenia da daustambavs
`Semoklebuli qarTuli gramatika~ (1830) da `rusul-qarTuli rozRovoris
wigni~. qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis istoriaSia Sesuli s. dodaSvilis
`Sesxma warmoTqmuli tfilisis keTilSobilTa saswavleblis mowafeTa ga-
mocdisas~ (ix. nikoloz kandelaki, qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba~, 1958, gv. 254-
255). s. dodaSvilis eTikur mrwamss kargad gamoxatavs mis moTxrobaSi
gaxmianebuli azri, àra gvariTa iqmnebis kaci, aramed goneba moqmedebiTad
da xelovanebiTa~. mWevrmetyvelebis mSvenier nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
1831 wels, SeTqmulebis Jams dawerili `sityva mowodeba~, sadac
vkiTxulobT: `qveynis daarsebiTgan mamulsa Cvensa aqvnda Tvisi ena da
Tvisi Cveuleba. hyvanda yovelsa drosa Tavisi sakuTari xelmwife da
araodes ar iyo mokidebuli sxva zeda da arca mona, viTarca aw aris
mamuli ese Cveni. da Cveni xma, saxeli da mamacoba winaparTa CvenTa
yovelTvis hquxda da aRavsebda msofliosa... xolo aw xedvaTa damxobasa da
araraobasa mamulisa Cvenisasa?.. raisTvis ars ese esreT? nu ukve Cven ara
varT Svilni mama-papaTa CvenTani?.. nu ukve Cven ara ZalgviZs Senaxva
sakuTarisa mamulisa Cvenisa? nu ukve Cven ara gvaqvs simxne da Zali
esodeni, raodenic Cvens mamaTa anu sxvaTa, msgavsaTa kacTa?! maSa risTvis
vcocxlobT?!~ Tavisi arqiteqtonikiT, azrobrivi wyobiT, ritorikuli
SekiTxvebiT, fiqsirebul formaTa gameorebiT, rac aZlierebs emociis
aRZvras msmenelSi, am patara mowodebas rogorc kazmuli sityvis nimuSs,
rogorc Cans, didi zemoqmedebiTi gavlena unda moexdina 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis monawileebze. magram mainc emociuri TvalsazrisiT
patriotuli da politikuri aRtkineba Tavis zenits aRwevs amave wels
Seqmnil leqsSi `maisi~, sadac solomon dodaSvili pirdapir mouwodebs
qarTvelebs: àRvipyraT xelTa maxvili~, `ganvdevnoT sofliT ZaliT
mosrulni~, `Cven mamulisa maoxrebelni~, `qarTvelno, xarT sadme Tu ara?
arvin ar icis! moigeT goneba!~
erovnuli TviTSegnebis da sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebis
TvalsazrisiT amnairi patriotuli paTosiT aRsavse mowodebebi,
rasakvirvelia, Semdeg ufro maRalmxatvrul registrSi da publicisturi
gamiznulobiT grigol orbelianisa da Cvens did samocianelTa nawerebSi
gaxmiandeba. imdenad mZafria s. dodaSvilis `sityva-mowodebasa~ da
aRniSnul leqsSi aRZruli kiTxvebi, rom 87
84
TavianT aqtualobas inarCuneben dResac da manamde, vidre gonieri
qarTveli ibrZvis TavisuflebisaTvis.
* * *
qarTuli romantizmis Casaxva-momwifebis periodSi mouxda moRvaweoba,
solomon dodaSvils. mas, iseve rogorc misi Taobis arc erT moRvawes, ra
Tqma unda, ar dauweria...
iseTi traqtati, rasac garkveuli Teoriuli Rirebuleba eqneboda
qarTuli romantizmis istoriisaTvis. magram, unda iTqvas, rom solomon
dodaSvilis pirovnebam didi gavlena moaxdina CvenSi imdroindeli
literaturuli da sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebaze. sakmarisia iTqvas,
rom misi xelmZRvanelobiT aRizarda cnobil romantikosTa mTeli Taoba
(mix. TumaniSvili, n. baraTaSvili da sxv.). amitomac SemTxveviTi araa, rom
mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven s. dodaSvilis ideaTa gavlenas TviT iseTi didi
poetis msoflmxedvelobaze, rogoric n. baraTaSvilia. (akaki gawerelia). s.
dodaSvili qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli moazrovnea, romelmac
SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa kantisa, ufro metad ki romantizmis Teoriul
sayrdenad aRiarebuli fixtes moZRvreba da im droisaTvis CvenSi am fi-
losofosTa naazrevisadmi yvelaze seriozuli midgoma gamoavlina
naSromSi Курсфилософии, частьпервая. Логика. СочинениеСоломонаДодаева –
Магарского. СПб: 1827.1.
magram unda iTqvas, rom CvenTvis, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Rirebulia is
faqti, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arsebobda
iseTi moazrovne, romelsac SeeZlo ara marto uSualod dedanSi waekiTxa
kanti da fixte, aramed imdenad seriozuli gamokvleva daewera am
filosofosTa moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT filosofiaSi, rom imdroindeli
specialistebis qebac daemsaxurebina presaSi. rogorc iTqva, misi naazrevis
mniSvnelobaze XIX saukunis filosofiis istorikosTa zogierTi
saxelmZRvaneloebSicaa miTiTebuli.
amJamad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso mainc s. dodaSvilis ori
Sromaa: `mokle ganxilva qarTulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~ da
`ritorika~. literaturisa da mWevrmetyvelebis sakiTxebze sayuradRebo
mosazrebebia agreTve gamoTqmuli mis pirad mimoweraSi iona
xelaSvilisadmi da gancxadebebSi.
1 s. dodaSvilis filosofiuri ideebis wyaroTa Sesaxeb, ix. S.
nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1958, gv. 504-522; agreTve
a. quTelia, s. dodaSvilis logikis winasityvaoba, gv. V-XV, Tb., 1948; T.
kukava, s. dodaSvili da misi msoflmxedveloba, Tb., 1955; l. mWedliSvili,
solomon dodaSvilis `logikis~ samecniero da kulturuli Rirebuleba. a.
amirxanova, solomon dodaSvilis filosofiis ideuri wyaroebi. k. kacitaZe,
solomon dodaSvili da germanuli klasikuri idealizmi. m. maxaraZe,
solomon dodaSvili da qarTuli kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi. s. avaliani,
solomon dodaSvilis naturfilosofiuri Sexedulebebi. aRniSnuli
gamokvlevebi moTavsebulia s. dodaSvilis dabadebis 180 wlisTavisadmi
miZRvnil krebulSi: `solomon dodaSvili~. Tb., 1986.88
85
statiaSi `mokle ganxilva qarTulisa luteraturisa anu si-
tyvierebisa~ (Sdr. j. WumburiZe, qarTuli kritikis istoria, I, 1974, gv. 84-89).
s. dodaSvili sagangebo ganxilvis sagnad aqcevs qarTuli erovnuli sulis
ganviTarebis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs. s. dodaSvilis mizania qarTuli
kultura, qarTveli xalxis sulieri SesaZleblobebi sacnauri gaxados
evropisaTvis, radgan, misi rwmeniT, qarTveli xalxis mier Seqmnili
sulieri Rirebulebebi tipologiurad enaTesaveba evropul kulturas.
amitomac am `dafaruli saunjis~ gamomzeurebaa saWiro, raTa ganaTlebulma
evropam Tavisi yuradRebis orbitaSi moaqcios es mSvenieri qveyana da misi
kultura. avtoris energiuli gancxadebiT, `mcnobTa bunebiTisa enisa
CvenisaTa gvsuris, raTa virwmunoT pativcemulTa gvamTa maT, romel
qarTul enasa zeda arian mravalni mSvenierni Txzulebani da Targmnilica
wignni sxvadasxva ZvelTa da uaxlesTa enaTagan. amisTvis vracxT Cven
saWirod, raTamca pirvelad vacnoboT sazogadoebasa mcire ese ganxilva
istoriisa sityvierebisa Cvenisa, xolo Semdgomad aRviricxoT werilni da
Tvinier pirmoTneobisa fasdebul hvyoT qmnilebiTurT TviToeulni avqsonni
RirsTaebr maTisa, romelTaganaca moyvarulni sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisani ixilven Zvelsa adgilsa Sina kavkasiis amier mcxovrebaTasa
mdidarsa nivTierebasa saliteraturoisasa, romelica aqamomde wyvdiadsa
Sina sibnelisasa dafarul iyo mxedvelobaTagan ganaTlebulis evro-
piisaTa~. s. dodaSvils miaCnia, rom qarTuli ena erTi uZvelesi enaTagania
msoflioSi da qarTuli anbanic uZvelesi anbanTagania wignier samyaroSi.
qarTuli `bunebiTis enis~ yvelaze sruli gamomxatveli sityvaka-
zmuli mwerlobaa. s. dodaSvili mravali Cveni mowinave moRvawis msgavsad
mkacrad ilaSqrebs qarTul enaSi ucxouri tendenciebis SeWris winaaRmdeg
da wers: àwindelTa mweralTa da ucodinarTa qarTulisa enisaTa SemoiRes
xmareba leqsTa sparsulTa, somxurTa da rusulTa~. magram, aRniSnavs igi,
àmiT aravis ZaluZs damtkiceba, romel ar iyos qarTulsa enasa zeda
TanasworT mniSvnelni leqsni~. srulqmnilni mxatvruli nawarmoebis
SeqmnisaTvis s. dodaSvili niWs, talants aniWebs arsebiT mniSvnelobas da
ara konkretulad romelime enis bunebas. am Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT
wers igi: `kargman mweralman, romlisa sagnisa aRwerac unda moindomos,
romel frazasa zedac unda iyos, mas ZaluZs, bunebiTsa enasa zeda
gadmoReba da warmodgena TviT umciresisa azrisa da grZnobisa, igi ar
ixmareba ara romelTa leqsTa sxvisa erisaTa, garda maTsa, romelTac
miuRiaT kanoni moqalaqeobisa da romelnica ixmarebian yovelsa enasa
zeda~...
am msjelobaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani isaa, rom literaturas,
mwerlobas s. dodaSvili eris sulis TviTgamoxatvis yvelaze srulyofil
sferod Tvlis. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli eris ena da literatura asaxavs ama
Tu im xalxis azrovnebis nacionalur wyobasa da grZnobaTa dinebas.
amitomac yoveli eris litera89
86
tura upirvelesad misi xalxis sulis, erovnuli fsiqikuri wyobis
gamomxatveli da aRmniSvnelia. amas garda, mwerloba is sferoa, romelSic
literaturis ganviTarebisaTvis `gadmoRebasa~ da `warmodgenas~ anu
mibaZvisa da warmosaxvis momentebs aqvT arsebiTi mniSvneloba. s.
dodaSvili qarTvel xalxs im xalxTa kategorias akuTvnebs, visac
`ZvelTagan hqoniaT survili, xalisi da niWi swavlaTa da xelovnebaTa~. s.
dodaSvilis gonebrivi mzeris areSi aris moqceuli ioanes, eqvTime
aTonelis, ioane petriwis, stefane mtbevaris, efrem mciris, Teofiles,
arsen iyalToelis, iovane tariWisZis, SoTa rusTavelis, mose xonelis,
sargis Tmogvelis, CaxruxaZis, Teimuraz mefis, vaxtang VI, anton
kaTalikosis, gaioz reqtoris, vaxuStis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, vaxtang
da dimitri orbelianebis, iase erisTavis da sxvaTa namoRvawari. sagangebod
mainc igi Cerdeba ioane petriwis, SoTa rusTavelisa da anton kaTalikosis
pirovnebebze. s. dodaSvili cdilobs obieqturi iyos istoriul-
literaturul movlenaTa Sefasebisas, magram e. w. `romantikuli
istoriografiis~ /n. berZeniSvili/ principebs mainc ver aRwevs Tavs. amis
dadasturebaa Tamaris epoqis miseuli daxasiaTeba. `mefoba Tamarisa... iyo
elvarebiTs epoxad sityvierebisaTvis Cvenisa. Tamar dedofali keTilmo-
qmedebiTsa yuradRebasa swavlaTa da xelovnebaTadami... ganaRviZebda sulsa
Sina TviTeulisa grZnobasa keTebisasa ganaTlebisadmi, hSobda talantTa da
saTnoebasa~. avtoris daskvniT, `dro ese saqarTvelosa Sina iwodebis
oqrovans saukuned~. magram dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari
romantikuli elferis Sefaseba Tamaris droindeli feodaluri epoqisa,
roca erTi laqac ki ar Cans saqarTvelos istoriul-kulturuli
cxovrebis caze, s. dodaSvils imisTvis Wirdeba, rom gaaRvivos interesi
qarTuli xelovnebisa da literaturisadmi. mizani saxelovani qarTveli
moazrovnis mier amdagvari romantikuli maneriT aRwerili istoriisa, roca
mxolod Rirsebani brwyinaven Cvens wasulSi, isaa, rom s. dodaSvilisave
TqmiT, èsreTi istoria miaqcevda Tvis zeda yuradRebasa yovelTa
ganaTlebulTa mxareTasa. maSin ixilvodnen, romel mcired cnobili
saqarTvelo ars kerZo, Rirsi yuradRebisa, da romel yovelTa vaebaTa da
aoxrebaTa Tana, sxva da sxva droTa Sina SemTxveulTa, aqvnda mas saunje
swavlaTa da sityvierebisa, esodenive mdidari, viTarca sxvaTa mxareTa mis
droisaTa~. aseTia ZiriTadi mizandasaxulebiTi Canafiqri s. dodaSvilisa,
romelic cdilobda qarTvelTa kulturuli cxovrebis msoflio masStabiT
ganxilvas.
solomon dodaSvilis saguldagulo interesis sagnad iqca agreTve
mWevrmetyvelebis Teoria anu ritorika /T. kukava, v. WeliZe/. s. dodaSvili
Tavis `ritorikaSi~ SesaniSnavad iZleva, erTis mxriv, mWevrmetyvelebis,
rogorc oratoruli xelovnebis specifikis gagebas da, meores mxriv,
ritorikis, rogorc oratoruli xelovnebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis cnebis
definicias. s. dodaSvili urTierTisagan mijnavs ritorikasa da piitikas,
ris Semdegac naTelyofs rogorc mWevrmetyvelebis utilitarulsa da
esTetikur funqcias, aseve le90
87
qsTmetyvelebis wminda esTetikurad tkbobad bunebas. konspeqturad,
magram mainc, avtori iZleva ritorikis mokle istorias da Semdeg
amaxvilebs yuradRebas `mWevrmetyvelebis~ sasargeblo xasiaTze, mis
Teoriulsa da praqtikul Rirebulebaze. avtoris ganxilvis sagania
ritorikis zogadi kanonebi da gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis daxasiaTeba.
mWevrmetyvelebis Teoriis gaTvaliswinebiT s. dodaSvili fiqrobs, rom
oratoruli stilis SeqmnaSi monawileobs tropuli saxe da misi
Semadgeneli ZiriTadi xerxebi: metafora, hiperbola, sinekdoqe, metonimia.
Tavisi drois kvalobaze s. dodaSvili SesaniSnavad msjelobs aRniSnul
xerxTa gamoyenebis Taviseburebaze oratorul xelovnebaSi da sagangebod
miuTiTebs maTi efeqturad moxmobis Rirebulebaze mWevrmetyvelebiT
praqtikaSi. marTalia, mas mxedvelobis aredan rCeba oratoruli
xelovnebis iseTi xerxebi, rogoricaa: epiTeti, Sedareba, perifrazi,
antiTeza, inversia, anafora, SekiTxva, gameoreba, bgeriTi keTilxmovnebis
xerxebi: ritmi, fiqsirebuli formis gameoreba da darRveva da sxv. magram,
vimeorebT, oratoruli Semoqmedebis stilSi mxatvruli azrovnebis am
xerxebis mniSvnelobaze mogvianebiT iqna yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. s.
dodaSvilis ritorikis literaturuli wyaroebi saTaves ZiriTadad
antikuri ritorikis brwyinvale warmomadgenelTa da mis dros ruseTSi
ritorikis saxelmZRvaneloTa cnobil avtorTa naSromebidan iRebs da es
bunebrivicaa, radgan mizani am Sromisa praqtikulia, daexmaros da
erTgvari gzismkvlevis roli Seasrulos axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis
friad sapatio, mamuliSvilur saqmeSi.
solomon dodaSvilis `ritorikis~ Rirebuleba qarTuli lit-
eraturuli azris ganviTarebaSi is ki araa, rom misi avtori Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT maincdamainc axal safexurs qmnides oratoruli xelovnebis
TeoriaSi, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, is rom, s. dodaSvilma CvenSi Seqmna
tradicia literaturisa da xelovnebis Teoriis uzogades sakiTxebze
msjelobisaTvis. am mxriv igi Tavisi epoqis moTxovnaTa doneze idga.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom s. dodaSvilis pirovnebam ganuzomlad
didi kvali datova misi Taobis azrovnebasa da qcevaSi. Tanamedroveebs man
azrovnebisa da kulturul-literaturul sakiTxebze msjelobisaTvis
iseTi punqtebi SeurCia, iseTnairad moxaza momavlis TvalsazrisiT
qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis sferoSi gasakeTebel sakiTxTa wre,
rom SemdgomSi bevri saxelovani poeti da moRvawe mis mier dasaxul rCevas
gahyva. Cveni eris sulieri cxovrebis gamosacocxleblad momarTulma
zogierTi gamoCenili pirovnebis gonebam mtkivneul sakiTxebTan Sexebisas
pirdapir s. dodaSvilisnairi frazac moimarjva da amiT kidev erTxel
gvauwya, rom s. dodaSvilis mniSvneloba saazrovno sivrcisaTvis marto
misi Teoriuli naazreviT ki ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos, aramed im praq-
tikul-sazogadoebrivi qmedebiTac, rac misma xanmokle moRvaweobam daatyo
Cvens sulier cxovrebas. 91
88
solomon dodaSvili erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelmac gadaudebel
moTxovnilebad daayena qarTuli `bunebiTis enisa~ da literaturis
siRrmeTa gamomzeureba, misi msoflio kulturis konteqstSi ganxilva.
qarTveli eris istoria da qarTuli kultura man iseT fenomenad CaTvala,
romlis axsna-daxasiaTeba xiluls gaxdida kacobriobisaTvis am uZvelesi
civilizaciis mqone patara eris wvlils msoflio kulturaSi. qarTveli
eris `sxva erTa Soris dgomis~ is ukvdavi poeturi fraza, rac SemdgomSi
gr. orbelianTan gabrwyinda, saTaves s. dodaSvilis am SexedulebebSic
iRebs.
solomon dodaSvils rTul, konfliqtur epoqaSi mouxda moRvaweoba
da Zalze xanmokle aRmoCnda misi cxovrebac. magram optimizmi, is jansaRi
optimizmi, rac axlavs qarTuli romantizmis TiTqmis yvela TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlis nawers, Tan sdevs mis naazrevs: `guli Cemi marad dRe
trfialebs, vinaidgan mravalTa axalgazrdaTa kacTa iwyes Txzva
mSvenierTa stixTa da aRwera prozad sxvadasxva saganTa~ _ wers erT
imdroindel moRvawes igi, da vin icis, SeiZleba àxalgazrda kacTa~ Soris,
pirvel yovlisa, Tavis genialur mowafes nikoloz baraTaSvils
gulisxmobdes, romelic ramdenime wlis Semdeg maswavleblis fraziTve
ityvis: `literatura Cveni, RvTiT, dRe da Rame Soulobs axalTa moyvareTa,
mravalni ymawvilni kacni... myudroebaSi da martoobaSi, Seewevian mameuls
enas... ese sazogado suli bunebiTis enis trfialebisa aRmoaCens, rom
qarTvelT ara sZinavT gonebiT!~92
89
mamia gurieli
(1836_1891)
sent-biovi erTgan wers: àrseboben mwerlebi, romelTaTvisac
yvelaferi sargeblis momtania, TviT biwierebac ki. es is avtorebia,
romlebic legendurobas sikvdilis Semdeg iZenen, radgan im e. w. `tipebad~
iqcevian, STamomavlobisaTvis epoqis cnebaTa da JanrTa zogad simboloebad
rom iqcnen. ...isini gansakuTrebulad privilegirebulni arian _ maT
yvelaferi mietevebaT; iq, sadac saTanado simaRleze ver dganan:
gamoasworeben, imasac miaweren, rac ar hqoniaT. yvelafers maT
sasargeblod eZebneba axsna, yvelaferi maT sadideblad Sebrundeba xolme,
TviT maTi bneli kunWulebi, ucnaurobani, ukbilo oxunjobani, anda ufro
metic _ aSkara Secdomebic~.
mamia daviTis Ze gurieli, romelic qarTul mwerlobaSi fazelis
fsevdonimiTacaa cnobili, swored rom ucnaurobis niSniT aRbeWdili
pirovneba gaxldaT. popularuli iyo sicocxleSi da gansakuTrebiT
sikvdilis Semdeg.. cxadia, im ramdenime leqsiT da Tundac iseTi SedevriT,
rogoricaa leqsi àdamiani~, Znelia dRevandlamde moRweva, rom mamias
kolorituli poeturi pirovneba ar iZleodes sababs ukvdavebisaTvis...
aseT SemTxvevaSi, pol valeris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, àvtori,
romelic Txzavs poetis biografias, unda Seesisxlxorcos Tavis gmirs,
anda aagos igi.~
1836 wlis 28 ianvars (Zv. st. 16 ianvars), guriis sofel lesaSi daibada
mamia gurieli... guriis mTavarTa STamomavlis ZarRvebSi duRda qarTvel
aristokratTa sxvadasxva gvareulobis sisxli: vardanisZeebi, orbelianebi
da dadianebi, SarvaSiZeebi da baraTaSvilebi, ColoyaSvilebi da
wereTlebi... am Tavis droze saxelmoxveWil gvarTa warmomadgenelni geniTa
da moyvruli urTierTobiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni mamias mama, daTa
vaxtanis Ze gurielTan, im daTasTan, romelsac 12 weli osmaleTSi hqonda
gatarebuli, da mxolod dedis _ mariam orbelianis energiuli
Suamdgomlobis wyalobiT dabrunda samSobloSi. daviTi gamoirCeoda
Tavisi antirusuli poziciiT, magram roca mamiam ruseT-osmaleTis omis
dros Tavisianebs moswera rus-qarTvelTa mxedrionis gmirobis Sesaxeb,
masSi kvlav iyivla ZvelqarTulma sisxlma da aseTi antiosmaluri azri
warmoaTqmevina: òsmalos puri miWamia, magram venacvale rusis xiStso~.
dedis _ ekaterine dadianis surviliT, mamia gauZiZavebiaT jorbenaZis
ojaxSi. niko dadianis asuli, did mniSvnelobas aniWebda glexis ojaxSi
bavSvis aRzrdas, adamianTa sulieri, zneobrivi wrTobis skolad saxavda
Turme mas. Semdeg mamias amzadeben saswavleblisaTvis da 1851 wels SehyavT
kidec quTaisis gimnaziaSi. 1851 wels, roca gurielebs m. voroncovi
swveviaT, grigoleTSi sanadirod wauyvaniaT mefis nacvali... eSmak da Wkvian
moxeles SeumCnevia ymawvili mamia da daTasaTvis SeuTavazebia misi
TbilisSi wayvana...93
90
mravalmxriv xelsayreli iyo es faqti rusuli politikis msax-
urisaTvis... or kurdRels iWerda mefisnacvali: daTac kmayofili rCeboda
da `velikorusuli~ miznebis ganmtkicebac xdeboda amiT.
1853 wlidan ymawvili mamia ukve TbilisSi gadadis da mixeil vo-
roncovis zedamxedvelobiT izrdeba. amieridan grigoleT-malTayvis zRvis
napirebsa Tu WinaTis gorakebze cxeniT navardis yavli gaudioda mamias...
moaxle-gamzrdel janverdis fereba, gigineiSvilebisa Tu bekola Wyonias
mier naswavli sagaloblebisa da xasanbeguras hangebi sxva samyaros unda
Seecvala.
pirveli leqsisTvis biZa petre dadianisgan, rogorc amboben, `pirvel
da ukanasknel honorarad~ miRebul bedaursac unda gamoTxoveboda mamia...
mSvenieri moqarTule dedis alerssac, quTaisSi SeZenil megobrebsac unda
Seleoda... da daSoreboda kidev mravali Tbili grZnobis amSlel adamians
da adgils...
am droidan uzrunveli cxovreba, uSualobiT savse gulwrfeli
damokidebulebani, survilebis mixedviT moqmedeba da laRi ocnebiT
arseboba Secvala TbilisSi danergilma modur yaidaze agebulma mkacr
aristokratiul, korporatiul etiketze dafuZnebulma qcevam... nebis
sawinaaRmdego moqmedebam, zogjer yalbma fasadurobam. axalgazrda mamia
gurielic ewafeba dedaqalaqis cxovrebas, qeifs, drostarebas, diletantur
msjelobas yovelgvar sakiTxze... magram mainc masSi seriozuli
literaturuli interesebi Cqefs. familarul garemocvaSi moqceul mamias
yovel fexis nabijze esmis, rom aris guriis samTavros memkvidre, didi
kaxaberis Camomavali. saxelovani gvarovnuli warmomavlobis Sexseneba
ymawvili kacis pativmoyvareobas aRvivebda, xels uwyobda
TviTkmayofilebis sabediswero grZnobis gaCenas... TanamedroveTa
gadmocemiT, wlebis manZilze samSoblosagan moSorebul daTa guriels
sistemuri codna arc Tavad miuRia da arc maincdamainc Svilebis
ganaTlebaze zrunviT iwuxebda Tavs. da Tu swavla-ganaTlebis
yovlisSemZle naTeli mainc moefina mamias gonebas, es isev da isev niWieri
da energiuli dedis wyalobiT moxerxda.
soflidan gamoyolili sulieri sagzali TbilisSi Semoexarja
momaval poets da isic sabolood imave gzas gahyva, rasac im drois
qarTvel aristokratTa umetesi nawili. samxedro samsaxurSi Sedis da
ocnebobs karieraze... magram male rwmundeba, rom samxedro samsaxuri
wignebSi wakiTxuli romantikuli TavgadasavlebiT ar xasiaTdeboda. maRal
Tanamdebobaze meocnebe mTavarTa STamomavals Samilis wyalobiT
saxelganTqmul daRestnis mTebSi sagmiro saqmeTa nacvlad, `SeSas
aWrevineben da Tivas azidvineben~. amis Sesaxeb Tavis romantikul iluziaTa
marcxs mamia gurieli mware ironiiT atyobinebs erT mSvenier banovans...
roca mamia gurieli rwmundeba, rom misgan gamoCenili samxedro
moRvawe ar gamovidoda, igi baxusis qurumi xdeba. lamazi qali da vnebiani,
TavaSvebuli orgia misi cxovrebis yoveldRiurobad iqceva. lamazmanTa
gulisaTvis mamia duelianti xdeba, xolo Rvinisadmi ltolva poetis mier
gamarTlebulia Semdegi striqonebiT:94
91
`Rvinoa erTi moyvare
gaWirvebulis xalxiso.
guls dardis gadamfantveli,
momalxeneli sawyliso~.
`smai-mai pirveli saqmea~ _ ai, mamias devizi, romelsac calkeul
momentebSi is Turme usaSvelo eqscentrulobamdec ki mihyavda.
TanamedroveTa mogonebiT, `sastumroSi tikebiT Seataninebda Rvinos da Tu
wveulni ar dalevdnen, gulmosuli mivardeboda tikebs da xanjliT
aWridao~ (mirian Wyonias naambobi). etyoba, am xanebSi mamia mainc axerxebs
Tvali adevnos literaturul cxovrebas, igi bevrs kiTxulobs. bunebiT
poetad dabadebul mamia guriels energia awuxebs, ukmayofiloa imiT, rac
mis garSemoa, ufro metad grZnobs, rom misTvis SeuZlebelia mxolod
orgiuli gatacebebiT cxovreba. igi cdilobs gamosavalis Zebnas. es
gamosavali mxolod SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi SeiZleba iqnes napovni.
saerTod, cnobilia, `SesaZlebeli rom iyos sakuTar TavSi instinqtis rac
SeiZleba metad ganviTareba, maSin adamianTa winaSe gadaiSleboda bunebis
wvdomis axali gzebi... ai, ratomaa, rom poetebs agrerigad uyvarT Rvino,
Tafli, narkotikebi, yava, Cai, sandalozisa da TuTunis kvamli da sxva
saSualebani, romlebic sagrZnoblad xels uwyoben ZalTa aRmavlobas...
magram es Sevsebani exmareba adamians gamovides sxeulis sibnelidan,
romelSic CaWedilia is~. (r. emersoni)
kazionur garemoSi myof mamia guriels cxovreba gausaZlisad
eCveneboda, Tuki is, alfred de miuses Sesaxeb erTi avtoris Tqmisa ar
iyos, èqstazis msubuq kvamlSi ar iyo gaxveuli~. mamia, rogorc Cans,
erTxans itanjeboda imis gamo, rom verafers qmnida. weris gareSe ki,
etyoba, misTvis cxovreba ar Rirda. mcire xniT gamovida is am
mdgomareobidan, roca Jurnal `ciskarSi~ 1860 wels misi pirveli leqsi
daibeWda da Semdeg gazeT `droebis~, Jurnalebis _ `mnaTobis~, `krebulis~,
`Teatris~, `cdas~ aqtiuri TanamSromeli gaxda. 1868 wels mamia daqorwinda
silamaziT ganTqmul Tavad yorxmaz meliqiSvilis asul mariamze. grigol
orbeliani da grigol dadiani hyavda mejvareebad, magram sanetaro
cxovrebis trfialma mamiam neqtaris magivrad Sxami iwvnia. ori weli ver
gaZlo meuRlesTan. erTi saficari vaJi SeeZina, saTayvanebeli saxeli
_kaxaberi uwoda. bunebiT pativmoyvare mamia ver Seegua Tamamad aRzrdili
qalis gadametebulad kekluc xasiaTs; iWvi ipyrobs da arc Tu usafuZv-
lod... am droidan iwyeba mamia gurielis daSveba bohemisaken... mamia guriels
ar hyofnida nebisyofa, xasiaTis simtkice, rom gamklaveboda pirovnul
varams da ubedobas... RviniT Tavdaviwyebas Tvlida Seqmnili mZime
viTarebidan Tavdaxsnis yvelaze naRd gzad. erTxans samxedro samsaxursac
daubrunda, ruseT-TurqeTis omSic monawileobda (sadac daiWra kidec), rom
rogorme sulieri Sveba egrZno, seriozuli interesebi gasCenoda da
saqveyno saqmisaTvis saWiro kacad CaeTvala Tavi... magram, saubedurod,
CixSi eqceva. 95
92
poetis depresiuli sulieri mdgomareoba mZafradaa gamoxatuli Zmis
_ jaba gurielisadmi miweril baraTSi: `roca davrwmundebi, rogorc
makiaveli, rom yoveli kaci bilwia... rom ar aris sindisi xalxSi da
WeSmariti ganwyobileba... ar vici, ra mizezisa gamo, warmomidgebi Sen~...
meore baraTSi sakuTar sulier portrets mSvenivrad acocxlebs
poeti Semdeg sityvebSi: `roca vfiqrob, rom var martod-marto am sofelSi,
Seupovari usiamovnebebisa da garemoebebisa, civi, ampartavani, uSiSari da
ukanasknel gambedav Tavxedobamdis, mxolod gaucnobeli, uamxanago,
umegobro, _ am droSi magondebi Sen Cemo jer kidev megobaro. oh, Cemo jaba,
netavi yoveli kaci Sen moggavdes, rom sasiamovno gaxdes cxovreba am
wuTisofelSi~. sxva SemTxvevaSi mamia evedreba jabas meuRles, Tavis rZals
_ erT-erTi leqsis adresats _ eleonoras, rom swamdeT da uyvardeT igi.
Tbilisis aristokratTa wreebis sasurveli stumari mamia gurieli,
uaRresad demokratiuli suliskveTebis pirovneba iyo. moRweulia mogoneba,
romlis mixedviT, mamia guriels gulTbili, megobruli urTierToba hqonia
egnate ninoSvilTan (ix. ap. maxaraZe, qarTuli romantizmi, Tb., 1984),
gadmocemiT, mTavrobisagan devnili egnate TavSesafarsac ki mamiasTan
(dedaberasi _ malTayvaSi) poulobda. mamia gurieli sazogadoebrivi
interesebiT aRWurvili pirovnebac yofila. amas mowmobs ara mxolod misi
publicisturi werilebi: Rirseul inteligentsa da moRvawes, prof. niko
dimitris Ze mgelaZes Semounaxavs cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daiyolies
mamia da grigol gurielebma baTumSi stumrad Camosuli rusi imperatori
aleqsandre, rom soflis skolebSi swavleba qarTul enaze warmarTuliyo.
da es maSin, roca saqarTvelos saswavleblebSi mkacrad idevneboda
yovelive qarTuli.
80-ian wlebSi mamia Tavs anebebs samxedro samsaxurs da am droidan
ufro intensiurad eweva literaturul Sromas... sixaruli mis cxovrebaSi
mxolod poezias, xelovnebas da qeifs Seaqvs, momavlis imeds ki amyarebs
erTaderT vaJze _ kaxaberze. mkvlevar givi JRents mamia gurielisadmi
miZRvnil monografiaSi (mamia gurieli, Tb., 1961), moaqvs mama-Svilis
mimoweridan saintereso adgilebi, sadac mkafiod Cans poetis ara mxolod
mgrZnobiare mSobliuri sifaqize, aramed misi mamuliSviluri pozicia...
mamia gulmxurvaled uqadagebs Svils erovnuli ideiT cxovrebas, qarTuli
enis siyvaruls da STaagonebs pirmSos patriotuli miswrafebebiT Sromas
da cxovrebas. magram kaxaberis sicocxlis tragikulma finalma 1890 wels,
sabolood dausva wertili mamia gurielis sulier wonasworobas da
daaCqara poetis aRsasrulic. mamia gurielma, rogorc cnobilia,
sicocxlis bolo wlebi quTaisSi gaatara... am dros mas Zalzed mZime
pirobebSi uxdeboda arseboba. Svilis daRupvis Semdeg TviTmkvlelobac
gadawyvita _ mainc gadarCa; materialurma xelmokleobam, ojaxurma
konfliqtebma, kaxaberis TviTmkvlelobam da mZime avadmyofobam, Tavis
droze saxelganTqmul aristokratsa da 96
93
poets balaxvanTan, erT dros misi mosamsaxuris, babale Wyonias fi-
crul saxlSi mouRo bolo 1891 wlis 25 ivliss. 28 ivliss wm. giorgis
eklesiaSi, arqielis goraze, cnobilma saeklesio da erovnulma moRvawem
gabriel episkoposma (qiqoZem) wesi augo gansvenebuls. cnobil pirTagan
mamia guriels sityviT mimarTes poetma grigol abaSiZem da silovan
xundaZem.
1897 wels poetis megobris, cnobili samocianelis, kirile
lorTqifaniZis energiuli zrunviT, rafiel erisTavis mxardaWeriT, iona
meunargiasa da ivane gomarTelis Sesavali werilebiT gamovida mamia
gurielis TxzulebaTa mozrdili tomi. samwuxarod, es gamocema erTaderTi
sruli gamocemaa dRemde.
mamia gurielis Sesaxeb iwereboda poetis sicocxleSic, magram ufro
meti daiwera sikvdilis Semdeg. akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, sergei
mesxi, aleqsandre cagareli, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, iona meunargia, ivane
gomarTeli da sxva cnobili moRvaweebi TavianT yuradRebas ar aklebdnen
mis nawerebs. gansakuTrebiT faseulia TanamedroveobisaTvis iona
meunargias mier dawerili narkvevi. Tedo saxokias, sofrom
mgalobliSvilisa da giorgi lasxiSvilis mogonebebSi gacocxlebulia
mamia gurielis keTilSobiluri pirovneba da misi mWevrmetyveluri niWisa
Tu poeturi xasiaTis saintereso Strixebi.
mamia guriels Cvens droSi sayuradRebo narkvevebi miuZRvnes: mixeil
zandukelma, apolon maxaraZem, grigol xavTasma, aleqsandre kalandaZem,
akaki xinTibiZem, lamara SavguliZem, givi JRentma da sxva mkvlevarebma.
magram CvenTvis kidev ufro metad sainteresoa JamTa viTarebaSi ra
adgili daiWira mamis gurielis pirovnulma saxem, Tu misma SemoqmedebiTma
siluetma momdevno xanis qarTvel poetTa nawerebSi. rasakvirvelia,
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yovlisa, unda mivmarToT gareSe TvalisTvis
advilad dasanax faqtebs. amiT kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovani iyo saxelovan qarTvel mgosanTa Sinagani sulieri
cxovrebisaTvis am poetis STambeWdavi, kolorituli buneba.
amis nimuSia mamia gurielis da giorgi SarvaSiZis urTierToba.
akademikos simon janaSias azriT, `g. SarvaSiZis erTi literaturuli
saxelTagani `pontoqseli~ (e. i. pontos veqsineli, SavzRveli) exmaureba
fsevdonims Tavisi uaxloesi megobrisa da naTesavis mamia gurielisas
(fazeli).~ cnobilia giorgisa da mamias poeturi gaxumrebebi, saidanac
aSkarad Cans, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mamia Tavis umcros Tanamokalmeze. am
ukanasknelma siyvaruli da pativiscema mamia gurielisadmi imiTac gamoxata,
rom àdamianis~ Cinebuli rusuli Targmani dagvitova.
magram gaivlis dro da axali Taobis poetebi ukve Riad, daufaravad
gamoxataven TavianT siyvaruls da tkivils bedis ukuRmarTobiT gatanjuli
mamia gurielisadmi.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa da Rirebuli mamia gurielis Ses97
94
axeb `poetTa mefed wodebuli~, didebuli galaktionis brwyinvale
essei. didi poetis azriT, `mamia guriels hqonda Tavisi saaTi umaRlesi
silamazisa da ayvavebis.
mamias uyvarda. mamias suls sWirdeboda Zlieri da araCveulebrivi
gancda.
mamias aqvs trfialuri, Zlieri santimentaluri leqsi... magram
yvelaSi usaTuod aris raime sicocxle... goneba.
amboben, rom orfeosis sulis Zalas SeeZlo aRfrTovanebuli ritmiT
moZraobaSi moeyvana xeebi da qvebi... aseTi iyo Turme mamia gurielis mier
wakiTxuli leqsebis ritmi~...
`...ukanasknel xanebSi mamis aseT suraTs iZleva erTi mwerali
(igulisxmeba niko lorTqifaniZe). `wvrili, moRuSuli mamia, gamxmari,
grZeli TiTebiT, romlebzedac Cveulebrivad didi xnis mouqneli
frCxilebi hqonda. swored borot suls hgavda da bavSvebs, cota ar iyos,
kidevac gveSinoda misio. moCxubari bavSvebisaTvis ver iyo mimzidavi.
magieraT, akaki, TeTri TmiT, saocnebo keTili saxiT da tkbili amxanaguri
baasiT gveTamaSeboda da Cvenc mas vexveodiTo.
mamia xandaxan bavSvebs mklavebs usinjavda da Taviseburi sidinjiT,
TiTqos sityvebi sxva qveynidan modiso, kiTxavda axlo myofs: daxede ra
mklavi aqvs, ver gaswevda kaxaberobas?
is svamda Rvinos, Tumca loTi ar iyo. svamda misTvis, rom Tav-
daviwyebas miscemoda, rom galucinaciebSi SeWriliyo: SeiZleba imitomac,
rom moespo sicocxle da formaluri TviTmkvlelobiT gamowveul
skandalebs acileboda, vin icis!!!~
galaktionis TvaliT danaxuli mamia gurieli esaa moarul
Worebisagan ganTavisuflebuli poetis portreti. aq aSkarad Cans, rom didi
mgosani sakuTari poeturi gadasaxedidan Wvrets mamia gurielis tragikul
pirovnebas, poulobs mis xasiaTSi sakuTar pirovnul-SemoqmedebiT
TaviseburebasTan Semxvedr zogierT Strixs... galaktionisaTvis arsebobs
mamias poetur naturaSi mocemuli demonuri sawyisi, Canasaxi Zlieri,
`trfialuri~ da `sentimentaluri~ gancdisa, romantikuli meocnebobis
usazRvro energia (`daxede ra mklavi aqvs, ver gaswevda kaxaberobas~) da
tragikuli cxovrebis gamo Tavdaviwyebis gamZafrebuli moTxovnileba,
romelsac xelovani mihyavs Rvinomde... galaktionis mrwamsiT, romelic
aSkarad aris dapirispireba jer kidev iona meunargias mier danergil
azrTan, mamia àr iyo loTi~, is svamda Rvinos cxovrebis tvirTis
Sesamsubuqeblad, raTa mxatvruli halucinaciebiT mainc ecxovra da
SedarebiT umtkivneulod gamoTxoveboda misTvis tanjvad qceul
sicocxles. martoobis mZime, gauval sevdas mihyavs xelovani
Tavdaviwyebamde. xasiaTis am niSniT SeiZleba arsebobdes siaxlove swored
didi galaktionisa da mamia gurielis yofiTi cxovrebis stils Soris. es
garemoebac aZlevda albaT biZgs tician tabiZes galaktionisadmi miZRvnil
mSvenier werilSi `martoobis ordenis kavaleri (galaktion tabiZe)~ eTqva:
`pirveli kavalerni martoobis ordenisa iyvnen n. baraTaSvili da mamia
gurieli~... Ses98
95
aniSnavi poetis sityviT, galaktionis `simRerebSi, gzebis ZebnaSi
Tqven modixarT n. baraTaSvilidan da mamia gurielidan~... SesaniSnavi
poetis sityviT, galaktionis `simRerebSi, gzebis ZebnaSi Tqven modixarT n.
baraTaSvilidan da mamia gurielidan~... tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom `mamia
ufro poeti vizioneri iyo, vinem mqmneli. mis nerviulobasa da yvirilSi ar
iyo proporcia... es dawyevlaa poetisa, radgan daumTavrebel simReras
vmReriT Cven da ramdens vgrZnobT kidev dauwerels... mamiam Tavisi
kaxaberic ver gamoitira saSineli tiriliT. Tumca yvelaze
aragulwrfelma uaildmac naxa cremliT sofeli sityvebi moSorebuli
Svilebis dasatireblad~.
tician tabiZis am Tamam dakvirvebaSi mamia gurielis SemoqmedebiTi
bunebis wvdomis TvalsazrisiT ufro metia sarwmuno da sacnauri, vidre im
zedmiwevniTi sizustiT aRweril poetis biografiul faqtebSi, sadac faqts
miRma isev ver xerxdeba xasiaTis povna, rogorc, zogierTs mxriv, xeebs
miRma tyis danaxva. esaa poetis mier nagrZnobi meore poetis cxovreba da
tragizmiT aRsavse SemoqmedebiTi bedis xilva, gaTavisuflebuli sqematuri
midgomisagan...
mamia gurielis poeturma pirovnebam STamagonebeli mniSvneloba
moipova 20-iani wlebis im mweralTaTvis, romlebic axlis Tqmis usazRvro
wyurviliT moevlinen Cvens sinamdviles da epoqis mxatvrul moTxovnaTa
kvalobaze, tician tabiZesTan erTad, simbolistebs uwodeben TavianT Tavs.
akakisa da mamia gurielis poetur aCrdilebs elacicebao TiTqos, iseT
STabeWdilebas axdens sandro cirekiZis sityvebi: `quTaisis quCebi
inazebian akakis siaruliT. balaxvanSi dalia suli mamia gurielma.
yovelTvis cxovrobdnen poetebi imereTis qalaqSi~. `RirebulebaTa
gadafasebis~ ideiT Sepyrobil `cisferi ordenis~ warmomadgenel
xelovanebs, romelTa mizani mxolod siaxlis danergva iyo, xSirad uxdebo-
daT TavianTi kredos gansamtkiceblad garkveul literaturul modelTa
gafetiSebac, rac zogjer cnobil simbolist xelovanTa yofiTi cxovrebis
stilis mibaZvaSic poulobda Tavis gamoZaxils. maTi warmodgeniT,
dionisuri orgiuli JiniT avsebuli xelovani SemoqmedebiTi
srulfasovnebis dones mxolod maSin aRwevs, roca misi suli materialuri
interesebisagan iwmindeba da mxolod mxatvrul eqstazSi povebs Svebas...
Semoqmedeba xelovanisaTvis vneba unda iyos da verTqmis SesaZleblobasac
zogjer am vnebaTa siWarbe hqmnis. im droisTvis am moduri sqemis ieriTaa
danaxuli mamia gurielis pirovneba valerian gafrindaSvilis TavisTavad
sayuradRebo leqsSi _ `mamia gurieli~.
aq vkiTxulobT:
ìsev maocebs dadumebul leqsTa zraxvani
da yviTlad mxiblavs moqeife loTi mamia.
misi maradi sakuTari makadamia~...
Tu XX saukunis ociani wlebis am uniWieres xelovanTa fantaziaSi
mamia gurielis saxe SeWrilia ucnaurobis niSniT, Sinagani TrTolviT da
erTgvari idumalebis burusiTacaa moculi misi xve99
96
dri, poetis pirovnuli bedis ufro realisturi xilva igrZnoba
tariel Wanturias bolo dros daweril leqsSi _ àdamiani~ (mamia
gurielis fiqrTa gagrZeleba).
rogorc Cans, mamias pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis mTlianoba
gamorCeulia qarTuli mwerlobis fonze. am poets hqonda SesaZlebloba
ufro Rrma kvali gaevlo literaturaSi, ufro Rirseulad warsdgomoda
momavals... amaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula misi xasiaTis Taviseburebebma
da im duxWirma ojaxurma cxovrebam, romlis garRveva man ver SesZlo.
arada, mamia gurielis pirovnebaSi aris is zneobrivi da mxatvruli
energia, rac ase aucilebeli iyo siaxlis maZiebel xelovanTaTvis.
mamia gurieli kontrastuli Tvisebebis pirovneba iyo. erTdroulad
SeeZlo yofiliyo aristokrati da demokrati, pativmoyvare da
mokrZalebuli, anCxli da mSvidi, xelgaSlili mflangveli da
cxovrebisagan dabeCavebuli martosuli. is cxovrobda mxolod warmosaxvis
cxovrebiT, didi literaturis Seqmnasa da daubrunebeli warsulis
dabrunebaze ocnebiT. TavisTavad is faqti, rom mamia Targmnis homeross,
lesins, robert bernss, bairons, puSkins, lermontovs, SevCenkos, nadsons,
sologubs, nekrasovs, kolcovs... miuTiTebs imaze, rom mas farTo
interesebi da daxvewili gemovneba aqvs. magram, etyoba, mamia susti
nebisyofis adamiani iyo. igi xasiaTis uswormasworobiT gamoirCeva. SeuZlia
ar Sedrkes didi safrTxis winaSe, TvalebSi Caxedos TviT sikvdilsac ki
(amas mowmobs misi duelebi), magram ar yofnis Zala, mamacoba rom
STainTqas xelovnebaSi da icxovros mxolod SemoqmedebiTi sixaruliT.
erTi avtoris Tqmisa ar iyos, `leqsis Seqmna ki usazRvro vaJkacobas
moiTxovs~. es SemoqmedebiTi simamace da vaJkacoba bolomde ar hyofnida
mas. amaSi ki xels bevri ram uSlida. pirvel yovlisa is, rom Sinaganad
konfliqturi pirovneba gaxldaT, skefsisisa da iWvis grZnobiT
datvirTuli. ar SeeZlo daeZlia Tavisi Tavi, gaemarjva sulSi Cabudebul
wvrilmanebze.... mamias ar itacebda komforti, moswonda sisadave da
ubraloeba, mSvenieri meuRle ki moiTxovda, gancxromiT cxovrebas, rom
poets ebrZola misi mopovebisaTvis. mamia qristes pirvelqmnil
WeSmaritebaTa qadagi iyo, realoba ki meSCanur moTxovnilebebs uyenebda
Zveli saqarTvelos didebis dabrunebaze meocnebe adamians.
cxovrebiseuli xelmocarva poets Rvinisken ubiZgebda. RviniT
Tavdaviwyebam masSi ufro gaamZafra Wirveuli xasiaTi, zogjer
gadaWarbebuli siTamame, sentimentaluroba. RviniT aRZruli gambedaoba
sakuTar ZalebSi moCvenebiT Tavdaviwyebas uwyobda xels. aqedan modis
mamias sityvebi: `kaxaberi TavisTavad didi kacia, magram me is ufro didi
gavxade da ukvdavyavio~, an kidev: `baironi xelaxla gavacocxle
qarTulado~.
rasakvirvelia, es araa sinamdviles dacilebuli gancxadeba, magram
ambiciebiT savse kacis trabaxis STabeWdilebas axdenda mainc zogierTze.
mamia TiTqos tanjvisTvis iyo gaCenili. didi nebis xe100
97
lovanebi axerxebdnen tanjvis SemoqmedebiT sixarulad gardaqmnas,
xelovnebis wiaRSi mis STanTqmas. am SemTxvevaSi mamias poeturi energia ar
hyofnis, nebis simtkice hRalatobs, rom Rvinis magivrad SemoqmedebiT
Tavdaviwyebas mieces... da rCeba is kadnieri literaturuli survilebiT da
daSretili energiiT. misi daumTavrebeli werilebi rusTavelisa da akaki
wereTelis `Tornike erisTavze~ gvafiqrebinebs, rom mamia gurieli, Cveni
poeziis am manaTobel varskvlavTa didi Tayvaniscemis miuxedavad,
daundobelia didi avtoritetebis mimarT. mamia grZnobs, rom èo, meo da
odelias~ dro (tician tabiZis mier moxmobili magaliTia) ukve wavida. es,
rasakvirvelia, mTlad usafuZvlo SeiZleba ar iyos, magram is varaudobs,
rom poetma SeiZleba grZnoba yovelgvar frazaSi Caatios. es misi sisustea.
magram mamia gurieli Semoqmedia Tavisi bunebiT, WeSmaritad artistuli
bunebiT Semkobili kaci. misi xasiaTi aRbeWdilia movlenaTa gardasaxvis
mZafri vnebiT. mas aqvs siaxlis grZnoba. rogorc viciT, mamia gurielis
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da 90-ian
wlebamde grZeldeba. asakiT TiTqmis ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis
Tanatols, moRvaweoba mouxda sxvadasxva Taobis gamoCenil
warmomadgenelTa gverdiT. ucxo urTierTobebSi aSkarad gamokveTil
artistizmiT mamia gurieli romantikul literaturul personaJs hgavda.
Tu axalgazrdobaSi mimzidveli garegnobiT moxdenili Cacma-daxurviT,
cxovrebis gamorCeuli stiliT, brwyinvale mWevrmetyveluri niWiT iqcevda
yuradRebas, mas Semdegac, rac cxovrebam bevri simware ageba poets, igi
qarTvel xelovanTa Soris erTi pirvelTagani iyo Tavisi bohemamde misuli
Tavisufali cxovrebiT. magram mZime cxovrebis miuxedavad, masSi mainc ar
Camkvdara poeturi suli da rainduli siyvaruli maRali idealebisadmi
bolomde SeinarCuna. realizmis epoqaSi mcxovrebi poeti mamia gurieli,
romelic romantikuli suliskveTebiT avsebuli pirovneba iyo, Tavisi
yofiTi cxovrebis stiliT da mxatvruli xilvebiT ufro axali drois
poetebs enaTesaveboda.
mamia gurieli, rogorc vTqviT, kontrastul Tvisebebs itevda. poetis
daxvewili aristokratizmi mSvenivrad exameboda mis sulier demokratizms,
riTac is axali ideebiT Sepyrobili axalgazrdobis simpatiebsac
imsaxurebda.
Tavisi esTetikuri mrwamsiT poeti axlos dgas qarTvel 60-
ianelebTan. zogierT mis daumTavrebel statiasa da pirad werilSi mamia
gurieli im droisaTvis Zalze aqtualur literaturul movlenaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. ase, magaliTad, erTgan (`wigni redaqtorTan~) jer
kidev 1872 wels, miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi kritikis ganviTarebis
aucileblobaze, roca aRniSnavs: `RvTis SewevniT CvenSi arian yovelgvari
da sakmaod niWieri mwerlebi, mxolod Zlier gveZvireba kargi kritikosi.
da sxvaTaSoris yvelaze ufro metad gvWIrdeba Cven~. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
im garemoebasac, rom 15 wlis Semdeg imave moTxovnas kidev ufro mwvaved
dasvams TviT ilia WavWavaZe statiaSi `ra mizezia rom kritika ara gvaqvs~,
maSin cxadi 101
98
iqneba m. gurielis mier sakiTxis amgvarad dayenebis Rirebuleba...
mamia gurielis poeturi TvalTaxedvis gasaTvaliswineblad sayuradReboa
misi nawarmoebebi: `farvana~, ìvdiTs~, `kolxidelisadmi~, `_s-os~, da
gansakuTrebiT fantastikuri poema `poeti da Cveneba~. am ukanasknelSi
mkafiod vlindeba mamia gurielis romantikuli suli. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki,
saerTod, misi Sexedulebani poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebis, xelovnebisa
da sinamdvilis urTierTmimarTebis, xelovnebis socialuri
mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb axlos dgas 60-ianelTa SexedulebebTan. akaki
wereTlis socialurad mZafr lirikasTan siaxlovis niSnebs Seicavs misi
`qobuleTuri yanis simRera~. es Cans ara mxolod ideur gamiznulobaSi,
aramed leqsis faqturaSic. magram unda iTqvas, rom iliasa da akakis
kvalobaze, mamiasTan socialuri aspeqti Cveni cxovrebisa
daqvemdebarebulia erovnuls, xolo TviTgancdis gamomxatveli, sakuTari
`me~-s daxasiaTebisaken mimarTuli leqsTa mixedviT, igi tipuri
romantikosia; aq bevrs laparakobs mamia gurieli sakuTar poetur `me~-ze,
xelovanze, rogorc RvTaebrivi monacemebis mqone gamorCeul
individualobaze.
patriotuli grZnobis gansaxierebis procesSi aSkarad Cans, rom Cveni
cnobili romantikosebis msgavsad, mamia gurieli warsulis idealizacias
axdens. `poetsa da CvenebaSi~ STambeWdavia poetis fici:
`vficav samSoblos Cemsa dacemuls,
bedisgan dasjils, ganawamebsa,
Cabalax-axdils, jaWvebiT Sekruls,
da wiTlad naRebs missa miwebsa~...
aq, am qmnilebaSi, elavs samSoblosaTvis `TavdakveTili mefeTa
dasis~, `CangliT daglejili nazi dedoflebis~, Cvens poeziaSi araerTgzis
ukvdavyofili vaxtangis, Tamaris, daviT aRmaSenebelis, qeTevanis saxelebi.
mamia gurielma am diad pirovnebebs gverdiT amouyena `sxva kaci~, `rkinis
paloTi sazRvarze mdgari~, òsmalT ZalT mlewveli~, ùbadlo mamaci~,
`brZeni da lomi Seupovari~, misi `RvTaeba kaxaberi~. sxva SemTxvevaSi
(`damexsen muzav~) mamia gurieli Senatris im dros, roca
`qveyana gviCnda maSin samoTxed,
kacebi misad angelozebad,
qalebi gvwamda RmerTad meoTxed
ara exlandelT Cven megobrebad~.
mamia gurieli nakiTxi da warsulSi Rrmad Caxeduli pirovnebaa.
irkveva, rom poeti kargad icnobs saqarTvelos istorias, qarTvlis
cxovrebas, kerZod, Tamaris istorikosis naRvaws, roca meoTxe RmerTad
qalebs saxavs. mamia gurielis patriotuli xasiaTis leqsebSi `SoSia~,
`karCxalis mTebi~, `Cemi alaverdi~, `saqarTvelos mze~ da sxva, Cans am
grZnobis mowodebisas zomieri paTetikuri toni. es paTetika amaRlebul
Tvisebas sZens Tavisuflebis maZiebel tanjuli ganwyobilebebiT
datvirTul poets. erT SemTxvevaSi (`SoSia~) mamia guriels `sevdiT evseba
guli~, ùkurnebeli evseba wyluli~, roca 102
99
xedavs qveynis unugeSo mdgomareobasa da RvTisadmi mxolod vedrebad
aRvlenili ocnebobs `sabralo samSoblos bednierebaze~. paTetika aris
akvani mWevrmetyvelebisa, rodesac vkiTxulobT leqss, `saqarTvelos mzes~:
`gagimarjos nacnobo,
mSveniero saWvreto.
saqarTvelos mnaTobo,
yovel mefeze meto!~
Cven vgrZnobT, rom poeti patriotuli mizanswrafvis gadmocemas
mWevrmetyvelurad cdilobs. magram warsuls mamia gurieli xSirad
imitomac ixsenebs, rom masTan sakuTari gvaris didebacaa dakavSirebuli.
poetis leqsis striqonebSi:
`me saxel gvarad,
vin iyo mTavrad
mpyrobi guriis,
Caqv-aWarisa,
vgavar mas, mara
arvin mamTavra,
arca var mefe zRva laSqarisa~.
aq vgrZnobT, rom am striqonebs `gvarovnuli, Selaxuli pativ-
moyvareobis beWedi azis~. sul sxvaa laRi da imediani `Cemi alaverdi~,
romelic Cvenma xalxma sasimRerodac ki aqcia:
`megobrebo jer usurvoT
Cvens samSoblos dRegrZeloba,
da Tasebic gamovcaloT,
Rvinoc kargad Segvergeba.
ase vuTxraT: saqarTvelo,
aRsdeg, gaxdi kvlav Tavxedi,
ara ra ars usaSvelo
ymawvilebo alaverdi!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sxvebisTvis Tu gvibrZolnia,
samSoblosTvis ver viomebT?~
saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis romantikuli idealizaciis
surneliT gaJRenTil leqsebSi patriotuli grZnobis gamosaxvisas mamia
gurieli Tavisi amaRlebuli paTetikiT ar scildeba Cvens literaturaSi
saxelovani qarTveli romantikosebis grigol da vaxtang orbelianebis
mier gakvalul gzas. iseT leqsSi, rogoric `Cemi alaverdia~, vxedavT, rom
poetis amaRlebul metyvelebiT tons enacvleba sada da msubuqi, magram
mWevrmetyveluri mimarTva-mowodebis Semcveli formebi; maT ukve
sayovelTao-saxalxo mniSvneloba aqvs mopovebuli da udavoa rogorc am
leqsis socialuri gamiznuloba, aseve misi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zala
da efeqti.
mamia guriels aqvs momentebi poeturi naTelxedvisa da aq is WeS-
mariti poetia. aviRoT Tundac misi mSvenieri leqsi, odnav sentimen103
100
taluri ieris Semcveli, odnav paTetikuri, magram Zalze gulwrfeli
da saTuTi gancdebiT datvirTuli _ `Cems Svils kaxabers~.
`Cemo kaxaber, Cemo gulo, TviT Cemo azro,
mTlad kaxabersa daemsgavse, Rone ixmare!
meti ra giTxra, dagarigo, Tavi gabezro,
samSoblosaTvis sul izrune, sul imwuxare!..~
qarTul literaturaSi manamde da TiTqmis mTel XIX saukuneSi Cven
ar gveguleba mamaSviluri grZnobis ufro lamazi, mamakacuri saTnoebiT
savse leqsi, vidre es nawarmoebia. qarTuli epistolaruli lirika, amayobs
grigol orbelianis SedevriT, `Cems das efemias~. Tu aq didi poeti
dedmamiSviluri siyvarulis apoTeozs iZleva, mamia gurieli Tavis leqsiT
mamaSviluri siyvarulis Cum, magram diad Sinaarsze aCerebs mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas da kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, raoden faqizi, Sinaganad
mRelvare intimis grZnobiT SeiZleba iyos dapyrobili mamis guli mamulis
momavlis imedad anTebuli vaJisadmi. aqaa xotba mamakacTa Soris arsebul
Rrma adamianuri urTierTobisa. aq erTmaneTTanaa Cawnuli sasoeba, imedi
xvalindel dReze, fiqri mamulis warsulsa da momavalze... sakuTar
ganuxorcielebel survilTa amsruleblad, mamis naocnebaris realur
ganmaxorcieleblad saxavs xolme yoveli mama Tavis Svils da gulwrfeli
poeturi formiT, asea es warmosaxuli mamia gurielis aRniSnul leqsSic.
erTi sityviT, mamaSviluri intimis grZnoba qarTul poeziaSi manamde aravis
auyvania im simaRleze, rogorc es mamia gurielma SeZlo.
mamia gurielis satrfialo lirikaSi, erTi mxriv, siyvarulis
grZnobis romantikuli mxarea warmosaxuli. meore mxriv, avtori poeziaSi
gzas uxsnis realizmis niSniT aRbeWdil, cocxali xalxuri iumoriT
datvirTul Temebs...
siyvarulis grZnobis gamosaxvis romantikuli manera SeiniSneba
leqsebSi: `ver damiviwyeb~, `farvana~, `maraozed~, `satrfosadmi~,
`siyvarulzed~, `madlobeli var~. es ukanaskneli mainc yuradRebas iqcevs
rogorc satrfos winaSe rainduli saTnoebiT aRsavse aRsareba; am leqsis
laitmotivia usazRvro madlierebis aRvlena gangebisadmi, rameTu is
siyvarulis, rogorc aseTis sidiades aziarebs adamians...
mamia gurielis leqsi ùcxo qveynels~ imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom aq
igrZnoba Tbilisuri, qalaquri folkloris intonaciebis gamoZaxili,
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom esaa poetis `sulier quraSi~ gatarebuli,
mxatvruli originalurobiT aRbeWdili qmnileba:
`qalo, giWvret da miTxar,
ucxo qveynis vardi xar!
mTlad sandomi eSxi xar,
Tvalis dardimandi xar~.
am leqsSi mamia gurieli ganTavisuflebulia movlenis mimarT
paTetikuri midgomisagan. mTlianad leqss msWvalavs uSualobiT savse,
erTgvarad gulubryvilobis niSniT aRbeWdili grZnoba. 104
101
kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa gulubryvilo-iumorul planSi siyvarulis
grZnobis daxasiaTebis survili leqsebSi: `ra kargia ymawviloba~, `qali
viyav mowifuli~.
`ra kargia ymawviloba,
sul ver scnobde wyenasao,
sisxlis Relva da maWroba,
dela, dela, delasao~.
wers poeti da sxva SemTxvevaSi `sisxlis Relvasa da maWrobasTan~
kavSirSi iumoristuladaa gaazrebuli ymawvili qalis gawbilebuli xvedri,
qalisa, romelsac SeuZlia amaRldes pirovnul ubedobaze da siciliT
gausworos Tvali realur yofas:
`qali viyav mowifuli,
gamitaca survilebma.
amiries vnebiT guli
im wyeulma ymawvilebma...
daCqarebiT qmars gavyevi,
man ki vera ganizraxa!
aw, vinc minda, mas vewvevi
mixarian, xa, xa, xa, xa!~
mamia gurielis am leqsSi vgrZnobT, rom poeti, gulubryvilo
narTaulis meoxebiT, CvenSi aRZravs garkveul esTetikur grZnobas. aq
siamovneba mainc imis wyalobiT miiReba, rom pirdapir dasaxelebas (mag.,
`man ki vera ganizraxa~) narTauli efareba. saerTod, mamia gurieli am
leqsebSi xalxuri, kerZod, guruli folkloris wiaRidanac sazrdoobs.
unda iTqvas, rom am TvalsazrisiT, is pirveli mweralia, romelic
cdilobs iumoris specifikuri unariT savse guruli folkloridan
amozidos miamitur-gulubryvilo sawyisze dafuZnebuli xumroba-iumoris
formebi. rogorc cnobilia, didi xania SemCneulia, rom xalxuri
Semoqmedebis momxibvleli Tvisebebi swored gulubryvilo miamitobaSia
saZiebeli. xalxur iumorzea damynobili is gaSairebebi, rasac adgili
hqonda mamia gurielsa da giorgi SarvaSiZes Soris. mxolod bilwma
fantaziam SeiZleba datvirTos mdare SinaarsiT iseTi xalxuri miamituri
xedvis gamomxatveli saoxunjo striqonebi, romelsac mamia gurieli swers
Tavis megobarsa da axlobels, giorgi SarvaSiZes:
`netamc mogvca mefis bina,
wereTlisa Cveni nina,
agrafinas vexveodeT,
sakocnelad-babilina,
turfa maSo gverds mogisva,
mari mklavze dagviwvina!
Tu arc erTi ar gvergeba,
RmerTma risTvis gagvaCina!~
rogorc akad. simon janaSia SeniSnavs, ès saoxunjo, metwilad-
saaSiko, Sairoba SeumCnevlad poeziaSi gadadis~. ase ikvlevs gzas
mkiTxvelTa gulebisaken xalxuri iumoris atmosferoSi gaRvivebu105
102
li mamia gurielis poeturi xedva... Tumca mamia gurielis iumoriT
aRbeWdili leqsebi e. w. `saojaxo poeziis~ wiaRidan modis da rCeba.
mamia gurielis SemoqmedebaSi aris erTi problema, an ukeT am
problemis mxatvrulad xilva-gaazrebis iseTi precendenti, riTac es poeti
ukvdavi rCeba Cvens literaturaSi. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom
poeturi sityvis sferoSi mamia gurielma, rogorc aravin qarTvel
poetTagan, Zalzed gabedulad dasva kiTxva adamianis, rogorc aseTis,
zneobriv-esTetikuri Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
vin aris adamiani? vin aris kaci?
rogorc cnobilia, adamianis raobis sakiTxi àr axalia, Zvelia~. is
yvela drois folkloruli da mxatvruli interesebis sagani iyo. magram am
sakiTxis aqtualizacia mainc axal saukuneebSi moxda...
qarTul sinamdvileSi, sxvadasxva mxatvrul aspeqtSi adamianis
movaleobis sakiTxi mraval SemoqmedTan idga, magram kiTxva, ra aris
adamiani, rogorc aseTi, pirvelad ilia WavWavaZem wamoWra misi ukvdavi
`kacia-adamianis~ Seqmnis faqtiT. magram es iyo ukve sul sxva mxatvrul-
esTetikur safuZvelze warmoqmnili interesi. poeturi sityvis sferoSi vin
aris adamiani, an ras niSnavs iyo adamiani? _ es kiTxva ki mxolod mamia
gurielTan gvxvdeba.
rasakvirvelia, am poetisaTvis araa ucxo adamianis mimarT skeptikuri
ganwyoba, roca, magaliTad, leqsSi, ànderZi~, wers:
`me Tu movkvdi, Sen darCebi,
da erTs rames gianderZeb,
sul nuravis nu endobi,
nurc megobars soflad eZeb!
yvela styuis, yvela flidobs,
Tavis Tavsa emoyvreba.
bed krulisTvis arvin scdilobs
surT ki Cveni motyueba~... da a. S.
am striqonebis avtors, erTi SexedviT, eWvi Seaqvs adamianis, rogorc
siyvarulisa da sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili arsebis RirebulebaSi, roca
momxveWelobas, mliqvnelobas, despotizms, gautanlobas, gulqvaobas da
utifrobas Tvlis adamianTa modgomis moucilebel Tvisebad; magram
nawarmoebis finalSi yvela am niSnis mdgradobas igi safuZvels gamoaclis,
maT warmaval, udReur movlenebad CaTvlis, roca ityvis, am Tvisebebis
matarebelT mxolod `mosdevT xalxis wyevao~.
aseTia mamia gurielis eTikuri pozicia. mas, rogorc moazrovnes da
poets swams, rom, marTalia, adamiani aris sawyauli simdablisa, magram igi
sikeTis ulevi energiis mflobeli da siyvarulis gvirgvinicaa am qveyanaze.
warmavalia simdable, wyevla-krulvaa Tanamgzavri mdare arsebisa, mxolod
sikeTe, siyvaruli da mSvenierebaa waruvali da ukvdavi am wuTisofelSi.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi da sxva nawarmoebebSic gamJRavnebuli iWvi, romliTac
aris moculi poetis suli, mxolod im azris WeSmaritebas adasturebs, rom
vinc eWvobs, 106
103
man ueWvelad icis, rom igi rogorc daeWvebuli, arsebobs. eWvis ar-
sebobis faqti ukve imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamiani grZnobs da cnobs
zedrouli da zepirovnuli WeSmaritebis fass da mniSvnelobas. amgvari
eWvi ukve pesimizmis wyaro ki araa, aramed moralisturi tendenciis
gamomxatvelia.
vin aris adamiani? ra moeTxoveba mas, viTarca socialur arsebas? am
kiTxvas mxatvrul aspeqtSi ganixilavs mamia gurieli leqsSi àdamiani~.
esaa qristianul-zneobrivi paTosiT gamsWvaluli, Rrma moralisturi
mizandasaxulobis qmnileba, romelic adamianebSi adamianuri Rirsebis
Segnebas nergavs, samSoblo-qveynis siyvaruls da, sazogadod, zneobrivi
gamZleobis survils aviTarebs. amboben, namdvili moralisti ar SeiZleba
optimisti ar iyos, radgan moralizeba arsebulis gardaqmnis
SesaZleblobas gulisxmobso (gr. kiknaZe). amitomacaa leqsi àdamiani~ didi
Sinagani optimizmiT, adamianis SesaZleblobebisadmi usazRvro rwmeniT
avsebuli qmnileba, romelic gvaxsenebs _ `gaxsovdes, rom xar adamiani~...
roca poeti erT leqsSi svams kiTxvas: `netav ram Semqmna, risTvis
Semqmna, ra saxmari var?..
Cemi cxovrebis, marqviT ra ars daniSnuleba?~
da Semdeg pasuxobs:
`mrwams momavali SemdegisTvis ise ar waxdes,
rom yovels gulSi ar damkvidrdes es Cemi grZnobas~.
aqedan Cans, rom mamia gurieli cxovrebis sazriss sikeTis TesvaSi
xedavs... da, bunebrivia, poetis mier Seqmnili adamianis modelic im
qristianuli-eTikuri sawyisiT sazrdoobs, romelmac gadaarCina
mravaltanjuli qarTveli eri.
`gTxovT aRmisrulo es saTxovari~... _ mimarTavs poeti mkiTxvels da
adamianuri, zneobrivi cxovrebis im kredos gvTavazobs, romelic Semdeg
ase Seesisxlxorca Cvens sulsa da Segnebas:
`cxovrebaSi ra Sesvlasa iwyeb
da bedic keTilgunebiani
Tan dagdevs, im dros nu daiviwyeb,
rom Sen xar mxolod adamiani!
iyavi turfa, iyav uebro,
mdidari, brZeni, mxne da Wkviani,
magram fiqrisgan ar ganiSoro,
rom Sen xar mxolod adamiani!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SemTxvevam mogca bevri qoneba
xelmwifed dagsva, gqmna srulsviani...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
egeb, keTilo, beds ar uyvarde,
mogikla guli, gyo sevdiani?107
104
nu daecemi, dasdeg, gamagrdi,
gaxsovdes, rom xar adamiani!
dae, icvalos garemoeba,
Tund xalxis xmamac mogces ziani,
TviT nu icvlebi! mova droeba,
gicnoben, rom xar adamiani.
cxovrebis miznad simarTle gqondes
da siyvaruli moZmeTa valad,
samSoblo Seni marad gaxsovdes,
Tuki gsurs gaxde adamianad!~
mxatvrul qmnilebas moqalaqeobrivi arsebobis ufleba yovelTvis
gaaCnia, Tu mas zneobrivi xerxemali mtkice aqvs. magram isic faqtia,
zneobrivi azrebi TavisTavad ar SeiZleba mxatvrul Rirebulebebs qmnidnen.
zneobrivi momentis mxolod esTetikur mxaresTan erTianoba gamodis
mxatvruli qmnilebis srulfasovnebis pirobad. eTikur-esTetikuri
faqtorebis erTianoba aris swored mamia gurielis àdamianis~ poeturi
gamZleobis safuZveli; momxiblavi zneobrivi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas,
bibliuri sibrZnis Serwyma poeturi uSualobiT aRbeWdil brwyinvale
sisadavesTan aris is niSani, romelic am leqss, rogorc ityvian,
ìstoriul asaks~ ukargavs da Cveni cxovrebis Tanamgzavrad aqcevs. roca
poetis mizania adamianebi daayenos zneobrivi srulyofis gzaze da amas
miaRwios garkveuli esTetikuri TvalTaxedvis meoxebiT, es ukve xelovanis
umaRlesi amocanaa da misi moqalaqeobrivi vali. aq mamia gurielis eTikur-
moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi da poeturi swrafva urTierTs faravs da
mkiTxvelic ivseba adamianis Rirebulebisadmi usazRvro rwmeniT, rameTu
poeti iseT principebs sTavazobs mkiTxvels, romlebic swored mxatvruli
idealis poziciidan arian poetur samoselSi gaxveulni. am leqsis
mixedviT, waruvalia da maradiuli is WeSmaritebani, rom adamianis
umaRlesi niSani misi socialurobaa... adamiani mxolod Tavisi zneobriv-
sulieri cxovrebis maRali SinaarsiT amtkicebs, rom is aris adamiani da
ara cxoveli. simarTle, patiosneba, sakuTari Rirsebisa da sulieri
wonasworobis grZnoba, Tavmdabloba, samSoblosa da moyvasis siyvaruli is
zneobrivi kriteriumebia, riTac, poetis azriT, mowmdeba am qveynad
movlenili adamianis Rirebuleba. adamianis zneobrivad srulfosovani
sicocxlis Sinaarsi aris mSvenieri da idealic swored am lamazi sicocx-
liT cxovrebaa. cxadia, yvelaferi es SeiZleba miRweul iqnas wi-
naaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gziT, sasurvels adamiani SeiZleba eziaros
kontrastebis meoxebiT, sulier amaRlebas _ mxolod miwier vnebaTa
daTrgunvis gziT. mamia gurielis es moTxovnebi yoveli drois eTikur-
esTetikuri lozungi iyo, aris da iqneba. savaraudoa, rom am mSvenieri
leqsiT poetma Seqmna literaturuli tradicia, rom Semdgomi drois
qarTveli poetebi kidev ufro dafiqrebuliyvnen kiTxvaze: ra aris adamiani?
galaktionis TqmiT ki, `mamiam... leqsiT da mere ra leqsiT, icoda
adamiani~...108
105
rogorc vxedavT, mamia gurielis mier dasmuli kiTxvebi momdevno
Taobis SemoqmedTaTvis problematuri aRmoCnda... nebauneblied poeti
saazrovno interesTa iseT sferoSi SeiWra, romelmac sxva Zalmosileba
SeiZina Cvens droSi... SeiZleba swored am mxrivac iyo is erTgvari
literaturuli winapari cnobili Tanamedrove poetebisa... Tavad mamia
guriels arasdros hqonia didi pretenziebi. poetis TqmiT, misi mizani iyo
iseTi kiTxvebi daesva, rom `wignis kiTxvaSi zarmaci qarTvelebi
kiTxvisaTvis SeeCvia~ (`damexsen muzav~), Tavisi uangaro literaturuli
cxovrebiT èris saydris gebaSi mieRo monawileoba da daeSenebina erTi
patara qva~...
qarTveli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi mamia gurieli darCa iseT poetad,
romelmac Seqmna CvenSi Tavisufali xelovanis cxovrebis precendenti. misi
bedi momdevno Taobis rCeul warmomadgenelTa mier gancdili iqna, rogorc
bunebrivi niWiT dajildoebuli pirovnebis marcxi didi xelovnebis
pirispir. qarTvelTa mier es movlena dResac erovnuli tragediis nawilad
gaiazreba, magram aqve meore momentic unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi: vin icis,
mamia gurielis yofiTi urTierToba adamianebTan simSvidis pirobebSi rom
warmarTuliyo, rom mis cxovrebas ufro metad disciplinirebuli xasiaTi
hqonoda, Seqmnida ki is àdamianze~ ukeTes Sedevrs?! _ esaa am poetis Semoq-
medebiTi bedis Sesaxeb gaCenili fiqris kidev erTi dineba.
qarTul sinamdvileSi Cven gvaqvs imis magaliTebi, rom iyvnen poetebi,
romelnic mSvidad, gawonasworebuli yofiTi cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen,
yovelgvari piroba hqondaT diadi nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad, magram TiTo
SedevriT SerCnen literaturis istorias.
es garemoeba kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs im azris WeSmaritebaSi, rom
niWier adamianebs, rac saTqmeli aqvT awmyosa da momavlis winaSe, mis Tqmas
mainc axerxeben yovelgvar pirobebsa da atmosferoSi.
àdamianis~ avtorma, cxovrebaSi `wagebuli kacis~ mZime xvedris
pirobaze, calkeul momentebSi mainc moaxerxa Tavisi pirovnuli tanjva
naRd poetur vnebad gadaedno, Tundac ramdenime, magram srulfasovani
SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis nayofisTvis eziarebina saTayvanebeli mkiTxveli
da bibliuri sisadaviT savse brZnuli striqonebiT Seexsenebina yvela
drois qarTvelisaTvis Zveli da marad ukvdavi WeSmariteba: `gaxsovdes, rom
xar adamiani!..~109
106
XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis
kulturul-literaturuli atmosfero
rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebi qarTul liter-
aturaSi da yofaSic erTgvari simSvidis niSniT gamoirCeva. Tu 20-30-ian
wlebs Sinauri politikuri mRelvarebis gamoxatulebad Tvlian (ajanyebani
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da sxv.), 40-50-ian
wlebSi viTareba arsebiTad Seicvala. is politika, romelsac Zalian
Wkviani da cbieri mefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi daadga,
saqarTvelosTvis damamSvidebeli iyo. omi, rogorc aseTi, CvenSi arsad ar
mimdinareobda. brZolebi warmoebda kavkasiis mTianeTSi, am dros
saxelganTqmuli Samilis winaaRmdeg, magram qarTvelTa garkveuli
nawilisaTvis es omi ar iyo aRmaSfoTebeli, radgan Cveni xalxisaTvis,
qarTuli miwisaTvis mas ubedureba ar mohqonda. Aam droidan interesma
Sinauri SfoTidan gareT gadainacvla. saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT,
daRestanSi gaSlil brZolebs qarTvelTa mxriv SurismaZiebluri xasiaTi
hqonda. masSi, garda Cveni saxelovani mamuliSvilebis (grigol orbeliani,
vaxtang orbeliani, levan meliqiSvili, ilia orbeliani, mamia gurieli, ro-
stom wereTeli da sxv.), mravali qarTveli siamovnebiT Rebulobda
monawileobas. Tbilissa da, saerTod, saqarTveloSi TiTqos mowesrigda
urTierToba ruseTis xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris;
stabilurobis misaRwevad axalma mmarTvelma m. voroncovma, garkveul
meTods mimarTa. Mman icoda, rom saWiro iyo sazogadoebis yvelaze
boboqari nawilis _ inteligenciis sulieri SimSilis dakmayofileba, misi
dapureba. amisaTvis man moiwadina am moTxovnilebis aRsruleba. Aamitomac
mozida inteligenciis sulieri sazrdo-misi puri-literatura da Teatri.
Ddimitri yifianis rCeviT man garkveuli RonisZiebani gaatara
saswavleblebSi qarTuli enis savaldebulo sagnad qcevisaTvis. (ix. T.
jologua, dimitri yifiani, 2002 w. gv.189-226). rogorc cnobilia, esaa iseTi
sferoebi, romlebic asazrdoebs da kvebavs qarTveli sazogadoebis
imdroindeli moazre nawilis cxovrebas. Mm. voroncovma gadawyvita,
politikur vnebaTa dacxromis, inteligenciis inteleqtualuri wyurvilisa
da erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis dakmayofilebis mizniT, daearsebina bib-
lioTeka, muzeumi, qarTuli Teatri da qarTuli Jurnali. Mm. voroncovma
gaikiTxa, Tu vis SeeZlo gaZRoloda am saqmes. aseTi aRmoCnda saintereso
biografiis mqone, Tavis droze 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawile, mwerali
giorgi erisTavi, romelic goris maxloblad, s. xidisTavSi cxovrobda. m.
voroncovma moiwvia g. erisTavi Teatris xelmZRvanelad da SemdegSi
,,ciskris~ saxelwodebiT cnobili Jurnalis redaqtorad. imdroindel
saqarTveloSi Zneli iyo yovelgvari sazogado saqmis, miT ufro erovnuli
saqmis gaZRola. Tu ara g. erisTavis enTuziazmi da is fuladi daxmareba,
rac m. voroncovma gauwia axladfexadgmul kulturul dawesebulebebs da
maT Soris Teatrsa da Jurnals, albaT, es saSviliSvilo, kulturuli
wamow110
107
yeba CanasaxSive Cakvdeboda, radgan kidev ufro rTuli iyo Teatris
dasis Sekreba, misi repertuaris momzadeba saJurnalo masalis mokreba-
redaqtireba. Jurnali SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tu avtorebi arian. Aam dros
mwvaved idga sakiTxi, vin wers, risTvis wers, aris Tu ara Jurnalis
literaturuli masaliT uzrunvelyofis Sansi. irkveva, rom XIX s-is 50-iani
wlebisaTvis Cven gvyavdnen pirovnebani, romlebic moTxovnilebebs
uyenebdnen Teatrs da Jurnals, magram movaleobas ver asrulebdnen.
Aamitom Jurnali, romelic ori wlis manZilze gamodioda, savsea uintereso
masaliT. masSi warmodgenilia me-17-18 saukuneebis poetTa nawerebi, agreTve,
gr. orbelianis da nik. baraTaSvilis leqsebi. Aaqve istambeba sakmaod
gaumarTavi eniT Sesrulebuli narkvevis saxis werilebi. erTi sityviT, J.
,,ciskari~ erTob uferulad gamoiyureba, magram es redaqtoris brali ki
araa, aramed gamowveulia sul sxva garemoebiT. Aam dros Cvens
sazogadoebaSi ar moipoveboda Zalebi, romlebsac SeeZloT misi gamdidreba
da gamravalferovneba.
XIX s. 40-50-iani wlebi saerTod, kerZod, Jurn. ,,ciskari~, qarTuli
Teatri imiTacaa mniSvnelovani movlena, rom maTi SemweobiT gamJRavnda
TviT qarTuli sazogadoebis samomxmareblo moTxovnilebebi, rasac
ZiriTadad Tbilisis mkvidrni uyenebdnen xelovnebas. Eesaa garTobis
momentis Semcveli, yofiTi yoveldRiurobis niadagze agebuli mxatvruli
sinamdvilisadmi gaZlierebuli swrafva.
20-30-ian wlebSi moRvawe qarTveli romantikosebi maRal materiebs
dastrialebdnen: adamianis sicocxlis azri, bedisweris problema,
amaRlebuli siyvaruli, demonur ZalebTan Widilis Tema, uZvelesi Tu
maxlobeli istoriidan umwvavesi sakiTxebis win wamoweva, uaRresad
intimuri lirika. Aase, rom, literaturaSi esaa xana, roca adamiani
TavisTavs dastrialebs da cdilobs moswydes yofiT viTarebas. Aamitomac
esaa, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, cxovrebisagan zeaweuli poezia, romelic
Sinaganad gansakuTrebulad momzadebul mkiTxvels, gemovnebadaxvewil
auditorias moiTxovs. Aamdenad, aseTi xelovneba aristokratiulia Tavisi
arsiT. Dda ai, giorgi erisTavma, erTi SexedviT am sruliad upretenzio
kacma, Seatriala adre adamianis Sinagani samyarosaken midrekili es
interesi da mimarTa gareT, roca gviCvena realur adamianTa saxeebiT
dasaxlebuli yofa. Aase mkvidrdeba qarTul literaturul cxovrebaSi
realisturi midgoma sinamdvilisadmi. Semdgom, ukve 50-iani wlebis
mweralTa midgoma garemosadmi-esaa yofiTi realizmis gamoxatuleba Cvens
sinamdvileSi. Aai, aseTia retrospeqtulad warmodgenili XIX s. 40-50-iani
wlebis qarTuli kulturul-literaturuli sinamdvilis arsebiTi mxareebi
anu gadasvla romantizmidan realizmisaken qarTul mwerlobaSi. Gilia
WavWvaZis daxasiaTebiT, ,,dro me-40 da 50 welTa iyo dro miZinebisa da
gonebrivis (da erovnulis) mimZinarebisa, moqanculobisa. Mmwerlobac
amgvaris mimZinarebulis xasiaTisa gaxldaT maSin. igi zedmiwevnilis
sinamdviliT gvixatavs maSindeburs (Cvens araraobas), Cvens siRatakes
azrisas Tu cxovrebisas. Cven moRalu111
108
lobas cxadis sabuTebiT mowmobs dResac maSindeli Cveni mwerloba
da literatura~. (ix. i. WavWavaZe, ,,Sinauri mimoxilva~, 1883w.) gansakuTrebiT
sayuradRebo Cveni sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT isaa, rom am qronologiur,
droiT CarCoSi moRvawe mweralTagan i. WavWavaZe yvelas ar miakuTnebs 40-50-
iani wlebis, literaturas. is Tvisobrivad asxvavebs da mijnavs
urTierTisgan 20-30-iani wlebisa da mocemuli xanis mwerlobas, roca wers:
,,maSindeli Cvenis moRalulobisa, Cvenis davardnis, Cvenis ganiadagebis
cxadi, utyuari, saxsovaria eg Cveni naRvawi: mtkiced da medgrad sdgas
maSindeli Zveli mwerloba, romlis burusian, miZinebuls gare-haers
xandisxan da iSviaTad daarRvevda xolme nik. baraTaSvilis warsul droTa
mogonebiT dawylulebuli poezia da gr. orbelianis Rrmad erovnuli
poeturi Cangi~. (,,Sinauri mimoxilva~, 1883w). magram misive TqmiT, ,,es ori
kaci da kidev oriode sxvani me-40 da 50 welT ar ekuTvnodnen. Eeseni iyvnen
sxva dros aRzrdilni, sxva anderZis gavlenis qveS, sxvagan rboda maTi
goneba, sxva mogoneba swylavda maT guls. Eeseni iyvnen cotani da maTi
azris da grZnobis gaelveba mxolod odnav afxizlebda daZinebuls
qarTvelT gonebas~. (ix. i. WavWavaZe, ,,Sinauri mimoxilva~, 1883w.)
miuxedavad imisa, rom gr. orbeliani, n. baraTaSvili da ,,kidev
oriode sxvani~, ilias dakvirvebiT, 40-50-ian wlebSic agrZeleben moR-
vaweobas, misi msjelobidan gamomdinare, isini ar hqmnian am periodis
literaturis Sinaarss. rogorc Cans, isini TavianTi azrovnebis wyobiT da
emociuri samyaroTi ufro 30-iani wlebis mRelvarebis niSniT aRbeWdili
literaturuli cxovrebidan modian da am Tvisebas inarCuneben ,,simSvidis~,
anu Cveni cxovrebis socialur-politikuri ganwyobiT, garkveul mizezTa
gamo, erTgvarad gadasxvaferebul pirobebSi, romelic swored 40-50-ani
wlebis saqarTvelos sulier atmosferos moicavs da gulisxmobs, magram
maT gverdiT moCvenebiTi simSvidis Sedegad gamoikveTa da Camoyalibda tipi
uzrunveli, TviTkmayofili moqalaqisa, romelic oden arsebobis
SenarCunebisaTvis, yoveldRiuri Tavis Senaxva-siamovnebisaken iswrafvis.
aseTi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobileba iwvevs swored cxovrebis
yoveldRiurobaSi gadarTvas da mis Sesabamisad mxatvruli interesebis
momarTvasac. Aamgvarma sulierma atmosferom, saTanado moazre ZalTa
simciris pirobebSi, masas, anu qarTvel sazogadoebas ubiZga moSvebodnen
ocnebis samyaroSi poetur cxovrebas, miwaze daSvebuliyvnen da yuradRebis
sagnad eqciaT Soreul distanciaSi myofi amaRlebuli movlenebi ki ara,
aramed Cveni yoveldRiurobiT, misi wvrilmanebiT datvirTuli yofa,
romelic Turme qarTvelisaTvis aranakleb saintereso da sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobisaa.
ai, am 40-50-iani wlebis saqarTvelos kulturul-literaturul
profils qmnis swored qarTuli Teatri, J. ,,ciskari~ da mis garSemo
Tavmoyrili mwerlebi, romlis yvelaze obieqtur Semfaseblad ilia
WavWavaZe mogvevlina.
ilia WavWavaZem namdvili istorikosis piruTvnelobiT Seafasa J.
,,ciskris~ mniSvneloba, misi Rirseba – naklovanebani da yovelgvari 112
109
kritikuli polemikuri emociisagan gaTavisuflebulma, swored rom
istoriul niadagze mdgomma ganacxada: ,,maSindeli ,,ciskari~ (gulisxmobs
giorgi erisTavis ,,ciskars~ - i.e.) metad fexmokle da xelmokle iyo, magram
es epatieba, rogorc axal saqmes, jer uCveulo da uasakos. isic marTalia,
rom arc mis Semdeg ,,ciskars~ (nagulisxmevia ivane kereseliZis
redaqtorobiT 1857-1875 ww. Ggamosuli Jurnali – i.e) gamouCenia raime Tavi
SesaniSnavad, rom CvenTa azrTa zrdaSi adgili ram daeWiros. xolo imisi
kargi is iyo, rom arsebobda, zogjer marto arsebobac Rvawlia, nametnavad
im gaWirvebaSi, rogorSiac iyo ,,ciskari~. Bbevri avi dRe gamouvlia, _ zogi
imisgan, rom meSveli mwerali ara hyolia da martosaTvis Jurnalis tvirTi
(g. erisTavzea laparaki – i.e.) marTla rom Rvawlia, da zogic amisagan, rom
saxsaric – ki arsebobisa ara hqonia. Mmainc karga xans Tavi daiWira da
akvnoba gauwia im ymawvils mwerlebs, romelTac mere, samocian wlebSi,
winandel mwerlebTan erTad, iseTi Zlieri talRa hkres Cvens azrTa
denasa~. (i. WavWvavaZe ,,werilebi qarTul literaturaze~). Ddidi mwerali da
moazrovne ,,ymawvil mwerlebSi~, rasakvirvelia, gulisxmobs,
pirvelyovlisa, Tavis Tavs da akaki wereTels, romlebmac rogorc
xelovanebma da publicistebma, swored J. ,,ciskarSi~ miiRes mwerluri
naTloba.
qarTuli inteligenciis, literaturisa da Jurnalistikis istoriis
mkvlevarTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo mniSvneloba SeiZina 40-50-iani wlebis
kulturul-literaturuli garemos da J. ,,ciskris~ ilia WavWvaZiseulma
Sefasebam. amitomacaa, rom ilias naazrevis wiaRSi trialebs yvela
mkvlevari da istorikosi, vinc ki am sakiTxs exeba, jer kidev adre,
cnobili arCil jorjaZiT dawyebuli,1 grigol kiknaZiTa2 da aleqsandre
kalandaZiT damTavrebuli.3 Yyvelaferi es mowmobs, rom ilia WavWavaZis
Tvalsazriss qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli cxovrebis im
monakveTze, romelsac 40-50-ian wlebad gamohyofen da J. ,,ciskris~ arsebobis
faqts ukavSireben, saetapo mniSvneloba aqvs drois am fargalSi moqceuli
literaturuli movlenebis Sesafaseblad, romantizmidan realizmze
gadasvlis fazaSi qarTuli literaturis specifikuri Taviseburebebis
gasaTvaliswineblad. Eesaa xana, roca TavianTi realisturi xedviT
yuradRebas iqcevs qarTul sinamdvileSi giorgi erisTavi, rafiel
erisTavi, lavrenti ardaziani, Ddaniel WonqaZe da zurab antonovi. maT
gverdiT, J. ,,ciskris~ furclebze gamomzeurda ilia WavWavZisa da akaki
wereTlis brwyinvale nawerebi.
1. a. jorjaZe, `masalebi qarTveli inteligenciis istoriisaTvis~,
werilebi, Tb., 1989,gv. 103-104
2. gr. kiknaZe, metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tb.1987.gv. 148-184
3. a. kalandaZe, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, II Tb., 1984, gv. 675-
676113
110
giorgi erisTavi
(1813-1864)
didia giorgi erisTavis Rvawli qarTuli kulturisa da lit-
eraturis istoriaSi. misi adgili, misi damsaxureba sruliad gan-
sakuTrebulia. giorgi erisTavs gverds ver auvlis vera istoria qarTuli
mwerlobisa. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli mTeli epoqa XIX saukunisa _
50-iani wlebi. ilia WavWavaZis daxasiaTebiT, `g. erisTavs ori didi
samsaxuri miuZRvis Cvens winaSe. erTi isaa, rom Jurnali Sehqmna da amiT
RonisZieba mieca CvenTa azrTa denas, Sinidam gareT gamosuliyo saqveynod
da mwyurvalisTvis azrTa wyaro esmia... meore Rvawli g. erisTavisa is iyo,
rom Sehqmna qarTuli Teatri da saTeatro mwerlobis mamamTavrad
mogvevlina, amiT marto siyvarulis da trfialebis morevSi moaruli guli
Cveni da marto ganltolvil fiqrebSi wasuli Cveni goneba Cvens Sina-
cxovrebas daakvirva, miaxeda~... saukuneze meti xnis win mowodebul am
Sefasebas dResac saxelmZRvanelo mniSvneloba eniWeba giorgi erisTavis
Rvawlis Sefasebisas.
* * *
giorgi erisTavi qsnis erisTavTa uSualo STamomavalia. daibada igi
1813 wels sofel oZisSi.
giorgis mama daviT rostomis Ze erisTavi qsnis erisTavTa ufrosi
memkvidre iyo, `romelsac Zveli wesis mixedviT, saerisTavos gamgeoba
xvdeboda~ (daviT gamezardaSvili). daviTi cnobili iyo puradobiT da
stumarTmoyvareobiT. bolos igi msaxurobda saxazino eqspediciaSi
mrCevlad.
mariami, deda giorgisa, erekle mefis mdivnis ivane qobulaSvilis
asuli iyo. saRmTo sjulis, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kargi mcodne, saTno
adamiani.
giorgim Tavdapirveli aRzrda-ganaTleba Sin miiRo dedis uSualo
mzrunvelobiT.
1821 wels igi miabares Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi,
sadac oTxi weli dahyo. mamis biZis mitropolit varlamis miwveviT 1825
wels giorgi, biZaSvilTan (d. gamezardaSvilis mixedviT, mamis biZaSvilTan)
estatesTan erTad, moskovSi gadavida, jer kerZo pansionSi. moskovis
susxian havas bavSvebi maincadamainc ver Seeguen. estate avad gaxda.
SeSinebulma varlamma daaxloebiT naxevari wlis Semdeg oriveni ukan
daabruna.
1827 wels g. erisTavi samsaxurs iwyebs samxedro gubernatorTan.
mogvianebiT kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis baron rozenis amalaSia. g. erisTavi
am droisaTvis ewafeba TviTganviTarebas, eweva poetur Semoqmedebas. iwyebs
franguli enis Seswavlas.
igi uaxlovdeba qarTuli inteligenciis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs
solomon dodaSvils, grigol orbelians, vaxtang orbelians, filadelfos
kiknaZes da sxv.114
111
g. erisTavis biografebi am droidan erT faqtze amaxvileben yu-
radRebas, rac amSvenebs Wabuki g. erisTavis cxovrebas, warmoaCens mis
patriotul momarTulobas. 1828 wels mTavarmarTeblis sasaxleSi gaimarTa
nino WavWavaZisa da aleqsandre griboedovis qorwili. mowveulTa Soris
iyo Wabuki giorgi erisTavic. igi qorwilSi mivida qarTul erovnul
tansacmelSi gamowyobili. es tansacmeli rusi moxeleebisa da
gadagvarebul qarTvel aristokratTa TvalSi aziuri ukulturobis
gamomxatvelad miiCneoda. policielma giorgi erisTavi qarTuli
tansacmliT darbazSi ar SeuSva. qsnis erisTavTa STamomavali,
Seuracxyofili da aRSfoTebuli, ukan gabrunda da protestis niSnad arc
tansacmeli gamoicvala da aRarc nadimze dabrunda.
es da amgvari SemTxvevebic kvebavdnen g. erisTavis patriotul
suliskveTebas da protestis grZnobas aRvivebdnen ruseTis TviTmpy-
robeluri politikis winaaRmdeg. bunebrivia, rom yvelaferma aman Wabuki
poeti miiyvana SeTqmulebasTan. 1930 wels sruliad axalgazrda, 16 wlisa,
igi SeTqmulebaSi Caabes. roca warmovidgenT, Tu ra sifrTxiliT
ekidebodnen SeTqmulni yoveli axali wevris Semomatebas, Tu rogor
gasaidumloebuli iyo yvelaferi, naTeli gaxdeba, rom giorgi erisTavi
Tavis TanatolebSi gamoirCeoda saqmis erTgulebiT, sandoobiT,
pirianobiT, qveynis didi siyvaruliT; sxvagvari rogor SeiZleboda
yofiliyo gmir winaparTa, samSoblosTvis msxverplad SewirulTa
memkvidre, did saojaxo tradiciebze aRzrdili Wabuki.
giorgi erisTavi gaxda erTi aqtiuri wevri SeTqmulebisa, ba-
toniSvilebTan SeTqmulTa damakavSirebeli, àqti gonieris~ gama-
vrcelebeli SeTqmulTa Soris.
SeTqmulebis gacemasTan erTad g. erisTavic Seipyres. isic gaas-
amarTles da damnaSaveTa mZime, meoTxe kategorias miakuTvnes, magram
ymawvilkacobis gamo mainc ramdenadme daindes: gagzavnes poloneTSi myof
fexosanTa korpusis erT-erT polkSi. mas uxdeboda yofna sxvadasxva
qalaqSi _ vilniusSi, belostokSi, kovnoSi, rigaSi, varSavaSi... imis
mixedviT, Tu sad imyofeboda samxedro nawili, romelSic igi msaxurobda.
Tavdapirvelad giorgi erisTavs Zalian gauWirda civ CrdiloeTSi.
mudam imaze fiqrobda, `daxSuli kari mamulisa ros ganmeRebao~. magram
nelnela Seegua Tavis beds.
giorgi erisTavma, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zalian nayofierad gamoiyena
gadasaxlebis wlebi. am mxrivac gamoirCa igi. faqtobrivad giorgi erisTavi
iyo pirveli qarTveli inteligenti, pirveli mwerali, romelmac
xangrZlivad icxovra poloneTSi _ Svid welze meti, Seiswavla polonuri
ena, gaicno polonuri mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgenelTa Txzulebebi,
moixibla adam mickeviCiT, bevri misi leqsi qarTulad Targmna.
rogorc cnobilia, SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebamde erTi wliT adre
polonelTa ajanyeba rus dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg damarcxda. aman 115
112
erTgvarad qarTvelebsac gautexa guli, maTi marcxi garkveulad
amanac ganapiroba. magram damarcxebul da imedgacruebul polonel da
qarTvel patriotebs Soris `warmoiSva urTierTisadmi simpaTia, romelic
Semdeg aRar ganelebula~ (geronti qiqoZe).
rogorc Cans, poloneTis mowinave, ganaTlebulma sazogadoebamac
gulTbilad miiRo maTsaviT `bediTa mwariT~ Cagruli poeti, magram verc
`bediT povnilma axalma megobrebma~, verc `zeciuri mSvenierebiT~
dajildoebulma `samoTxebriv Tbilad moRimare~ polonelma qalebma, verc
`TvalTa maTSi wvevnam trfobisa~, verc `maTma alersma~ ver SeZles mis
gulSi ègreT siRrmiT damarxuli... mWmunvareba~ gaeqarvebinaT.
poloneTSi daweril leqsebSi is igonebs TbilisSi datovebul
sayvarel qals, romelsac leilad moixseniebs. cnobili araa, vin iyo es
leila (d. gamezardaSvilis azriT, SesaZloa es iyos ekaterine erisTavi).
aq gadasaxlebaSi, vilniusis maxloblad myof samxedro banakSi mas
Sexvda misi bedis Tanaziari grigol orbeliani. es iyo moulodneli da
Zalze sasixarulo Sexvedra. amis Semdeg maT erTmaneTi aRar daukargavT.
ugzavnidnen erTmaneTs werilebs da drodadro xvdebodnen kidec
erTmaneTs. imazec uzrunviaT, rom erT nawilSi yofiliyvnen, Tumca es ar
moxerxebula. erTmaneTs TavianT Txzulebebsac ugzavnidnen.
gvian g. erisTavis dasaflavebas gorSi grigol orbelianic daeswro,
rac erTgvar movlenad iqca. òrbelianic movida, orbelianico, yviroda da
xmaurobda xalxi~ (sofrom mgalobliSvili).
didma poetma mxurvaled daitira udrood gardacvlili siWabukis
megobari. rogorc gr. orbelianTan g. erisTavis mimoweridan xdeba cxadi, g.
erisTavi gadasaxlebaSi mounaxulebia Zmas _ ivanes.
sabolood, giorgi erisTavi poloneTidan 1842 wels dabrunda. am
wels ganeRo sabolood `daxSuli kari mamulisa~. giorgi erisTavic
qarTveli inteligenciis im nawilSi aRmoCnda, vinc iZulebuli gaxda
damorCileboda beds, uari eTqva ganuxorcielebel romantikul politikur
idealebze da ruseTis mmarTvelobasTan iZulebiTi TanamSromlobis
gonivrul gzas dasdgomoda.
erTxans giorgi erisTavi gorSi msaxurobda. male samsaxurs Tavi
daaneba da sofelSi wavida. 1844 wels g. erisTavi daqorwinda goreli
vaWris iagor alixanovis qaliSvilze _ elisabedze da dasaxlda sofel
xidisTavSi. igi aq aqtiur samwerlo saqmianobasac eweoda da drodadro
TbilisSi Camodioda.
giorgi erisTavic silamaziTa da gemovnebiT ganTqmuli manana
orbelianis xSiri stumari iyo. manana orbelians axlos icnobda, masTan
megobrobda da misi xSiri stumari iyo pirveli mefisnacvali saqarTveloSi
mixeil voroncovi. swored aq, manana orbelianis ojaxSi, momwifda azri
qarTuli Teatris daarsebisa da qarTuli Jurnalis gamocemis Taobaze.
voroncovi saerTod cdilobda qarTveli inteligenciis gulis mogebas,
misTvis sulieri sazrdos 116
113
gaCenas, rom masSi madlierebis grZnoba gamoewvia, gaeRvivebina qa-
rTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, rom igi sabolood rusul yaidaze gadaewyo.
erTi sityviT, mixeil voroncovi Tavisi cbieri politikiT cdilobda
sazogadoebis boboqari nawili _ inteligencia daemSvidebina da Tavisi
samomavlo gegmebis Tanamonawiledac ki gaexada. ase rom, qarTuli
Teatrisa da Jurnalis saqme voroncovis interesebSic Sedioda da man
aqtiurad dauWira mxari am wamowyebebs. rogorc Cans, mixeil voroncovi g.
erisTavis pirovnebasac kargad swavlobda. Cans, igi fiqrobda, rom g.
erisTavi, romelic sayovelTao siyvaruliT sargeblobda qarTvelebSi,
mefisnacvlis Sorsmimaval politikas ver Caswvdeboda da amdenad misi
Tavkacoba qarTuli wamowyebebisaTvis sasurveli iyo. mixeil voroncovma
daibara giorgi erisTavi da daavala mas qarTuli warmodgenis momzadeba
da sazogadod qarTuli Teatris daarseba. daxmarebac aRuTqva. qarTuli
Teatris daarseba am droisaTvis erTob romantikulad JRerda da marTlac
Tavganwirva undoda aseTi saqmis saTaveSi Cadgomas... Teatrma rom iarsebos,
amisaTvis saWiroa, iyos Teatris Senoba, saWiroa reJisori, mwerali-
dramaturgebi, dekoraciebi da, rac mTavaria, msaxiobebi. yovelive es ar
Canda am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi. SesaZloa enTuziasti vaJebi kidev
gamoCeniliyvnen, msaxiobobas rom moindomebdnen, magram aba romeli
WkuaTamyofeli mSobeli gawiravda qals msaxiobobisaTvis. swored aseT
dros iTava g. erisTavma am saqmis xelmZRvaneloba. gasagebia amitomac, rom
giorgi erisTavia Teatris direqtoric, reJisoric, dramaturgic,
msaxiobic... g. erisTavma, saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma, leqsebTan erTad
ukve daiwyo piesebis werac, mometebulad komediebis.
momzadda g. erisTavis komedia `gayra~. warmodgena gaimarTa 1850 wlis
2 (ax. stiliT 14) ianvars gimnaziis SenobaSi. 14 ianvari am droidan
aRiniSneba qarTuli profesiuli Teatris daarsebis dRed, im Teatris,
romelic dResac agrZelebs didi warmatebiT sicocxles, 1850 wlis
gazafxulze momzadda dasadgmelad misi meore komedia `dava~ anu `toCka,
zapetaia~.
g. erisTavis Teatrma oTxi weliwadi gaZlo, manam, sanam voroncovi
kavkasiis mefisnacvlad imyofeboda. g. erisTavis Teatris arsebobas
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi. am Teatrma
bolosdabolos garkveuli tradicia Seqmna. ilias TqmiT, giorgi erisTavi
`saTeatro mwerlobis mamamTavrad mogvevlina... misganve frTa-asxmulma
antonovma, raki igrZno, rom Cemi sakuTari frTebi masxiao, Tavis ostats
gaaswro, mis viwro moedans Robeebi Sors gaudga, sarbieli gaudida~...
1851 wlisaTvis gadawyda Jurnalis daarseba. am saqmesac giorgi
erisTavi Cauyenes saTaveSi. am droisaTvis pirveli qarTuli Jurnalis
redaqtorobac aseve Tavganwirvas niSnavda. saqme isaa, rom Jurnalis
arsebobisTvis aucilebelia iyvnen xelmomwerlebi. 1851 wlisaTvis
redaqtorma ver Seagrova xelmomwerlebi. mixeil voroncovma gamoiwera 100
egzemplari Jurnali. erTi sityviT, finansurad 117
114
daexmara g. erisTavs, rom Jurnali gamosuliyo. Jurnalis arsebo-
bisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia iyvnen mwerlebi, mTargmnelebi, rom
yovelTviurad arsebobdes masala Jurnalis Sesavsebad. arc mwerlebiT
viyaviT am dros ganebivrebuli; nikoloz baraTaSvili, aleqsandre
WavWavaZe karga xnis gardacvlilni iyvnen, grigol orbelians sad ecala
JurnalisTvis. igi kavkasiis mTianeTSi `muxlebamde talaxSi~ Samilis
winaaRmdeg ibrZoda... da mainc am pirobebSi 1852 wels moxerxda Jurnal
`ciskris~ daarseba. Jurnalma ori weli iarseba da gamovida misi yvela 24-
ive nomeri. voroncovis kavkasiidan wasvlasTan erTad Jurnalmac arseboba
Sewyvita.
mogvianebiT, 90-ian wlebSi, ilia WavWavaZe ase afasebda g. erisTavis
Jurnals, marTalia `ciskari~ `metad fexmokle da xelmokle iyo, magram es
epatieba, rogorc axals saqmes, jer uCveulos da uasakos. isic marTalia,
rom arc mis Semdeg `ciskars~ gamouCenia raime Tavi ise SesaniSnavad, rom
CvenTa azrTa zrdaSi adgili ram daeWiros. xolo imisi kargi is iyo, rom
arsebobda, zogjer marto arsebobac Rvawlia, nametnavad im gaWirebaSi,
rogorSiac iyo `ciskari~. bevri avi dRe gamouvlia, _ zogi imisagan, rom
meSveli mwerali ara hyolia da martosaTvis Jurnalis tvirTi marTla rom
Rvawlia, da zogic imisagan, rom saxsaric ki arsebobisa ara hqonia. mainc
karga xans Tavi daiWira da TiTqmis akvnoba gauwia im ymawvil mwerlebs,
romelTac mere, samocian wlebSi, winandel mwerlebTan erTad, iseTi
Zlieri talRa hkres Cvens azrTa denasa~.
1854 wels giorgi erisTavs coli gardaecvala. igi iZulebuli gaxda
sofelSi dabrunebuliyo, ojaxisTvis miexedna da vaJiSvilis, daviTis,
SemdegSi cnobili moRvawis, ilia WavWavaZis megobris, drama `samSoblos~
avtoris, aRzrdaze ezruna.
1862 wels ekonomikurad moRonierebulma giorgi erisTavma evropaSi
imogzaura. es mogzauroba man aRwera dRiurebis saxiT _ `Cemi mogzauroba
evropaSi 1862 welsa, 13 ivnisidgan~.
giorgi erisTavi gardaicvala 1864 wels. dasaflavebulia sagvareulo
sasaflaoze sof. ikorTaSi.
mravalmxrivi iyo g. erisTavis samwerlo moRvaweoba. igi iyo
mTargmneli. eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac. man gadmoTargmna
mickeviCis, Sileris, petrarkas, hiugos, beranJes, puSkinis, lermontovis
leqsebi. CamoTvlili avtorebi cxadad mowmobs g. erisTavis maRal poetur
interesebs, gafaqizebul gemovnebas. SeiZleba misi Targmanebi ukve ganvlil
etapad miviCnioT, magram Tavisi droisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda imas,
Tu ra saxelebs acnobda igi qarTvel mkiTxvels.
sagangebod aris aRsaniSnavi is faqti, rom giorgi erisTavma
polonelebTan urTierToba gaagrZela ukve saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma.
mas garkveuli wvlili miuZRvis ucxoelTaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ gacnobis
saqmeSi. `vefxistyaosniT~ man daainteresa saqarTveloSi myofi erTi
poloneli inJineri kazimir lafCinski, 118
115
romelsac daexmara, rom polonurad prozad eTargmna `vefxistyao-
sani~. es iyo pirveli sruli prozauli Targmani `vefxistyaosnisa~. manamde
arsebobda mxolod poemis nawyvetebi, Targmnili rusul da frangul
enebze.
Tavdapirvelad giorgi erisTavi werda leqsebs, rac mas sicocxlis
bolomde ar Seuwyvetia. am leqsebSi ZiriTadad vlindeba romantikuli
tendenciebi. samwuxarod, g. erisTavis adreuli, gadasaxlebamdeli leqsebi
ar Semonaxula.
Wabukma g. erisTavma dawera poema òsuri moTxroba~. poemis erTi
nawili daibeWda gazeT `tfilisis uwyebanis~ damatebaSi `saliteraturoni
nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~. sruliad aSkaraa, rom poemaSi SeTqmulTa
suliskveTeba gamovlinda. poemis pirveli nawili exeba kaxeTis istoriul
ajanyebas. poemaSi gacocxlebuli arian giorgi erisTavis saxelovani
winaprebi Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi, ajanyebis erT-erTi moTave
biZina ColoyaSvili. mokled aris gadmocemuli ajanyebisa da kaxeTis
ganTavisuflebis ambebi da kaxeTis gmirebis wameba sparselTa mier. srulad
poema òsuri moTxroba~ anu `zare da yanimaT~ gamoqveynda g. erisTavis
Jurnal `ciskarSi~.
giorgi erisTavis adreuli drama `SeSlili~ (1839 w.), agreTve,
romantikuli gznebiTaa aRbeWdili. igi, rogorc Cans, uxvad Seicavs
avtobiografiul momentebsac.
giorgi erisTavs WeSmariti aRiareba moutana komediebma. Tu adre
giorgi erisTavi romantikuli ganwyobilebebis leqsebs qmnida da im
problematikidan ar gadoda, rasac Cveni gamoCenili romantikosebi
amuSavebdnen, poloneTidan Camosulma iwyo komediebis wera, riTac igi
qarTul sinamdvileSi mogvevlina realizmis damwyebad. pirvel qarTvel
komediografad. erTmaneTs mohyva komediebi `dava~ anu `toCka, zapetaia~
(1840), `gayra~ (1849), `Zunwi~ (1850).
erTi sityviT, giorgi erisTavs didi misia daekisra qarTul
literaturaSi. praqtikulad, man Tavisi komediebiTêrTgvari lit-
eraturuli `gadatrialeba~ moaxdina.
Tu qarTveli romantikosebi TavianT pirovnul gancdebs gad-
moSlidnen, Tu isini sakuTari sulis xveulebSi iZirebodnen da maT
poeziaSic Rrmad intimuri grZnobebi warmoCndnen, g. erisTavma erTbaSad
Semoatriala es interesebi. rogorc ilia WavWavaZe ambobs, giorgi
erisTavma `Cveni goneba Cvens Sina-cxovrebas daakvirva, miaxeda~, Cveni yofa
gviCvena, Tvali gaadevna qarTul cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebs, gviCvena
is ZiriTadi tendenciebi, rac am drois saqarTvelos cxovrebisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. ase mkvidrdeba qarTul literaturaSi sinamdvilisadmi
realisturi midgoma. am droidan Cvens mwerlobaSi gza ixsneba da
mravalferovani masala Cndeba cxovrebis sinamdvilis saCveneblad.
giorgi erisTavis literaturul damsaxurebaze saubrisas mkvlevarTa
garkveuli nawili ar kmayofildeba imis aRniSvniT, rom igi pirveli
realistia qarTul sinamdvileSi da realizmis im saxeobis 119
116
dazustebasac mimarTaven, romelic mis komediebSi gamJRavnda. erT-
gvarad damkvidrebulia azri, rom giorgi erisTaviT iwyeba CvenSi
kritikuli realizmi (mixeil zandukeli, daviT gamezardaSvili da a. S.).
mimarTulebebze saubrisas, rogorc cnobilia, garkveuli avtorebi
saerTod ar Tvlian mizanSewonilad realizmis calkeul saxeebad dayofas.
bolos da bolos realizmi unapiroa, maTi azriT, magram Tu dayofas mainc
movimarjvebT literaturul movlenaTa ukeT gasaazreblad, giorgi
erisTavis kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenlad dasaxva mainc ar iqneboda
marTebuli. kritikuli realizmi ara marto realistur midgomas
gulisxmobs da ara marto, ubralod, faqtebis, movlenebis kritikas, aramed,
pirvel yovlisa, mwyobr Tvalsazriss, sinamdvilisadmi midgomis sistemas,
mwyobr esTetikur pozicias, garkveul literaturul-Teoriul wanamZRva-
rebs. amgvari Teoriuli wanamZRvrebis, mwyobri Tvalsazrisis Zieba giorgi
erisTavTan ar iqneba marTebuli.
mwyobri literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, mwyobri Tval-
sazrisi qarTul literaturul-kulturul sinamdvileSi didma ilia
WavWavaZem, saerTod qarTvelma samocianelebma moitanes da swored ilia
WavWavaZe iwyebs qarTul sinamdvileSi kritikul realizms.
WeSmaritebasTan axlos viqnebiT, Tu giorgi erisTavs miviCnevT
adreuli realizmis warmomadgenlad, ufro zustad, yofiTi realizmis
gamomxatvelad. bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom giorgi erisTavi ufro stiqiurad
mivida realizmTan, amaSi mas xeli Seuwyo evropaSi yofnam, evropul
literaturul procesebze uSualo Tvalis gadevnebam.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis Tezisuri xasiaTis Zalzed mniSvnelovan
daxasiaTebaSi isic miuTiTa, rom giorgi erisTavma `Cvens poezias Caumata
is pirwvetiani ekali, romelsac `satiras~ eZaxian, da romelic zogjer
gamosakeTeblad awylulebs xolme imas, visac ki daeZgereba da sxvas ki
yovelTvis afrTxilebs~. erTi sityviT, ilias aRiarebiT, g. erisTavi
pirveli realist-satirikosia XIX s. qarTul literaturaSi. maSasadame, g.
erisTavma dacinvis obieqtad aqcia Cveni yofis naklovani mxareebi da maTi
gasworeba didi erovnuli mniSvnelobis saqmed dasaxa.
g. erisTavis komediebi sagangebo yuradRebas iqceven, pirvel yovlisa,
Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT.
mweralma uSualod Tavisi yuradReba mimarTa qarTuli aristokratiis
cxovrebisaken. metad mniSvnelovania, rom g. erisTavma SeamCnia maRal
wodebaSi diferencireba _ ukve gamokveTilia da saxezea Zveli da axali
Taobebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa komedia `gayra~. am komediaSi
TvalsaCinod aisaxa dacemis gzaze Semdgari maRali wodebis ekonomikuri
da sulieri gaRatakeba, vaWarTa fenis sul ufro mzardi gavlena qveynis
ekonomikur cxovrebaze. 120
117
Zveli Taobis TavadaznaurTa warmomadgenlebisaTvis niSandoblivia,
erTis mxriv, konservatuloba. swored am nakls umiznebs da dascinis
mwerali didebuliZeTa ufrosi Zmis, anduyafaris, saxeSi, anduyafari brmad
misdevs Zvel adaT-wesebs, moklebulia yovelgvari siaxlis grZnobas. igi
winaaRmdegobas uwevs misTvis uCveulo Sexedulebebis yovelgvar
gamovlenas, Tavisi keTildReobis ueWvel safuZvlad Tvlis did
patriarqalur ojaxs, gauyofel mamuls. anduyafars did ubedurebad
miaCnia is, rom `Tergdaleuli~ misi Zamia, ivane, gayras upirebs, rac, misi
azriT, Zveli mamapapuri ojaxis dangrevis ueWveli piroba iqneba.
Zalzed koloritulia Zveli Taobis meore warmomadgeneli pavle
didebuliZe. pavle Tavisi cxovrebis mizans mwevar-meZebrebisa da qor-
miminos movla-patronobaSi xedavs. es aris kaci, romelic nadirobas
gadahyva. pavles saxeSi Cveni dramaturgi dascinis maRali wodebis meore
did nakls usaqmurobas, fuqsavatobas.
didebuliZeTa mesame Zma, umcrosi ivane, axali Taobis, anu
`Tergdaleulebis~ pirveli warmomadgenelia literaturaSi `davis~
gmirebTan, mixeilTan da beglarTan, erTad.
ivanes gadaulaxavs saqarTvelos sazRvari, anu Tergis wyali
daulevia, igi poloneTsa da ruseTSia namyofi. zereled SeuTvisebia
evropuli cxovreba da eWviT ucqeris qarTul yofas. ocnebobs meurneobis
evropulad mowyobas, ar moswons qarTuli Rvino, vazis aCexva gadauwyvetia
da mis magivrad TuTis xis gaSeneba, ramdenadac TuTa abreSumis WiasTan da
sazogadod abreSumis warmoebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, evropulad baRis
gaSenebas fiqrobs. col-qmrobis idealad WeSmarit siyvaruls saxavs. Zmebs
zemodan ucqeris, Tumca ver vityviT, rom an gonebrivad, an kulturul-
zneobrivad maincdamainc maTze maRla idges. ivanes codna zedapirulia, igi
unebisyofoa, uprincipo.
ivane ver Serigebia imas, rom maRali wodeba viRaca vigindara
mikurtumebs da karapetebs emoneba, maT Seliclicebs TvalebSi fulis
gulisaTvis, magram Zalian male TviTonac somex vaWrebze damokidebuli
aRmoCndeba: ojaxis vali ivanes argunes wilSi _ ucxoeTSi Seni swavla-
ganaTlebisTvis vsesxulobdiTo. ivanes ara marto vali daakavSirebs vaWar
mikurtum gaspariCTan, aramed misi siZe gaxdeba. pativmoyvare ivane
mikurtumis Seuxedav qals, SuSanas, irTavs colad swored fulis
gulisaTvis.
giorgi erisTavma Tavis piesaSi `gayra~, iseve rogorc sxva komediebSi,
Zalian seriozuli saTqmeli gviTxra: misi azriT, qarTveli maRali
wodebis warmomadgenelTaTvis arapraqtikulobaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tu
imasac miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom giorgi erisTavi maincdamainc wodebrivi
TvalsazrisiT ar axdens diferencirebas adamianebisas da misTvis maRali
wodebis daxasiaTeba sinamdvileSi qarTvelis daxasiaTebas niSnavs,
arapraqtikulobas igi saerTod miiCnevs qarTvelis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebad. qarTvel kacs, rogorc ityvian, kudi yavarze aqvs gadebuli.
magram amis dadasture121
118
ba, rom giorgi erisTavi daaxloebiT ase fiqrobs, sakmarisi araa.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis aRniSvnasac, rom giorgi erisTavs es
arapraqtikuloba ar miaCnia momakvdinebel naklad, garkveuli azriT, es
mosawoni Tvisebac SeiZleba iyos, maRali interesebi ufro aqvs qarTvel
kacs, maRalze ufro aCerebs Tvals, vidre warmavalze. magram saqme isaa,
rom garkveul viTarebaSi, roca yofaSi uxeSi praqticizmi batondeba, roca
praqtikul cxovrebas CvenSi araqarTvelebi epatronebian, egebis sxva
SemTxvevaSi ufro uwyinari Tvisebebi erisaTvis damRupveladac ki iqces.
yrud, magram arsebiTad mainc es pozicia SeiZleba amovikiTxoT g.
erisTavis komediebSi garkveuli literaturuli tendenciis saxiT.
marTalia, g. erisTavis piesebSi `davaSi~, `gayraSi~, amosavali Tema,
sayrdeni Tema swored qarTveli maRali wodebis daxasiaTebaa, mis
naklovanebebze miTiTeba da maTi dacinva, magram am Temis gverdiT,
garkveulad mis gasaSlelad, misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivis saCvenebladac,
Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, saTave edeba Cvens literaturaSi burJuaziis Temis
Semotanas, kerZod, aq naCvenebia savaxSo kapitalis ganviTareba CvenSi. g.
erisTavma pirvelma Cvens sinamdvileSi daxata cocxali saxeebi am axali
fenis warmomadgenlebisa, maTi angariSianobiT, uxeSi praqticizmiT,
siZunwiT, gaaristokratebisken swrafviT. burJuazia, romelic
saqarTveloSi gaCnda me-19 saukuneSi, ar iyo erovnuli burJuazia, esaa
ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi saidanRac CamoTeslili ucxotomelebi,
mometebulad somxuri warmomavlobisa. saqarTvelos burJuazia ara Tu
qarTul kulturasTan, aramed saerTod aranair kulturasTan ar iyo
dakavSirebuli, aranairi kulturis matarebeli ar iyo. amdenad gasagebia,
rom igi ar warmoadgenda iseT, mainc progresul Zalas, rogorsac warmoad-
genda, evropis burJuazia. amitomac g. erisTavi am wodebis warmomadgenlebs
komizmis obieqtad saxavs da satirulad afasebs.
mogvianebiT giorgi erisTavs, lavrenti ardazians, imaT, vinc
burJuaziis Tema daamkvidres Cvens literaturaSi, usayvedureben (vaJa-
fSavela, konstantine gamsaxurdia), qarTvel kacs vaWroba Seajavreso.
sinamdvileSi giorgi erisTavi da lavrenti ardaziani mikirtum gaspariC
trdatovebs da solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilebs xatavdnen TavianTi
znedacemulobiT da uxeSi praqticizmiT da isini marTlac aseTebi iyvnen.
amdenad usafuZvloa maT mimarT wayenebuli sayveduri.
mikirtum gaspariC trdatovi (komedia `gayraSi~) mevaxSeobas eweva,
bevri gaubams Tavis qselSi da maT Soris didebuliZeebic.
qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, Zvelebic da axlebic mas Tavcarielebad,
`giJ vracuebad~ miaCnia, magram ramdenadac naxevrad feodalur
sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, sadac wodebrivi upiratesoba ganmsazRvrelia,
TviTonac cdilobs aristokratebs daumoyvrdes, rom TviTonac
aristokratiaSi Seyos fexi, kerZod misi mizania, Tavisi qali SuSana
miaTxovos ucolo ivanes. marTalia, isic `giJ vracuaa~, `qari-maria~, magram
samagierod mis SuSanas kneinas dauZaxeben. erTi sity122
119
viT, g. erisTavma gviCvena Zalian saintereso momenti saqarTvelos
burJuaziis cxovrebidan _ mas ukve fuli aqvs dagrovebuli da axla
iRvwis, rom imas daemsgavsos, visac upirispirdeba, maSasadame, up-
irispirdeba Tavadaznaurobas imitom, rom mas unda daemsgavsos.
komediaSi, `Zunwi~, g. erisTavma daamuSava msoflio literaturaSi
gavrcelebuli siZunwis Tema. es Tema antikuri xanidanaa cnobili.
arsebobda antikur xanaSi miTi Zunwis Sesaxeb. siZunwis Temas ganasaxierebs
romaeli komediografi titus maqcius plavtusi (250-184 w.w.) Tavis
komediaSi `qoTani~, romelmac dasabami misca msoflio literaturaSi
farTod gavrcelebul Zunwis Temas, didma frangma komediografma
molierma `qoTani~ gamoiyena komedia `Zunwis~ Seqmnisas. am Temas
amuSavebdnen balzaki, puSkini...
rogorc aRniSnaven, giorgi erisTavis `Zunwi~ ufro molieris `Zunws~
mihyveba, oRondac Jan batist poklenis _ molieris nawarmoebisagan
gansxvavebiT mas axasiaTebs erTi siuJeturi xazi, im dros, rodesac
molieris `ZunwSi~ ramdenime siuJeturi xazi viTardeba, isic aRniSnulia,
rom giorgi erisTavis `ZunwSi~ Tavs iCens aleqsandre puSkinis `Zunwi
raindis~ erTi epizodi. Tavi da Tavi ki isaa, rom Cvenma giorgi erisTavma
es Tema qarTul sinamdvilidan moxmobili masaliTYgaamdidra. karapeta
dabaRovi qarTuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli socialurad Rirebuli tipia.
sazogadod xelmomWirneoba sanaqebo Tvisebaa adamianisa, magram roca
xelmomWirneoba siZunwiT icvleba, es ukve didi mankierebaa da dacinvisa da
gakicxvis obieqti. siZunwis dros fulis dagroveba nakarnaxevia ara raRac
garkveuli sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli miznis misaRwevad, aramed igi
TviTmiznad iqceva, fuli aseT SemTxvevaSi gafetiSebulia, kerpiviT scemen
Tayvans.
g. erisTavis satiris umniSvnelovanesi obieqtia mefis ruseTis
biurokratiuli aparati, sasamarTlos moxeleni da a. S. aq mkveTri dacinva,
satiruli midgoma xorcieldeba biurokratizmis gamovlenaze,
meqrTameobaze, maameblobaze, pirmoTneobaze da a. S.
am mxriv sainteresoa komedia `gayris~ personaJi sudis `sekretari~
ramazi. ramazi cdilobs didebuliZeebis gayriT TviTonac isargeblos;
sakbilosac poulobs _ SuaTana Zmas pavles erTaderTi qali hyavs _ nino.
ramazi fiqrobs, nino colad moiyvanos, ojaxSi zedsiZed Sevides da mere
pavles mTeli qoneba xelT igdos. amitom gayris dros pavles mxares iWers,
cdilobs mas argunos yvelaferi kargi, magram amjerad es ar gamouva,
radgan masze ufro moxerxebuli aRmoCndeba pavles coli da nacvlad
imisa, rom TviTon esargebla Zmebis gayriT, briyvi `sekretari~ makrines
mier dagebul xafangSi gaebmeba.
samoxelo da sasamarTlo aparatis biurokratizmi, uvicoba,
znedacemuloba, meqrTameoba ufro TvalsaCinod, reliefurad aris
warmodgenili komediaSi `dava~. unda iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo da samoxeleo
aparatis mZafri satiruli dacinva, gamaTraxeba, pirvelad qarTul
literaturul da Teatralur sinamdvileSi avtors did gabedulebad unda
CaeTvalos.123
120
marTalia, giorgi erisTavis komediebis Seqmnidan didi dro gavida,
saukune-naxevarze meti, magram is Tvisebebi, rasac g. erisTavi akritikebs,
dascinis, dros da viTarebas ar gahyolia, Zalian gamZle gamodga, bevri
araferi Secvlila aRniSnul sistemaSi.
g. erisTavis komediebSi garkveulad asaxva hpova dabali socialuri
wris warmomadgenlebmac, romelTagan imereli msaxurebi ZiriTadad
komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad arian Semoyvanili, zogierT moqmed pirs ki
ar aklia realuroba da cxovrebiseuloba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia mouravi
barami, umaqnisi da galazRandarebuli ivanes msaxuri gabrieli, ninos
moaxle, yardaSverdi, komediidan `gayra~.
unda iTqvas, rom giorgi erisTavma SeZlo literaturuli tipebis
daxatva, romelTac amasTanave udaod aqvT socialuri datvirTva,
ramdenadac socialurad Rirebulze miuTiTeben.
rac Seexeba g. erisTavis komediebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, am mxriv,
pirvel yovlisa, usaTuod gvmarTebs istoriul Tvalsazrisze dadgoma, e. i.
g. erisTavis komediebis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sefaseba im drois, im
literaturul da Teatralur moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSiac
isini Seiqmnen.
sagangebod unda iTqvas, rom komediis Seqmna, romelic sxvadasxva
donisa da gemovnebis mkiTxvels da mayurebels erTnairad daipyrobs da
dros gauZlebs, Zalian rTuli saqmea da am sirTules rigi garemoebebi
gansazRvravs. komikuri sazogadod rTuli da cvalebadi fenomenia.
sasacilo SedarebiT Cqara icvleba, is, rac erT dros acinebdaT,
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg SeiZleba aseTad sul ar aRiqmebodes da
piriqiT, is, rasac Zalze seriozulad uyurebdnen, garkveuli drois
gasvlis Semdeg SeiZleba sasacilod iqces, garda amisa, sasacilo
sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenelTaTvis, is, rac acinebs Tavads,
SeiZleba dabali fenis warmomadgenlisaTvis ubedurebad aRiqmebodes,
arsebobs profesiuli komizmi, komizmis uxeSi da daxvewili formebi da a.
S.
sirTules isic apirobebs, rom Tu sxva saxis nawarmoebis Seqmnisas
upirvelesi moTxovnaa sinamdvilis farglebSi darCena, sinamdvilis ise
asaxva, rogorc igi aris, komediur TxzulebaSi aucilebelic kia
gadaWarbeba. gamoTqmuli azri SeiZleba TvalnaTliv dadasturdes aseTi
magaliTiT _ sicili rom gamoiwvios, grafikaSi amas Cveulebrivi cxviris
daxatva ar uSvelis _ igi an Zalian didi unda iyos, an Zalian patara. asea
mwerlobaSic, rac gansaxierebisas kidev damatebiT siZneles qmnis. yovelive
aRniSnuli erTgvarad axsnas uZebnis komediis Seqmnis sirTules. unda
gvaxsovdes, g. erisTavis komediebis mxatvrul mxareze saubrisas,
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom giorgi erisTavs araviTari tradicia ar
daxvedria erovnul literaturaSi, praqtikulad, XIX s-Si igi iwyebs
erovnul dramaturgias, qmnis pirvel komediebs.
giorgi erisTavis komediebi Tavisi droisaTvis didi mowonebiT
sargeblobdnen, ramdenadac ar iyvnen moklebulni garkveul mxatvrul
Rirsebebs. `faqtia, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris manZilze 124
121
Cvens komediografiaSi TiTqmis araferi Seqmnila iseTi, rac Tavisi
Tematikuri aqtualobiT da mxatvruli RirsebiT aRematebodes giorgi
erisTavis piesebs. metic SeiZleba iTqvas: am drois ganmavlobaSi Cveni
komediografia mometebul SemTxvevebSi im saxeTa variaciebs gvawvdis,
romlebic g. erisTavis komediebSi gvxvdeba da im mxatvruli xerxebis
Semdgomi gamokveTis gziT viTardeba, romelTac g. erisTavi iyenebda. am
mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgens arc zurab antonovi da arc iseTi
talanti, rogoricaa akaki wereTeli~ (gr. kiknaZe).
rogorc aRniSnaven, g. erisTavis komediebi garkveul mignebul
fabulaze arian agebuli, es fabula Tavisufalia xelovnuri komediuri
paraleluri xlarTebisagan, garTulebebisagan (gr. kiknaZe).
giorgi erisTavma sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani
amocana daisaxa da Tavis komediebidan gamarTobeli ambebi TiTqmis
mTlianad gandevna.
dramaturgi, erTia, rom gverds uxvevs paraleluri xlarTebis
Semotanas, xolo rac Semoaqvs, bolomde isinic ar mihyavs. ase magaliTad,
giorgi erisTavi saWirod aRar Tvlis gviCvenos, Tu riT damTavrda
yardaSverdisa da gabrielis, an ninosa da ramazis istoriebi. tradiciuli
komediebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebSiac bolos scenaze ramdenime
gabednirebul wyvils vxedavT, giorgi erisTavi aRar interesdeba
paraleluri ambebis komediuri dasrulebiT. erTi sityviT, komediis forma
giorgi erisTavma moimarjva mZafri, sazogadoebrivad aqtualuri
mtkivneuli procesebis saCveneblad _ isic unda sagangebod aRiniSnos, rom
TviTon Temebi g. erisTavis komediebisa _ dava, gayra, siZunwe ukve Tavis
TavSive atareben komikur xasiaTs da komikuri damuSavebisaTvis xsnian
gzas. am mxriv sainteresoa mixeilisa da beglaris scena komediidan `dava~.
mixeili ase eubneba beglars: `МытеперьМонтеккииКапулеты~. savsebiT
gasagebia, rom Seqspiris tragediaSi `romeo da julieta~ es Tema tragikul
ganviTarebas poulobs. g. erisTavTan ki, cxadia, ori gvaris davis sagani _
raRac umniSvnelo miwis nakveTi _ Caliani, sruli CamorCeniloba da
dawvrilmaneba Zveli Taobis warmomadgenlebisa, mxolod komizmisTvis
xsnis gzas.
komikuri efeqtis misaRwevad giorgi erisTavi sxvadasxva xerxs
mimarTavs. maT Soris Zalzed mniSvnelovania situaciuri komizmis xerxis
gamoyeneba. giorgi erisTavi Zalian xSirad mimarTavs iseTi situaciebis
daxatvas, romlebSic misi komediebis moqmedi pirebi Zalzed sasacilod
moCanan. mag., komedia `gayraSi~ mTeli mesame moqmedeba situaciuri komizmis
xerxs emyareba, iqneba es pavles qoris gafrena, anduyafaris mier minebis
damtvreva, pavlesa da anduyafaris Cxubi muTaqis gulisaTvis, ivanes mier
xanjliT muTaqis gaWra da naxevar-naxevaris moCxubari ZmebisTvis micema da
a. S.
situaciuri komizmis TvalsaCino magaliTebia komediaSi `Zunwi~
karapeta dabaRovis SuaRamis paemani Tavis oqroebTan, maTTan alersi
(moqmedeba I, suraTi VIII), karapeta gamocvlil zandukTan, sadac qisebSi
oqroebis magivrad kenWebi awyvia (moqmedeba II, gamosvla VII). 125
122
g. erisTavis gmirebi, zogjer iseT situaciaSi aRmoCndebian, romelsac
isini adre gmobdnen da gaurbodnen. utyuaria aseTi situacebis komizmi.
aseTi situaciuri komizmis magaliTia komedia `gayris~ me-4 moqmedebaSi.
ivane, adre mxolod siyvaruliT daqorwinebaze meocnebe, axla mikirtumas
SuSanaze iwers jvars da mikirtumas meuRle TaTela maT locavs.
giorgi erisTavis komediebSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva metyvelebis
komizmze modis. enobriv komizms giorgi erisTavi mimarTavs personaJTa
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis warmosaCenad, maTi ragvarobis, sulier-
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis cxadsayofad da utyuar efeqtsac aRwevs.
enobrivi damaxinjebani mravalgvaria da isini saTanadod aris
daxasiaTebuli specialur literaturaSi1.
g. erisTavis komediebSi xSirad vxvdebiT calkeuli sityvebis
damaxinjebas, rasac efeqturad mimarTavs mwerali ama Tu im moqmed pirze
dacinvis ganxorcielebis mizniT _ mag., amirindo ambobs, rom mis Svils
`krusi dausrulebia universSi~, rom amas winaT `petres bruxuli~ wigni
mouvida.
barami ambobs ivaneze, `masukan an zasedatelaT wava, an popoSnikaTa~.
mikirtumi eubneba ivanes: `daxispor kapeik neznaiT~ da a. S.
xSirad, rogorc motanili magaliTebidanac kargad Cans, sityvebis
damaxinjeba gamowveulia enis ucidinrobiT. mag., komedia `davis~ me-4
moqmedebis TiTqmis mTeli pirveli da meore gamosvla, sudis `perevodCiki~
sarqis buRdaniC kumuxtovi ase Targmnis qarTulidan rusulad:
`слованакрышунебросай~, _ sityvas banze nu agdeb; `Черныикаменьемудам~ Sav
qvas mivcem. `Ктомешает?~ _ kiTxulobs xaritoni. xolo sarqisi ase Targmnis
_ `vin agrivao~ da a. S.
aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom Zalian xSirad komediografebi sityvebis
damaxinjebaze ageben intrigebs ambis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. g.
erisTavi, rogorc ukve iTqva, Zalze seriozuli avtoria, rom aseT xerxs
mimarTos. igi sityvis damaxinjebebs personaJTa dasaxasiaTeblad mimarTavs
da ara intrigisaTvis.
komizmis erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa personaJis metyveleba ar-
amSobliur enaze da mSobliuri enis konstruqciebis moxveva am enisaTvis.
g. erisTavis komediebSi komizmis es gza ZiriTadia somexis metyvelebis
dros qarTulad. mag., mikirtum gaspariCi ambobs: àmaT gayras Svrebian;
egeba es frants Cemi SuSani mivce~ (`gayra~). TaTela Tavis gasaTxovar
qaliSvils, SuSanas, ase arigebs: `yairaTi qen, Svilo, dRes ara xval
tantikinma gaxdebi. vinc rom Sen wagiRos, uTxras Tu ojaxis qali yofila
iman~. komizmis wyaroa g. erisTavis komediebSi gamoyenebuli narevi
metyveleba. mag. mikirtum gaspariCi eubneba barams: ès Tamasuqebi peremenaTi
unda qnan Seni batonebi~ (`gayra~), an `visi azri pisati maqnevineb, kniaz~
(`dava~) _ sarqisa eubneba amirindos.
1 ix. gr. kiknaZe, qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis
istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1972, gv. 295-298.126
123
g. erisTavis komediebSi xSirad erTmaneTs enacvleba leqsiTi da
prozauli metyveleba. amgvari magaliTebic narevi metyvelebis nimuSebad
unda CaiTvalos.
g. erisTavi gansakuTrebiT imereli msaxurebis da agreTve imereli
personaJis lomin godabreliZis metyvelebisas komizmis efeqtis
Sesaqmnelad iyenebs dialeqtur formebs. aSkarad aseTi miznebiT unda iyos
dapirobebuli lomin godabreliZis Tbilisuri STabeWdilebis gadmocema:
àxla, batono, (Tbilisi) gazdila, gavsila, gamSvenierebula, frTebi
geuSlia, ori dRis saroniebeli Seqmnila gaRmaTeT da gamoRma. magram
sakvirveli miTxres, Sua dRisas, ravac fuSka geiRebs drigins, maSinve
geizdeba Turme qalaqi~.
giorgi erisTavis komediebSi dacinvis sagania àmaRlebuli~ stiliT,
xelovnuri metyveleba, rasac garkveuli personaJebi msmenelebze
gamabruebeli efeqtis mosaxdenad iyeneben, sinamdvileSi Tavis uvicobas da
yeyeCobas amJRavneben. mag. sudis sekretari ramazi aseTi metyvelebiT
awonebs Tavs pavles qals, ninos: `kneinas vaxlavar umorCilesi mona!
meqmneba bedniereba vikiTxo simrTele brwyinvalebisa Tqvenisa!~ makrine,
ninos deda, ramazs mimarTavs: `ra ambavia, ase dagviviwyeT?~ razec ramazi
ase maRalfardovnad pasuxobs: `mravalTa saqmeTa gamo ara mqonda droeba.
sxvagvar, kneinav, rogor aris garemoeba Tqvenis saqmisa?~ rogorc
aRniSnulidanac xdeba cxadi, g. erisTavis komediebSi metyvelebis formebi,
rogorc komizmis wyaro xSirad gamoiyeneba, mas mwerali didi xalisiT
mimarTavs.
giorgi erisTavis komediebis enasTan dakavSirebiT erTic usaTuod
unda aRiniSnos; giorgi erisTavis `gayra~ wignakad daibeWda 1850 wels.
komedias win uZRoda platon ioselianis mokle winasityva, sadac
vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `mwerloba ZuÀlTa, garda rusTavelisa da mciredTa
sxuaTa, ar iyo CuÀulebiTis saubarisa eniTa, romelic aris da unda iyos
WeSmariti ena xalxisa. damwerman ama piruÀlisa qarTulsa enazed
komediisa, Tavadman giorgi daviTis Zeman erisTovman, dabada ena qarTuli
axlisa guarisa mwerlobisaTÂis...
maqus imedi, rom esreTsa Cemgans axlisa guarisa mwerlobis
mowonebasa, arvin miiRebs pirmoTneobiT Tqmulad da TÂiToeuli
keTilganzraxni qarTuÀli sixaruliT da siamovnebiT waikiTxavs am
komediasa da sxuanica axalni mweralni gabedviT Seudgebian magaliTsa
missa~.
platon ioseliani, rogorc vxedavT, fiqrobs, rom giorgi erisTavi
Tavisi komediis eniT safuZvels uyris axali saliteraturo qarTulis
damkvidrebas da sxvebsac mouwodebs am gzaze dadgomas. SemdgomSi es azri
bevrma mkvlevarma miiRo da giorgi erisTavi am mxriv ilia WavWavaZisa da
akaki wereTlis winamorbedadac dasaxa. praqtikulad am avtorebs
mxedvelobidan gamorCaT aleqsandre orbelianis azri, romelic man 1857
wels gamoTqva:
àm ramdenisame wlis winad laparaki iyo zogierTis pirebisagan,
viTomca axali qarTuli ena daebados Tavads giorgis Zes erisTavs. es azri
platon ieselianmac dawera Tavad g. erisTavis 127
124
gayrilobis kamediis winasityuaobaSi am leqsebiT da eris Tavmac neba
misca dabeWdisa... platon ieseliani sxuÀbs rom urCevs im kamediis
winasityvaobaSi: `SeudegiT magaliTsa missao~, ratom Tavis winasityvaobas
eris-Tavis kamediis weras ar amzgavsebs da sxuÀbs ki urCevs? gavs ver
mouxerxebia, amisTÂis, rom ieselianis wera swore wera aris da erisTavis
kamedia dakuwvili laparaki, kiTxva-migebis mzgavsi. ar viciT romeli
gansxvaebiTi wigni ram daiwereba im kamediis sitvÂerebiT?~
am azris gamoTqmidan saukune-naxevarze metis gasvlis Semdegac igi
savsebiT marTebul mosazrebad unda CaiTvalos. al. orbelians g. erisTavis
ena saliteraturo enis nimuSad ki ar miaCnia, aramed komediis enad.
`gayris~ personaJebis ena ar SeiZleba qarTuli saliteraturo enis
safuZvlad miviCnioT. ena g. erisTavis komediebSi komizmis erTi pirobaa da
Tavisi funqcia aqvs.
dasasruls, ramdenime sityva g. erisTavis komediebSi gamoxatuli
dacinvis formebzec unda iTqvas;
rogorc savsebiT damajerebladaa naCvenebi samecniero literaturaSi,
g. erisTavis komediebSi qarTvel Tavadaznaurobaze ganxorcielebuli
dacinva ar warmoadgens namdvil satiras, àramed mxolod maRali wodebis
pirTa saqcielisa da moqmedebis gakicxvas Seicavs. es niSnavs, rom g.
erisTavs xeli ara aqvs aRebuli im TavadaznaurTa gamosworebis imedze,
romelTac igi komikurad gviaxasiaTebs~ (gr. kiknaZe).
sruliad sapirispiro viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme samoxeleo,
sasamarTlos biurokratiuli aparatis warmomadgenelTa da amasTanave
burJuaziis warmomadgenelTa gansaxierebis SemTxvevaSi. is epiTetebi,
romlebic sasamarTlo aparatis warmomadgenelTa dasaxasiaTebladaa
momarjvebuli (`maimuni~ (`martiSka~), `sulis wurbelebi~, `maSeniki~,
`mWamelebi~) maTi da burJuaziis warmomadgenelTa moqmedebis saerTo
daxasiaTeba aSkarad aqcevs maT satiris obieqtad. `xolo qarTveli
aristokratebi, TavianTi daukvirvebeli moqmedebis wyalobiT, am
burJuaziis msxverplad arian miCneulni. aseTi Tvalsazrisi gansazRvravs g.
erisTavis satirul midgomas moxeleTa da burJuaziisadmi da qarTveli
aristokratiis iumoristul Sefasebas~ (gr. kiknaZe).
amrigad, giorgi erisTavis komediebma didi roli Seasrules qarTuli
dramaturgiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. praqtikulad g. erisTavis gavlena ver
aicila Semdeg TiTqmis verc erTma komediografma XIX saukuneSi. giorgi
erisTavis komediebs garkveuli TvalsazrisiT rogorc Tematikurad, aseve
mxatvrulad arc sadReisod daukargavs mniSvneloba.
imdenad gamokveTilia da didia Rvawli da damsaxureba giorgi
erisTavisa, imdeni gaakeTa man, rom misi adgili samudamod ganisazRvra
qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis istoriaSi. 128
125
rafiel erisTavi
(1824-1901)
rafiel erisTavi – poeti, prozaikosi, dramaturgi, publicisti,
mTargmneli, enaTmecnieri, folkloristi, eTnografi, sazogado moRvawe –
aseTia am SesaniSnavi pirovnebis interesTa sferoebi.
rafiel erisTavi daibada 1824 wlis 24 aprils, qarTlSi, deduleTis
sof. WalaSi. Mmamamisi daviTi, aragvis erisTavTa STamomavali iyo. mas
Semdeg, rac am zviad feodalTa saerisTavo gauqmda, maT STamomaval beJan
erisTavisTvis erekle II-s sof. Qqistauri (adre muqieTi) uboZebia.
Mmomavali poetis samkvidro adgili es sofeli gaxldaT. rafielis deda
nino amilaxvari, silamaziT, saTnoebiTa da ganswavlulobiT iqcevda
TanamedroveTa yuradRebas. is qarTlis cnobil feodalTa sagvareulos
warmomadgeneli iyo. mwerlis saarsebo garemos gasaTvaliswineblad xSirad
ixsenieben sulierad im yovelnairad xelsayrel atmosferos, romelSic
mouxda formireba rafiels. daviT erisTavs mdidari biblioTeka hqonia. Aaq
dacul unikalur xelnawerebsa da beWdur gamocemebs aRtacebaSi mouyvania
saqarTveloSi stumrad myofi saxelovani frangi mecnieri mari brosec ki.
mogvianebiT is didi simpatiiT axasiaTebs maSin axalgazrda rafiel
erisTavis mecnierul publikaciebs (T. jagodniSvili). Ddeda _ nino
amilaxvari Zveli qarTuli kulturis tradiciebze aRzrdili qali _
erovnuli literaturis siyvaruls unergavda Svilebs. rafiels erTi Zma
(iosebi) da ori da (barbare da ana) hyavda. Bbarbare (Tavad jorjaZeze
daqorwinda) qarTul sazogadoebrivsa da kulturul-literaturul
cxovrebaSi cnobili pirovneba gaxldaT: poeti, dramaturgi, ,,saojaxo
samzareulos~ avtori. Ees is barbare jorjaZea, 60-ian wlebSi axalgazrda
ilia WavWvaZesTan polemikaSi rom Caeba. Bbarbare jorjaZes didi
siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT igonebs ,,Cems Tavdagadasavalsa~ da mraval
Tavis publicistur werilSi akaki wereTeli da mas leqssac uZRvnis.
meore das _ anas, meuRle ruseT-TurqeTis omSi daRupvia. TviTonac
qarTveli qalisTvis odiTganve damaxasiaTebeli erTguleba da Tavganwirva
gamouCenia, roca frontze mebrZol qarTvelebTan mowyalebis dad wasula
da mZime avadmyofobiT iqve gardacvlila.
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba rafielma ojaxSi miiRo. Aaq gaecno is
qarTuli literaturis, qristianuli mwerlobis nimuSebs; rusul enas ki
mowveuli maswavlebeli aswavlida. Semdeg r. erisTavi TelavSi gadadis,
sagangebod emzadeba da samazro saswavlebelSi agrZelebs swavlas.
cnobismoyvare da Tavisufali bunebis ymawvili ver egueba aq gamefebul
swavlis ,,kazionur~ reJims, tovebs saswavlebels da SuamTis samonastro
skolas afarebs Tavs. SuamTis monasterSi rafiel erisTavs aswavlida
filadelfos kiknaZe, cnobili mwignobari da politikuri moRvawe, 1832
wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi TavkacTagani, am organizaciis Teoriuli
programis ,,aqti gonieris~ avtori. SeTqmulebis gamomJRavnebis Semdeg, mis
sxva monawileebTan 129
126
erTad, filadelfos kiknaZec dausjiaT. Mmomxdar faqts garkveuli
kvali dautovebia momavali poetis sulier samyaroze. Ffiqroben, rom
rafiel erisTavs am droidan Camouyalibda xasiaTis iseTi Strixebi,
rogoricaa: gulCaTxrobiloba, sifrTxile, rogorc akaki wereTeli
aRniSnavs, gansakuTrebuli ,,amwon gamzomvoba saqmisa~. 14 wlis rafieli
Tbilisis gimnaziaSi warmatebiT abarebs gamocdebs, cxovrobs kulturiTa
da discipliniT ganTqmul e.w. ,,volteris~ pansionSi. GgimnaziaSi is
sanimuSo moswavled iTvleba. Aim xanebSi iwyebs leqsebis weras.
Tavisi inteleqtualuri monacemebiT gamorCeuli axalgazrda rafiel
erisTavi, didi survilis miuxedavad, gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg (1844 w.),
Tvalebis avadyofobis gamo, ver axerxebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas,
ubrundeba ojaxs da ewafeba TviTganviTarebas.
1846 wlidan (29.V) r. erisTavi TianeTSi, TuS-fSav-xevsurTa saolqo
sasamarTloSi iwyebs Tarjimnad muSaobas, ecnoba am kuTxeebis cxovrebas,
samarTals, poezias da rusul enaze wers brwyinvale narkvevebs. Semdeg
axalgazrda mwerals aRniSnuli StudiebisaTvis ruseTis saimperatoro
geografiuli sazogadoebis oqros medliTac ajildoeben. axalgazrda
avtoris am warmatebaSi, safiqrebelia, saxelovani mari broses maRalma
azrmac Seasrula garkveuli roli. 1849 wlidan r. erisTavi kavkasiis
mTavari sammarTvelos StatgareSe TanamSromelia. Aam droidan iwyeba misi
saocrad daZabuli, saintereso cxovreba... raf. erisTavi sxvadasxva dros
iyo kavkasiis mTavari sammarTvelos kancelariis ufrosi, cnobili rusi
moRvawis, imJamindeli muzeumis direqtoris vl. sologubis miwveviT _ am
dawesebulebis mdivani. Aaq mravalmxrivi muSaoba Caatara r. erisTavma da
vl. sologubis Tbilisidan wasvlis Semdeg, muzeumis direqtoradac unda
arCiaT, magram rogorc xSirad xdeboda da xdeba xolme, imperiulma
Zalebma cnobili mecnieris, magram nawerebsa da cxovrebaSi antiqarTuli
orientaciis mqone i. bartolemeis kandidatura amjobines. 1855 wlidan is
ukve imereTSia. r. erisTavis uiRblo siyvarulis poeturi gamoxatvaa
satrfosTan daSorebis niadagze Seqmnili misi leqsi. imereTisa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos safuZvlianad gacnobis Semdeg iwereba misi patri-
otuli gznebiT savse publicisturi narkvevi _ ,,Cveni milicielebis
naambobi~, sadac gadmocemulia md. ColoqTan qarTvelebis brZola Turqebis
winaaRmdeg.
rafiel erisTavi xan quTaisis guberniis sagangebo mondobilobaTa
moxelea, mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi zugdidis mazris ufrosi,
,,tituliarni sovetniki~, ,,koleJski asesori~, ,,nadvorni sovetniki~, ,,wminda
stanislavis~, ,,wminda anas~ ordenis orgzis kavaleri; dajildoebulia
brinjaos medliT; magram aseT aRmasvlas samoqalaqo karieris safexurebze
arasodes daufaravs r. erisTavSi WeSmariti mamuliSvilisa da mwerlis
miswrafebebi. Aam pirobebSic axerxebs is usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
amxedrebuli da dasjili utu miqavas daxmarebas, samegrelos mkvidrTa
xvedris Semsubuqebas, 130
127
batonymobis mamxilebeli leqsebis weras da imereTis, guriis, same-
grelosa da svaneTis masalaze dayrdnobiT, SesaniSnavi folklorul-
eTnografiuli da publicisturi narkvevebis Seqmnas. 38 wlis rafiel
erisTavi, 1863 wels, siyvaruliT qorwindeba mSvenier da keTilSobil,
guriis erisTavis asul feodosiaze, romelmac mas 5 qaliSvili SesZina. Ees
xana r. erisTavis cxovrebaSi politikuri da saojaxo sazrunavebiTaa
datvirTuli. qarTveli xalxis interesebis sadarajoze myof, ruseTis
imperiis angariSgasawev did moxeles, cxadia, Znelad apatiebdnen
qarTvelobis interesebis dacvas, batonymobis mZvinvarebis epoqaSi
mamxilebeli leqsebis beWdvas da marTlac, 1870 wlis 28 ivniss, r. erisTavs
aiZuleben piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze datovos samsaxuri.
aqedan iwyeba saarsebo saSualebebis ZiebisaTvis poetis daZabuli
Sroma. uWirs r. erisTavs ojaxs, imdenad rom gvariSvilobiT da niWiT
ganTqmuli poeti erTxans iZulebulic ki Seiqna vinme siko grZeliSvilTan
erTad TbilisSi Rvinis duqanic gaexsna, magram poetis ,,zemxedveli~ suli,
cxadia, vaWrobas ver Seegua da kvlav umuSevari aRmoCnda. 1889 wlidan
Tavisuflebis trfiali poeti cenzoradac iwyebs muSaobas. Dda aqac
qarTul saqmeebs akeTebs, aqezebs qarTvel mwerlebs Tavisufal Temebze
werisTvis, xels uwyobs maTi nawerebis dabeWdvas. swored misi wyalobiT
ixila mzis sinaTle aleqsandre yazbegis nawerebis tomebma da mamia
gurielis Txzulebebma.
r. erisTavi jer kidev quTaisSi muSaobis dros cdilobs Teatraluri
interesebis gaRvivebas, xolo SemdegSi wlebis manZilze TbilisSi saTaveSi
udgas Teatralur sazogadoebas. is aris qarTvelTa Soris w.k.g.s.
daarsebis erT-erTi iniciatori, ,,vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni
komisiis Rirseul wevrTagani, sajaro biblioTekis daarsebis monawile da
kidev mravali erovnuli saqmis TavkacTagani.
1895 wlis 22 oqtombers qarTvelma xalxma didi zeimiT aRniSna
rafiel erisTavis samwerlo moRvaweobis 50 wlis iubile. ilia WavWavaZe,
akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, giorgi wereTeli, kote mesxi da sxva
mravali gamoCenili mwerali da moRvawe gansakuTrebuli siTboTi miesalma
iubilars. 1896 wlidan r. erisTavma sabolood mianeba Tavi samsaxurs da am
droidan moyolebuli cxovrobda xan mSobliur sofel qistaurSi, xan
kidev TelavSi siZe-qaliSvilTan. Mmxcovani poeti, avadmyofobis miuxedavad,
mainc axerxebda SemoqmedebiT muSaobas. 1901 wels, 19 Tebervals, rafiel
erisTavi gardaicvala TelavSi. anderZisamebr 25 Tebervals poeti
dakrZales sofel qistaurSi.
1938 werls rafiel erisTavi gadaasvenes qalaq Telavis sazogado
moRvaweTa panTeonSi da samudamo bina miuCines sayvareli dis, mweral
barbare jorjaZisa da poet ioseb daviTaSvilis saflavTa gverdiT.131
128
rafiel erisTavi TanamedroveTa TvalSi bednieri kacis STabe-
Wdilebas tovebda. qarTvel sazogadoebas, mis rCeul warmomadgenlebs
xiblavda am darbaiseli, enamoswrebuli, eqspromtebis mSvenieri ostatis,
SesaniSnavi Tamadis, daxvewili aristokratisa da yoveldRiur
urTierTobebSi namdvili demokratis, umwikvlo mamuliSvilis, uRalato
megobrisa da Rirseuli meojaxis naTeli pirovneba... magram es
STabeWdileba nawilobriv Tu Seesabameba realobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tavis droze kita abaSiZe werda: ,,es ase iyo, magram esec unda vTqvaT, rom
rafiel erisTavs bedma sxva rigad umuxTla. rafiel erisTavis
literaturuli saxeli da dideba ufro safuZvliani da xangrZlivi
iqneboda, rom im droSi ar Sexvedroda moRvaweoba, roca ilia WavWavaZe da
akaki wereTeli gamovidnen samwerlo asparezze. MmeTaurobis magier mas
ubralo muSakoba arguna bedma. marTalia, metad niWieri da kargi mxaris
gamwevi poeti iyo, magram yovel SemTxvevaSi sardali ar iyo poeziisa...
iniciatori da meTauri ar yofila literaturaSi. amitom literaturuli
isaric misken ar gatyorcnila. sazogado cxovrebaSi mSvidi da wynari
muSaki iyo, ara gacxarebuli da medgari meomari... amitomac mteric ar
hyolia da TiTqmis aravin yofila misiT ukmayofilo~.1
rafiel erisTavi Tavisi bunebiT, marTlac, ,,mSvidi~ da upretenzio
adamiani gaxldaT. is beladis niSan_TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba ar
iyo da, cxadia, xasiaTis am Taviseburebis gamo, mZafr polemikaSi CarTuli
arasodes yofila... magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom siaxlis damamkvidrebeli
ar yofiliyos Cvens sinamdvileSi. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba ar
vendoT qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebisa da literaturis iseTi didi
avtoritetis sityvas, rogoric ilia WavWvavaZe iyo, roca 1895 wels rafiel
erisTavs mimarTavda, rom man, ,,Seqmna Tavisi sakuTari skola xalxuri poe-
ziisa. Mmisi mimdevarni arian Zmebi razikaSvilebi~. rac kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania, ZmaTa razikaSvilTa Soris rCeulma, TviT genialurma vaJam
imave welsve dasturyo didi ilias azris marTebuloba (ix. Mmisi ,,Pro
domo Sua~) da amiT kidev erTxel warmoaCina rafiel erisTavis
damsaxureba eris winaSe.
cxadia, ilia WavWavaZe, literaturul ,,skolaSi~, garkveul Teoriuli
programis mqone erTeuls ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed r. erisTavis poetur
stils Tvlis SemoqmedebiTi biZgis mimcemad axalgazrda mweralTaTvis,
rac gaziarebulia ara mxolod vaJas da misi Zmebis mxriv, aramed g.
wereTlis, i. meunargias, t. tabiZis da mravali sxva literaturuli
avtoritetis mier. is faqti, rom akaki wereTeli rafiel erisTavis
literaturul memkvidreobas ,,mTasa da zRvas~ adarebs, is garemoeba, rom
jer kidev 1889 wels vaJa mas, ,,ber biZas~ Uuwodebs, mogvianebiT mTisa da
baris interesTa
1 Kk. abaSiZe, etiudebi, 1972, gv. 411-412132
129
SeamaerTebel ,,suliT kurTxeul~ mgosnad CaTvlis da ityvis: ,,sam-
Soblo xevsurisama yvelasic guli daRara~, bevrs metyvelebs am poetis
Rvawlze.
rafiel erisTavi iseTi tipis pirovneba iyo, romelmac icoda
sakuTari niWis fasi da Tavisi adgili. mTeli guliT da SegnebiT
samSoblosaTvis akeTebda imas, risi gakeTebac SeeZlo WeSmarit Semoqmedsa
da mamuliSvils. Mman, rogorc aristokratiuli Camomavlobis kacma,
demokratiuli suliT avsebul epoqaSi raindulad atara saxeli poetis da
moRvawisa, uSurvelad emsaxura Zvelsa da axal saqarTvelos, ris
sazRaurad erisgan mxolod siyvaruli daimsaxura.
* * *
rafiel erisTavis poeturi niWi Tavdapirvelad satrfialo lirikaSi
gamJRavnda. Qqalis sulieri da fizikuri silamazisadmi trfiali masSi
mxolod axalgazrdobis asaks ar ukavSirdeba. r. erisTavis xangrZlivi
SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis manZilze, Wabukobidan _ siberemde, Seunelebelia
am sferosadmi misi interesi. Aamis dasturia r. erisTavis leqsebi:
,,Tvalebi~, ,,siyvaruli~, ,,vin Seviyvaro~, ,,risTvis miyvarxar~, ,,sinanuli~,
,,Cvidmeti wlis xar~ da gamorCeul leqsTagani mis poeziaSi ,,qali _ ayvana~.
Aam ukanasknelma, qalTa samyaros mouRleli qomagis ek. gabaSvilis qebac
daimsaxura. r. erisTavis lirikuli talanti kvlav gabrwyinda 1891 wels,
roca poetma gamoaqveyna leqsebi: ,,nana~, ,,yvavilebis simRera~, ,,mgzavrebi~.
Cveni klasikuri literaturis tradiciebis kvalobaze, siyvarulis
amaRlebul, romantikul gagebas r. erisTavis poeziaSi Seerwya, xalxuri
sityvierebis wiaRidan momdinare, uSualobiT, swored xalxuri
gulubryvilo sixalasiT savse xilvebi. Semdgom xalxuri da klasikuri
literturuli samyarodan amozrdil amdagvar poetur xedvas
moqalaqeobrivi arsebobis ufleba, gansakuTrebuli siRrme da Zali
mxolod didi vaJas warmosaxvis araCveulebrivma unarma SesZina...
didi ilias TqmiT, ,,raf. erisTavma pirvelma dahsZra ena adamianis
gaupatiurebul RirsebisaTvis da Camoagdo sityva adamianur datyvevnil
uflebis aRsaxsnelad~... amiT poetma naTlad gausigrZegana mkiTxvels
adamianTa Soris sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebis Rirebuleba.
Aam niSniT Sinaarsdeba socialuri Tematika r. erisTavis poeziaSi da am
motivis gamomxatvelad mkvidrdeba iseTi qmnilebebi, rogoricaa:
,,mTxovneli msajulisadmi~, ,,yadis jori~, ,,buzebi~, ,,mTxovari glaxaki~,
,,simReris~ formiT warmodgenili leqsebi, xalxur, anu ,,saero kilozed~
aJRerebuli. aseTia misi ,,sesias fiqrebi~, ,,Tandilas dardi~, ,,beruas
Cafiqreba~, ,,Tinias mamiTadi~, ,,Ramis mexris simRera~, ,,mevenaxis simRera~,
,,cru maficars~, ,,moZmeTadmi~, ,,Cemi jalaTebi~ da sxv. xolo zogadso-
cialuri, gamokveTili moralisturi tendenciiT datvirTuli leqsiT, ,,kaci
is aris~ (1886w.), rogorc aRniSnaven, r. erisTavi vaJas 133
130
(ix. vaJas - ,,vin aris kaci~, 1902 w., ,,kai yma~, 1909) literturul wi-
namorbedad warmosdgeba.1 ukuRmarTobis daZlevis wyurviliT aris aRsavse
r. erisTavis socialur motivze Seqmnili leqsebi, sadac poeti qadagebs
sikeTis Tesvis aucileblobas, adamianTa zneobriv siwmindes da Seaxsenebs
mkiTxvels kacTa Soris Tanasworobis damnergav bibliur WeSmaritebas.
gansakuTrebuli poeturi elvareba axasiaTebs r. erisTavis mier
patriotul Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebs. samSoblosadmi usazRvro
siyvaruliTaa datvirTuli ara mxolod misi publicisturi werilebi:
,,cnobani osmalos saqarTveloze~, ,,varZia~, ,,Cveni milicielebis naambobi~,
sadac avtori msjelobs saqarTvelos, misi awmyosa da momavlis metad
aqtualur sakiTxebze, aramed poemebic: ,,aspinZis omi~ da ,,Tamariani~, magram
qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi myarad gaidga fesvi mainc misma lirikulma
qmnilebebma: ,,moZmeTadmi~, ,,deda ena~, ,,ras erCi mag biWs TaTaro~, ,,raze
miwyrebi yeeno~, ,,xma RvTisa da xma erisa~, ,,neta ras stiri dedilo~,
,,dakodili~, qarTuli patiotuli poeziis oqros fondSia Sesuli leqsi _
,,samSoblo xevsurisa~. aRiarebulia, rom mTeli qmnileba ,,im grZnobis
uSualo gansaxierebaa, romelic adamians samSoblos teritoriisadmi hqonia
da aqvs~ (gr. kiknaZe). Aaq gamoxatulia samSoblo-qveyanasTan is bio-
fizikuri ganuyofeli erTianobis aucilebloba, rac yovelgvari sulier-
zneobrivi mimarTebebis bazisia, konkretulad ki qarTveli xalxis
ukvdavebisa da dRemde ar daRupvis sawindari. Aam leqsis Zalze
sayuradRebo filosofiuri analizi ekuTvnis iseT gamoCenil mecniers,
rogoric mose gogiberiZe iyo. misi azriT, ,,adamianis siyvaruli warmomSobi
miwisadmi aris civilizaciis saTave, xalxis mmarTvelobis organizaciis im
teritoriuli principis saTave, romlisagan erisa da saxelmwifos cneba
daibada... arc erT filosofiur traqtats da arc erT logikurad mofiqre-
bul meditacias es civilizaciis jansaRi primitividan momdinare grZnoba
ise reliefurad da iseTi Rrma STagonebiT ar gamouxatavs, rogoriTac is
gamoixata... leqsSi ,,samSoblo xevsurisa~... es leqsi namdvili sociologiaa
patriotikis~.2 cnobili filosofosos dakvirvebiT, ,,bunebis Svili ar
vaWrobs~... da ,,msoflio istoria aaSena ara vaWarma, romelic sasworze
wonis ara marto oqros, aramed sindissa da zneobas, mama-papaTa saflavs da
momavals, aramed im mtkice nebisyofis da umwikvlo grZnobis mqone
adamianis SemoqmedebiTma unarma, romlis ocneba rafiel erisTavma
aTqmevina xevsurs:
,,barad rom momce dideba, qoneba uTvalavia,
sasaxle oqros taxtiTa, jari da zRvaze navia,
ara vindomo egeni, ar mokvdes Cemi Tavia~...
aseTi alali, koleqtiuri, tomuri-TavdadebiTi suliskveTeba
safuZvelia adamianTa sazogadoebriobis ganviTarebisa da... aris
1 T. jagodniSvili. r. erisTavi, 1986, gv. 74
2 Mm. gogiberiZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t. IV., 1978, gv.
222-223134
131
dasawyisi yovelive socialurobis da moralis... romlis gareSe
msoflio istoriaSi jer ar aSenebula arcerTi didi Senoba, ar
damkvidrebula arc erTi dasabami da dasayrdeni momavlisa~.1 Aamitomac
didi iyo misi STamagonebeli Zala ara mxolod Cveni erovnuli sulisa da
cnobierebis uRrmes fenaTa gamomxatveli genialuri vaJasa da misi Taobis
poetebisTvis, romlis ,,bairaRadac~ tician tabiZe am leqss Tvlida, aramed
sruliad gansxvavebuli potenciis, msofmlxedvelobis, SemoqmedebiTi
midgomisa da stilis mqone mxatvruli sityvis ostatebisTvis. aRniSnulis
ilustraciaa Tundac ek. gabaSvilis moTxroba ,,samSoblo xevsurisam ra
hqmna~, sadac naCvenebia r. erisTavis leqsis rogorc zemoqmedebiTi Zala,
anu poeziis socialuri gavlena adamianebze, aseve misi STamagonebeli
mniSvneloba sakuTriv mwerlisTvis.
dResac ar daukargavs xibli rafiel erisTavis sabavSvo poezias. misi
leqsebi: ,,deda ena~, ,,mipatiJeba saswavlebelSi~, ,,jer Sroma, mere xtoma~,
,,rTveli~, ,,yana~, ,,guTani~, ,,puris mosavali~, ,,Tinias mamiTadi~, ,,sesias
fiqrebi~, ,,mercxali~, ,,Citi~, ,,buzi~, ,,Tagvebis da katebis omi~,
,,gazafxuli~, ,,zamTari~, ,,bzoba~, ,,aRdgoma~ da sxv. ymawvilTa sayvareli
sakiTxavi masala iyo da aris. sada, xalxuri ena, bunebasTan bavSvTa
xasiaTis siaxlovis aRmniSvnel momentebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
dauZabavi Txroba, movlenaTa warmosaxvis maRali kultura moubezrebels
xdis am qmnilebebs. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel mweralTagan,
raf. erisTavma erT-erTma pirvelma warmatebiT scada qristianul
dResaswaulTa - ,,bzoba-aRdgomis~ maRaleTikuri Rirebulebis, maTi
amaRlebuli, sazeimo mniSvnelobis mxatvrulad mitana patara mkiTxvelamde,
riTac qristianuli warmodgenebis poeturi gansaxierebis tradicia Seqmna
XIX s. qarTul saymawvilo literaturaSi. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom
poetma bavSvebisTvis galeqsa sulxan-sabas bevri igav-araki, gadmoakeTa
mravali araqarTveli poetis qmnileba, maSin savsebiT SeiZleba gaviziaroT
azri, rom Cveni sabavSvo literaturuli kritika mainc valSia mis winaSe~.2
rafiel erisTavi niWieri dramaturgicaa. am TvalsazrisiT, misi
originaluri, gadmokeTebuli da naTargmni dramaturgiuli xasiaTis
Txzulebebi: ,,jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~, ,,mbrunavi stolebi~,
,,dedakacma Tu gaiwia, cxra uReli xaris umZlavresia~, ,,advokatebi~,
,,qaCua~, ,,parikmaxerisas~, ,,biZiasTan gamoxumreba~(gadmokeTebuli), `pepo~ (g.
sundukianis), ,,cofiani fuli~ (a. ostrovskis), frangulidan gadmokeTebuli
,,maswavlebeli soflis skolisa~, rafiel erisTavis epoqasa da zogierTi
Cvens droSic ipyrobs qarTvel reJisorTa yuradRebas. Tavis originalur
dramaturgiaSi r. erisTavi mihyveba komikuri TvalszrisiT movlenaTa
gansaxierebis im gzas, romlis mamamTavrad qarTul sinamdvileSi giorgi
erisTavi iTv
1 iqve, gv. 223-224
2 z. bocvaZe, qarTuli sabavSvo literaturuli kritika, 1990.gv.274.135
132
leba, magram Tu im sayuradRebo Sexedulebasac gaviTvaliswinebT,
romlis Tanaxmad am models imarjvebs TviT iseTi didi niWis xelovanic
ki, rogoric akaki wereTelia (gr. kiknaZe), maSin gasagebi gaxdeba r.
erisTavis SemoqmedebiTi midgomis safuZveli da mizani.
rafiel erisTavma beletristikaSic scada kalami. moTxroba ,,beCavi~
rusulad daibeWda 1855 wels almanaxSi ,,zurna~ da im dros TviT
saxelganTqmuli n. CerniSevskis erTgvari mowonebac daimsaxura. Tumca
imasac aRniSnaven, rom saTanado sisruliT ver iqna Sefasebuli am
moTxrobis Rirsebani.1 Ggarda amisa, mas ekuTvnis ,,nino~ da ,,literturuli
saRamo~, am moTxrobebs erTgvari sentimentaluri ieri dahkravs. Aam
periodSi r. erisTavi, rogorc Cans, Tavisi samsaxurebrivi da samecniero
interesebis Sesatyvisad, garkveulad mxatvruli gansaxierebis masalad
qarTul mTas, kerZod, fSaur yofasac aqcevs. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT,
misi e.w. ,,scenebi anu suraTebi xalxis cxovrebidan~ beletristuli
TvisebebiT gamoirCeva. Mmagram unda iTqvas, rom prozaSi raf. erisTavis
mxatvruli unaris gaSla srulyofilad ver xerxdeba. Eetyoba, rafiel
erisTavi – poeti imarjvebs beletristze da qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSic
poetad mkvidrdeba am simpaTiuri Semoqmedis saxeli.
rafiel erisTavi fxizlad idga qarTuli enis – rogorc erovnebis
burjis dacvis sadarajoze. Mmisi publicisturi statia ,,ramdenad
marTalia, rom qarTul enas siRaribe Seswames~ (1880 w.), avtoris
maRalpatriotul SegnebasTan erTad, mis saenaTmecniero ganswavlulobasa
da enobriv alRos mowmobs. r. erisTavis naSromebi: ,,anbanisa da
damwerlobis Taobaze~, ,,qarTuli enis gramatika yrmaTaTvis~, calkeuli
Sexedulebani qarTuli enis bunebisa da dialeqtebis Sesaxeb, sayuradRebo
mecnieruli faqti iyo Tavis droze da angariSgasawev Tvisebas inarCunebs
dResac. Ppoetma Sromatevadi leqsikologiuri muSaoba Caatara; gamosca
sulxan-saba orbelianis ,,qarTuli leqsikoni~ (1884); gamoaqveyna ,,laTinur-
rusul-qarTuli botanikuri leqsikoni~ (1873), ,,mcenareTa, cxovelTa da
liTonTa samefodan – qarTul – rusul – laTinuri leqsikoni~ (1884).
Ddidi amagi dasdo qarTuli samecniero terminologiis dadgenas fizika-
maTematikis, geografia-astronomiis, qimiis, samxedro da sazRvao
xelovnebis sferoebSi.
rafiel erisTavi dakvirvebuli folkloristi da eTnografi
aRmoCnda. Mman, jer kidev 1873 wels, ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad dastamba
,,glexuri simRerebi, leqsebi da andazebi~, gamoaqveyna ,,qarTuli saxalxo
poezia~, Sesavali weriliT da ,,qarTuli gamocanebis krebuli~ (1877). Masve
ekuTvnis: ,,atati koplataZis meuRlis gadmonacemi~, ,,oriode sityva~.
imdenad mniSvnelovania am mimarTulebiT poetis mier gaweuli Rvawli, rom
isini sagangebo Seswavlis sagnadac aris qceuli.2
1 S. vaSaymaZe, rafiel erisTavi, 1962.
2 q. sixaruliZe, qarTveli mwerlebi da xalxuri Semoqmedeba,1959; mix.
Ciqovani, qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba, X,1960; S. vaSaymaZe,
rafiel erisTavi,1962; 136
133
qarTuli musikaluri folkloris mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis
moculobiT mcire, magram friad sayuradRebo werils ,,qarTuli saeklesio
galoba da simRerebi notebiT~(1883).
Tavisi mecnieruli siRrmiT, kvlevis kompetenturobiT imTaviTve
miiqcia specialistTa da swavlulTa yuradReba rafiel erisTavis rusul
enaze dawerilma da gamoqveynebulma narkvevebma: «ПисьмаизКахети»,
«Письмокдругу», «Лазаре», «Свадьбаугрузин», «ОхотазафазанамивКахетии»,
«Маскарадгрузинскойчерин», «Признакивесны», «Царствокукушек», «Происхождениесов»,
«ОТушино-Пшаво-
хевсурском��
��округе», «�Замечания��на��статью��г. �Бердзенова»,
«��Письма��из��Имеретии», «ОкрестьянскомсословиивМингрелии»,
«ЗаметкиоСванетии», agreTve qarTul enaze xelnaweris saxiT, Semonaxulma
narkvevebma: ,,samegrelos Sesaxeb~, ,,leCxumis mazraSi Zveli da axali
Cveulebis moTxroba anu igive istoria~ (aRniSnuli masala gamoaqveyna T.
jagodniSvilma, ix. rafiel erisTavi, folklorul-eTnografiuli wer-
ilebi, Tb., 1986). rogorc Cans, r. erisTavi Tavdapirvelad rusul enaze
imitomac aqveynebda naSromebs, rom undoda ucxoel mkiTxvelsa da
specialistebSi interesi aReZra qarTuli samyarosadmi.
poetis am mecnierul Ziebebs, mis publicistur nawerebTan erTad, ara
mxolod TavisTavadi, didi SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba hqonda da aqvs DdResac,
aramed garkveul SemTxvevaSi Tavis droze isini amzadeben niadags rafiel
erisTavis mxatvruli interesebis gasaRviveblad.T. jagodniSvili, rafiel
erisTavi da xalxuri Semoqmedeba, 1979.137
134
daniel WonqaZe
(1830-1860)
daniel WonqaZe dabadebula 1830 wels, duSeTis raionis sof.
yvavilSi. mamamisi giorgi _ glexTa wridan gamosuli sasuliero piri –
mRvdeli iyo da qristianobis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis misionerad
msaxurobda oseTSi. qristianobis gavrceleba – danergva imxanad
naxevradwarmarTul da mahmadianur oseTSi Zalze arTulebda iq moRvawe
qristian ,,mamaTa~ saqmianobas. Mmware xvedri ergo daniel WonqaZis mamas.
Qqristianobisadmi fanatikuri siZulviliT Sepyrobilma osTa brbom 1846
wels imsxverpla mRvdeli giorgi WonqaZe. mwerlis deda _ melania,
gadmocemiT, ojaxisa da mwignobrobis moyvaruli qali iyo. sasuliero
mwerlobisa da qarTuli literaturis siyvaruls Ddaniel WonqaZes
mSoblebi unergavdnen, niWier ymawvils rusuli da osuri enebi adreve
Seuswavlia. 1838 wels WonqaZeebis ojaxi vladikavkazSi gadasaxlebula. 1839
wels danieli sasuliero saswavlebelSi SeuyvaniaT, sadac Turme warmate-
biT swavlobda. 1845 wels, am saswavleblis damTavrebisTanave, is Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariaSi Caricxula. 1851 wels, seminariis damTavrebis
Semdeg, Ddaniel WonqaZe osuri enis maswavleblad gaumwesebiaT
stavropolSi. Mmomavali mwerali swavlis periodSi gatacebuli yofila
griboedoviT, belinskiT, Semdeg CerniSevskiTa da gerceniT. stavropolSi
yofnisas is inaxavs ojaxs _ dedasa da das _ ekaterines. amave xanebSi
daniel WonqaZe daqorwinebula ana Tevdores asul feodorovaze da 1855
wlis aprilidan Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi gadmosula osuri enis
maswavleblad. TbilisSi Ddaniel WonqaZe ubinaod, xelmokled cxovrobda.
mcire xelfasiT ojaxis Senaxva uWirda. momavali mwerali iZulebuli
gamxdara sinodalur kantoraSi daewyo muSaoba; aq is Targmnida sasuliero
xasiaTis wignebs, saidanac rigian anazRaurebebsa da jildosac ki
Rebulobda. Mmainc, 1855 weli mZime gamodga mwerlisTvis. Zeobas gadahyva
axalgazrda meuRle, darCa Cvili vaJi giorgi, romlis aRzrda danielis
dam _ ekaterinem ikisra. Ffaqizi sulis danielis pirovnebaze am mware
SemTxvevas Rrma kvali daumCnevia. saerTod Sromismoyvare, muyaiT Ddaniel
WonqaZes, dardis Semsubuqebis erTaderT gzad inteleqtualuri Sroma
dausaxavs. Mmomavali mwerali osuri folkloris nimuSebs adrec krebda da
saimperatoro akademiisgan mindobil rusul-osuri leqsikonis Sedgenaze
muSaobda, magram mas Semdeg, rac ivane kereseliZem J. ,,ciskari~ ganaaxla
(1857 w.), daniel WonqaZe am Jurnalis redaqtorsa da mis uaxloes
TanamSromlebTan axlo kontaqtSia; igi wminda literaturul interesebsac
avlens da 1859-1860 wlis ,,ciskarSi~ (#12, #1) aqveynebs moTxroba ,,suramis
cixes~, romelmac mas jerovani adgili daumkvidra qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi. Aam nawarmoebis garda, d. WonqaZes muSaoba dauwyia Txzulebaze
,,visi bralia~, magram es moTxroba, mis mraval CanafiqrTan erTad,
daumTavrebeli 138
135
darCa... mZime gancdebma, muxlCauxrelma inteleqtualurma Sromam
sabolood gatexa fizikurad isedac susti mwerlis janmrTeloba. daniel
WonqaZe gardaicvala 1860 wlis 16 ivniss. mas dautovebia anderZi, sadac
iTxovs, rom Tu sofelSi gardaicvleba, dakrZalon dedis siaxloves, xolo
Tu TbilisSi _ meuRlis _ ana feodorovas gverdiT; raki mwerali
TbilisSi aResrula, anderZisamebr, dakrZales kidec veris sasaflaoze.
* * *
daniel WonqaZe rusul kulturaze aRzrdili inteligenti iyo.
qarTul samyarosTan sulieri daaxloeba mas mogvianebiT mouxda.
MmarTalia, rusul materializms naziarebi pirovneba iyo, magram man,
rogorc Cans, bolomde SeinarCuna Tbili religiuri grZnobebi. Mmwerali
1859 wlis aprilSi daweril anderZSi qristianuli mimteveblobisa da
patiebis samagaliTo Tvisebas avlens. sikvdilis winaTgrZnobiT
Sepyrobili, locva-kurTxevas uZRvnis naTesav-megobrebs, patiebas Txovs
yvelas, Tuki vinmesTvis adamianurd uwyeninebia am wuTisofelSi da
qristianuli optimizmiTaa avsebuli imqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi. iseTi
naTeli sulis, xalasi, Seuryvneli bunebis axalgazrda inteligenti,
rogoric Ddaniel WonqaZe iyo, bunebrivia, qristianuli saTnoebisa da
samarTlianobis morCili unda yofiliyo yofaSic da nawerSic.
rogorc iTqva, erTaderTi qmnileba, riTac Ddaniel WonqaZem kuTvnili
adgili daimkvidra qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, ,,suramis cixea~. Aam
Txzulebis SemoqmedebiT istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa mwerlis
baraTi erTi axloblisadmi. MmasSi vkiTxulobT:
,,iseTi wyeuli xasiaTi maqvs, rom samsaxuris garda, usaTuod minda
sxva ramec gavakeTo xolme. Dda xeli movkide qarTul literaturas (aq
qarTul enaze erTi Jurnali gamodis, erovnuli grZnoba iRviZebs) da
davwere erTi moTxroba, saTauriT ,,suramis cixe~. moTxrobas Zlier kargad
Sexvda sazogadoeba, zogierT uvic memamules garda, romelTac vawyenie
glexTa sakiTxiT, amiT waqezebuli Seudeq axal Sromas, magram RmerTma
aRar damacala misi damTavreba... ar gamimarTla imedi... xelebi mikankalebs
sisustisagan~... aRniSnuli striqonebidan naTlad Cans, rom literaturuli
Sroma, mwerloba Ddaniel WonqaZisTvis sasicocxlo arsebobis erT-erTi
forma iyo da rom erovnuli gamoRviZebisa da adamianis socialur
uflebaTa dacvis aucilebloba misi, rogorc moazrovnis, moqalaqeobrivi
valia. swored daniel WonqaZis am gamaxvilebul socialur interesebze
iqna yuradReba miqceuli mwerlis gardacvalebidan ori wlis Semdeg
gamoqveynebul anton furcelaZis statiaSi ,,suramis cixe d. WonqaZisa~
(,,ciskari~, 1863w. #1) da akaki wereTlis leqsi ,,mogoneba~ (,,ciskari~, 1863w.
#6), sadac konkretuli saxeldebiT araa moxseniebuli mwerali, magram
yvela pirovnul-literaturuli niSniT nagulisxmevia misi damsaxureba
qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe. am 139
136
publikaciaSi warmodgenilma dadebiTma Sefasebebma garkveuli kvali
daamCnia qarTuli kritikul-literaturuli samyaros Semdgom mimarTebas
Ddaniel WonqaZisadmi. Uukiduresi formiT iqna gamoxatuli amgvari midgoma
,,suramis cixis~ avtorisadmi Cveni saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, roca calkeuli
mwerlisadmi da, saerTod, literaturuli cxovrebisadmi vulgarul-
sociologiurma damokidebulebam Tavis zenits miaRwia. gamoiTqva azri, rom
d. WonqaZem ,,suramis cixe~ dawera batonymobis gadavardnamde. amiT mas
upiratesobas aniWebdnen ilias, akakis da sxva mwerlebTan SedarebiT.1
Cvens droSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSic ki, qrestomaTiul WeSmaritebad
damkvidrda inerciiT wamosuli amgvari Sexeduleba da iTqva: ,,d. WonqaZem
gaaSiSvla batonymuri urTierToba da mkacrad dagmo miTi batonsa da ymas
Soris e. w. ,,mamaSviluri~ damokidebulebis Sesaxeb~ (gr. KkiknaZe,
,,romantikosebidan realistebisaken~, axali qarT. Llit. istoria, I, 1972, gv.
43). Mmwerlis naRvawis dadebiTi Sefaseba asea warmodgenili Semdeg
msjelobaSic: ,,d. WonqaZis mTavari damsaxureba is aris, rom man pirvelma
esrola Zlieri yumbara usamarTlobiTa da borotebiT mocul samyaros,
romelsac batonymuri urTierToba ewodeboda~ (d. gamezardaSvili, d.
WonqaZe, axali qarTuli lit. istoria, I, 1972w. gv.396). cxadia, aRniSnul mo-
sazrebebs garkveulwilad asazrdoebda iseTi didi avtoritetis
Sexedulebani, rogoric, magaliTad, arCil jorjaZe iyo. misi sityviT, ,,1859
wels ori sawinaaRmdego ram daibeWda Jurnal ,,ciskarSi~. erTi iyo werili
al. Oorbelianisa ,,uwindel dros batonymoba~, da meore _ Ddaniel WonqaZis
,,suramis cixis~ pirveli nawili. Aam or sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
nawarmoebis gamoqveyneba imas gveubneba, rom qarTul sazogadoebaSi ukve
iyo ori mimdinareoba, azrovnebis orgvari midrekileba~.2 Aavtoris
mtkicebiT, ,,al. orbeliani adamiani, gulkeTili da saTnoiani, ver sZlevs
Tavadur fsiqikas da TiTqmis Seumcnoblad klasiur niadagze dgeba; vambob
Seucnobierad, radgan sityviT igi erTobas da Tavisuflebas aRiarebs~
(iqve,gv.137)... saqme isaa, rom rusul kritikul-filosofiur da soci-
ologiur literaturaze aRzrdil niWier qarTvel mkvlevarTa cnobilma
warmomadgenlebma rusuli cxovrebis analogiurad scades qarTuli
socialuri sinamdvilis analizi da mis kvalobazed al. orbelianis
xsenebuli statiis Sefaseba. oRondac, misi Sefasebis Jams, mxedvelobis
aredan iqna asxletili erTi friad mniSvnelovani momenti: al. orbeliani
msjelobs ara d. WonqaZis droindel saqarTvelos sinamdvileze, anu
batonymuri urTierTobis im formaze, rasac adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi
XIX saukuneSi, aramed ,,uwindeli drois~ batonymobaze, rac, arc meti, arc
naklebi, patronymur
1 ix. Ff. maxaraZe, Ddaniel WonqaZe da misi dro, Tb., 1932.
2 a. jorjaZe masalebi qarTveli inteligenciis istoriisaTvis,
werilebi, Tb., 1939, gv. 136.140
137
urTierTobas gulisxmobs. mis msjelobaSi, rasakvirvelia, bevri ram
e.w. ,,romantikuli istoriografiis~ poziciidan aris danaxuli da arc
poetur midgomasaa moklebuli, magram, geronti qiqoZis Tqmisa ar iyos, am
romantikul patriotizmSi saRi, normaluri elementi Sedioda: ,,aleqsandre
orbelians da mis Tanamoazreebs undodaT zneobrivi gavlena moexdinaT
TavianT sazogadoebaze, romelic denacionalizaciis gzas adga,
daerwmunebinaT is, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelo yoveli mxriT maRla
idga ruseTis provinciad gadaqceul saqarTveloze~.1 saerTod, am
Txzulebis maRali Sefasebis paralelurad, mogvianebiT, TviT akaki
wereTlis mier ,,Cems TavgadasavalSi~, mocemulia mwerlis Semdegnairi
daxasiaTeba: ,,sakvirvelia... Ddaniel WonqaZe, avtori erTad-erTi ,,suramis
cixis~, TiTqmis bavSvur moTxrobis, gaWimulia rogorc didi vinme!~ imave
al. orbelians dawerili hqonia kritikuli werili saTauriT ,,darTuls
darTuli~, romelic mas Semdgom aRar gamouqveynebia (pirvelad is
gamoaqveyna prof. j. WumburiZem J. ,,ciskarSi~, 1959w.#6). masSi al. orbeliani
gulwrfel wuxils gamoTqvams d. WonqaZis sikvdilis gamo, roca wers:
,,imisTana ymawvili kacis dakargva saqarTvelosTvis danaklisia. Eetyoba
imis Txzulebasa, kargad gaimarTavda xels im guars mwerlobaSi, iqneba
bolo dros didi saxelic darCenoda~-o, magram amasTan, is miuTiTebs
nawarmoebis arsebiT naklovanebebze: al. orbeliani fiqrobs, rom WeSmariti
realisti mwerali gamonaklisebze ki ar unda agebdes Txzulebas, aramed
tipur xasiaTebs unda gamoxatavdes. ,,Worzed ra rigia ramanisa anu
moTxrobis dawera?~ _ kiTxulobs is da, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT,
moTxrobis xelovnur pasaJebzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas, ,,rao, reebia is
imdeni miker-mokera, wayvan-wamoyvana, gaqcev-gamoqceva, miTaTreb-moTaTreba,
vai-vaeba, anu sikvdili, anu mkvleloba da anu wyalSi daxrCoba?~ _ ase rom,
,,suramis cixisa~ da misi avtoris Sesaxeb azri polarulia. SeuZlebelia
dasaxelebuli iqnas mwerali, romelic moiwonebda batonymuri
urTierTobis im formas, romelic ,,suramis cixeSia~ asaxuli. maSasadame,
batonymuri urTierTobis im saxis dagmoba, rac Ddaniel WonqaZes aqvs
warmosaxuli, bevr mweralTan gvxvdeba da ar arsebobs WkuaTmyofeli
adamiani, romelic mis arsebobas moiwonebda. Aam mxriv d. WonqaZe pirveli
araa CvenSi. Ddidi ilias TqmiT, ,,raf. erisTavma pirvelma daZra ena
adamianis gaupatiurebul RirsebisaTvis... jer batonymobis (gadavardnis) Cu-
Cunic arsad iyo, rom kacTmoyvare gulma poetisam igrZno usamarTloba
misi~... maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi exeba ara imas, rodis da
ramdenad mZafrad esxmis Tavs mwerali am CamorCenil socialur wyobas,
aramed Tu ramdenad Seesityveba realur sinamdviles da aris Tu ara misi
realisturi gamoxatuleba d. WonqaZis mier moTxrobaSi gamoxatuli
faqtebi! Aamis Sesaxeb ki, rogorc
1 Gg. qiqoZe, Txzulebani, t.I, gv. 77141
138
aRiniSna, dRemde orgvari poziciis gamomxatveli Tvalsazrisi ar-
sebobs: meti popularobiT sargeblobs Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad d.
WonqaZis mier daxatuli batonymobis suraTi realur viTarebas asaxavs.
xolo meore Sexedulebis mixedviT, romelic jer kidev al. orbelianma
gamoTqva, batonymoba ,,suramis cixeSi~ mocemuli formiT saqarTveloSi ar
arsebobda. miT ufro, rom mwerali legendul samosSi axvevs ambavs da is
Soreul warsulSi gadaaqvs; warsulSi, anu ,,uwindel droSi~ ki batonsa da
ymas Soris urTierToba iyo maxlobel adamianTa Soris urTierTobis
magvari, pirobiTad ,,mamaSviluri~. Eesaa ,,vefxistyaosanSi~ asaxuli
patronymuri urTierTobis msgavsi ram; Tu CvenSi iyo sxvagvari forma am
urTierTobisa, es an gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, an kidev axali
drois kuTvnil movlenad. Ggamonaklisebze realisturi tipis nawarmoebi
ar unda Sendebodes. AamasTan, Tu axali cxovrebis gadasxvaferebul
pirobebSi, rusifikatorul xanaSi, qarTvel mebatonesa da ymas Soris
urTierToba fuWdeba, es damoukideblobadakarguli eris naklia da ara
mxolod da mxolod socialuri wyobisa. Mmisi SexedulebiT, batonymoba
ise, rogorc es d. WonqaZem warmoadgina, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda.
Mmagram erTia, rom ar arsebobda da meore, SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes
nawarmoebSi asaxuli urTierTobis magvari wyoba; saqme is ki araa, rogor
eqceodnen qarTveli mebatoneebi glexebs, ramdenad humanurni iyvnen isini
maTTan urTierTobaSi, aramed arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, iuridiulad
hqondaT Tu ara qarTvel mebatoneebs imgvarad moqcevis ufleba, rogorc
durmiSxansa da nodars eqcevian TavianTi mebatoneebi. Aal. orbeliani
gamodis iqidan, rom adamianis bedi calkeul pirTa nebazea damokidebuli
da ara iuridiul uflebaze. Ddaniel WonqaZem, rogorc moazrovnem, imiT
gauswro al. orbelianis Tvalsazriss, rom batonymobis principul nakls _
adamianTa Soris arsebul iuridiul uTanasworobas gausva xazi da amiT
miuTiTa mebatoneTa da ymaTa Soris yovelgvari humanuri damokidebulebis
efemerulobaze. igi maxvilgonivrulad swvda socialuri TvalsazrisiT
erT metad mniSvnelovan moments: yovelgvar sazogadoebaSi adamianTa
Tanasworoba jer iuridiulad unda iqnes mowesrigebuli da Semdeg
SeiZleba laparaki realur Tanasworobaze. Ees ukve idealia da am
zneobrivi idealisTvis gabeduli brZola swored d. WonqaZis damsaxureba
aris. Aamitom erTob mkacrad JRers am mwerlis mimarT gamoTqmuli azri:
,,suramis cixis~ dastambva ar SeiZleba d. WonqaZes samoqalaqo gmirobad
CaeTvalos. Oobieqturni Tu viqnebiT, es ufro imdroindeli koniunqtura
iyo; roca gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos ,,suramis cixisadmi~
damokidebulebas dRevandeli TvaliT vuyurebT, qarTuli sazogadoebis
erTi nawilis usaSvelo CamorCenilobam ufro unda gagvakvirvos, vidre 142
139
d. WonqaZis moqalaqeobrivma simamacem~.1 Aam logikis ZaliT gamodis,
rom ,,koniunqturas~ SeiZleba miekuTvnos aleqsandre II-is mier
nebadarTuli Tavisufali azris Segnebuli amoZraveba ruseTis imperiis
masStabiT, iqneba es aRniSnul periodSi mowinave, qmediTi SinaarsiT savse
publicistikis ganviTareba, Tu mxatvruli sityvis aRmavlobis procesi.
Tuki am poziciaze davdgebiT, maSin sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT,
,,koniunqturuli~ niSnis SeiZleba aRmoCndes TviT ilia WavWavaZis
,,ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~ da ,,glaxis naambobi~,
anda akaki wereTlis ,,muSuri~ da ,,imeruli nanina~... sakvirveli swored
isaa, rom, Cveni fiqriT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi am duxWir sulier garemoSi
Ddaniel WonqaZis saxiT Cndeba kaci, romelsac aRmoaCnda gambedaoba
SesaZleblobis farglebSi eTqva saTqmeli. es iyo sazogadoebisaTvis
miwodebuli naTeli idea; sxva sakiTxia, ranairad moaxerxa man am ideis
mxatvruli realizacia.
saerTod, d. WonqaZe fxizeli sociologiuri ynosvis mweralia. amiT
aris ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom mkiTxvelTa interesi man namdvilad
daipyro. mweralma gviCvena, rom WeSmariti Tavisufleba esaa adamianis
sulieri amaRleba. is brZoliTa da tanjviT SeiZleba iqnas mopovebuli.
Aadamiani, romelic brZolisa da tanjvis gzas adgas, romlis naTel
magaliTs nodari, anu osman – aRa warmoadgens, sikeTisa da saTnoebis
msaxuria. Cadenil codvebs is monaniebis, xorcieli tanjvisa da
msxverplSewirvis gziT isyidis; urTierTobaSic, rogorc qristians
Seefereba, uangaroa da sikeTis mTesveli. albaT, am da kidev sxva momentTa
gamoa, rom Tvlian ,,suramis cixis~ problema codvis problemaao~.2 magram
socialuri uTanasworobis pirobebSi, kerZod, batonymobis dros, roca
adamiani iolad, muqTad iRebs Tavisuflebas, rasac aRwevs, magaliTad,
durmiSxan wamalaZe, es Tavisufleba moCvenebiTia, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi,
adamiani sulierad, fsiqologiurad Seumzadebeli xvdeba am aqts. amitomac,
moCvenebiTi Tavisufleba adamianSi angarebas, sixarbes, daundoblobas
warmoSobs; is klavs da aqrobs iseT naTel grZnobebs, rogoric siyvaruli,
saTnoeba da qvelmoqmedebaa. is aris akvani umadurobisa. batonymobis
pirobebSi muqTad miRweuli keTildReoba meSCanuri keTildReobaa,
sulierisagan daclili. nawarmoebSi am TvisebaTa matarebelia durmiSxan
wamalaZe _ es maradiuli saxe umadurisa. naTqvamis sailustraciod
SeiZleba ,,suramis cixidan~ mravali epizodis gaxseneba: varduas
siyvarulis gadaviwyebidan, dawyebuli misi keTilismyofelis _ osman aRas
(nodaris) sikeTis daviwyebiT damTavrebuli. im dros, roca mahmadianTagan
tanjviT mokluli ,,sawyali osman-aRas gvami egdo ramdenime xani
stambolis quCebSi, sanam SewuxebulTa imis suniTa ar moigones gadagdeba
imisi
1 a. baqraZe, sulis zrda, Tb., 1986, gv. 109-111
2 iqve gv. 124143
140
zRvaSi~, mwerlis sityviT, ,,sad hqonda durmiSxans dro qalaCunasaviT
tirilisa, an rbenisa eklesiebSi osman-aRas sulis gansasveneblad! is im
dros, rodesac osman-aRas agdebdnen zRvaSi, idga bosforis pirze da
eloda gems yirimidan saqude yalmuxis tyavebiT, dakveTils osman-aRadgan
da imisgan gadacemuls durmiSxanze. idga iq da fiqrobda, gayidviT sad
ufro moigebda... rva Tvis Semdeg durmiSxanma mTeli qaravani sxvadsxva
farCebi wamoiRo stamuliTgan da wamovida Sin. Sin colma daaxvedra
mSvenieri vaJi... sawyal qals egona, rom imiTi gaaxarebda durmiSxans. is
moexveoda da akocebda tkbilad vaJis dedas, magram durmiSxanma dahxeda
ymawvils, gaiRima da hkiTxa dedas: jer xo ar moginaTlamT? Aara, magram
CvenianT gogia mTxovs, me movnaTlamo, _ upasuxa colma. Ggogia ki ara, mo-
gia ar ginda! uTxari rom TavadiSvils unda movanaTvlino _ Tqo~... amgvar
socialur niSan_TvisebaTa aRmniSvneli momentebis gamoyofaSi Ddaniel
WonqaZis upiratesoba cxadia. Mmagram ra safuZveli arsebobs imisTvis, rom
aleqsandre orbelians SeniSvnebi gasCenoda am nawarmoebis Sesaxeb da iseT
did moazrovnesa da xelovans, rogoric akaki wereTeli iyo, Tavisi
literaturuli simwifis xanaSi uaryofiTi azri gamoeTqva mis mxatvrul
Rirsebebze? ,,suramis cixis~ popularoba-gavrcelebis miuxedavad, iSviaTad
laparakoben mis mxatvrul Rirsebebze, amitomac sinamdviles ar Seefereba
zogierTi mkvlevaris azri d. WonqaZis ,,mxatvruli stilis~ ,,lakonurobasa~
da ,,sisxarteze~, ,,cocxal dialogebze~.1 Aam SemTxvevaSi sruli safuZveli
gvaqvs vendoT mxatvruli sityvis iseT didostats da eqsperts, rogoric
akaki wereTelia, roca is am Txzulebas mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT
,,bavSvurs~ uwodebs.
rac Seexeba al. orbelianis mier miniSnebul naklovanebebs, isini
gaziarebuli iqna iseTi daxvewili gemovnebis mwerlisa da mkvlevris mier,
rogoric geronti qiqoZe iyo. misi azriT, ,,rogorc mxatvarma, Ddaniel
WonqaZem uwyebuli xarki miuZRvna Tavisi drois gemovnebas da mis
moTxrobaSic uxvad moipoveba romantikuli fantastika, mxolod esaa, rom
es Semzaravi scenebi, es demonuri vnebebi, es jadoqroba da mkiTxaoba, es
cixis kedelSi Cakiruli da erTi-meores gadaxveuli da xanjlebiT
gangmiruli mijnurebi avtors imisTvis dasWirda, rom Sesafer muq CarCoSi
Caesva humanistis kalmiT daxatuli Rrma dramatuli suraTebi, mkacri
memamuleebi, romlebic ymebs uremSi da kevrSi abamen, an TurqeTSi hyidian,
sasowarkveTili glexebi, romelnic mebatoneebs gaurbian da sarwmunoebas
icvlian konspiraciis mosazrebiT, mRvdlebi, romlebic aRsrulebis said-
umloebas amJRavneben da sxv. bolos didad damaxasiaTebelia, rom Ddaniel
WonqaZe erT Tavis glexs aTqmevinebs sityvebs, romelnic ajanyebuli frangi
glexebis erTi cnobili simReris pirdapir Targ
1 d. gamezardaSvili, daniel WonqaZe, wignSi: axali qarTuli
literaturis istoria, I, 1972, gv. 392.144
141
mans warmoadgens: ,,imaT (e.i. mebatoneebs) hgoniaT, rom Cven kacni ar
viyveT; rom ar SegveZlos siyvaruli da siZulvili. imaT hgoniaT, rom Cven
ara gvaqvs guli, ar SegviZlia gansja~.1 xolo, roca akaki wereTeli Tavis
uaryofiT mimarTebas gvimJRavnebs, raki moTxrobas ,,bavSvurs~ uwodebs,
uTuod gulisxmobs Semdegs: mwerlis upirvelesi amocana imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxveli moamzados im cvlilebaTa
gasaTvaliswineblad, romlebsac nawarmoebis personaJebi ganicdian.
,,suramis cixeSi~ amas ver vxvdebiT. NmagaliTad, vardua ise gaavda, rom
udanaSaulo ymawvilis dasja sastiki sikvdiliT gadawyvita, mwerals
mkiTxvelSi niadagi ar aqvs Semzadebuli, Tu rogor iqca es mSvenieri,
saTno gogona daundobel SurismaZieblad. e. i. d. WonqaZes movlenaTa
ganviTarebis procesi, grZnobaTa Camoyalibeba-saxecvlilebis istoria
nawarmoebSi ara aqvs daxatuli, naxtomebia gakeTebuli. es araa erTaderTi
SemTxveva; osman-aRa (nodari) sacoles-natos SeuracxyofisaTvis klavs
batons. sakiTxavia, glexs rom Caedina es danaSauli, Seuracxyofili
nodari mas ar moklavda? Aamitom ara gvaqvs udavo safuZveli, rom nodaris,
anu osman-aRas brZola usaTuod batonymobis winaaRmdeg brZolad
miviCnioT. roca batonma nodaris deda kevrSi mokla, amisTvis mas ar
mouklavs batoni, Semdeg erTgulad emsaxureboda mas karga xans,
daaxlovda masTan; ase rom, Zalauneburad gamodis, d. WonqaZes socialuri
motivis magivrad batonsa da ymas Soris konfliqtis mizezad satrfialo
motivi Semoaqvs. aRniSnaven kidec, rom ,,batonymuri usamarTlobis mxileba,
zneobrivi danaSaulis gamoaSkaraveba... azrobrivi Sinaarsis calkeuli
motivebia~,2 oRondac am motivTa urTierTkavSirebis fsiqologiur
safuZvels aq sicxade da damajerebloba aklia. NnawarmoebSi durmiSxanis
mier arc varduas sabediswero gadaviwyebisa da arc misi gamdidrebis
procesia daxatuli. Aaq mxolod miniSnebani gvaqvs im rTul grZnobaTa
Widilze, romelic WeSmarit mxatvrul qmnilebaSi usaTuod unda yofiliyo
daxatuli. ,,suramis cixeSi~ adamianTa sulier samyaroSi mimdinare
procesebi ki ara, urTierTobis ambad gaformebuli Sedegebia gadmocemuli,
rac, rasakvirvelia, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, mwerlis mxatvruli
gamomsaxvelobis jer kidev kidev moumwifebel unarze migvaniSnebs. albaT,
aRniSnuli xarvezebi hqonda mxedvelobaSi did akakis, roca d. WonqaZis
moqalaqeobriv simamacesTan erTad, misi mxatvruli SesaZleblobebis
SezRudulobaze miuTiTa; Tumca isicaa mxedvelobaSi misaRebi, rom xedvis
sxvadasxva wertilidan vin rogor kiTxulobs nawarmoebs. Aam
TvalsazrisiT, iseT did esTets, rogoric galaktion tabiZea, SeuZlia
mxolod ,,suramis cixesa~ da misi avtoris garegnul xatSi aRmoaCinos
,,demonuri momentebi~, gvagrZnobinos xibli moTxrobis iseTi detalisa,
roca ,,icinis ara
1 g. qiqoZe, Txzulebani, t.I, gv. 77
2 a. baqraZe, sulis zrda, Tb., 1896, gv. 127145
142
kaci, aramed kacSi eSmaki~ da amiT daanaxos sazogadoebas, rom
adamianis konkretuli mdgomareobis daxatvis es unari namdvili mwerluri
SesaZleblobebis pirovnebas SeiZleba hqonoda (ix. Ggalaktion tabiZe,
,,demonuri momentebi ,,suramis cixeSi~). Aarada, rogorc al. orbeliani
miuTiTebs, es SesaZleblobebi Ddaniel WonqaZeSi, udavod arsebobda,
naadrev sikvdils rom ar CaexSo misi gamovlena. Ees garemoeba aqvs
mxedvelobaSi valerian gafrindaSvils, roca mwerals mimarTavs: ,,adre
daiwvi, ar iyavi Sen iRblianio~.
zogjer ama Tu im nawarmoebis mniSvneloba imiT ki araa gansaz-
Rvruli, rogoria is mxatvruli donis TvalsazrisiT, aramed
sazogadoebaze misi socialuri zemoqmedebis Zalis gavleniT. ,,suramis
cixis~ SemTxvevaSi am ukanaskneli faqtoris mniSvneloba gacilebiT didia,
vidre pirvelisa. ramdenadac qarTul samyaroSi socialuri urTierTobebis
amsaxveli nawarmoebebisadmi interesi, Cveni avbediTi cxovrebis gamo,
Seunelebeli iyo, Ddaniel WonqaZe, misi ,,suramis cixiT~ yovelTvis darCeba
usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg SemarTuli keTilSobili mwerlisa da moRvawis
erT-erT zneobriv magaliTad.146
143
lavrenti ardaziani
(1815-1870)
lavrenti ardaziani daibada 1815 wels, TbilisSi, anCisxatis ubanSi.
Aardazianebi sasuliero fenas ekuTvnodnen. warmoSobiT mesxebi, JamTa
siavis gamo samxreT saqarTvelodan gadmosaxlebulan, mahmadianebs
gamoqcevian, arc rwmena da arc cxovrebis wesi daukargavT.Mmwerlis
mama_petre, dekanozi yofila, deda_sofio ganaTlebuli qali.
SvilebisTvis, qristianobisa da saqarTvelos am mxurvale patriotebs,
codnisa da samSoblos siyvaruli CaunergavT. Llavrenti ardazians
sasuliero ganaTleba miuRia, Tumca seminariis damTavrebis atestati
misTvis ar miuciaT, radgan avadmyofobis mizeziT is gamosaSveb gamocdaze
Tavis droze ver misula. XIX saukunis mravali qarTveli mweral-moRvawis
msgavsad, lavrenti ardazianic arsebobis SesanarCuneblad, ojaxis
Sesanaxad, iZulebuli gamxdara sxvadasxva dros Cinovnikad emuSava,
imereTis guberniis sammarTveloSi, amierkavkasiis `prikazSi~, general-
gubernatoris kancelariasa Tu Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloSi.
Bbiurikratiul aparatSi yoveldRiuri wvrilmani prozaulobiT
datvirTul saqmianobas ar Cauklavs masSi fxizeli xedvis literatorisa
da mgznebare mamuliSvilis suli. Llavrenti ardaziani filtvebis anTebiT
daavadda da gardaicvala 1870 wlis 1 ianvars. DdakrZalulia veris
sasaflaoze.
TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, lavrenti ardaziani metad mokrZalebuli,
magram amave dros sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobiT aRsavse pirovneba yofila.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli mgosnis akakis maxvilma
Tvalma pirvelma SeamCnia es erTi SexedviT sxvaTagan dafaruli Rirseba da
ers gaucnobiera, rom ,,SesaniSnavi niWis patroni iyo lavrenti ardaziani.
is iyo sadRac Cinovnikad. Cumi kaci iyo da saTno. Mmis qarTvelobas
sazRvari ar hqonda, erTi SexedviT arafrad mogewoneboda, magram
SesaniSnavi mwerali iyo... sakvirvelia, rom am niWis kacs, ,,solomon isakiC
mejRanuaSvilis~ damwers, arc sicocxleSi hqonda didi pativi da arc
axla ixseniebs vinme!~. (,,Cemi Tavgadasavali~). Aam ,,Cumi~ da ,,saTno~ ,mwerlis
literaturuli da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi SesaniSnavadaa gamJRavnebuli
axalgazrda akaki wereTelTan saubarSi: ,,poets Tu rwmuneba arafrisa aqvs,
ra Svili iqneba? Senc ori ram unda gaxsovdes: RmerTi da saqarTvelo!~
,,RmerTi da saqarTvelo!~ _ es is sasicocxlo cnebebia, romelsac
SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT eyrdoboda da eyrdnoba yoveli drois
WeSmariti qarTveli xelovani... rogorc Cans, lavrenti ardaziani_mwerali
da mamuliSvili bevrs fiqrobda eris sulier momavalze da ufro naklebs
werda; werda maSin, roca saTqmeli namdvilad hqonda. saerTod, lavrenti
ardaziani Teoriulad ganswavlili pirovnebaa. Aamis utyuar sabuTs
warmoadgens ara mxolod misi literaturadmcodneobiTi xasiaTis naSromi
,,prosodia~, aramed kriti147
144
kul – literaturuli werilebi: ,,Беглыйобзор 12 книжек «Заря».
Сянваряподекабрь 1858 г; n. berZenovisa (1859), ,,pasuxi u. berZenovis
pasuxisgebaze~ (1859), ,,oriode sityva Tergdaleulis statiisa~ (1863), Tu
mxatvruli narkvevi ,,mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarzed~ (1862). Aam
werilebSi kargad Cans l. ardazianis erudicia, maxvilgoniereba,
polemikuri ostatoba da erovnuli pozicia; is ibrZvis qarTul enaze
weris aucileblobis Sesaxeb, ,,principulad ayenebs erTiani saliteraturo
enis problemas~.1 Ddamajereblad msjelobs winaqristianuli literaturis
arsebobis Sesaxeb CvenSi.2 Eexeba ra poeziisa da prozis ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebs saqarTveloSi, gamodis WeSmariti prozis Seqmnis
moTxovniT. Ll. ardazians, romelic Tavisi mrwamsiT progresis mxarezea,
ar miaCnia marTebulad CaxruxaZis iliaseuli kritika (Tumca avtori ilias
arsad ar asaxelebs). is Tvlis, rom Seqmnil literaturul atmosferoSi am
Temaze yuradRebis SeCereba aqtualobas moklebulia. rogorc sadReisod
irkveva, CaxruxaZis imJamindeli Sefaseba momdinareobs evg. Bbolxo-
vitinovisa da ilias maswavleblis d. CubinaSvilis moZvelebuli
Sexedulebebidan.3 saerTod, l. ardaziani yvelgan ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis pozicias icavs da ukvirs, roca axali Taobis zogierTi
warmomadgeneli (mag. k. lorTqifaniZe), ver ugebs mas. Mmxatvrul narkvevSi
,,mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarzed~, romlis SeqmnisTvis biZgs SeiZleba n.
gogolis ,,nevis prospeqtic~ aZlevda, igi akritikebs ,,cruganaTlebas~,
qvazipatriotizms da fuye inteligenturobas..
l. ardazianis literaturul interesTa sifarToveze migvaniSnebs
misi Targmanebi: Seqspiris ,,hamleti~ (prozauli Targmani ,,ciskari~, 1858),
polemaris politikuri ekonomiis erTi nakveTi, ,,yovelive moipoveba
SromiT~ (,,ciskari~, 1863,#6, 7, 8), a. diumas ,,grafi monte-kristo~ da abat
goties wigni, romelic miznad isaxavs ernest renanis gaxmaurebuli
Txzulebis ,,ieso qristes cxovrebis~ kritikas.
44 wlis iyo lavrenti ardaziani, roca man Tavisi originaluri
mxatvruli qmnileba _ leqsi ,,fulebi~ gamoaqveyna (`ciskari~, 1859, #9).
specialistTa dakvirvebiT, aq ukve gamoCnda misi SemoqmedebiTi
mizanswrafvis ZiriTadi niSnebi, axali cxovrebis gadasxvaferebul
pirobebSi aCvenos fulis, kapitalis zneobrivi simdablis Tvisebebi... Suris
Tesva, saTnoebis grZnobebis qrobis procesi _ ai, ra SeiZleba iyos
dakavSirebuli fulTan. Mmisi TqmiT, ,,saaqaos cxovreba ars kacT fulis
moneba~... magram adamianma xom unda ifiqros maradiulsa da diadze, rac
waruvalia masSi da adamianobis specifikuri niSania... am mimarTulebiT
aRZruli interesi gaRrmavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili ukve mis
nawarmoebSi ,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~, romelic 1861 wels daibeWda
(,,ciskari~, #1,2) da romelmac
1 j. WumburiZe, qarTuli kritikis istoria, Tb., 1974, gv. 121.
2 iqve, gv. 123
3 ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, II, 1981, gv.
232148
145
samudamod ukvdavyo misi avtoris saxeli Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi.
Aamis Semdeg l. ardazianma kidev erTi nawarmoebi gamoaqveyna _ ,,morCili~
(,,ciskari~, 1863), magram ,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ badali qmnileba
mas aRar Seuqmnia.
B* * *
kargadaa cnobili akaki wereTlis maRali azri lavrenti ardazianis
niWis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, qarTvel mweralTa gamoCenili biografis iona
meunargias SekiTxvaze _ ,,romeli mwerlis proza ufro mogwons?~ - did
poets upasuxia: - ,,ardazianis~. Dda esE maSin, roca sxvas rom Tavi
davaneboT, CvenSi ukve arsebobda ilia WavWavaZis proza, romelsac akaki
wereTeli jer kidev 1865 wels aZlevda maRal Sefasebas. riT SeiZleba
aixsnas es faqti?
aRiarebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, ,,l. ardazianma SeZlo daxatva
burJuaziis Camoyalibebis procesisa~ (gr. kiknaZe). burJuaziis samoqmedo
asparezi ki qalaqia. Ll. ardazianis dasaxasiaTeblad imasac aRniSnaven,
rom is iyo pirveli mwerali, romelmac Cvens sinamdvileSi qalaqis
cxovreba Semoitana. Mmanamde da mis Semdgomac qarTvel mweralTa
dakvirvebis obieqti sofeli da mis wiaRSi gaSlili cxovreba iyo, radgan
saqarTveloSi qalaqi, evropuli gagebiT, garda Tbilisisa, arc arsebobda.
Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Cvens prozaikosTa mizandasaxulebiT
Canafiqrs Seadgenda qarTveli adamianis Tvisebisa da xasiaTis Cveneba,
aRmoCndeba, rom qarTuli suli soflis wiaRs iyo Sefarebuli, upiratesad
patriarqaluri da rainduli idealebiT cxovrobda, gasagebi aRmoCndeba
ilias, akakis da sxva did xelovanTa swrafvac _ Seunelebeli interesis
sferoSi moeqciaT saqarTvelos mkvidri adamiani-Tavadi da glexi; is mesame
fena ki, romelsac burJuazias uwodeben, am droisaTvis ar warmoadgens
qarTul elements, igi erovnul organizms Semotmasnili Zalaa. Aamitomac
TviT didi ilias xedvis miRma darCa mesame Zala – burJuazia, axal droSi
mis sacxovreblad miTvlil Tbilis-qalaqiT. cnobilia, rom didi prozis
masala did qalaqTa rTuli cxovrebis wiaRSi gaSlili vnebaTa Relvaa.
tradiciuli qarTuli prozis Tematika ki martivi iyo da grZnobaTa
Sinaarsic ramdenadme Semofargluli, radgan soflis yofa ar qmnida did
koliziaTa, adamianis xasiaTis garTulebul peripetiaTa gadmocemis
aucileblobas. Aam mxriv erTi metyveli faqti lavrenti ardazianis sa-
sargeblod, misi mwerluri xedvis sifarTovis saCveneblad imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom man Tbilisis yofis magaliTze qarTul sinamdvileSi
Tvali gaadevna axali adamianis, burJuaziis Camoyalibebis process yvela
aspeqtSi (ekonomikurSi, socialursa da sulierSi) da gviCvena, rom am
aspeqtTa Soris Tanabari ganviTarebis procesi ar mimdinareobs. Tu
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis procesi erTimeores eweva,
inteleqtualur sferoSi aseTi ram ar xdeba. Aamis TvalnTlivi suraTia
solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis cxovrebis istoria. Cveni mwerlobis
istoriis TvalsazrisiT, es 149
146
faqti Zalze mniSvnelovania. Ll. ardazianma TvalsaCinod dagvanaxa,
rogor miiswrafvis burJuazia daemsgavsos aristokratias. Ees lit-
eraturaSi balzakis Temaa _ am didi mwerlis mier SemCneuli da
samaradJamod ukvdavyofili kulturuli kacobriobis cnobierebaSi
(gavixsenoT, magaliTad, balzakis rastiniaki).
lavrenti ardaziani mravalmxriv saintereso mweralia. BburJuaziis
Camoyalibebis procesi mis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi warmosaxulia uaRresad
rTul procesad: esaa Widili adamianTa cnobierebaSi manamade
damkvidrebul raindul Rirebulebebsa da axal droSi, burJuaziis wiaRSi
gaCenil meSCanur warmodgenebs Soris. NnawarmoebSi es ori sawyisi _
rainduli da meSCanur –burJuaziuli _ personificirebulia aleqsandre
raindiZisa da solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis saxeebSi. SemTxveviTi ar
aris mwerlis mier am personaJTa gvarebis SerCevac: raindiZe-ganasaxierebs
suls, maRal, faqiz RirebulebaTa cnobierebas amkvidrebs is mkiTxvelis
gonebaSi, xolo solomon isakiCi, rogorc mona yovelgvari nivTieris,
materialurisa da wvrilmanisa –jRans.
Cveulebriv adamianTa gulebs pirvelni ipyroben ,,didkacuri
SesaxedaobiT~, ,,gulwrfeli da tkbili laparakiT, ,,zrdilobiT~,
sulgrZelobiT, TviTmdgomare xasiaTiT, vinc scnobs Tavis Rirsebasa da
daicavs patiosnebas~, mimteveblobiT, qvelmoqmedebiT, monaniebis unariT,
kacis Rirsebis dafasebis grZnobiT, ra erovnebasac ar unda ekuTvnodes is.
Aam rainduli TvisebaTa matarebelia luarsab da aleqsandre raindiZeebi
TavinTi ojaxiT. MmaT warmodgenaSi yvela danarCeni, risTvisac iRvwis
burJuazia: ,,simdidre, ,,sididkace~, ,,sruliadac ara aris-ra~, radgan ,,eseni
eZlevian gangebisagan kacsa~. raindiZeebs SeswevT unari upovars upatronon,
bnelSi myofni sinaTles aziaron, ,,daviTni~, ,,vefxistyaosani~, zrdiloba
da adamianuri eTika Caunergon...
am maRalzneobrivi cxovrebis wess moklebulia burJuazia.
Ggangebisagan kvlav bedisamara darCenil solomon isakiCs rTul
cxovrebaSi aZlebinebs mxolod raindiZeTa ojaxidan sulier sagzlad
SerCenili Zala sinaTlisa da nebisa. ,,daviRupebodi suliT da xorciT Tu
ar Semwevnoda Cemi mtkice xasiaTi da nametnavad is mciredi swavla,
romelic miviRe T. luarsab raindiZis ojxSi~, _ gvimxels es personaJi da
mkiTxvelic rwmundeba, rom mTeli misi cxovrebis tragedia aris
gausrulebeli swavliT miRebuli arasrulfasovneba. mware sinamdvilem,
cxovrebis pirispir yofnam Camoayaliba mejRanuaSvilSi mizanswrafuloba,
utifroba da gamZleoba. Ees, rasakvirvelia, cxoveluri Tvisebebia da
araferi aqvT saerTo naTel adamianur idealebTan. burJuis arsebobis
forma tyuilia. sakmarisia erTxel icruos adamianma, Semdeg ukve gza
ixsneba TaRliTuri, magram ioli cxovrebisaken. ,,erTma tyuilma, oh,
RmerTo, SemdgomSi ramdeni tyuili maTqmevina, ra gavagrZelo, mTeli Cemi
moqmedeba tyuilzed iyo dafuZnebuli~. TviT am personaJsac uWirs tyuilis
Tqma, magram, Tuki is aiolebs cxovrebas, zneobrivad da 150
147
inteleqtualurad moumwifebels gonebas gancxromisaken ubiZgebs,
maSin araferi eRobeba imas, rom nivTis monad iqces adamiani, Seiyvaros
oqro, ,,sulis RviZl~ nawilad aqcios is, ,,gauRos gulis karebi~, ,,Zili da
mosveneba~ dakargos misTvis ise, rom `guli grZnobdes mxolod fulebis
siyvarulsa~. meSCanuri morCileba materialuri, nivTieri faseulobisadmi
aqrobs adamianSi naTel grZnobebs, warmoSobs wvrilman Surs, umadurobas,
sixarbes, viwro pirovnulsa da TviT nacionalur egoizmis grZnobasac. erT
dros sicocxlis gadamrCenels, aRmzrdel ojaxs, burJua mejRanuaSvili
aTmagad valsac arTmevs da ayvedris kidec; ,,qarTvelebi daudevnelebi
xarT da ara fiqrobT xvalisaTvis. Aai, magaliTebi: kurTxeul mamaTqvens
ocdaaTi Tumani maSinve rom gadaewyvita, axla misi Svili oTxas samocda-
camet Tumansa, cxra maneTsa da xuTSaurnaxevarsa ar gadaswyvetda~. Eesaa
Camoyalibebuli burJuis, meSCanuri fsiqikis mqone adamianis msjeloba. Mmis
fonze aSkarad rainduli idealebis qomagad moCans raindiZis pasuxi: ,,nu
gavkicxavT Cven mamebsa, romelTac mciredi vali erTi asad garduqceviaT,
imaT hqondaT aTasi Sesawynarebeli mizezebi. Mmagram me gkiTxav Tqven:
qarTvels somexisagan raT ganarCevT! Ggana ar arian qarTvelebi
xelmoWirebulni da xvalisaTvis mzrunvelni da somexni gambnevni?!~
esaa urTierTisagan diametralurad gansxvavebuli fsiqikis mqone
adamianTa Widili. da roca meSCanuri sulis mejRanuaSvili cdilobs
daemsgavsos rainduli sulis aristokratias, bunebrivia, is araerTgzis
komikur mdgomareobaSi vardeba. Ffulis mxveWveli arsebisaTvis SeiZleba
yvelaferi misawvdomi iyos amqveynad, garda sulieri Rirebulebebisa. man,
rasakvirvelia, rogorc burJuam da meSCanma ar icis, rom sulier
aristokratizms, masTan ziarebas tradicia da istoria sWirdeba. nivTieri
Rirebulebebi Cndeba da qreba, sulieri maradiulad anaTebs da rCeba.
aseTia am Txzulebis laitmotivi. Ffiqroben, rom l. ardazianis
amdagvari midgoma sakiTxisadmi romantikuli ganwyobilebis anarekls
Seicavs, radgan aristokratiis ramdenadme romantikul daxasiaTebasTan
gvaqvs saqmeo. magram unda iTqvas, rom mwerals arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar
Ralatobs realizmis grZnoba. Mmis mier qarTuli sinamdvile, kerZod,
Tbilisis cxovreba danaxulia da gaazrebuli erTsa da imave dros
lokaluri da globaluri maStabiT: qarTul garemoSi,romelic
tradiciuli rainduli cxovrebis wesiT arsebobda, iWreba ucxo,
araqarTuli elementi _ burJuaziis saxiT, romelic ara mxolod sulierad,
aramed, perspeqtivaSi, fizikuri gadagvarebis safrTxiT emuqreba ers.
zogadi TvalsazrisiT, is rac axasiaTebs raindiZeebs, es raindobis
idealuri Tvisebaa da rogorc amboben, ,,maradiulia Tavisi
mizandasaxulebiT~, radgan maRal sulier RirebulebaTa Senaxva-gadarCenis
wyurvils Seicavs. ,,axali drois burJuaziul samyaros undoda raindobis
Secvla meSCanobiT, rainduli qvelmoqmedebisa _ meSCanuri qvelmoqmedebiT
da burJuaziuli samyaro fiqrobda kidec, rom raindoba sauku151
148
nod daimarxa... rom misi aRorZineba ar SeiZleba... magram rainduli
suli ganagrZobs sicocxles rogorc dapirispireba burJuaziuli sulisa~
(n. berdiaevi). Ddidi moazrovnis es sityvebi garkveulwilad esadageba l.
ardazianis mxatvrul mizanswrafvas, aCvenos materialuris mxveWeli
meSCanuri sulis efemeruloba: sulis xsna aseT adamianebs dautovos
,,svindisis mxilebaSi~, xolo monanieba im gzad dausaxos, riTac
,,ganeRviZeba~ ,,kacobrivi grZnobani~, ,,gaurbildeba guli~, ,,goneba
gaunaTdeba~, ,,sasoeba da imedi daebadeba~. Ees ki mosaxerxebelia mxolod
maSin, Tu adamiani ar dakargavs pirovnuls, tradiciuls; erovnuls, im
sulismiers, risTvisac Rirs cxovreba amqveynad.
lavrenti ardazians aqvs qarTuli literaturisaTvis manamde uCveuli
grZnoba _ grZnoba iumorisa, im azriT, rom am planSia dawerili mTeli
nawarmoebi. Eesaa dinjad mimdinare gauborotebeli, mimtevebeli,
Zaldautanebeli iumori. sinamdvilisadmi gogoliseuli midgomis
gamoxatulebad, zogierT qarTvel mweralTan erTad, ,,solomon isakiC
mejRanuaSvilSi~ gamovlenil am tendenciebsac Tvlian da fiqroben, rom
gogolis ,,Sinelis~ ,,erTgvari STagonebiTac SeiZleba iyos dawerili~ misi
dasawyisi.1 Eenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, es Txzuleba dauZabavad da
Tavisuflad ikiTxeba. Yyovelive zemoTqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
savsebiT gasagebi iqneba akaki wereTlis maRali azri lavrenti ardazianze.
1 gr. kiknaZe, metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tb.1957. gv. 188152
149
XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi da TaobaTa
urTierTobis sakiTxi qarTul mwerlobaSi
qarTuli literaturis da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istorikosTa
Sromebis umetes nawilSi dRemde sicocxlisunariania jer kidev ilia
WavWvavaZisa da akaki wereTlis droSive fexmokidebuli azri, romelsac
SemdgomSi konceptualuri saxe cnobilma moazrovnem arCil jorjaZem
misca.1 Aam Tvalsazrisis amosavali debuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cvens
sinamdvileSi XIX saukunis mesamoce wlebSi daiwyo brZola ,,Zvelsa~ da
,,axal~ Taobas Soris, TaobaTa amgvar damokidebulebas, romelic
ZiriTadad d. ovsianiko-kulikovskis mier2 rusuli inteligenciis mimarT
SemuSavebul models emyareba, arCil jorjaZis argumentaciis kvalobaze,
mkvlevarTa didi nawili, Cveulebriv, usadagebs ra qarTul garemos, mas
,,mamaTa~ da ,,SvilTa~ brZoladac saxavs da Cvens moRvaweebs, amis mixedviT,
yofs ,,konservatorebad~, ,,reaqcionerebad~ anu ,,Zvel Taobad~ da
,,progresistebad~, ,,liberal-demokratebad~, anu ,,axal Taobad~3
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, am cnebaTa momarjvebas is
daniSnuleba aqvs, rom erTi meorisaTvis ucxod CaiTvalos ori xana:
samocian wlebamde da samociani wlebis Semdeg. maTSi nagulisxmevi
Sinaarsis miReba-gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi unda vaRiaroT, rom ,,Svilebma~
uari ganacxades ,,mamaTagan~ literturul-kulturuli Rirebulebebis
miRebaze, rom ,,Svilebi~ da ,,mamebi~, anu ,,Zveli~ da ,,axali~ Taoba
erTimeoris uarmyofelni arian.
ramdenad marTebulia XIX saukunis samociani wlebis literatorTa
da sazogado moRvaweTa amgvari dayofa, gamoxatavs Tu ara is qarTuli
sulis ganviTarebis specifikas, Tu amgvar sqemaSi eqceva mxolod rusuli
,,eTno-fsiqologosi~, ramdenad miuRebelia rusuli samyaros analogiebiT,
misi sqemebiT Cveni sazogadoebriv-literaturuli azrovnebis obieqturi
analizi _ ai, swored am winamZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda iyos
naTelyofili im azris WeSmariteba, rom SeuZlebelia da saxifaToc erTi
eris eTnofsiqologiuri, kulturul-literaturuli modelis mixedviT,
meore eris kulturuli iersaxis kvleva. Cveni sinamdvilis sulier-
genetikuri realoba ki cxadyofs, rom qarTuli kulturul-sazogadoebrivi
da literaturuli cxovreba iseTi bunebrivi mTlianobaa, romlis wina
safexuri amdidrebs da anayofierebs momdevno xanis erovnul kulturas.
1 arCil jorjaZe, masalebi qarTveli inteligenciis istoriisaTvis,
werilebi, Semdgeneli akaki baqraZe, Tb; 1989, gv. 200-314
2 Д. Н. Овсянико-Куликовский, Историярусскойинтелигенции, от 50-хдо 80 –
хгодов. Собр. Соч. т. 8, ч.II, С-Пб1909. gv. III, 34-94
3
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iisaTvis��saqarTveloSi��
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��I��,
��Tb��; 1927. ��v��.
150
��kotetiSvili, qarTuliliteraturisistoria, (XIXs.), Tb., 1959; mix.
zandukeli,
axaliqarTuli��
��literatura��
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II��,
��Tb��
��; 1953,
gv��. 191-215;
S��. radiani��,
axali��qarTuli��literatura, Tb., j. WumburiZe,
qarTulikritikisistoria, I, Tb., 1974 dasxv.153
151
aRsaniSnavia, romamTvalsazrisiTjerkidev 1881 wels,
,,SinaurmimoxilvaSi~, iliaWavWvavaZeiZlevarusuldaqarTulsinamdvile-
Sisamocianiwlebisspecifikisimgvaranalizs, romlisbadals,
qarTuliliteraturulicxovrebisTvalsazrisiT, CvenSemdegvervxvdebiT.
sagulisxmoa TviT socialur-politikuri atmosferos iliaseuli
daxasiaTebac. Kkarga xnis Semdeg, roca rusuli sazogadoebriv-
literaturuli azris da inteligenciis istoriis damajerebel mecnierul
suraTs Seqmnian, mag. dimitri ovsianiko-kulikovski imave maneriT
(rasakvirvelia, sruliad damoukideblad) moaxdens faqtTa analizs,
rogorc es adre mocemuli aqvs ilia WavWavaZes.1
ilia WavWvavaZe WeSmariti istorikosis midgomas avlens movle-
nebisadmi. mas ar eTakileba, aRiaros TviT imperator aleqsandre meoris
damsaxurebac, roca man Tavisi progresuli nabijiT xeli Seuwyo rusul
sinamdvileSi 60-iani wlebis sulieri atmosferos Seqmnas. amaze metyvelebs
misi jer kidev 1881 wels dawerili sityvebi: ,,netarxsenebuli imperatori
aleqsandre II avida taxtzed Tu ara, sul sxva, axalma siom daubera
ruseTs, im dromde TvaldaxuWulma da enadabmulma ruseTma Tvali aaxila,
ena amoidga. rasakvirvelia, es uceb ar moxda da arc erTis kacis nebiTa. eg
moitana cxovrebam~.2 rogorc WeSmarit istorikoss, ilia WavWvavaZes kargad
esmis, rom aleqsandre meoris pirovnebam, marTalia, didi roli Seasrula
ruseTisaTvis metad saWiro reformebis SemuSavebasa da gatarebaSi, rasac
kanonzomierad sulieri moRvaweobis sferoSi mohyva 60-iani wlebis,
rogorc rusuli viTarebis specifikurad gamomxatveli movlenis
warmoSobac, magram yvelaferi es mainc mxolod erTi pirovnebis
Zalisxmevas ki ar emyareba, aramed sinamdvilis ganviTarebis obieqturi
kanonzomierebidan momdinare logikuri Sedegia. ilia Rrmad erkveva am
procesebis Sinagan raobaSi, am mxriv misi analizi Zalze sayuradReboa.
Kkarga xnis Semdeg brwyinvale moazrovne d. ovsianiko-kulikovski TiTqmis
analogiurad afasebs aRniSnul periods: imperator nikoloz pirvelis
sikvdilisa da yirimis kampaniis dasrulebis Semdeg bolos da bolos
daiwyo Semobruneba ruseTis saSinao politikaSi. Sewyda rusuli cxovrebis
SemboWavi mZime reaqcia. aleqsandre II-is gamefebis pirvelive wlebSi, TviT
axali imperatoris miTiTebiT, daiwyo batonymobis gasauqmeblad mimarTuli
Tavisufali azris qrolva. cxadia, cenzura ar gauqmebula, magram igi
Seudareblad ufro Semwynarebeli da lmobieri gaxda.
literaturuli cxovreba gamococxlda. Tu adre n. gogolisa da iv.
turgenevis nawerebSi vxedavT ruseTis erovnuli ubedurebis-gonebrivi
sibnelis, CamorCenilobis da a. S. warmomSob naklovanebaTa mxilebas da
glexisadmi sibralulis grZnobis gamoxatvas,
1 ix. d. ovsianiko-kulikovskis dasax. wigni, t. VIII, gv. 34, 47 da sxv.
2 i. WavWvavaZe, ,,Sinauri mimoxilva~ (1881 weli, maisi), Txz., t. V, Tb.,
1955, gv. 87.154
152
mas Semdeg, rac imperatorma aleqsandre II-m Tvali gauswora mkacr
realobas, darwmunda, rom batonymoba saxelmwifoebrivi ubedurebaa, rom
evropis masStabiT mxolod ruseTia am TvalsazrisiT am ubedurebis bude,
rom gamosavali ar arsebobs, garda am wyobis gauqmebisa da daiwyo,
faqtobrivad, xalxis zneobriv-fsiqologiuri da sulier-kulturuli
donis amaRlebaze zrunva, glexisadmi sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis
grZnoba Seicvala glexisadmi, rogorc adamianisadmi, pativiscemis
grZnobiT (d. ovsianiko-kulikovski). turgenevis, aqsakovis da sxva rus
mweralTa Txzulebebi mWevrmetyvelurad mowmobs am gamococxlebis faqts.
Lliteraturuli cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli es siTamame gadaedo
esTetikasa da publicistikas, yofas... dobrolubovis, pisarevis, zaicevis
da Semdeg CerniSevskis naazrevSi mkafiod dadga cxovrebis saxecvlilebis
aucileblobis moTxovna. amieridan rusul garemoSi literaturis sferos,
saerTod, sazogadoebis gardamqmneli, xalxis wylulTa damaamebeli
erTaderTi funqcia daekisra. rusi xalxis yoveldRiur varamze fiqrma
Seisruta lamazi poeturi idealebi da mSvenierebiT tkbobis
SesaZleblobebi erTob SeizRuda.
60-iani wlebis rusuli sinamdvilis specifikuri niSani isic
gaxldaT, rom cnobilma moazrovneebma gamohyves rusuli cxovrebisaTvis am
periodSi damaxasiaTebeli erTi mniSvnelovani movlena: gansxvaveba da
manZili interesTa donis Tu gagebis mixedviT ara mxolod fenaTa Soris,
aramed TaobaTa Sorisac. Aam drois rusuli inteligenciis tragediad isaa
CaTvlili, rom, warsulis Znelad aRmosafxvreli sibnelisa da sulieri
siduxWiris arsebobis pirobebSi, evropidan Zalumad miRebuli umaRlesi
kulturis demokratizacia dauZlevel dabrkolebas xvdeboda. 60-ian
wlebSi yvela progresulad moazrovne grZnobs, rom mis garSemo axali
ruseTi iwyebs cxovrebas, iRviZebs eris SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi da manamde
arnaxuli istoria iqmneba, bevri ram keTdeba imisaTvis, rom gadailaxos is
socialur-fsiqologiuri barieri, rac rusi xalxis, am axali eris fenebs
da Taobebs erTmaneTisagan TiSavda. Aamitomac cnobil 60-ianelTa
(CerniSevski, pisarevi, zaicevi da sxv.) naazrevSi bevria iseTi punqti,
romlebSic aRiniSneba nihilizmisa da utilitarizmis niSnebi. Eesaa
ukiduresobaTa epoqa da, akaki wereTlis Tqmisamebr, bevr marTebul azrTan
erTad, mravali ,,SesaniSnavi sisulelis~ akvanic. Ees moRvaweni Tavs
iyridnen J. ,,Современик,, - is garSemo da es gagrZelda garkveul dromde;
1866 wlis Semdeg, roca Tavdasxma ganxorcielda aleqsandre meoreze,
ruseTSi daiwyo reaqcia. Eesaa 60-iani wlebis, rogorc garkveuli
sazogadoebriv-literaturuli movlenis warmmarTveli Sinaarsi ruseTSi
da mis kvalobaze xdeba garkveuli masalis operireba qarTul
sinamdvileSi ise, rom mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli qarTveli xalxis
eTnofsiqologiuri Taviseburebani da kulturuli tradiciebi.
ai, aseTia tradiciul daxasiaTebaTa mixedviT, 60-iani wlebis gageba
rusul sinamdvileSi. Aaleqsandre II_is droidan monaber 155
153
sios ilia WavWvavaZec miiCnevs rogorc siClungisagan ,,enadabmuli
ruseTis~ ,,Tvalis axelvisa~ da ,,enis amodgmis~ xanad da Tvlis: ,,axlad
Tvalxilulma ruseTma, raRa Tqma unda, jer Tavis Tavzed daixeda,
gaiCxrika Tavisis yofa-cxovrebis Tirkmelebi... naxa, rom zogierTi
macxovrebeli ZarRvi Casawydomia, Cirqi Casdgomia da Sehguebia. Seudga
mizezTa gamoZiebas~.1
ukve ,,Tvalxiluli~, ,,ena amodgmuli~ kritikuli gonebis Tviseba
Ziebaa. am Ziebis Sedegi ki isaa, rom Tavisuflad moazrovne rusma
inteligenciam xelmwifisagan dauxmareblad, ilias TqmiT, ,,naxa... misis
sneulebis saTave _ TiTon wyobaa da agebuleba erTxel da erTxel
SemoRebuli da gauaxleblad damkvidrebuli~. Mmagram es mowinave
adamianebi faqtis migneba –aRmoCeniT ki ar dakmayofildnen, aramed am
progresulma Zalam ,,uarhyo igi wyoba~ (iqve). ilia WavWvavaZe gansakuTrebiT
gamohyofs da gaxazavs am did gonebriv moZraobaSi sazogadoebis yvelaze
faqizi da moazre nawilis _ inteligenciis rols, roca wers: ,,am
arsebulis uaryofam wamoiwia im wridam, romelsac gonebiT mcxovreb
sazogadoebas eZaxian, romelic yovelgan da yovelTvis nugeSia da imedi
yovelis erisa. is sazogadoeba mTelis Tavis Zal-RoniT miawyda am
uSvelebel saqmes uaryofisas, da yovels mis moqmedebaSi an wuni da
kicxvaa drogadasulis Zvelisa, an moZRvreba da natvra nelad akviatebulis
axlisa, ukeTesni warmomadgenelni am sazogadoebisa – poeziaSi, mecniere-
baSi Tu publicistikaSi, _ sul am didi saqmis mimdevarni iyvnen
dauRalavado... am axali mimarTulebis mesveuri iyo saxelovani
«,Современик»-i (iqve). CvenTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba ,,axali~ da
,,Zveli~ Taobis, ,,konservatorobisa~ da ,,liberalobis~, anu ,,mamebis~ da
,,Svilebis~ cnebaTa metad originalur, swored ilia WavWvavaZis Rrma
inteleqtisaTvis specifikur da Zalze STambeWdav definiciebs, romlis
badals Semdgom xanaSic ki ver vpoulobT Cvens sinamdvileSi. Aacocxlebs
ra samociani wlebis rusuli saazrovno- literaturuli samyaros Sinagan
dinamikas, mis filosofiur xasiaTs, ilia WavWvavaZe aRniSnavs: ,,azrTa
moZraobaSi, rogorc yvelaferSi qveyanazed, erTi meores adgils ar uTmobs
uomrad, ubrZolvelad. Aaqac ase moxda. cxadic aris ratom. Aarsebuli,
Zveli, ise ar gacuddeba, rom visime gamosayeni ar iyos. Ees erTi. Mmeore
isaa, rom bevri imisTana modunebuli da Selaxuli kacia qveyanazed,
romelic ise SeeCveva xolme Wirsa, rom SeCveuli Wiri SeuCvevel lxins
urCevnia. Mmesame da yvelazed ufro fesvmagari kideva is aris, rom yovels
arsebuls, yovels Zvels Tavisi adgili ukve daupyria adamianis
cxovrebaSi, umravlesobisagan aRiarebulia, nebiT Tu uneblieT gul-
Sejerebuli da JamTa xnierobiT beWeddakruli da damtkicebuli. Aam samTa
mizezTa gamo Zvels, arsebuls, momxre ar daeleva... amasTan mTeli sirTule
am movlenisa isaa, rom Zvelis obi, ise axlis kvirti – Zneli dasanaxavia.
amisTvis metad saRi, gamWre Tvali unda gonebisa~.
1955, gv. 88.156
154
aseTia faqtobrivi Sinaarsi zogad aspeqtSi azrovnebis im wesisa,
romlis meoxebiTac axali upirispirdeba Zvels. Aam sakiTxis rkvevas, ilias
TqmiT, ,,gonebis saRi~, ,,gamrje Tvali~ sWirdeba, raTa swvdes movlenaTa
arss da misi xasiaTi gausigrZeganos sxvas. ,,Zvelisa~ da ,,axlis~ am
WeSmaritad saR, iliaseul interpretacias ukavSirdeba, swored rom am
cnebebTan urTierTobaSi Sinaarsiandeba ,,konservatizmisa~ da
,,liberalizmis~ ilias mier SemoTavazebuli gageba, sadac didi qarTveli
moazrovne da mwerali ganmartavs maT namdvil bunebas, roca brZanebs:
,,WeSmariti konservatoroba esarCleba da icavs imisTana Zvels, romelic
misis gulwrfelis azriT, jer kidev gamosadegia da saWiro
cxovrebisaTvis, da Tu xandisxan scodavs raSime qveyanas, marto imaSi, rom
zogjer imisTana Zvelsac gadaefareba, romelic Tumca gamosadegi aRar
aris, magram uvnebelia da Zvelis adgils ar uTmobs axalsa-minam kargad
guls ar daajerebs, rom axali keTils moitans. WeSmariti liberalobac
uarhyofs marto imisTana Zvels, romelsac Tavisi dro da Jami mouWamia,
romelic dRes xarixad gasdebia cxovrebas da winsvlas uSlis igi ndomobs
im Zvelis magier imisTana axals, romelic Zvelzed ukeT xels moumarTavs
cxovrebis gankargebasa da warmatebas~.1 Eesaa ,,Zveli~ da ,,axali~ Taobis
SinaarsTan mtkiced gadajaWvuli ,,konservatizmisa~ da ,,liberalizmis~
iseTi gageba, romelic Turme sruliadac araa im uaryofiTi datvirTvis
matarebeli, rogoradac iyo da nawilobriv axlac aris gagebuli CvenSi.
ilia WavWavaZes, magaliTad ,,konservatizmi~ sruliadac ara aqvs
warmodgenili salanZRavi Sinaarsis sityvad da arc ,,liberalizmi~ miaCnia
iseT Seuval movlenad, romelic Zvelis uaryofas isaxavdes miznad. misTvis
es cnebebi relatiuri cnebebia da maTi modelebi did mwerals evropuli
sazogadoebriv-azrovnuli sinamdvilidan aqvs aRebuli. Ee.i. am cnebebze
msjelobisas iliasaTvis etalons evropuli samyaro warmoadgens. Mmagram,
misi gagebiT, aRniSnuli cnebebi (,,mamebi~, ,,Svilebi~, ,,Zveli~, ,,axali~ Taoba
,,konservatorebi~, ,,liberalebi~) saxecvlilebas ganicdis, sxva SinaarsiT
itvirTeba da mimarTulebasac icvlis rusuli sinamdvilis magaliTze.
Mmisi azriT, ruseTi, Tavisi eTnofsiqologiuri da istoriuli pirobebis
gamo, ukiduresobaTa qveyanad Camoyalibda. swored aman gansazRvra am
tradiciul cnebaTa avseba sxva SinaarsiT. ilias SexedulebiT, ,,ruseTSi
sul sxvasa vxedavT. Aaq ,,mamebma~ ise gaiwies, rom yvelafers Zvels
gamoesarClnen avisa da kargis ganurCevlad da yvelafers axals dauwyes
Zageba da devna; gaqiri hqmnes amazed da win fexi veRar gadmoabijes. Aamisi
magaliTi «РусскийВестник»-ia da «,МосковскиеВедомости». eg ori upirvelesi
falavani ,,mamebisa~. jer guSin RaRadebda «МосковскиеВедомости»,
damnaSaveebs raRa gasamarTleba undao, aiReT da CamoaxrCveTo da
sasacilod igdebda exlandel gansamarTlebis wess, romlis
SemoRebisaTvis gansvenebuli imperatori madlobiT moixsenieba istoriaSi~.
(iqve).
1955, gv. 91.157
155
,,konservatizmi~, saerTod, sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis az-
rovnebis wesia da mimarTulia TviT sazogadoebis Sinagani struqturis
gasaumjobeseblad. Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, misi mizani aseTia, ise rogorc
yoveli WeSmariti azrovneba, ,,konservatizmic~ ver itans sijiutes,
romelic swored rom borkilia yovelgvari azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebisa.
Aai, ruseTSi ki, ilias TqmiT, sijiutem iZala da warmoSva sxva formis
dapirispirebani ,,Zvelsa~ da ,,axals~, e.i. ,,mamebsa~ da ,,Svilebs~, anu
,,konservatorebsa~ da ,,liberalebs~ Soris, radgan aq TviT am cnebebma
SeiZina gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi. ilia WavWvavaZis azriT: ,,egreTma wyal-gaRma
gabijebam ,,mamebisa~-m gaagulisa ,,Svilebi~, aman gaaficxa, gaamwvava da
gaakapasa ,,mamebsa~ da ,,Svilebs~ Soris brZola da ,,Svilebis~ banaki iqamdin
miiyvana, rom uarayofina aramc Tu marto is, rac Rirsi iyo uaryofisa,
aramed zogierTi imisTanac, romlis uaryofisaTvis wamowiTldeba
sircxvil-moreuli exlandeli WeSmariti liberali ruseTisa1. is, razec
SeiZleba ,,wamowiTldes sircxvilmoreuli~ WeSmariti rusi inteligenti,
ilias gagebiT, aris ,,yovlad uarmyofeli mimarTuleba~ rusul
sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi, anu nihilizmi, romlis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlad didi qarTveli moazrovne asaxelebs dimitri pisarevs.
ilia WavWvavaZis daxasiaTebiT, ,,ukanaskneli falavania am TiTqmis yovlad
uarmyofeli mimarTulebisa, metad sxarti da niWieri mwerali pisarevi.
Mmisis meTaurobiT am gadaWarbebulma uaryofama iqamde miuSva sadave, rom
uarhyo – TviT puSkinis moRvaweobaca da mTels Seqspirs erTi kai sigara
amjobina~ (iqve). Aaq Cveni mwerali gulisxmobs d. pisarevis cnobil narkvevs
,,realistebi~. Aam moazrovnis pozicia cnobilia ,,bazarovCinis~ saxelwo-
debiTac da CaTvlilia ,,velikorusuli nacionaluri fsiqologiis
gamoxatulebad~,2 xolo ,,uarmyofeli – WeSmarit rus uarmyofelad~.3
Bbazarovisa da pisarevis pozicia erTia. 1) esTetikis uaryofa; 2)
sabunebismetyvelo dargebis kulti. Dd. Ppisarevs ekuTvnis gamoTqma:
,,esTetika _ es koSmaria~, igi ,,gonebrivi progresis mteria... rafaeli
gaxvretil spilenZis groSad ar Rirs~ (,,realistebi~).4 rasakvirvelia, d.
pisarevs, iseve rogorc am jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebs, TavianT
azrovnebaSi dadebiTi nakadic hqondaT. Amas ilia WavWvavaZec xedavs, magram
is gaxazavs misi naazrevis zedapirulobas da macTunebel Zalasac, roca
aRniSnavs: ,,am mimzidvelma, lamazad moubarma, magram xelsubuqma
axalgazrda mweralma bevri mozardi ymawvili CaiTria da brmad aiyolia...
bolos- da-bolos ufro pisarevis wyalobiT, bevri ram mag mimarTulebaSi
iseTi iyo, rom CalasaviT tkaca-tkuciT apilpilda da gonebauxsneli
ymawvilka
1 i. WavWvavaZe, dasax. statia, gv.92
2 Д. Н. Овсянико-Куликовский, Историярусскойинтелигенции, Собр. Соч. т. 8,
ч.II, С-Пб1909. gv. 132
3 iqve, gv. 53.
4 iqve, gv. 66.158
156
cobawaityua, rogorcfarvanacecxlma~.1 i. WavWvavaZefiqrobs,
rompisarevisaTvisniSandoblivinihilizmi, iseverogorcumetesad 60-
ianiwlebisrusuliesTetika, esiyorusulsamyaroSierTgvarimoda.
Yyovelgvarimodakiwinaswarganzraxuliformaa,
romelicgarkveulwiladartaxadiqcevaazrovnebisadaSemoqmedebisaTvis.
MmisimacTunebeligavlenisqveSSeiZlebamoeqcesmxolodsqe-
maturadmomarTuliumwifari, gazarmacebuligonebadaaramaZiebelisuli.
Aamitomaciyo, romiliasTqmiT, ,,aseTuise,
pisarevisuaryofadidmodadSemovidabrmaTaTvis. visacadviladdamoumza-
debladkusaviTfexisgamoyofaundodaqveyanazed, egmodaundamieRo.
amisaTvisoriodefrazaiyosaWiro. erTiis, rompoezia, daerTobxelovneba,
raWkvianikacissaqmea, erTiwyviliwaRaSeqspirsmirCevniao; meore –
avtoritetebiarmwamso; mesame – istoriazRapariao; dameoTxe -
qveyanazedmartoglexkaciaadamianidaTavadidaaznaurikiarao.
EesfrazebiromdageswavlaT, liberaliiyaviTdaliberali~(iqve).
AammsjelobaSiSesaniSnavadaagar-
CeuliurTierTisagancruliberalizmidaWeSmaritiliberaloba.
Tupirveliazrovnebissqematizmsnergavsdaamiskvalobazeyove-
lijurisdiqtatsSobs, meorenamdvilidemokratizmisakvania. iliasSeniSvniT,
amukanasknelisgamomxatvelma ,,meorenawilmaymawvilkacobisamki,
ufrogonebagaxsnilma, sruladSeiTvisayove-
livekeTilimagmimarTulebisadazurgiSeuqciatyuilaubralodfrazebistkaca-
tkucsa~(iqve). savsebiTsamarTlianadmiCneulia,
romazrovnebisamaxaliliberalurimimarTulebismaorganizebeliJ.
,,Современик,,-iiyo. iliasTqmiT, ,,minamsaxelovani»Современик»-iTavSiedgamas,
racmere ,,Svilebis~ banakadgadaiqca,
ZvelisuaryofasdamjdariWkuadamecnierebawinmiuZRodadaaxlismes-
veurobaTavmosawonebeliariyo~-o(iqve). Aazrovneba,
SemoqmedebarTuliprocesia, miTufro,
rocasocialuradduxWirgaemoSimimdinareobsesprocesi.
aseTdrosZiebasaxlavsdabneulobacdaSecdomebic. Aalbad,
amsirTuliserTigamoxatulebaisiciyo, rom, iliasSefasebiTmagaliTad,
pisarevmaliberalobisarsivergaigoda ,,naxtomiSeeSala~.(iqve).
rogorcvxedavT, marTalia, iliaWavWavaZe 60-ianiwlebis, ro-
gorcgarkveulisazogadoebriv-literaturuliSinaarsiismatare-
beliprocesis,
arsebobaswmindarusulmovlenadTvlisdamiskvalobazemsjelobsZvelidaaxal
iTaobis, e.w. ,,mamebisa~ da ,,Svilebis~, Sesabamisad ,,konservatoroba-
liberalizmis~ Taobaze,
magramampirobebSigamJRavnebuliTaviseburebebimaszogadobisdonezeahyavsda,
saerTod, azrovnebiswesisaucilebelatribu-
tadmiaCniaazrismimoqcevisprogresul-SemoqmedebiTiTukonservatiul-
sqematurixasiaTi. amitomacaa, romrusulsinamdvileSiswored 60-
ianiwlebiswiaRSiarCevsisazrovnebisSemoqmedebiTimuxtiTaRsavsenakadsmoRva
weebisadaimnawils, romelicmx
1 i. WavWvavaZe, ,,Sinaurimimoxilva~ (1881 weli, maisi), Txz., t. V, Tb.,
1955, gv. 92-93.159
157
olodefarebaxolmeprogresis, liberal-demokratizmiskalTas,
riTaciolicxovrebiTcdilobsistoriaSiwilisdadebas.
aseTifenasazogadoebisaki, aramxolodrusulgaremoSi,
aramedyvelaeriscxovrebaSimoipoveba; amitomac,
sazogadoebisSemoqmedebiTaddatrafaretuladmomarTuligonisarsebobisfaqt
imxolodrusulisamyaroskuTvnilebakiaraa, aramed, sazogadod,
azrovnebiswesidakanonia, romelicTurmeqarTulgaremoSicSeiZlebagamov-
lindes. SemoqmedebiTiazrovnebisspecifika-Ziebaa.
maZiebeligonebaiqvemdebarebswinamorbedidaTanamedroveazrovnebismonapovars
, axdensmisgadamuSavebasdaufardebsmasrealurviTarebas, e.i.
individualurigonebisbrZmedSiadnobs,
azrovnebisbazadaqcevsyvelafersmanamdearsebuls. Tuesverxerxdeba,
maSinsaqmegvaqvsaraTavisufal, SemoqmedebiTazrTan,
aramedazrovnebissurogatTan, trafaretul, sqematurazrovnebasTan,
romelicsxvaaraferia, Tuaramodisfexisxmasayola, lamaz-lamazi,
arafrismTqmelisityvebiTsazogadoebiswinaSe
,,Tavmowonebisymawvilurisurvili~ (gr. kiknaZe), anuazrovnebissibrmave.
Eesmovlenasazogadoebriv-literaturulicxovrebisaTvissaSiSisenia,
romelicSobsmoCvenebiTobas, fasadurobas, kvaziliberalizms,
kvazidemokratizmsdabolosdaboloskvazipatriotizmisakvnadaciqceva.
XIXsaukunismowinaveqarTvelebidamaTSorispirvelyovlisailiaWavWvavaZe,
amsaCoTiromovlenis 60-ianiwlebisqarTulsinamdvileSicamCneven, rocamag.
iliaaRniSnavs, amgvarsmdgomareobaSi ,,CacvivdnenCvene-
burisymawvilkacobisbevriwili. dResac,
abadaakvirdiTCvenebursSingamomcxvarsliberalebs,
TumartoamuTavbolofrazebiTarikvebebodnen _
daqveynissasacilodTavianTTavsliberalebaddaradikalebadaraxadoden.
AabadaakvirdiT, Tuyvelgan, sacagindadaarginda,
sulegfrazebiarwamosCxiron, ferad-feradZonZebSigaxveulebi~. (iqve).
Aamitomacaa, romsworedtrafaretu-
ladmomarTuligonebisnayofadmiaCniailiaWavWvavaZesdaakakiwereTelsqarTul
sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSimeqanikurigadmotanarusulisocialuridaliterat
urulicxovrebismodelebisadaCvensmoRvaweTadayofa ,,mamebad~ da
,,Svilebad~. MmagramamaveqarTveliaxalgazrdobiswreSiCndebamowinave,
progresuli, SemoqmedebiTiunariTdajildoebulijgufimoRvaweebisa,
romlebicaxerxebendamoukidebeligziTsvlas, ucxouriazrovnebismonap-
ovarswarmatebiTufardebenerovnulicxovrebismoTxovnilebebsdasruliadgan
sxvavebulniadagzeSlianTavianTsaqmianobas. Aase, romilia, e.w. axalTaobaSi,
TviTqarTulisazogadoebisSigniTxedavsornakads, erTimxriv,
zegardmoniWiTcxebuls, SemoqmedebiTs,
maZiebeligonebispirovnebebsdameoremxriv, iolcxovrebasCveul,
sqematuradmoazrovneadamianebs, moarulazrebs
,,brmadayolilymawvilkacobas~, romeliccru-aqtivobiTcdilobsyur-
adRebismipyrobas, samoRvaweosadaveebisxelSiaRebisTvisarer-
idebapopulizmsdaamisgamo, ikvebebaraazrovnebiszedapirzemotivtiveazrebiT,
ganasaxierebsmebrZolumecrebas; ,,gamocanebi160
158
sa~ da ,,pasuxis-pasuxis~
avtoriSemdegnairinterpretaciasaZlevsaRniSnulproblemas: ,,Tumca
,,mamebisa~ da ,,Svilebis~ brZolamru-
seTSibrmadaiyoliaCveneburiymawvilkacobadimbrmadayoli-
lebmaegbrZolaCvenSiacgadmoitanes,
magramCveniymawvilkacobissasaxelodisicundavsTqvaT, rommaTganmaTiTo-
orolamgamoinapiradaTavisiSecdomamaleicno,
gamovidadacalkegundaddadgacxovrebismoedanzed.
MmasaqeTCvenSiacymawvilkacobaorbanakadgaiyo: erTSimoeqcnenisini,
visacruseTisuarmyofelimimarTulebidamoTxzemoxsenebulfrazebsgarda,
aragadmoetanaTra, meoreSi _ axalisgundismomxreni.
PpirvelebmadaixviesxelzedruseTis ,,mama-Sviloba~,
enazeddaikereszemoTmoyvanilioTxifrazadadResaqamomdeawiowosiZaxiandaio
ladmidian. MmeoreebikidaakvirdnenCvenisqveynisviTarebasdanaxes,
romCvensqveyanassulsxvatkiviliaqvs, sulsxvafaTerakisdevs. scnes, romCvene-
buridRevandelidResulsxvasaTxoulobs, sulsxvasahRaRadebsda, maSasadame,
CveneburiliberalobasulsxvarasmezedundamiiqcesmTelisTavisisZal-
RoniTadaTuaqacbediswerasiseargadavrCebodiT, rom ,,mama-Sviloba~
argamarTuliyo, brZolissagnadis ,,sxvarame~ - undayofiliyoda ,,mamebsa~ da
,,Svilebs~ Suamijnaddadebuliyo. issxvarameiyo _
CvenisdacemulisvinaobisaRdgena,
fexzeddayenebadadacvayovelismosalodnelisfaTerakisagan...
imaxalmagundmamTeliTavisiZal-RonemagsagansmihmarTa~.1 60-
ianiwlebisiliaWavWavaZiseulammravalmxrivsayuradRebodak-
virvebaSiurTierTisaganmkafiodarisgamijnulirusdaqarTvel 60-
ianelTasamoqmedoprogramisSinaarsebi. Aammsjelobidangamomdinare, rusi 60-
ianelebiswarmodgenaSigadamwyvetirolieniWebaxalxiscnebas, fenaTa,
klasTaSorisarsebuliufskrulisamovsebas.
Eesrusuliinteligenciistragediaa. specialistTaazriTac, ,,cxadia,
calkeuliklasiswarmomadgenelTadaaxloebadaurT-
ierTgagebayovelTvisiyoSesaZlebeli,
magramamjeradistoriulrigSiidgasakiTxiaracalkeulpirTadaaxloebisSesax
eb, aramedkulturul-fsiqologiurikavSirebisdamyarebaxalxismasa-
sadamowinaveinteligenciasSoris. Eesistoriuladgardauvaliiyo~.2
rogorcerTganiliaambobs, maTTvisglexiarisyuradRebiscentrSimoqceuli.
60-ianiwlebisrusuliinteligenciisaTvisniSandobliviaswored
,,iluziaTaSeqmna, iluziebisa, romelTanacmWidrodaadakavSirebulimeore –
glexisidealizaciada, masTanerTad,
umaRlesiromantikuliSefasebaxalxiscxovrebissafuZvlisa,
glexuriSromisdaglexuriSromiseTikis~.3
didmaqarTvelmasamocianelebma, iliamdaakakimkargadician,
romqarTvelixalxisulsxvakulturul-fsiqologiuriiersaxismatarebelia.
MmisiuZvelesikulturuliwarsuli, cxovrebiswesidaadgili,
arsebobamsoflioistoriulerebsadauistorio
1 i. WavWvavaZe, dasax. statia, gv.95
2 Д. Н. Овсянико-Куликовский, Историярусскойинтелигенции, т. 8, ч.II, С-Пб1909.
gv. 132
3 iqve. gv. 95161
159
xalxebsSoriseristragediadqceula. xalxi, romelmac ,,vefx-
istyaosani~ Seqmna, saxalxonawarmoebadaqcia,
Tavisiistoriulimdgomareobisgamo, fenaTaSorisufskrulis,
klasTaSorismwvavedapirispirebissarbieladarSeiZlebodaqceuliyo. aserom,
inteleqtualurniadagzegaugebrobafenaTaSorisCvenspirobebSimoxsnilia.
maTkargadician, romevropisistoriaesklasTabrZolisistoriaa.
isiniicnobenaseveruseTisistoriasac. magramerisCagvrispirobebSi,
erovnulicnobierebisgasaRviveblad, misgansamtkiceblad,
qarTulisaxelmwifoebriv-politikuridamoukideblobismisaRwevad,
romelicmaTiocnebadacxovrebissazrisiiyo,
qarTvelTadidiideuriwinamZRolebierovnulaspeqtSimoiazrebensocialurs.
Cvenicxovrebisspecifikurobisagamo, bunebrivia,
rommaTigiveevropulicxovrebisgamocdilebidanaeRoTdasaqa-
rTvelospirobebSiTavisisamoqmedoprogramisnawiladeqciaTararusulisamyar
osaTvisniSandoblivigansxvaveba-dapirispirebaniTaobaTa, fenaTa,
wodebaTaSoris,
aramedqarTulgaremoSisazogadoebissxvadasxvanawilTaSorisantagonizmigam
oericxa, socialurimomentierovnulisadmidaemorCilebinaT. sxvaTaSoris,
SesaZlebeliailiaWavWvavaZeicnobdadaxelmZRvanelobdakidecreformaciisepo
qaSievropaSiwarmoSobilmartinluTerisazriTac,
romelicraodenobrivadmcireerebisaTviserovnuliZnelbedo-
bisJamsuSvebdasazogadoebisfenaTaSoris, erovnulisaxisSesanarCuneblad,
garkveulsocialurdaTmobebzewasvlas, fenaTaSorisinteresTaSekavSirebas.
albaTamitomacaa, romiliaxsnisaramxolod ,,mamaTa~ da ,,SvilTa~, ,,Zvelsa~
da ,,axalTaobas~, aramed, sazogadod,
fenaTaSorisbrZolisaucileblobassaqarTveloSida,
qarTulicxovrebisgamokveTiladindividualurixasiaTisgamo, rusi 60-
ianelebisagangansxvavebiT, mTavarproblemadayenebsaraxalxis,
aramederiscnebas,1 xolomasSigamorCeulad, rogorcTviTambobs:
,,CvenisdacemulisvinaobisaRdgenas~. Aammetadsapatio, magramrTulgzaze,
isyvelasmouwodebsixelmZRvanelosaramxolodrusulimodelebiT, aramed
,,ZireuladSeiswavlosevropiulimecniereba,
wingaimZRvarosevropisgamocdileba~. (iqve). cxadia,
azrovnebisadaZiebisamrTulprocesSiiliaWavWvavaZemartoariyo.
axsenebskidec ,,TiTo-orolamaTgans~ - mowinaveqarTvels,
romlebiciliasdaradprotestsacxadebdnenyovelgvarisqema-
trafaretiswinaaRmdegdadidiZalisxmeviTcdilobdnenCve-
nierovnuliinteresebisadamoTxovnilebebiskvalobazesvlas.
iliasgverdiTdgas, mispoziciasamagrebsdidiqarTvelimgos-
nisakakiwereTlisTvalsazrisi, romelicjerkidev 1890
welsmwvavekritikissagnadaqcevsTavisiTanamosagris, saxelovanipub-
licistisnikonikolaZiskritikul-literaturulkredosimitom,
rommasTankvlavSesamCnevia 60-ianiwlebisutilitarizmisniSniT
1
esSexedulebasainteresodarisCamoyalibebuliakademikosSalvanucubiZiswign
Si: ,,kritikulinarkvevebi~, Tb., 1966.162
160
daRdasmulirusuliesTetikiskvali. AakakidauzogaviayvelaimaTmimarT,
vincki 60-ianiwlebisrusmoazrovneTaideebisruporadqceula, rocawers:
,,amocdaaTiswlisJurnal-gazeTebsgadavavloTTvali!
iqidancxadadgamoCndeba,
romCvensmowinavedassgrZnobacdagonebacnasesxebihqonia... racuTqvamT,
isyofilamxolodsxvisinaTqvamisganmeorebaTuTiyuS-
kaWkaWiviTdaaraabreSumisWiasaviTgulidanamonaRebi...
umetesobaCvenSiTuTiyuSi, kaWkaWiadaaraTavisiTaviTmoazre~.1
eqvsiodewlisSemdegakakiwereTeliSesaniSnavadxsnissamo-
cianiwlebisrusuliesTetikuriazrisukuRmarTgavlenasqar-
Tulliteraturulcxovrebaze, rocaaRniSnavs: ,,axirebulidroiyo
,,mesamocewlebi~ ruseTSi!..
essaSiSiseniCvencgadmogvedvaqarTvelebsdaufrometivnebacmogvitana,
vidreruseTs. esnigilizmiTwodebuliseniruseTSikanonierimovlinebaiyo, ro-
gorcmaSindeldroTaviTarebisZaliT, ruseTisvecxovrebidangamowveuli,
magramCvenSikiwamxedurebiTiyogadmotanilidanaZaladevidaamitomacufrometi
vnebamogvitana~.2
sxvadrosacdaubrundebadidipoetiamsakiTxsdaufrometienergiulobiTganacxa
debs: ,,ruseTmadidixaniamoixadaessatkivaridadResiqimisTanasveravisipoviT,
rom... pisarev-zaicevebisnamoZRvraliswamdes! Cvenki,
radganacruseTisnasufraliTvikvebebiTdamaszegvi-
angamovxravTxolmenawyalobevs, ufrodidxansacCagvrCebaxolmepirSigemo~.3
mogvianebiTqarTvelTaSorisTavisi ,,nihilistobiT~ gamorCeulma 60-
ianelmaantonfurcelaZemackisavsebiTgaiziarailiasTvalsazrisidamogvca
,,TaobaTa~ Teoriiskritika.4
iliaWavWvavaZisaTvisTaobaTaurTierTobisproblemaaryofilarigiTiproblem
a. 1881 welsgamoqveynebuli ,,Sinaurimimoxilvis~ garda,
isamsakiTxsubrundeba 1883 welsdaweril ,,Sinaurmimoxilvasa~ da 1888
welsdabeWdilstatiaSi: ,,Tergdaleulni~ da ,,axaliTaoba~,
magramrogorcsamarTlianadarismiTiTebuli,
,,amsatatiebSimainciseganzogadebuladdabolomdeararisgamoTqmuliazri 60-
ianwlebSi ,,mamaTa~ da ,,SvilTa~ urTierTobisSesaxeb, rogorc
,,werilebSimecxrametesaukunisqarTulliteraturazed~,
TumcaaqacigiveTvalsazrisiadaculi,
frazeologiuridamTxvevebickiSesamCnevia~.5 marTlac, 1892 wels,
iliaWavWvavaZemgamoTqvafuZemdeblurimosazreba,
romelsacangariSsundauwevdesXIXsaukunis
1 a. wereTeli ,,werilebiCvensmwerlobazed~, ucnobiakaki, Tb; 2001.
2 a. wereTeli, `ganTiadi~, Txz. TxuTmettomad. t. XIII, Tb., 1961, gv. 242-
243
3 a. wereTeli `mcireSeniSvna~, Txz. t. XIV, Tb., 1961, gv. 39.
4 antonfurcelaZe, ,,baTomisgazeTi~, 1912, # 141, 142,
vimowmebTarCiljorjaZismixedviT. ix. werilebi, Tb., 1989, gv. 303.
5 gr. kiknaZe,
,,romantikuldarealisturstilTaurTierTobisistoriidanqar-
TulliteraturaSi~, metyvelebisstilissakiTxebi, Tb., 1957, gv. 175; i.
WavWvavaZisadaa. wereTlisstatiebi, sadacsxvaaspeqtSigarCeulia 60-
ianwlebzemaTiSexedulebani, mocemuliawignSi: v. vaxania,
realizmissakiTxebiqarTvelsamocianelTaesTetikaSi, I, Tb., 1988.163
161
qarTulimwerlobisyovelimkvlevari; iliasmixedviT,
,,dRemdekiaravisgamourkvevia – raaris, anvinarianaxali, anZveliTaoba,
daaravinicis, viszelaparakoben, rocaanerTs, anmeoresaxseneben... aSkaraa,
vincamsaxelebsraimefassasdebsdaTuTiyuSiviTgagonilsarimeorebs,
axalsTuZvelsTaobasimaTSieZebs,
romelnicsazogadosarbielzegamosulansamoqmedod...
xsenebulisityvebiCvenSicalierisaxelebiausagno, naWuWiaugulo,
frazaausaqmo... rocaamisTanasakiTxswavawydebiTxolme,
mxolodmaSinvcnobilobT, romCvenSiamisTanasityvebi,
rogorcZvelidaaxaliTaoba,
calieridafuyesaxelebiadadroaTavispatronsCahbardnendasaidamacmosulan,
iqwavidnen. AamsaxelebisxmarebaCvenSisxvaaraarisra, bavSvobismeti,
imitomrommartoena-amoudgmelsbavSvsSehferisxmarebaimisTanasityvebisa,
romelTacarcsaganiaqvT, arcsabuTi, arcmizeziarsebobisa...
droaTavidavaneboTamgacveTilssaxelebsdamovikiTxoTmartois, guSinrasvs-
devdiTZvelnicadaaxalicadadResrasavsdevT~1.
CvensdroSijerkonstantinegamsaxurdiamgaiziarailiaWavWvavaZisaRniSnuliTva
lsazrisi, roca ,,CvensliteraturaTmcodneTamiere.w. ,,mamebsa~ da ,,Svilebs~
SorisatexiliomobanasgamoSeqmnil ,,koriantels~ ,,usazmnofantazireba~
uwoda,2
xoloSemdegukvegrigolkiknaZemRrmamecnieruliargumentaciiTcxadyoiliaWav
WvavaZiskoncefciissicocxlisunarianoba;
gamoCenilmkvlevarssainteresofaqtebimoaqvse.w. ,,Zveli~ da ,,axali~
TaobebiswarmomadgenelTasazogadoebrividaliteraturul-
SemoqmedebiTiurTierTobidan,
riTackideverTxelnaTelyofsiliaWavWavaZisSexedulebisWeSmaritebas,
romqarTuliliteratura,
CvenikulturulicxovrebisiseTibunebrivimTlianobaa,
romliswinasafexuriorganulkavSirSiamomdevnosTan,
amdidrebsdahkvebavsmomdevnoxanisqarTulkulturas.3
amgvarimarTebulipoziciisarsebobismiuxedavad,
qarTvelmkvlevarTadidinawiliamJamadacdabejiTebiTamtkicebs ,,konser-
vator~, ,,reaqcioner~ ,,mamaTa~, anu ,,Zvel~ Taobasada ,,progresist~
,,SvilTa~, anu ,,axal~ TaobasSoris ,,brZolissakiTxsXIXsaukunis 60-
ianiwlebissaqarTveloSi~.4
TavisdrozedidiakakismiermwarednaTqvami, ,,pirSididxansCarCenili~
azrovnuliStampebis ,,gemos~ Sedegiaisfaqti, romanga-
riSiarewevaCvenididgonebrivwinamZRolTa; iliaWavWvavaZis, aka-
kiwereTlisdamiskvalzemavalavtorTaazrebs. sadReisod, ukve
1 i. WavWvavZe, ,,werilebi qarTul literaturaze~, t. III, Tb., 1953, gv.
196-200
2 k. gamsaxurdia, qarTuli enis meurneobisaTvis, Txz., t. VI, Tb., 1963,
gv. 602
3 gr. kiknaZe, ,,romantikul da realistur stilTa urTierTobis
istoriidan qarTul literaturaSi~, metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tb.,
1957, gv. 148-184
4 Tumca am mxriv aris oriode gamonaklisic, sadac Cans, rom
avtorebi iziareben i. WavWvavaZis, k. gamsaxurdias da gr. kiknaZis
Tvalsazriss. ix. Mmag. krebuli: ,,qarTveli romatikosebi literaturisa da
xelovnebis Sesaxeb~, Tb., 1980; q. TavarTqilaZe, TaobaTa urTierTobisa da
162
literaturuli eTikis sakiTxebi i. WavWvavaZis publicistikaSi. J. ,,mnaTobi~,
1990, #4, gv. 173-176.164
163
faqtia, rom XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli TiTqos gar-
duval kanonad iqca, qarTuli azrovneba da kulturuli cxovrebis wesi,
Tu rusuli azrovnebis Targze ar iqneboda ganxiluli, misi niSniT mainc
unda yofiliyo daRdasmuli. Aamitomac, azrovnebaSi arsebuli garkveuli
socialur-politikuri presingis niadagze SemuSavebuli Stampebis gamo, is,
rac specifikuri iyo axalgazrda eris, ruseTis istoriisaTvis, misi
gadmotana aucileblobad iqna CaTvlili uZvelesi kulturul-
literaturuli warsulis mqone saqarTvelosaTvis.
ilia WavWvaZem da akaki wereTelma istoriul aspeqtSi pirvelebma
mogvces kulturul-literturuli Rirebulebebisadmi amgvari midgomis
kritikuli analizi, savsebiT sworad gaiazres TaobaTa urTierTobis
problemis erovnuli Sinaarsi. amitomac, XIX saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istoriis am monakveTis Sesaxeb warmodgenil maT
Sexedulebebs, momavalSi mainc saxelmZRvanelo mniSvneloba unda mieniWos
kvleva-Ziebis procesSi.
Tumca moxda ise, rom 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi gaSlil poetur
polemikasac ki Cveni literatorebi da istorikosebi 60-iani wlebis, e.w.
,,mamaTa~ da ,,SvilTa~ brZolis gagrZelebad Tvlian. Mmagram unda iTqvas,
rom aRniSnuli tradiciuli Tvalsazrisic ar gamoxatavs realur
viTarebas. Aaq, kamaTis niadagi da motivebi sxvadasxvaa. rogorc iTqva, Cveni
qveynis moRvaweTa winaSe mravalgzis dasmula axali Taobis aRzrda-
ganaTlebis Sesaferis formaTa moZebnis sakiTxi. Ees problema awuxebda
adre dimitri yifians da grigol orbeliansac. 70-ian wlebSi am sakiTxma
realuri ganxorcielebis perspeqtivis mxriv gansakuTrebuli simwvave
SeiZina mas Semdeg, roca ruseTSi swavlamiRebuli axali Taobis
warmomadgenelTa erTma nawilma wamoayena universitetis gaxsnis moTxovna.
aRniSnulma mosazrebam meti rezonansi moipova mas Semdeg, roca gairkva,
rom ,,1871 wels kavkasiaSi aleqsandre meoris Camosvlas elodnen. Ddava
atyda: ra SevevedroT xelmwifes, ra wyaloba gamovTxovoTo. Ppaeqrobam
qarTveli sazogadoeba or nawilad gahyo.
,,erTi nawili fiqrobda, yvelaze metad umaRlesi saswavlebeli iyo
saWiro da swored misi gaxsna unda eTxovoso. Ees azri pirvelad giorgi
wereTelma gamoTqva. iliamac mas dauWira mxari. meore wyeba samxedro
saswavleblis daarsebas amjobinebda. qarTveli sazogadoebis umravlesoba,
aristokratiuli warmomavlobisac ki Rarib-Rataki iyo. universitetSi
swavlis qiris gadaxda uWirda samxedro saswavlebelSi, anu kadetTa
korpusSi ki swavla xelisuflebis xarjze SeiZleboda. Aamitom
universitets kadetTa korpusi erCia bevrs~...1 am pozociaze idga ZiriTadad
qarTveli sazogadoebis is nawili, romelsac garkveuli Tanamdebobebi
ekava da romelic satirulad hyavs daxasiaTebuli ilia WavWvavaZes Tavis
cnobil ,,gamo
1 akaki baqraZe, niko nikolaZe, Tb., 1989, gv. 111165
164
canebsa~ da ,,kidev gamocanebSi~. Eeseni iyvnen: revaz andronikaSvili,
giorgi konstantines Ze muxran-batoni, ivane muxran-batoni, platon
ioseliani, dimitri jorjaZe, iase WavWavaZe, besarion RoRoberiZe, grigol
orbeliani. Semdeg ukve: mixeil loris meliqovi, levan meliqiSvili, ioseb
TarxniSvnili, mixeil TumaniSvili... Tavdapirvelad grigol orbelians
neitraluri pozicia daukavebia. Mmisi adrindeli gegmebidan gamomdinare es
gasagebicaa, sxvaTa Soris TviT e.w. ,,axali Taobis~ wreSic ar yofila
erTsulovneba. iseTi didi patrioti da Rrmad moazrovne, rogoric iyo
,,niko nikolaZe, arc pirvel nawils miemxro da arc meores~(iqve).
sainteresoa, riT SeiZleba aixsnas qarTuli sazogadoebis uTvalsaCinoes
warmomadgenelTa gverdiT iseTi radikalurad moazrovne evropuli yaidis
moRvawis, rogoric niko nikolaZe iyo, imgvari pozicia, rac mas aaxloebs
grigol orbelianTan? saqme xom iseT umniSvnelovanes problemas exeba,
rogoric TbilisSi universitetis daarsebaa. qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa
nivTieri gaWirveba ar iyo mxolod imis mizezi, rom universitetis nacvlad
samxedro saswavleblis daarseba moeTxovaT qarTvelTa garkveul jgufs.
iseTi moRvaweebi, rogoric magaliTad g. orbeliani da d. yifiani iyvnen,
saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTuli
samxedro kadrebis gamozrdas. grigol orbeliani qarTvelebis samxedro
dabegvris winaaRmdegic iyo.1 zemoTac iTqva da axlac SegaxsenebT, rom
pirvelad es sakiTxi giorgi wereTelma dasva 1871 wels. Mman jer Jurnal
,,krebulSi~ (#5) gamoaqveyna werili saTauriT ,,ra gvWirdeba~ da Semdeg,
imave wels, gazeT ,,droebaSi~ (#26. 3VII) dastamba statia: ,,saWiroa kavka-
siaSi univeristeti Tu ara?~ aq vkiTxulobT: ,,xalxisTvis keTildReobis
msurvelT sxvadasxva ram miaCniaT, rac qveyanas yvelaze metad sWirdeba:
zogs soflis skolebi, zogs puris maRaziebi, zogs sasoflo bankebi.
cxovreba iseTi rTuli ramaa, rom mis mosawesrigeblad mxolod erTi
romelime sagani sakmarisi ar iqneba. saWiroa iseTi kacebi, romlebsac
xalxis keTildReobisaTvis guli SestkivaT da sakmao codnac aqvT.
misTana kacebs sazogadoebas umaRlesi saswavleblebi umzadeben da
am saswavlebelSi pirveli adgili, ueWvelia, universitets uWiravs.
universitetsaviT ymawvilkacs verc erTi sxva saswavlebeli ver gauxsnis
gonebas da ver gaagebinebs xalxis saWiroebas da moTxovnilebas. TviT
cxovrebaSi gamosadeg codnas garda, yovel ymawvil kacs is patiosnebas da
moqalaqeobis Tesls unergavs gulSi... universitetis wyalobiT, Cven
gavicnobdiT Cvens Tavs, Cven SevityobdiT ramdeni siuxve moucia Cveni
qveynisTvis bunebas da missive SewevniT am simdidris gamoyenebas
davaswavlidiT.
1 S. megreliZe, Cveni saxelovani winaprebi, Tb., 1979, gv. 141. i.
uTuraSvili, dimitri yifiani, Tb., 1989, gv. 88-92166
165
SeiZleba CvenSi universitetis gaxsna Tu ara?
Tu kievSi, yazanSi, xarkovSi, odesaSi SesaZlebeli iyo tfilisSi
ratom ar SeiZleba? iqneb vinmem sTqvas, sxva universitetebSic naklebia
profesorebi da CvenSi vin movao? iqneb isic sTqvan moswavleebi naklebad
iqnebiano?
rac Seexeba profesorebs, Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom petergburgsa
da odesis garda, umetesi nawili profesorebisa, CvenSi ufro didi
siamovnebiT wamovlen, vidre danarCen provinciebis universitetebSi...
ruseTSi kavkasiisTana meore mxare ar moipoveba, sadac amdeni bunebis
simdidre, nair-nairi movlinebebi, nairnairi pirutyvebi, mcenareebi da
madneulebi ipovebodes da sadac ise naklebad iyvnen eseni gamokvleulni.
MmaSasadame, ramden masalas ipovnian CvenSi bunebis gamomaZiebeli
profesorebi? sxvagan aseT patara sivrceze sad ipoviT imden sxvadasxva
tomis xalxebs, aTasnair enebze molaparakes da aTasnairi Cveulebebis
damfarvelT? MmaSasadame, filologebi da lingvistebi ramden masalas
mokrefen aq TavianTi mecnierebebisaTvis? agreTve matematikisa da sxva
fakultetebis profesorebic, ueWvelia, didis kmayofilebiT wamovlen
CvenSi.
studentobis naklebobis SiSi sruliad ar unda gvqondes,
gamoiangariSeT ramdeni gimnaziaa kavkasiaSi. (garda Tbilisisa da
quTaisisa, g. wereTeli moixseniebs, stavropolis, baqos, erevnis,
vladikavkazis gimnaziebs – i.e.) ramdeni ymawvili kacebi aTavebs imaTSi
yovelweliwads kurss da davrwmundebiT, rom Cveni momavali universitetis
auditoriebic carieli ar darCebian~.
rogorc vxedavT, sakiTxi exeba universitetis gaxsnas TbilisSi.
Mmagram aqve ismis kiTxva: ra tipis universitetzea aq laparaki? TviT
giorgi wereTlis statiis saTauridanac aSkarad Cans, rom saqme exeba
TbilisSi ara erovnuli universitetis gaxsnas, aramed e.w. ,,kavkasiis
universitets~.Aaq laparakia, kavkasiis sxvadasxva regionidan araqarTveli
axalgazrdobis mozidvaze. Aavtori cdilobs daasabuTos rus profesor-
maswavlebelTa Camosaxlebis aucilebloba adgilobriv mkvidrTa
ekonomikuri da kulturuli donis asamaRleblad, misi keTilismyofeli
zemoqmedeba da sxv. magram yvela aq CamoTvlili Rirsebebis miuxedavad
aSkaraa, rom es universiteti rusuli universitetia.
am statiis avtoris da mis TanamoazreTa pozicias roca vecnobiT,
kvlav SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxva: hqonda ki erovnuli interesebis
TvalsazrisiT TbilisSi saerTo kavkasiuri, rusuli universitetis gaxsnas
gamarTleba? rogorc Cans, g. wereTels da mis TanamdgomT keTilSobiluri
Canafiqri gaaCniaT, magram SorsmWvreteloba ar akontrolebs am survils.
dRevandeli qarTvelisaTvis, romelic kargad erkeveva CvenSi Seqmnil
demografiul da eTno-kulturologiur procesebSi, Zneli araa imis
SemCneva, Tu ras mou167
166
tanda XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi rusifikatoruli politikis wya-
lobiT sulierad da fizikurad isedac mouZlurebul saqarTvelos
TbilisSi xarkovis, yazanis, kievis, odesis tipis rusuli universitetis
daarseba. Ddemografiuli TvalsazrisiT mTeli kavkasiis regionSi
ganlagebuli gimnaziebidan moswavle-axalgazrdobis mozidva (yvela tomis
warmomadgenloba), rusuli profesuris ojaxebiT saqarTveloSi
Camosaxleba-damkvidreba – es xom neba-uneblieT saqarTvelos garusebis
efeqturi gza iyo. ,,Segnebis magaliTs inteligencia unda aZlevdes
qveyanas~, - gvaswavlis didi akaki, magram gamodgebodnen ki qarTvelTa
erovnuli Segnebis asamaRleblad ruseTidan Camosaxlebuli Tundac
niWieri rusi profesorebi? isini xom bunebrivad moitandnen azrovnebisa da
cxovrebis rusul wess, rasac mohyveboda rusuli presis, rusuli
kulturuli garemos gaZlereba. Ggenialuri vaJas TqmiT, ,,inteligenciam
unda... ganaspetakos eris grZnoba, moaSoros Jangi da WuWyi mis guls~ -
magram, rasakvirvelia, inteligencia, romelic Tavisi moRvaweobis
balavarad rusul enas, rusul presas, rusuli cxovrebis wess
moimarjvebda, eris sulis ,,ganmaspetakeblad~ ver gamodgeboda; amitomac
iyo, rom didi poeti mogvianebiT ebrZvis kidec amgvar ,,merusuleobas~ da
erovnuli skolis uqonlobas ,,eris vnebisa da gaTaxsirebis~ safuZvlad
Tvlis.
etyoba, ruseTis kulturul cxovrebas naziareb, naTeli idealebis
mqone qarTvelTa erT jgufs jer kidev ar hqonda gavlili praqtikuli da
politikuri moRvaweobis mkacri skola da TavianT samoqmedo programas
ufro viwro, droiTi fargaliT sazRvravdnen. Tundac g. wereTlis
zemomotanil sityvebSi aSkarad vxedavT, rom avtori emociurad xatavs
Cveni qveynis bednier momavals... rogorc Cans, ruseTis samxedro-
administraciul skolagamovlili imperiis yofili didmoxele, gr.
Oorbeliani, ufro kargad erkveoda carizmis mmarTvelobis Sors gamiznul
zraxvebSi. Mman icoda, rom saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis yoveli
mefe qarTvelTa demografiul gadagvarebas ugegmavda kavkasiaSi wamosul
yvela moxeles, qarTul sxeulSi rusuli sulis aRzrdas usaxavda miznad
yvela mmarTvels da amitomac ikavebs Tavs is TbilisSi universitetis
daarsebis Txovnaze. werilebidan kargad Cans, rogori gulistkiviliT
laparakobs gr. rbeliani rus moxeleTa umsgavsobaze, Tbilisis saxis
cvlaze, afxazeTisa da aWaris mkvidr mcxovrebTa gansaxlebaze. jer kidev
axalgazrda gr. Orbeliani iyo moTvalTvale, Tu rogor ayara saimperio
karis miTiTebiT paskeviCma samcxe-javaxeTSi 1500 qarTuli ojaxi, ramac
savalalo mdgomareoba Seuqmna am mxaris erovnul ganviTarebas. yovelTvis
ilia WavWvaZis mxardamWeri grigol orbeliani, albaT, amitomac ar
amoudga gverdiT Tavis uniWieres axalgazrda Tanamoklames, universitetis
gaxsnis saqmeSi. safiqrebelia, mudam urTierTis gamtani da Tanamoazre, 168
167
niko nikolaZisa da giorgi wereTlis poziciebic sxvadasxva aRmoCnda
imis gamo, rom evropul ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi seriozulad
Caxedulma, Rrmad analitikuri Wkuis niko nikolaZem ufro kargad dainaxa,
rusuli universitetis daarsebas, Tu ra demografiuli da
eTnokulturulogiuri krizisebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda... rac Seexeba
akaki wereTlis damokidebulebas grigol orbelianTan, mas umetesad
pirovnul-literaturuli sarCuli udevs da sazogadoebriv JReradobas
misi polemika ,,novgorodis~ ,,liberalTan~ mxolod maSin iZens, roca
yofidan poeziaSi inacvlebs kamaTi. Aase, rom XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebi
qarTul sinamdvileSi sruliadac araa 60-iani wlebSi dawyebuli polemikis
gagrZeleba da rogorc 60-ian wlebSi ar hqonda adgili CvenSi ,,TaobaTa
brZolas~, arc 70-iani wlebia am dapirispirebis asparezi.169
168
ilia WavWavaZe
(1837_1907)
axali drois did qarTvel mweralTa Soris, pirvel yovlisa, moCans
mZlavri, monumenturi figura ilia WavWavaZisa, romelmac warmarTa da
faqtobrivad gansazRvra saqarTvelos sulieri da sazogadoebriv-
praqtikuli cxovrebis Sinaarsi XIX s. II naxevarSi. ilia WavWavaZe rom ara,
igi sruliad sxvagvari iqneboda.
didi ilia swored im dros moevlina Cvens qveyanas, rodesac mas
uaRresad sWirdeboda Tavganwiruli winamZRoli. ilia eris Tavkacis niSan-
TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba iyo. mTeli naxevari saukunis manZilze igi
mouqancavad wvrTnida qarTveli xalxis gonebasa da zneobas, rogorc misi
sulieri moZRvari. iliam raindulad zida eris Tavkacis mZime tvirTi,
zida, vidre ar daeca qveynis sakurTxevelze, vidre msxverplad ar Seewira
im erovnul ideas, romlis ganxorcielebasac Tavisi Segnebuli sicocxle
miuZRvna.
ilia WavWavaZe uaRresad mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo, SemousazRvreli
da TvalSeudgami. ilias pirovneba moicavs moRvaweobis sruliad sxvadasxva
sferos _ literaturas da xelovnebas, Jurnalistikas, istorias,
iurisprudencias, filosofias, pedagogikas, soflis meurneobas...
bunebrivia, amgvari mravalferovneba da siRrme arTulebs mis samyaroSi
Sesvlas, sazogadod mTlianobaSi mis mocvas. magram isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ilia monoliTuri pirovneba iyo, mTliani da
myari. misi mZlavri, Rrma da rTuli sulieri Zalebi erTiani iyo. misi didi
neba da inteleqti mTel mis bunebas mravalmxrivobas, SemoqmedebiT da
praqtikul energias erTi miznisken mimarTavda, erT, misTvis saarsebo,
sasicocxlo moTxovnas uqvemdebarebda. misi arsebobis erTaderTi forma
iyo azriani cxovrebiT cxovreba.
ilia WavWavaZis TiToeuli nabiji pirovnuli, sazogadoebrivi Tu
literaturuli cxovrebis gzaze sinaTliTaa savse, mizanswrafulia.
amgvari viTareba ki gansazRvravs misi Semoqmedebis samyaroSi Sesvlis
xasiaTs. mTavaria moiZebnos is dedaZarRvi, rac mwerlis cxovrebisa da
Semoqmedebis Sinaarsad, mis mTavar paTosad qceula da kvalSi Caudge,
mihyve. igi Tavad gatarebs swor gzaze.
* * *
cnobilia, rom mwerlis bavSvobisdroindeli Tu Semdgomi xanis
STabeWdilebebiT, warmodgenebiT, sazogadod cxovrebiT didad aris
gansazRvruli misi Semoqmedeba. amdenad, bunebrivia, dgeba saWiroeba
mwerlis pirovnuli cxovrebisa da Rvawlis daxasiaTebisa.
ilia WavWavaZis samSoblo kuTxea saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi karibWe _
mdidari da baraqiani kaxeTi. vaxuStis sityvebiT, `xolo queyana ese ars
friad nayofieri yovliTa marcvliTa, venaxiTa, xiliTa, pirutyviTa,
nadiriTa, frinveliTa da TevziTa, aramed ufrois hereTi da umetesad
alaznis da ioris kideni~. gasagebia, rom Cveni 170
169
qveynis mtrebi kaxeTis xelSi Cagdebaze dReniadag ocnebobdnen. `far-
Subiani~ kaxelebic medgrad icavdnen Tavs, maT `gaukeTes saqarTvelos
simagreebi da sakuTari Zvlebis galavani Semoavles~ (akaki).
kaxelis xasiaTi misi kuTxis bunebam da istoriulma Znelbedobam
gansazRvra. Tu isev did istorikoss vaxuStis moviSveliebT, kaxelebi
arian `kacni da qalni Suenierni, haerovanni da mgzavsni yovelTave
qarTvelTa zniTa, CveulebiT da qceviT, aramed laRni, amayni, mexotbeni,
did mTqmelni, meCxubarni, SemmarTebelni... erTgulni, mosilni qarTulad,
eniTa da sarwmunoebiTa qarTlisaTa~. ilias erT biografs Tu verwmunebiT,
kaxelis mdidar bunebaSi erTmaneTs Seerwya didi Sinagani daxvewiloba,
sidarbaisle, erTi mxriv, da garegnuli uxeSoba da erTgvari sitlanqe,
meore mxriv, es ori polaruli niSanTviseba saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxis
warmomadgenelSi araa erTdroulad ise mkveTrad warmodgenili, rogorc
kaxelSi. naTqvams isic unda daematos, rom kaxeli erTob pirdapiria,
saTqmelis da safiqralis miukibavad, reveransis gareSe ambobs.
swored am kuTxeSi `kaxeTis Tvalad~ wodebuli sofel yvarelSi 1837
wlis 27 oqtombers (ax. stiliT 8 noembers) daibada ilia WavWavaZe.
CrdiloeTiT es sofeli ilias mier poezaSi ukvdavyofili yvarlis
mTebiTaa garemosili da meores mxriv, alaznis momxiblav vels
gadahyurebs.
daRestnis gzaze mdebare sasazRvro soflis cixis aReba, faq-
tobrivad, kaxeTis WiSkris Semoxsnas niSnavda. `saqarTvelos sazRvrebis am
sadarajoze monapireobam gamoumuSava am mxaris mkvidrT Seudrekeli
rainduli suli~ (pavle ingoroyva). mteri agrerigad ver bedavda yvarelSi
SemoWras. cnobilia, rom `mTis arwivad~ wodebulma Samilma winandali
aiklo, maSin roca ilia 16 wlisa iyo da yvarelSi ver Semobeda... Tumca
lekTa Semosevebi yvarels mainc unaxavs da unaxavs XIX saukuneSic. TviT
ilias mamas ramdenimejer uwinamZRvria yvarlelebisaTvis da mteri
vaJkacurad ukuuqceviaT. ilias ufrosi Zma, konstantine, lekebTan
Setakebis dros daiRupa, swored maSin, roca lekebi winandalSi SeiWrnen.
amgvari faqtebi Tavis kvals amCnevdnen Wabuki ilias sulis formirebaze.
`kidev ufro Zalovnad moqmedebda iliaze saucxovo buneba, romelic gars
ertya yvarels. CrdiloeTiT burjis ukan aRmarTulia xSiri tyiT Semosili
maRali mTebi. xeobaSi viwro biliki Cans, romelsac mgzavri ucxo mxareSi,
daRestanSi, mihyavs. am tyeSi raRac saidumloeba mefobs. aremare Rrma
siCumiT aris moculi. samxreTiT yvarlis vrcel zvrebs iqiT aTasfrad
aWrelebuli mziani mxare iSleba, es aris saucxoo alaznis veli, romelic
ilias Zlier uyvarda~ (artur laisti). maincadamainc yvarlis mTebma
Zalumad aatokes misi guli. ramdenjer unatria mTrTolvare yrmas zviadi
mTebis àmay Tavs~ Sexeboda, natrobda `subuq qars~ moxveoda, raTa
`Tavisufali arwivis Zlieri frTebiT~ laJvardi cis siRrmeSi gaWriliyo.
ilias mama, grigol WavWavZe adre oficrad iyo namsaxuri, `rusuli
enis kargi mcodne~, sakmaod ganaTlebuli grigoli erTob 171
170
mowinave Sexedulebebis kaci yofila. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi isaa,
rom man sanaqebo mamobrivi mzrunveloba gamoiCina dediT daoblebuli
Svilebis mimarT. yvelas swavla-aRzrdaze izruna. xelmokleobis
miuxedavad ara Tu vaJebi, aramed ufrosi qaliSvili ninoc TbilisSi
Camoiyvana swavlis misaRebad, rac imdroisaTvis mainc iSviaTi SemTxveva
iyo.
grigol WavWavaZe, Tavisi qveynis patrioti, Svilebisa da kerZod,
patara ilias sulier ganviTrebaze piradi magaliTiT Tu STambeWdavi
monaTxrobiTac axdenda saTanado zemoqmedebas; `yvelas uyvars, Svilebo,
Tavisi qveyana da roca uWirs, Znelia kacma umtyunos da Tavi ar
gamoimetos~, _ ase upretenziod, Sinagani damarwmuneblobiT warsulis
gmirTa savaJkaco saqmeebis moTxrobiT aRvivebda mama patara ilias sulSi
mamulis winaSe keTilSobiluri valis grZnobas.
darbaisel, amasTanave erTob gonebamaxvil da sityvamoswrebul
grigols ojaxSi gulCaTxrobiloba dasCemda, gansakuTrebiT meuRlis
gardacvalebis Semdeg. xSirad mTeli dRe ise gavidoda, sityvas ar
amoiRebda. ilias biografis TqmiT, ès ori Tviseba _ niWi oxunjobisa da
sastiki dumili, didxans yofna xmaamouRebliv gahyva mis SesaniSnav
Svilsac~ (grigol yifSiZe). grigol WavWavaZe axalgazrda gardaicvala, 41
wlisa, maSin ilia 15 wlisa iyo.
ilias deda, mariam qristefores asuli beburiSvili (qaliSvilobaSi
magdane), Tbiliseli qali iyo. meuRlisa da ojaxis mosiyvarule da
erTguli, Tavgamodebuli, didad gonieri, Tavisi drois kvalobaze nakiTxi,
kargi mcodne qarTuli literaturisa; mariami didebulad zrdida Svilebs.
ilia Tavis avtobiografiaSi gviambobs: `dedaCemma mSvenivrad icoda
maSindeli qarTuli mwerloba, sul zepirad hqonda daswavlili TiTqmis
yvela leqsi da Zveleburi moTxroba da romani, romelic ki iSoveboda
maSin an dabeWdili an xelnaweri. saRamoobiT dagvsxavda bavSvebs da
gvikiTxavda moTxrobebsa da ambebs. wakiTxvis Semdeg gviambobda Sinaarss
da meore dRes saRamozed gvkiTxavda, aba vin ufro kargad miambobs, rac
guSin gaigoneTo. vinc kargad vuambobdiT, gvaqebda da am qebas Cven didad
vafasebdiT~.
mariami sul mTlad axalgazrda gardaicvala, maSin roca ilia 10
wlisa iyo.
mSobelTa saxeebi, maTi xsovna Rrmad CaebeWda gulSi ymawvils da
mTeli cxovreba faqizad atara. mogvianebiT warsulis es naRvelnarevi
sitkboTi savse mogonebani iliam frTxilad gaacocxla saaxalwlo
moTxrobaSi `nikolooz gostaSabiSvili~.
`maxsovs, roca patara viyavi, ra gulisfancqaliT vnatrobdi wina-Rame
axali wlisa male gaTendes-meTqi. me maxsovs es wina-Rame. es wina-Rame
axalis wlisa Cvens patara sofelSi, saca bRartebsaviT vexvieniT ded-mamas
orni dani da samni Zmani. im dRes CvenTvis aRarc kakanaTi iyo, aRarc
Tovlis gunda, aRarc TovlSi xtoma da sirbili. Tvali da guli
xvalisaken migvirboda, xvales velodiT, xvale gvaxsovda, xvales
vnatrobdiT, gareT ra gvindoda, roca 172
171
Sin imodena xil-xuli da tkbileuloba gveguleboda. Sin, oTaxebSi
davfusfusebdiT: iq iyo, rac iyo. aq alvaxazsa hzeldnen, iq nuSs da
nigozs arCevdnen gozinayisaTvis, aqeT ucecxlo Tafli TiTs gviqnevda,
modiT, piri CaitkbaruneTo, iqiT deda-Cveni buxarSi Tafls adnobda da
Tafli TiTqo gveubneboda: daicadeT xvalamde, dRes me TqvenTvis vdnebio.
Cven TvalebdaWyetilebi amaeb-Soris davZvrebodiT da bednierebi viyaviT,
Tu rogorme movaswrebdiT da TiTs amovavlebdiT Tafls. sicils, xarxars
da dedis ugulod tyuilad javrobas bolo ara hqonda. Cvenc vicodiT, rom
arc deda, arc mama guliT ar gvijavrdebodnen da xelebs vafacurebdiT.
aca ram movicxoTo salokavad. yvelaze ufrosi CvenSi Tormets ar iyo
gadacilebuli.
mas aqeT bevrma wyalma Caiara da bevri ram wagvarTva da Tan waiyola.
dagvexoca ded-mama, momikvda ori Zma, gardamecvala erTi daca, davrCiT am
qveynierobaze marto orni da-Zmani. exla erTsaca da meoresac TmaSi WaRara
gvirevia da roca axali weliwadi modis, minda Tu ara, cremlianis TvaliT
ukan mimaxedebs xolme. vxedav Cems Tavs patara sofelSi, Cems patara
funCula da-Zmebs Soris. vxedav rogor dagvxarian Svilebs deda, mama,
rogor SevxariT bavSvuris sixaruliTa dedas, mamas. mesmis trediviT
ugunuri titini Cemis patara disa, patara Zmisa, momesmis Wkuadamjdari,
siyvaruliani laparaki dedi-Cemisa, mami-Cemisa. dRes yovelive es marto
tkbili sizmaria...
wavida is bednieri dro da aRar mova. wavida da guli hkvnesis raRac
sxvanair tkivilisa, sxvanair mwuxarebisagan, romelsac zogjer adamiani
sixarulzedac ar gascvlis xolme. tkbilia kvnesa am tkivilisa, tkbilia
cremli am mwuxarebisa. aq kvnesa niavsaviviT agrilebs gulis-wvasa da
cremli hnamavas gadamWknar gulsa gamosacocxleblad. viRamaca sTqva:
`datkboba saamuri tkiviliao, da swored amisTana tkivilia es tkivilica~
(`nikolooz gostaSabiSvili~).
jer dediT, xolo male saerTod daoblebuli bavSvebis movla-
patronoba, rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme aseT SemTxvevaSi, aqac mamidam _
daqvirivebulma makrinem _ iTava. igi `burjad Seudga Zmis ojaxs~ (ilo
beroSvili) da arc mouklia àm friad keTil, RvTismoyvare, qarTul
mwignobrobaSi, saRvTo werilSi ganviTrebul~ (elisabed saginaSvili)
adamians mzrunveloba da siyvaruli ZmisSvilebisaTvis. ilias umcrosi da
el. saginaSvili wers: `samocdarva weliwadi vicxovreT, (ar maxsovs)
maRali sityviT gasjavrebodes mosamsaxures. Cvens daZmobaSic erTmaneTSi
didi siyvaruliT, TavazianobiT gveqceoda~. mogvianebiT madlieri ilia ase
werda mamidas: ìse rogorc axla Tqveni naxva me minda, Cems dReSi ar
momdomia... sikeTe, mamidajan, dauviwyaria da rac Tqven CvenTvis sikeTe
giqniaT, eg ufro gansakuTrebiT ukvdavi aris CemTvis~.
ilias axloblebi da naTesavebi erTxmad adastureben, rom patara
ilias ganmartoeba uyvarda, bavSvebTan garTobas da TamaSs 173
172
agrerigad ver ewyoboda. `Cemis dis ninosagan gamigonia, ilia bavSo-
bidanve Tavis tolebSi srulebiT Turme irCeoda, mSvidi, wynari, da-ZmobaSi
mosiyvarule, rodesac Cven bavSvebi vTamaSobdiT, iSviaTad miiRebda CvenTan
monawileobas TamaSSio~ (elisabed saginaSvili).
yrmobaSive Tavs datexilma ubedurebebma, imTaviTve miRebulma mware
tkivilebma mgrZnobiare da fiqriani kidev ufro gulCaTxrobili gaxada.
`rac gamovzrdilvar, sul sikvdili mesmis garSemodam, sikvdilis meti
bedi ar dagvyolia Cven~, _ iwereboda Wabuki ilia peterburgidan, roca
eniT uTqmeli ubedureba daatyda, maxloblebs moklebuls `civ ucxoeTSi~
usayvarlsi umcrosi Zmac, Teimurazi moukvda (1860 w.). ilia Rrmad
ganicdida sulis martoobas da amasTanave uTqmelad iTmenda yovelives. es
moTmena, gulSi uxmod Cakvla mwuxarebisa, dardisa, garegnuli
SeumCnevloba `didis Sinagani cecxlisa~ ilias bunebad eqca. vinc mas
axlos ar icnobda, STabeWdileba rCeboda, TiTqos ilia gulqva iyo,
pirquSi. sinamdvileSi ki am garegnuli simkacris, xSirad sijiutemde
misuli ulmoblobis iqiT Sinagani silbo, sinaze da siyvaruli ifareboda.
ilias urTierToba axloblebTan, naTesavebTan, qveynisTvis damaSvral
adamianebTan, mTeli misi Semoqmedeba amas TvalsaCinod mowmobs.
marTalia, ilias bavSobisdroindeli mogonebebiT erTob Raribni
varT (amaSi araferia gaugebari: arvin icis momavalSi vin vin iqneba), magram
romeli mogoneba Seedreba TviT ilias mier poetur striqonebSi
gacxadebuls; Wabuki, rogorc Cans, xSirad miaSurebda Tavis yvarlis mTebs.
maT winaSe mdgari `TrTolviT Wvretda~ mTaTa simaRles da maT
mwvervalebs evleboda ocnebiT. roca xevSi qari Rmuoda, yrma foToliviT
TrToda, magram es ar iyo `SiSis TrTola, SiSis kankali~, ìm xmebSi
grZnobda~ igi raRac `nacnobs, mSobliurs~. poeti Tavis sayvarel mTebTan
ganmartoebuli Rvrida `cremlT nakaduls, maT SesCioda, Sestiroda~,
Tumca isini `nugeSs ar scemdnen~... da es àCrdilni saocnebelT warsulTa
wamTa~ poetma sikvdilamde daimarxa `gulSia RrmaTa~.
bevrma dardma da ymawvilurma satkivarma kidev ufro gaamagra da
gaakaJa igi, sakuTar TavTan ufro gaanapira.
ilias swavla-aRzrdis saqmes Tavdapirvelad deda xelmZRvanelobda.
ojaxSi yrmobis wlebSi unda ziareboda ilia qarTuli literaturis
nimuSebs da maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa, `xelixel sagogmanebel~
`vefxistyaosans~.
rva wlis ilia saswavleblad miabares soflis mTavar diakvans. aq,
soflis skolaSi, iliasTan erTad ramdenime glexis biWic dadioda. friad
sagulisxmoa, rom TavadiSvili yma glexebis bavSvebTan erTad iwvrTneboda.
albaT, garkveulad am sayuradRebo faqtmac ganapiroba ilias
damokidebuleba, _ siaxlove da siyvaruli qarTveli glexkacisadmi.
mwerali Tavis avtobiografiaSi didis siTboTi igonebs soflis
skolaSi gatarebul dros. diakvanTan siaruls didi zemoqmedeba mouxdenia
yrmis sulze. maswavlebeli maincdamainc ar qancavda 174
173
bavSvebis mexsierebas. drois ZiriTadi nawili TamaSSi gadioda. Ta-
maSobdnen bavSvebi maswavleblis meTvalyureobiT. werasa da kiTxvas sul
erT saaTs andomebdnen. umTavresi Rirseba mTavrisa ìs iyo, rom
momxibvleli Tqma icoda ambebisa. gviambobda mdabiurad da bavSvisaTvis
advilad gasagebis eniT ufro saRmrTo da samSoblo qveynis istoriis
ambebs, vis ra gmiroba moemoqmedna, vis ra falavnoba gaewia, vis ra Rvawli
da sikeTe daeTesa samSoblosa da sarwmunoebis sasargeblod da
dasacvelad~. yrmis suli SeuZravs gmir winaparTa Tavdadebis ambebs.
imdenad Rrma yofila mTavris monayolis zemoqmedeba, rom zogi ram ilias
Semdgom gamouyenebia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. `glaxis naambobSi~ mRvdlis saxe
STagonebuli unda iyos ilias yrmobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebiT.
moTxrobaSi STambeWdavad gadmocemuli `vefxistyaosnis~ gakveTilebi
yrmobis mogonebebsac unda emyarebodes.
erTi sityviT, soflis am gonivrulma skolam didi zemoqmedeba
moaxdina yrmis sulze da swored es periodi daedo safuZvlad mis momaval
samwerlo miRvaweobas.
10 wlis ilia mamam TbilisSi Camoiyvana da jer erT-erT saukeTeso
kerZo saswavlebelSi _ raevski-hakes pansionSi Seiyvana, xolo aqedan iliam
swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis gimnaziaSi.
ilias yuradRebas pansionsa da gimnaziaSi swavlisas maswavle-
belTagan mainc hake iqcevs, ufro sworad, mexsierebam yvelaze metad hakes
saxe Semoinaxa: `hake germaneli iyo. yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli kaci. hake
sastiki kaci iyo, magram Tan imodenad mamobrivs mzrunvelobas iCenda
Tavisi Segirdebis mimaraT, imodenas scdilobda da yurs ugdeba maTs
zneobrivsa da gonebrivs ganviTarebas, rom TiTqmis mTels Tavisufal
dros klasSi mecadineobis Semdeg, imaT andomebda, xan emusaifeboda, xan
arTobda musikiT da marTavda xeldaxel koncerts roialzed, romlis
dakvrac saucxood icoda~.
es aris da es, rac Cven ilias pansionisa da gimnaziis drois mas-
wavleblebze viciT. unda vifiqroT, rom ilia TviTonve qmnis Tavis
pirovnebas da Tavisi saqcielis, moqmedebis axsnas gare pirobebis,
maswavleblebis ragvarobiT ar cdilobs. igi arc aqebs da arc aZagebs
swavlis sistemas da maswavleblebs.
rogorc Cans da rogorc amas ilias axlobeli da megobari koxta
afxazi gvamcnobs, ilia gimnaziaSi bevri cnobili mwerlisa da xelovanis
msgavsad, savaldebulo saswavlo sagnebis swavliT maincdamianc ar iqcevs
sagangebo yuradRebas. igi gatacebiT kiTxulobs imas, rac mis interesebs
Seesabameba, rac mas Tavisi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis gzaze aucilebel
Sesaswavlad miaCnia.
ilia WavWavaZis ojaxi xelmokled cxovrobda. mamis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ojaxi kidev ufro did siRaribeSi aRmoCnda. magram ilia didad
mondomebulia da mamidac xels uwyobs. amTavrebs Tu ara gimnazias, maSinve,
1857 wels miemgzavreba igi peterburgs swavlis gasagrZeleblad. aq ilia
Cairicxa universistetSi iuridiul fakultetze.175
174
ruseTSi mimavali Wabukis miswrafebebi da idealebi ukve garkveuli
iyo. igi `wuTisoflis valis~, Tavisi qveynis `momavlis bedze~ zrunvis
grZnobiT iyo Sepyrobili. am poziciidan afasebda ilia yovelives.
peterburgSi myof qarTvel studentTa jgufSi ilia male iqca
avtoritetad da mis garSemo Semoikribnen kidec. ilias myari xasiaTi,
sidinje, didi erudireba iqca imis pirobad, rom mas axalgazrdebs Soris
moTavis adgili daekavebina.
iliasa da misi megobrebis peterburgSi gansaswavlad Casvla daemTxva
ruseTis sinamdvileSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan, erTob mRelvare xanas _ 60-ian
wlebs. es iyo dro `sinaTlis sxivis bneleTis samefoSi SeWrisa~ (nikoloz
dobroliubovi).
axlad gamefebulma aleqsandre II-m, inteligenciis gulis mosagebad
da ara maincdamainc imitom, rom Sewuxebuli iyo qveynis bediT, gakvriT
ganacxada, saWiroa RonisZiebebis gatareba zemodan, raTa moispos qvemodan
ukmayofilebisa da ajanyebis safuZveli. mefis am gancxadebas umkacresi
sacenzuro pirobebis ramdenadme Sesusteba mohyva. swored am droisaTvis
miecaT saSualeba did rus samocianelebs SedarebiT Tavisufali azris
gamoxatvisa. mefis es politika aSkarad SeniRbuli iyo. amas imTaviTve
grZnobdnen rusi moazrovneebic. 1861 wlidan TandaTan aSkara gaxda
nikoloz I-is reJimisaken mibruneba, xolo 1866 wlidan, roca mefe
aleqsandre II-s esroles, ruseTSi isev gabatonda Savbneli reaqcia. magram
rogoric ar unda iyos saqmis viTareba, mainc faqtia, rom 1856_1866 wlebSi
ruseTis inteligencia amoqmedda.
ilia da misi megobrebi interesiT adevnebdnen Tvals ruseTisa da
dasavleT evropis sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebas da moazrovnis
pioziciidan afasebdnen yovelives.
isini ara marto codnis SeZenas eltvodnen, aramed iseT azrebs
irCevdnen rusul da dasavleTevropul sivrceSi, romelTa transformacia
SesaZlebeli aRmoCndeboda qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis. erTi sityviT,
rusuli moZraobis, mowinave rusuli da evropuli azris ganxilva xdeboda
erovnuli poziciidan _ qarTuli sazogadoebrivi interesebis aspeqtSi.
ilia aqac, peterburgis universiteteSi, ZiriTadad TviTganviTrebas
eZleva, bevrs muSaobs, kiTxulobs Zalian bevrs; gansakuTrebiT politikuri
da ekonomikuri sagnebiT interesdeba, safuZvlianad swavlobs evropul da
rusul literaturas. rogorc niko nikolaZe gadmogvcems, erT qarTvel
students, roca nikolaZisaTvis `sovremenikis~ kiTxvaze wauswria, uTqvamsL
`gaixsene Cemi sityvebi... Tu Senc ise ar waxde, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe
waxda. isic aq Sileris, baironis da valter skotis kiTxvis mets arafers
Svreboda, udiplomod wabrZanda~. peterburgSi myofi ilia qarTul niadags
wamiT ar moswyvetia. swored aq, peterburgSi, gaicno man safuZvlianad
Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. swored am dros prof. daviT CubinaSvilma
qarTvel studentebs gadasca salome batoniSviliseuli umdidresi
biblioTeka.176
175
swored am droisaTvis peterburgSi gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT
gaiSala ilias SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. igi wers leqsebs, mag., iseTebs,
rogoricaa `xma samaridam, `guTnis deda~, `nana~, èlegia~, `qarTvlis
dedas~, `gavswordeT, bedo~, `muSa~, `poeti~, àleqsandre WavWavaZe~,
`nikoloz baraTaSvilzed~, `risTvis miyvarxar~, `gaxsovs turfav~ da kidev
bevr sxvas. aqve iwereba poema àCrdili~, dramatuli poema `qarTvlis deda~,
`ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~. peterburgSi iwereba
adreuli variantebi moTxrobebisa `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~.
amave drois iwyebs ilia mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas. Targmnis goeTes da
Silers, haines da bairons, rukertsa da Senies, puSkinsa da lermontovs.
rogorc vxedavT, peterburgSi yofnis dro gansakuTrebuli
SemoqmedebiT produqtiulobiTac gamoirCeva da es imitomac, rom aq,
ucxoeTSi gacilebiT didia dro fiqrisa, CaRrmavebisa, sakuTar gancdebze
dakvirvebisaTvis.
didi grZnobebis, gatacebebis, miznebis mqone axalgazrdas, bunebrivia,
sWirdeba garkveuli saxsrebi saarsebod, ilia ki ukiduresad Raribad
cxovrobs. ucxoeTSi mowifuli WabukisaTvis siRaribe da jibecarieloba
mwvaved gansacdelia. ilia Cveuli iumoriT naTesavebTan moweril
werilebSi swored ufulobas uCivis. `Cem jibeSi netavi Camogaxeda, ra
ambavia, _ wers ilia Tavis ufros das, ninos, _ ruseTul Tagvebs iseTi
jiriTi gaaqvsT, rom meti ra iqneba. RmerTmani Wrel-Wrel maneTebs
wamohkramen fexs, Sen nu moukvde Cem Tavs. iseTi mowmendilia iqauroba, rom
yabaxis moedanze ar iqneba ise... riTa swamlobT kutrobas, mec maswavleT~.
unda vifiqroT, rom mosiyvarule disTvis Zmis es iumornarevi mware Civili
advili mosasmeni ar unda yofiliyo...
didi da Rrma grZnobis Wabukma, fiqrianma, gatacebac sazRvarSe-
mouvlebi icis. rogorc ilias axlo naTesavi da megobari koxta afxazi
gvarwmunebs, ruseTSi gamgzavrebamde ilias ukve hqonda sasiyvarulo
istoriebi. sazogadod gulCaxveuls, faqizad SeeZlo es grZnoba etarebina,
imis Zalac Seswevda, rom gulSi aRgznebuli cecxli didi tkivilis fasad,
magram mainc daeZlia.
`Sav TvalTa siRrmem~ ilia TbilisSive moxibla, ise duRda maTSi
sicocxle ìma cecxliT~, rom daidaga kidec `misis naperwkliT~...
peterburgSi Casul poets Tan Cahyva Sav TvalTa eSxi, aqac dauwyo
Zebna Sav Tvalebs, `magram ruseTSi vin daanaxebda~... mere, Cans, imZlavra
cisferma. ilia aqac gamijnurda da gamijnurda Caikovskis qalze (momavali
didi kompozitoris daze). koxta afxazis gadmocemidan cnobilia, Tu
rogor ukeTebdnen vizits mdidari generlis qaliSvils Raribi qarTveli
studentebi morigeobiT, radgan erTi fraki hqondaT.
ilia Tavis `cota xelmoWeril~ mosiyvarule das, ninos, 1859 wels
peterburgidan moweril werilSi sTxovs: `...erTi rame maqvs SenTvis
saTxovari da Tu giyvarde, Tu Cemi mcire siyvaruli gaqvs, 177
176
amisrule. erTma qalma qaluri vercxlis qamari mTxova xanjliTa da
davpirdi, Seni Wirime, ninuci, nu gamamtyuneb im qalTan, mere unda icode ra
qalia! imaT ojaxSi, rogorc Svili, ise var miRebuli, iseTi ded-mama hyavs,
rom Tavi Semayvares. Tu SeiZleba, Seni sulis Wirime, nino, saaRdgomod
gamomigzavne: vici giyvarvar, Tumca cota xelis moWera giyvars, magram Cemi
siyvaruli gagabedvinebs~.
am siyvarulis bolo ki aseTia _ Cans, generlis qaliSvils TavSe-
kaveba da, saerTod, grZnobis sifxizle SeunarCunebia da `maRali mTebis
qariSxliT, elviT, WeqiT gazrdili~ Wabuki qarTveli poetis vnebas
`zamTris susxiT daCagruli~ `civi guliT~ upasuxia. `turfam egre
ganirida~ misi `wminda siyvaruli~.
ilia WavWavaZis yvela biografi peterburgSi misi yofnis droidan
gansakuTrebiT erT faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. erT zafxuls ilia
swvevia Tavis saxelovan Soreul naTesavs, ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadianisas. aq
misTvis uCvenebiaT nikoloz baraTaSvilis avtografuli krebuli,
romelsac ilia guldasmiT gascnobia. n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa
krebuls, Tumca igi adrec icnobda am poetis `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul
zogierT leqss, gansacvifrebeli zemoqmedeba mouxdenia iliaze. `sami dRe
gaognebuli dadiodao~, _ wers koxta afxazi. am droidan mokidebuli ilia
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze genialuri n. baraTaSvilis
popularizacias eweoda. misi uSualo damsaxurebaa n. baraTaSvilis
saxelis amobrwyineba.
peterburgis universitetSi studentTa areulobasTan dakavSirebiT aq
axali wesebi iqna SemoRebuli, rasac iliam protesti gamoucxada da
universitetis daumTavreblad samSobloSi dabrunda 1861 wels. aq mas
eloda `zeca sul sxvafrad damSvenebuli da sul sxva rigad
damSvidebuli~. manamde, ramdenime TviT adre ki iliam Jurnal `ciskarSi~
dasastambavad gamoagzavna Tavisi pirveli kritikuli statia òriode
sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis `SeSlilis~
Targmnazeda~, romelic `ciskris~ aprilis nomerSi daistamba kidec da
didi polemikuri vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia. swored es werili gaxda 60-iani
wlebis qarTul literaturul sinamdvileSi im kamaTis mizezi, romelic
`TaobaTa~ anu `mamaTa da SvilTa~ Soris brZolis saxeliT aris cnobili.
ilia WavWavaZis am drois qarTuli literaturuli sinamdvilisaTvis
sruliad uCveulo mZafri satiruli toniT daweril werils maSinve
gamoexmaurnen `ciskris~ TanamSromlebi barbare jorjaZisa, giorgi
baraTaSvili, sardion aleqsi-mesxiSvili da TviTon `SeSlilis~
mTargmneli revaz erisTavi. iliac TiTqos swored amas elodao, TiTqos
sababs eZebdao, dauyovnebliv aqveynebs `ciskarSi~ `pasuxs~, sadac, garda
imisa, rom Tavis oponentebs mkacrad akritikebs, pirvelad qarTul
sinamdvileSi realisturi xelovnebis Teoriis mTel rig principul
moTxovnebs wamoayenebs.
male ilia WavWavaZem Jurnali `ciskari~ Seufereblad miiCnia Tavisi
interesebis gamosaxatavad da Seudga zrunvas sakuTari Jurna178
177
lis daarsebisaTvis. cxadia, Wabuk ilias, romelsac am droisaTvis
arc literaturuli avtoriteti hqonda mopovebuli, arc diplomi gaaCnda,
arc ekonomikuri dasayrdeni, arc politikurad Canda xelisuflebisaTvis
sando, aravin miscemda Jurnalis daarsebis uflebas. erTi iyo survili,
magram meore iyo praqtikuli ganxorcieleba... da ai, axalgazrda poets
ndoba gamoucxada da mxari dauWira grigol orbelianma, romelic imxanad
mefisnacvlis movaleobas asrulebda. grigol orbelianma uSuamdgomla
ilias, rom misTvis miecaT Jurnalis daarsebis ufleba. grigol orbeli-
anma es mxardaWera saqveynod imiTac gaxada cxadi, rom Tavisi erTi
saukeTeso leqsi gadasca axal JurnalSi dasastambavad. 1863 wels gamovida
ilias Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~. marTlia, Jurnalma mxolod erTi
weli iarseba (gamovida misi Tormetive nomeri), magram Znelia gadaWarbebiT
Sefasdes misi roli qarTuli kulturisa da sazogadoebriv-literaturuli
azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi. axalgazrda redaqtori TavgamodebiT
cdilobda, rom Jurnals Tavisi WeSmariti saxe hqonoda. redaqtori
Jurnals amocanad usaxavda dakvirveboda Tanadroul cxovrebas,
Caswvdomoda im kanonsa da wess, rasac cxovreba wamoayenebda. `saqarTvelos
xalxis cxovreba, misi gamjobineba~ iyo ilias `pirveli da ukanaskneli
survili~. JurnalSi ibeWdeboda mxatvruli literatura. garda
originaluri xasiaTis Txzulebebisa, aq daibeWda evropuli da rusuli
mwerlobis nimuSebi, ibeWdeboda publicisturi werilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ gamoqveynda niWieri rusi kritikosis besarion
belinskisa da nikoloz dobroliubovis nawerebi.
rac mTavaria, pirvelad swored am Jurnalis furclebze gaecno
qarTveli mkiTxveli ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul qmnilebebs `kacia-adamians?!~,
`glaxis naambobis~ pirvel eqvs Tavs, poemis `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi
yaCaRis cxovrebidam~ didi nawils, nawyvets poema àCrdilidan~ da a. S.
roca Jurnalis calkeul nomrebs vecnobiT, vrwmundebiT, rom
Jurnalis momzadebis mTeli simZime faqtobrivad Jurnalis redaqtoris
mxrebze gadadioda _ is iyo avtoric, mTargmnelic, redaqtoric... ase iyo
nomridan nomramde... da ai, Jurnalis arsebobis erTi wlisTavze iliam uari
ganacxada Jurnalis gamosvlaze, radgan is farTo da gabedulze gabeduli
programa eris satkivaris, momavlis safiqralis gamoxatvisa, rac iliam
dausaxa Jurnals, sinamdvileSi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, srulad ver
xorcieldeboda. bunebrivia, iyo ekonomikuri problemebic, usaxsroba da a.
S.
1863 weli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtiT aRiniSna ilias
cxovrebaSi. `saqarTvelos moambis~ samzadisis xanebSi ilia dauaxlovda,
Rrma siyvaruliT Seiyvara da male coladac SeirTo olRa Tadeozis
asuli guramiSvili. olRa guramiSvili mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ilias
ganuyreli megobari iyo da Rirseuli meuRleoba gauwia mas. ilias
Tanamedroveni da mis ojaxTan daaxloebuli pirebi erTxmad aRiareben
olRas Tavganwirvamde misul erTgule179
178
bas da rids meuRlisadmi. iakob mansvetaSvilis daxasiaTebiT, `...olRa
iyo... gulCvili, mSvidi, saTnoiani, gulSematkivari, Tavmdabali. amis
gulkeTilobas sazRvari ar hqonda. Tu ki ram SeeZlo, aras dahzogavda
gaWirvebaSi Svela mieca, xeli gaemarTa. ilias xom sul Tval-warbSi
Sehyurebda. ilias sityva misTvis kanoni iyo. ilias erTi warbis Sexra
sakmarisi iyo, rom moyvaruli coli mimxvdariyo mis gulis wadils da
myisve aesrulebina. olRa bednierad sTvlida Tavs, rom bedma arguna
meuRled aseTi SesaniSnavi, didbunebovani adamiani da amiT sruliad
kmayofili iyo, mets arafers natrulobda. ilia misTvis saTayvano kerpi
iyo, romlis win muxls idrekda. ilias aRmerTebda amitom Tval-warbSi
Sehyurebda, Tavs dastrialebda, rom arc TiTon, arc sxvas ar ewyeninebina
ra da ar ganerisxebina. ilias muSaobas uyurebda rogorc RvdelT-
moqmedebas da amitom mis samuSao kabinets fexakrebiT dastrialebda,
axlos aravis miakarebda. yvelas neli xmiT unda elaparaka, rom ilia ar
Seewuxebina, mis muSaobisaTvis xeli ar SeeSala~. ilias meuRle
sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweoda da am mxrivac edga gverdSi Tavis
saTayvano megobars. ilia WavWavaZem olRasadmi didi siyvaruli da
pativiscema imiTac ukvdavyo, rom mas uZRvna Tavisi didebuli `gandegili~.
`saqarTvelos moambeze~ uaris Tqmis Semdeg 1864 wlidan ilia
WavWavaZe iZulebuli iyo samsaxuri daewyo. Tavdapirvelad ilia quTaisis
guberniaSi dainiSna general-gubernatoris calke mindobilobaTa moxeled,
xolo male, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, igi gadmovida duSeTis mazraSi
jer momrigebel Suamavlad, xolo 1868 wlidan momrigebel mosamarTled.
samsaxuris xasiaTi ilias SesaZleblobas aZlevda Tavisi mwerluri
Tu sazogadoebrivi interesebi ramdenadme daekmayofilebina, cxovrebas
miaxloeboda, uSualod Sexvedroda, gacnoboda qarTvel mSromels, mis
Wirsa da varams, satkivars. arCevani am garemoebasac unda ganesazRvra,
mwerali marTlac axlos gaecno Cveni qveynis erT kuTxes _ aRmosavleTis
mTas, dainteresda xalxis zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebiT, daiwyo misi
Segroveba.
drois es monakveTi iliasaTvis axal SemoqmedebiT ZiebaTa momwifebis
xanac iyo. aq, periferiaSi, muSaobis drosac mouclelobis miuxedavad ilia
interesiT adevnebda Tvals da yurs qveynis literaturul da kulturul
majiscemas. am droisaTvis iliam daasrula sabolood `glaxis naambobze~
muSaoba; aqve gaukeTa saboloo redaqcia `mgzavris werilebs~, dawera
`glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirvel droebis scenebi~, sabolood daamuSava
dramatuli poema `qarTvlis deda~, aqve Seiqmna leqsebi `1871 weli, 23 maisi,
parizis komunis dacemis dRe~, SesaniSnavi `Cemo kargo qveyanav~, didi
pirovnuli ZaliT aRbeWdili satiruli leqsebi `ra vakeTeT, ras
vSvrebodiT, anu saqaTvelos istoria XIX saukunisa~, `bednieri eri~...
swored aqedan, duSeTidan, daesxa igi Tavs Tavisi `gamocanebiT~ da `kidev
gamocanebiT~ did saxelmwifo moxeleebs da im qarTvel mwerlebs 180
179
da moRvaweebs, romelTac, misi azriT, bralad edebodaT im adresis
Sinaarsis Secvla, saqarTveloSi Camosul mefe aleqsandre II-s rom
miarTves 1871 wels. ilias nawarmoebebi drodadro qveyndeboda gazeT
`droebaSi~ da Jurnal `krebulSi~ da sazogadoebis sayovelTao
yuradRebiT sargeblobda.
mowinave qarTveli inteligencia, ilias megobrebi grZnobdnen, rom
sWirdebodaT ilia WavWavaZesTan uSualo kavSiri, misi uSualo
xelmZRvaneloba. qarTveli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc niko
nikolaZe gadmogvcems, ramdenimejer asulan duSeTSi da iliasaTvis
TxovniT miumarTavT, rom TbilisSi dabrunebuliyo da `qarTul saqmeebs
saTaveSi~ Cadgomoda.
bunebrivia, rom ilias farTo SesaZleblobebic mas dedaqalaqisaken
mouwodebda. am dReebSi ilia petre umikaSvils atyobinebda: `mwer, moaxerxe
rogormeo, ueWvelad qalaqSi gadmoxvideo, eg Cemi gadmosvla advilia, Tu
vakansia gaixsneba. magram Cems damokidebulebas eg ras uSvelis, Tu kidev
samsaxurSi viqnebi. me unda samsaxur gared viyo. samsaxuris danebeba
CemTvis amJamad didi araferia, da Tu samsaxuridam gamoval, marto
imisaTvis, rom Jurnali gamovhsce. vfiqrob, vfiqrob da eg gamocema ver
momixerxebia. ai, sruliad dabrkoleba Cemi, romelic xelsa da fexs
mikravs. Tu oriod, samiod rigians (sad arian?) mweralzed imedi meqneba,
anu ukeT, momecema, maSinve davkrav fexs, gadavafrindebi baxtrions
galavanzeda~. erTi sityviT, iliac Sesaferis dros da viTarebas
elodeboda da male es Sesaferisi droc dadga.
70-ian wlebSi TbilisSi gadawyda saTavadaznauro bankis daarseba.
idea am bankis daarsebisa ekuTvnoda did qarTvel moRvawes, dimitri
yifians, suli da guli ki am saqmisa, ideis xorcSemsxmeli ilia WavWavaZe
gaxda. idea bankis daarsebisa SemdegSi mdgomareobda. mTavrobam mebatoneebs
glexTa ganTavisuflebisas misca soliduri fuladi Tanxa. dimitri
yifianis ideiT, swori ar iqneboda am fulis uazrod gaflangva-SeWma
mebatoneTa mier. sasurveli iqneboda am Tanxis garkveuli nawili saerTo
saqmeSi CaedoT da daearsebinaT saTavadaznauro banki, romelic saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi Tavisi monagebiT isev maT daexmareboda. idea rCeboda idead,
sanam iliam ar Seadgina konkretuli bankis wesdebis proeqti, Semdeg ki
ruseTSi gaemgzavra mis dasamtkiceblad. ilia WavWavaZem didi dro da ener-
gia Sealia jer bankis daarsebis da Semdeg misi xelmZRvanelobis saqmes.
erTi SexedviT, es Tavgamodeba didi mwerlisa literaturul
saqmianobasTan sruliad SeuTavsebel sferoSi zogs gaugebradac ki
moeCvena da axlac eCveneba _ iliam mwerloba CoTqze gacvalao. saqme isaa,
rom eris meTauri banks uyurebda, bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, ara rogorc
wminda safinanso, aramed rogoc erovnul dawesebulebas. ilias azriT,
bankis mogebis udidesi nawili unda moxmareboda ara maRali wodebis kerZo
interesebs, aramed erovnul interesebs. jer erTi, banks unda moexdina
qarTuli miwebis nacionalizacia, unda ezruna, rom es miwebi ar
Cavardniliyo ucxotomelTa xelSi, 181
180
nawili bankis mogebisa unda moxmareboda erovnuli dawesebulebis
daarsebas da maT saqmianobas. aseTi dawesebulebebis, sazogadoebebis
daarseba SemdgomSi marTlac moxerxda. ilias ìveria~, upirvelesi
perioduli organo XIX saukuneSi, qarTuli Teatri, qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba da sxva wamowyebebi swored
bankis didi SemweobiT suldgmulobdnen. erTi sityviT, ilia WavWavaZisa da
sxva qarTvel moRvaweTa bevri naocnebari ocnebadve darCeboda, Tu
mamuliSvilur survilebs da ocnebebs saTanado ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebic ar gaumagrebdnen safuZvels.
ZiriTadad bankis saqmianobis, misi miznebis gagebaSi gansxvavebam
gansazRvra mogvianebiT or did mamuliSvils, ilia WavWavaZesa da ivane
maCabels, Soris polemika, xolo Semdgom TandaTanobiT sabediswero
dapirispireba da am niadagze qarTveli sazogadoebis orad dayofa _
WavWavaZis momxreebad da maCablistebad.
ivane maCabeli mainc banks uyurebda, rogorc ufro safinanso
dawesebulebas, am mxriv mis gaZlierebaze zrunva miaCnda upirveles saqmed,
ilia ki Tavis poziciaze idga myarad. igi fiqrobda, rom am saqmeSi TviTon
Seucvleli iyo jerjerobiT, sxvagvarad banki Tavis uSualo misias ver
ganaxorcielebda da keTilSobiluri wamowyebac daiRupeboda.
ilias mware gamocdileba hqonda _ `saqarTvelos moambis~ SeCerebis
erTi mizezi, rogorc iTqva, axalgazrda redaqtoris usaxsrobac iyo. da ai,
didi xnis nafiqrs Sesaferisi Jami daudga. 1877 wlisaTvis ekonomikurad
momagrebulma iliam erovnul safiqralze, satkivarze gansjis mizniT
daaarsa gazeTi ìveria~, romelic 1879 wlidan Jurnalad, xolo 1886
wlidan yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda. didxans 80_90-ian wlebSi ilias
ìveria~ erTaderT organosac ki warmoadgenda. misi mniSvneloba
ganuzomelia Cveni qveynis sazogadoebrivi azrisa da kulturis sitoriaSi.
swored aq, ìveriaSi~ gaSala ilia WavWavaZem erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZola. misi meTaurobiT ìveriam~ udidesi roli Seasrula qarTveli
xalxis erovnuli Rirsebisa da TavisTavadobis dacvis saqmeSi. ilia
gabedulad imaRlebda xmas, ukompromiso iyo maT mimarT, vinc Cveni eris
Rirsebis xelyofas moindomebda. am droisaTvis ar darCenila raime iseTi
sakiTxi, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe ar gamoxmaureboda da gadamwyveti sityva
ar eTqva. didi iyo Zala da avtoriteti misi.
ìveriis~ garSemo ilia WavWavaZem Semokriba Cveni mwerlobis
saukeTeso Zalebi. xolo TviT redaqcia qarTvel mweralTa da Jur-
nalistTa aRzrdis kerad aqcia.
didi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba gaSala iliam 80_90-ian wlebSi. am
droisaTvis igi akaki wereTlTan erTad gaxda mudmivi qarTuli Teatris
aRdgenis iniciatori, moTave qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis daarsebisa,
romlis gamgeobis Tvamjdomare erTxans TviTon iyo.182
181
ilia WavWavaZis aqtiuri monawileobiT Camoyalibda `qarTvelTa
Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~. es saxelwodeba, _ erTob
prozauli, _ grigol orbelianma SearCia, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas
TvalSi ar moxvedroda sazogadoebis didi erovnuli gamiznuloba da xeli
ar SeeSala mis daarseba-muSaobaSi.
sazogadoebam udidesi roli Seasrula qarTveli axlgazrdobis
mSobliur enaze gasanaTleblad; aarsebda qarTul skolebs da ara marto
saqarTveloSi. am sazogadoebam didi muSaoba gaswia axlad SemoerTebul
aWaraSi qarTuli skolebis gasaxsnelad, qarTuli kulturis
asaRorZineblad. sazogadoebam qarTuli skolebi gaxsna vladikavkazSi,
baqoSi, bedisweris trialis gamo iq moxvedril qarTvelTa Svilebis
uzrunvelsayofad _ wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba zrunavda
ara marto skolis, aramed saerTod qarTuli kulturisa da mecnierebis
aRorZinebisaTvis, gafantuli qarTuli uZvirfasesi xelnawerebis
dokumentebis Segrovebisa da dacvisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT es
sazogadoeba iqca `qarTveli xalxis erovnul TavSesafarad~.
ilias isedac didi saxelis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizarda am
droisaTvis. igi Cveni eris azrisa da fiqris gamomxatveli Seiqna. gasagebia,
rom es faqti ar moswondaT Cveni qveynis mtrebs. Tanac adgilobriv, TviT
Cven qveyanaSi mravldebodnen dapirispirebuli Zalebi. mometebulad es
iyvnen socialur moZraobas, politikas mitmasnili adamianebi, visac
aRizianebda, mosvenebas ukargavda misi didi avtoriteti, misi erovnuli
pozicia, misi azrTampyrobeloba. ZiriTadad ucxo garemoSi, ucxo qveynebSi
gawvrTnil-gazrdilebs saqarTvelo TavgamoCenis asparezad sWirdebodaT;
sakuTar erovnul niadags mowyvetilebi namdvil erovnul satkivars verc
xedavdnen da arc danaxvis did survils amJRavnebdnen. ucxoeTSi
yurmokvriT SeTvisebuli azrebi maT meqanikurad gadmohqondaT CvenSi. isini
cdilobdnen ilias didi saxelis gabiaburebas, lafSi amosvras. azris
enaze maTTvis miuRweveli iyo ilias mZlavr gonebasTan, rkinis logikasTan
dapirispireba. amitom upatiosno gzebiT cdilobdnen mas gasworebodnen.
ilia WavWavaZisa da misi ìveriis~ saqmianoba maT mier Sefasda
rogorc nacionalisturi.
ilia WavWavaZe daundobeli iyo aseTTa mimarT, xolo misi ukom-
promisoba kidev ufro aRizianebdaT da mosvenebas ukargavdaT. jer gazeT
`kvalSi~, xolo mogvianebiT gazeT `mogzaurSi~ daibeWda cilismwamebluri,
demagogiuri werilebi, romlebic ilias saxelis gatexas cdilobdnen. 90-
ian wlebSi ilia WavWavaZem gazeT ìveriidan~ àxalmosulis~ fsevdonimiT
dabeWda werilebi, romlebSiac igi kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda yvela im
Sexedulebas, romlebic erovnuli interesebis gverdis avliT,
mamuliSvilobis, sakuTari qveynisaTvis zrunvis ugulvebelyofiT,
sazogadod samSoblos ugulvebelyofiT cxovrebis mowyobas qadagebdnen.
ilias auRelvebloba, sulieri wonasworoba, misi sapolemiko 183
182
werilebis obieqturi toni samagaliTo iyo. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniS-
nuli kamaTis dros ìveriis~ TanamSromlebi sTxovdnen ilias, neba mieca
maTTvis kamaTSi Carevisa; iliam ìveriis~ yvela TanamSromels aukrZala
kamaTSi Careva _ Tqven Tqveni saqme gaakeTeT Cveulebrivis mondomebiT,
pasuxis gamcemni moiZebnebiano. gansakuTrebiT ukrZalavda kamaTSi Cabmas
iseT TanamSromlebs, romlebic Tavs ver Seikavebdnen da saTqmels ver
mozomavdnen. vaJa-fSavelasac mousurvebia ramdenjerme kamaTSi Cabma, ilias
didi saxelis dacva, magram ilias ar urCevia, faqtobrivad arc misTvis
daurTavs neba.
ilias amgvarad moqcevaSic kargad Cans misi didbunebovneba, misi
pirovnuli siZliere.
cota mogvianebiT, 1900-an wlebSi da kerZod, 1905 wlis mRelvare,
ukontrolo dReebSi ilias winaaRmdeg daibeWda aSkarad demagogiuri da
wamqezebluri werilebi, romlebSiac ilia Seuwynarebeli sityvebiT iyo
moxseniebuli _ iliaze werdnen, rom igi moZulea glexisa, mtarvali da
myvlefeli; wyaros wyals hyidis did, civ zamTarSio, avadmyof glexkacs
Tavze kokebi daamtvria misma mouravma, TviTon ki Tbilad Cacmuli
oTxasmaneTiani qurqiT aivanze gadmomdgariyo da mouravs aqezebda: `yoCaR,
memarniSvilo, yoCaR, egre susxi unda misce, rom Tavze ar wamogvasxdneno~.
is sacodavi kaci gacivda am sababze da suli ganutevao; tye menaxSireebs
gakafvina da glexebs gadaabrala misi gakafva, raTa maTTvis gadaexdevine-
bina da mkvdarSi cocxali gaecvalao. naxevar cxel Tonis purSi 40 maneTi
dauWira xabazsao. 4 maneTSi kaci da misi kameCi erT Tves amuSavao. sam-oTx
vedra daqceul RvinoSi oci da ocdaaTi Tumani dauWira mebaResao
(`mogzauri~, 1905, 10 aprili). did mwerals amkoben Semdegi sityvebiT:
ìlias oinbazoba~, misi `zneobrivi simaxinje~... ìlia cru kerpia da unda
daimsxvreso~ da mravli misTana (`mogzauri~, #18, 15 maisi, #19, 22 maisi,
1905 w.).
marTalia, ilia WavWavaZes social-demokratebis presa saguramosaken
istumrebda, iq aris Seni adgilio, magram ilia am wlebSiac daucxromlad
moRvaweobda da ise advilad ar apirebda poziicis daTmobas... igi fxizlad
adevnebda Tvalyurs qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs.
roca 1905 wels xalxis gamosvlebTan dakavSirebiT mefis xe-
lisuflebam jari Seusia soflebs, yazaxebi saguramosac moadgnen. ilia am
dros Tavis mouravs werda: `mose, Tu vinicobaa mand saguramoSi jari
movida, Sen TviTon Cadi da, vinc ufrosia, Cem magier sTxove, xalxi ar
daawiokon, Cven TviTon movrigdebiT-Tqo, Tu mainc da mainc Tavisi ar
daiSalon, maSinve faetoni gamomigzavne, me TviTon amoval da me TviTon
vTxov ufross, mand ara imoqmedon-ra da xalxi tyuil-ubralod ar
gaafuWon~. am weriliTac cxadi xdeba, rom ilia didad zrunavda mSromel
xalxze, cdilobda aecilebina udanaSaulo glexobisaTvis saSineli rbeva
da amisTvis arafers ar erideboda.184
183
mdgomareoba mainc gamwvavda. glexkacoba gadasaxadebs ar ixdida.
saqmeSi isev rusis xelisufleba Caeria _ igi ZaliT axdevinebda Ralas
glexebs da abarebda memamuleebs. axla iliam aseTi Sinaarsis werili
gaugzavna mouravs: `mose, acnobe boqauls, rom naxevari vapatie da naxevari
ki uTuod azRvevinon da Senis TandaswrebiT da soflelebis TandaswrebiT
Raribsa da obol-qvrivs daurigos. sTxove pristavs, rom visac ras
daurigebs, imis saxeli da gvari Sematyobinos~.
sagangebod aRsaniSnavia ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba nasakiralSi
datrialebuli ambebisadmi. eqvTime TayaiSvili gadmogvcems: `1905 wlis
manifestis gamocxadebis win, rogorc cnobilia, guriis saqme Zalian
garTulda. mefisnacvalma voroncov-daSkovma alixanovis jari gagzavna
guriis dasasjelad. eg rom Cven SevityeT, Tavzari dagveca, radganac
gurias ganadgureba eloda. Seikriba mTeli inteligencia, yvela partiebis
warmomadgenlebi, samRvdeloeba da gadawyvites, deputacia gaegzavnaT
voroncovTan da eTxovaT misTvis, rom damsjeli razmi ukan daebrunebina.
deputatebi amoirCies ilias meTaurobiT, romelsac unda voroncovi dae-
rwmunebina, rom guria damSviddeba da aRaraviTar winaaRmdegobas ar
gauwevs mTavrobas. wavida ilia deputaciiT. didi molaparakebis da
Txovnis Semdeg daiTanxmes voroncovi. man alixanovi samtrediidan
daabruna ukan~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom iliam yvelaferi iRona mosalodneli rbevis
asacileblad, Semdeg guriis akleba mainc moxda. Tu rogor unda ganecadaT
es faqti i. WavWavaZis ojaxSi, kargad Cans olRa guramiSvilis marjori
uordropisadami miwerili werilidan: `xalxi jer ar dawynarebula, Relavs
da boboqrobs, Zalian sisastikiT eqcevian da ulmoblaT. is mSvenieri da
kopwia guria xom sul miwasTan aris gasworebuli~.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi damsjeli razmebis gagzavnasTan da-
kavSirebiT is faqtic erTob mravlismetyvelia, rom gamarTula qarTveli
sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa Sekreba. mwerali ilia zurabiSvili
gadmogvcems: àm TaTbirs iliac daeswro da SesaniSnavi energiuli sityva
warmosTqva... ilia winadadebas iZleoda, mefisnacvals delegacia
mivugzavnoT da movTxovoT, damsjeli eqspediciis gagzavna gadaTqvaso,
Tanac unda ganucxadoT, rom winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven yvelani iq wavalT
da Cven ZmebTan erTad `костьмиляжем~ (sityva iliam rusulad warmosTqva),
rodesac viRacam SeniSna, rom darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom aravin
CvenTagani ar wava da `костьминеляжет~-o, iliam upasuxa: `maSin sircxvili
Cven~... da daumata: àm sircxvils xalxi ar gvapatiebs~.
1906 wels ilia WavWavaZe arCeuli iqna saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad,
rogorc mTeli saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli.
Tumca niSandoblivi iyo, rom bevri saerTod ar TanaugrZnobda mas, mis
moZRvrebas, anda upirispirdeboda kidec. magram imdenad didi iyo misi
saxelis mniSvneloba, rom mainc igi iqna 185
184
arCeuli maT warmoamdgenlad. iliam arCevisTanave ganacxada, rom igi
sabWoSi gamovidoda ara TavadaznaurTa, aramed eris saxeliT, eris
interesebis damcveli da gamomxatveli iqneboda.
aq, saxelmwifo sabWoSi, ilia mcirericxovan memarcxeneTa Soris _
progresulad moazrovne inteligenciis warmomadgenelTa Soris _ aRmoCnda.
ilias farTo gegmebi hqonda. igi moiTxovda saqarTvelos avtonomias,
qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias. isic sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ilia
ilaSqrebda sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg da am mxriv sityvasac amzadebda
sabWoSi gamosasvlelad. Cvenamde am sityvis konspeqturma Canawerma moaRwia.
ilias gamosvla saxelmwifo sabWoSi `mTeli qarTveli eris saxeliT~
SavrazmelTa banaks amxedrebda, qarTuli social-damokratiuli presac
RvarZliT savse werilebiT ilias winaaRmdeg gesls anTxevda. yvelaferma
aman ilias garSemo saxifaTo mdgomareoba Seqmna, magram àseT bolos mainc
aravin moeloda~ (ioseb imedaSvili).
1907 wlis zafxulis miwuruls qveynis sulier moZRvars sicocxle
mouswrafes imaT, vinc `saqarTvelosac moklavdnen, rom SeZlebodaT~ (vaJa-
fSavela). Tavzardamcem dReebSi gazeTi ìsari~ erTgvarad saerTo azrs
gamoxatavda, roca werda, rom ilias mkvleloba `naZirlebis, teroristebis
moqmedebaa. savalalo da saSineli is aris, rom Cvenma cxovrebam Seqmna is
atmosfero, sadac aseT borotebas adgili aqvs da marjve niadagi
momzadebuli~.
qarTvelma erma udidesi gulistkiviliT daitira didi ilia da Tavis
gulSi dagubebuli naRveli, pirdapiri braldeba mkvlelTa mimarT akakis,
vaJas, iakob gogebaSvilis da sxva qarTvel mamuliSvilTa piriT gamoxata.
akaki ilias cxedris win ambobda: `rogorc sicocxle, sikvdili Seni
gaxda mizezi xalxis amoZravebisa... da vin icis, egeb sikvdiliT mainc
ganamtkico is, rasac Seni sicocxle Seswire~.
vaJa-fSavela pirdapir mianiSnebda mkvlelebze, roca werda:
`saSineli, metismetad barbarosuli mkvlelobaa, romlis msgavsi arsad, ara
qveyanaSi ar momxdara da arc moxdeba! mxolod sawyals, ubadruks,
ubadrukis Svilebis patrons saqarTveloSi SeiZleba amisTana mkvleloba...
revoluciis saxeliT. sabralo, sawyalo revoluciav Cvens xelSi~. vaJa ase
afasebda ilias Rvawls: `mTeli 50 weli... saqarTvelos bedi kalTiT atara,
iyo misi daraji, rogorc deda erTaderT Cvil Svils, ise dasZrwoda da
dahkankalebda, an ar Semicivdes, an ar momiSivdeso. moseuls mters, vinc
saqarTvelos isrebs esroda, igi pirveli agebebda Tavis mkerds,
Semoqneuls xmals pirveli ufarebda farsa... nuTu visme fanatikosebs
hgoniaT, rom iliebis xocviT mohklven TviT ideas, romelic ukvdavia, da
romelsac mxolod iliasTana adamianebs SeuZliaT emsaxuron~, _
aRSfoTebiT kiTxulobda vaJa.
ilias glovis dReebSi, roca mTeli eri SeZrwunebuli da
Tavzardacemuli iyo, gamoCndnen iseTebic, vinc am mZime Jams geslianad
asisinda da erTgvari kmayofilebac ver dafara. eseni social-186
185
demokratiuli partiis mesveurni iyvnen. cnobili qarTveli poeti
irodion evdoSvili, Tavadac social-demokratiuli partiis erTi aqtiuri
wevri, aRSfoTebiT werda: `Tqven, romelnic ar malavT Tqven Rimils da
sixaruls avazakebis mier gangmiruli didi mgosnis gvamTan, Tqven,
romelnic nasiamovnebi darCiT misis sikvdiliT, SeekiTxeT Tqvens sindiss,
ra daaSava iliam iseTi, rom is sikvdilis Rirsi yofiliyo. aSkarad da
xmamaRla gamoaqveyneT es da ara quCis kuTxeebSi furCuliT. nuTu ar
gesmiT, rom Tqveni Rimili vaSaa avazakebisadmi, rom igi TanagrZnobaa
mwerlis jalaTebisadmi~. megobrebisadmi _ valerian guniasadmi, sandro
SanSiaSvilisadmi miweril werilebSi irodion evdoSvili pirdapir debda
brals social-demokratebs ilias mkvlelobaSi. Tu aqamde igi mainc
grZnobda mRrRnel eWvs Tavisi partiuli amxanagebisadmi, am sazareli
faqtis Semdeg man dauyovnebliv datova es partia; ìlia damexmara me Tavis
sikvdiliT, im dRidan ki samudamod vibrune piri qarTveli esdekebidam da
Tu mivbrundebi dRes maTken, mivbrundebi mxolod imisTvis, rom
mivafurTxo maT~.
ilias mkvlelobis erT-erT moTaved imTaviTve saxeldeboda filipe
maxaraZe, social-demokratebis erTi meTaurTagani. mogvianebiT, 1957 wels
didi qarTveli mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdia Tavis brwyinvale eseSi
`Pater Patriae~ werda: `gvelis sisiniviT gaismis damwuxrebul
saqarTveloSi zog-zogTa cinikuri gancxadeba: roca tyes Wrian, nafotebi
cviviano (es noe Jordaniam Seadara ilias mkvleloba nafotebis cvenas _
l. m.), uaresad sisinebdnen danarCeni inspiratorebi im sazizRari kampaniisa,
romlis msxverpli gaxda didi ilia. iudas erT rameSi mainc hqonda mudam
bedi, mas yovelTvis axsenebdnen iesos gverdiT. aseTive bedi ewviaT im
avazakebs, romelnic qristesTan erTad gaakres golgoTaze aRmarTul
jvrebze, magram arc erT maTgans aseTi bedi ar rgebia, qristes gverdiT
aravis daumarxavs isini~. konstantine gamsaxurdia gulisxmobda filipe
maxaraZis saflavs mTawmindze iliasTan axlos. am sityvebis gamo, romelic
Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ gaipara, Jurnalis mTeli tiraJi gaanadgures.
mxolod erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis dros,
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos aiZules komunisturi xelisufleba
filipe maxaraZis saflavi mTawmindis wmida miwidan gadaetanaT.
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi eris WeSmarit winamZRolTa xvedric
iqna danaxuli. `gamoCenili, qveynis keTil moRvawe adamianebi sazogadod
yvela devnilni da wamebulni yofilan da arian dResac Savi Zalebisagan,
romelTa ricxvi bevrad sWarbobs sindisierTa ricxvs~, _ werda cnobili
qarTveli moRvawe konstantine gvaramaZe.
ilias mkvlelobis dReebSi cxadad gamoikveTa erTi azric _ mowinave
qarTvelma sazogadoebam ilias mkvlelobaSi Cveni erTgvari daudevrobac
dainaxa, gulgriloba. kerZod iTqva, rom maSin, 187
186
roca ilias garSemo gaismoda Seuracxmyofeli ciliswameba, wamqe-
zebeli kiJina, ar gamoCnda arc romelime jgufi, arc romelime partia, Tu
calke piri, romlebic xmas aimaRlebdnen, mkacrad dagmobdnen am
ciliswamebas, ilias wmidaTawmida saxelsa da Rirsebas daicavdnen.
cnobili qarTveli kritikosi, sazogado moRvawe kita abaSiZe werda: `Cven
migvaCnia am borotebis monawiled ilias TayvanismcemelTa jgufebi da
partiebi. maT am saSineli moqmedebis dros pilates roli aRasrules... rom
romelime moqmed jgufs ultimatumi wamoeyenebina, rom ilias xelis Sexeba
aravis epatiebao, Cven gadavirecxdiT samaradJamo, saSviliSvilo
sircxvils~.
qarTvelma erma kargad gaacnobiera, am mZime viTarebis Jams, rac
moxda da arnaxuli zemoqmedebiTi Zala mianiWa am sazarel faqts.
didebulad werda am dReebSi iakob gogebaSvili: `Seudarebeli uebro
SurisZieba icis istoriam; saukeTeso istorikosebi im azrze dganan, rom
qristianoba, patara, adgilobriv sarwmunoebad darCeboda, Tu rom ieso
naZirala ebraelebs jvars ar ecvaT. am ubedurebs egonaT, raki iesos
sazarel sikvdils mivcemT, masac saSinlad davamarcxebT da mis swavlasac
amovfxvriT da gavaqrobTo. namdvilad ki, am sazarelma sikvdilma, am
jvarcmam gaaRmerTa ieso, gaxada igi sagnad usazRvro Tayvaniscemisa,
umxurvalesi siyvarulisa, mianiWa imis swavlas uZleveli Zala, mohfina igi
kidiT kide da qristianoba gadaiqca msoflio sarwmunoebad da jvarcmulis
jalaTni ki gaakra kacobriobis TvalSi samarcxvino boZze ukuniTi
ukunisamde~. swored aseve, roca ilias klavdnen ùsul-gulo da utvino
orfexa mxecebi~, roca ilias klavdnen saSinelis sikvdiliT, klavdnen ìm
ganzraxviT da imediT, rom daemcirebinaT misi didebuli saxeli, misi didi
gavlena qarTvelobaze, magram Tavisisave ugunuris da wyeulis TvalebiT
ixilven sruliad winaaRmdegs nayofs, TavianT sazizRar mkvlelobisas. am
veragulis mokvlis Semdeg ilias saxeli moicvis didebuli mowamis
SaravandediT. erTi asad imatebs is Rrma pativiscema, is Tayvaneba,
romliTac yoveli WkuaTmyofeli ganmsWvaluli iyo misadmi. erTi asad
gaizrdeba is didi mniSvneloba, romelic imis qmnilebebs hqonda da
qarTveloba am qmnilebebs daewafeba sruliad gaumaZRrobiT~.
ilias sikvdilma TiTqos marTlac erTbaSad gamoafxizla Cveni
qveyana, erTi safiqraliT, erTi mizniT ganmsWvala yvela. TiTqos axla,
glovis dReebSi yvelam igrZno umTavresi. mere da mere kidev da kidev meti
sxivmosileba SeiZina ilias saxelma, veraferma Seakava misi aRma svla. ase
gauwia Tavisi mowamebrivi sikvdiliTac didma iliam ers udidesi samsaxuri.
ase daidga `did wamebis man gvirgvini mSvenieri~. mis sikvdilSiac iyo didi
azri da saidumlo, rac, ra Tqma unda, ilias sulgayidul mkvlelebs ar
SeiZleboda scodnodaT.
didi ilias neSti qarTvelebma yvelaze wmindad sagulvebel savanes _
mTawmindas miabares. male mis saflavze wamoimarTa iakob nikolaZis mier
Sesrulebuli didebuli qandakeba mgloviare, ma188
187
gram suliT gautexeli qarTveli dedisa, romelic dastiris Tavis
saukeTesoTa Soris saukeTeso Svils.
* * *
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba, mTeli misi naRvawi, misi pirovnebiTaa
aRbeWdili da amdenad arsebiTi mniSvneloba ilias memkvidreobis
gasaazreblad misi pirovnebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebas unda
mieniWos.
rogorc es mravalTagan araerTgzis Tqmula, pirovneba amouwuravi
Sinaarsis Semcveli sityvaa. pirovnebaSi moiazreba ara sakuTriv fizikuri
arseboba adamianisa, aramed misi sulier-zneobriv ZalTa erToba. pirovneba
mxolod is adamiania, visac didi cnobieri moRvaweobis Sedegad goneba
aumaRlebia da suli gaufaqizebia, Tavisi Tavi Segnebulad gamouyvia
sxvaTagan, raTa brmad ki ara, Segnebulad daukavSirdes maT, garkveuli,
cnobieri mimarTeba daamyaros movlenebTan da sagnebTan; ise ki ar moiqces,
rogorc misgan moiTxoven, aramed ise, rogorc mas marTebulad miaCnia, misi
Sinagani zneobrivi principebis Sesabamisad. pirovnebis Sinaarsi gu-
lisxmobs garkveul myar niSan-TvisebaTa erTobliobas, romelic ucvleli
rCeba bolomde, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi drois manZilze mainc.
bolo saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi, pirvel yovlisa, swored
ilia WavWavaZe gamoirCa Tavisi pirovnuli mTlianobiTa da simyariT.
rTulze rTulia, Tu SeuZlebeli ara, ilia WavWavaZis pirovnul
TaviseburebaTa met-naklebi sisruliT gaTvaliswineba. amjerad mxolod
erT arsebiT mxareze SeiZleba mieTiTos;
ilias axalgazrdobis droindeli suraTebidan Cven Semogvcqeris
msxvilnakvTebiani, odnav kuSti saxe Wabukisa, romelsac Rrma sevda
Caswolia TvalebSi, magram ver ki daucia, ver dauTrgunavs, aramed ufro
gaumagrebia da gauqvavebia. es simagre-simtkicis niSnebi saerTod gahyveba
mis suraTebs bolomde.
ilia WavWavaZes imTaviTve, rac cnobier cxovrebas iwyebs, Tan axlavs
pirovnuli siZlieris gancda. gancda imisa, rom Zlieri pirovnebaa,
movlenili qveynad didi misiis aRsasruleblad da Tu mas ver aRasrulebs,
mis arsebobasac fasi daekargeba:
`yvelas gavuZleb, rogorc klde qvisa,
bedTana brZola viT meSineba,
magram Cem Tavis arafrobisa
ar ZalmiZs Zmano ver riT gaZleba!..~ (*** `bevri vitanje~),
wers ocdaerTi wlis Wabuki ilia.
`RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,
rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (`poeti~),
_ acxadebs ocdasami wlis Wabuki, uCveulo pirovnuli siZlieriT.
udidesi bednierebaa, roca es gancda eufleba sruliad jansaRad 189
188
mofiqral kacs. ilias es gancdac uaRresad jansaRi gancda iyo, mas
realuri sayrdenebi hqonda da yvelaze umal mis mZlavr inteleqts da did
nebisyofas efuZneboda. grZnoba pirovnuli siZlierisa ilia WavWavaZes
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze Tan axlda. ilia dinji iyo da dafiqrebuli.
misi bunebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo aCqareba, gaazrebuli iyo yvela misi
moqmedeba, vaglaxad arafers ityoda. amitom mas ukan arafris waReba ar
dasWirvebia. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, iliasaTvis, rogorc pirovnebisaTvis,
misi cxovrebis arc erT monakveTSi ar yofila niSandoblivi SiSis
grZnoba. ilia Seudrekeli iyo, arCeuli miznisken pirdapir midioda. mas ar
sCveoda ukan daxeva da kompromisi. Rrmad darwmunebuls Tavisi moqmedebis
sisworeSi mosalodneli Sedegebi ar aSinebda. misi gadakeTeba,
gadasxvafereba ar SeiZleboda, rogorc qveynis WeSmariti winamZRolisa.
misi damarcxebac SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac gauswordnen mas fizikurad.
xSirad, Zalian xSirad aseTia qveynis Tavganwiruli winamZRolis bedi.
* * *
ilia WavWavaZis moqalaqeobrivi da literaturuli mrwamsi adre
Camoyalibda. sazogadoebas igi warudga, rogorc didad erudirebuli
literatori, romelic idga mowinave evropul da rusuli azrovnebis
simaRleze da Tvals usworebda mas. ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebrivi da
literaturuli moRvaweoba im rwmenas efuZneboda, rom yvelaferi eris
interesebs unda dauqvemdebardes. ilia WavWavaZisTvis miuRebeli iyo
yoveli moZRvreba, romelic patriotizmis sawinaaRmdegod iyo mimarTuli.
ilias Rrmad swamda, rom swored patriotizmia sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis, winsvlis, progresis WeSmariti piroba. misTvis
safuZvelSive Seuwynarebeli iyo Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT erovnuli
interesebi msxverplad unda Seewiros kosmopolitur idealebs. ilias
miaCnda, rom adamiani Tavis ers unda emsaxuros keTilgonivrulad da
Tavisi samSoblo aamaRlos materialurad da sulierad. mxolod amiT Seu-
wyobs xels saerTo sakacobrio winsvlas, _ amitomac yoveli moRvawe
Tavisi samSoblos keTildReobaze unda fiqrobdes, cdilobdes, rom misma
erma mometebuli Zala, energia, sicocxlisunarianoba gamoamJRavnos da
kacobriobis did salaroSi sakuTari kapitali Seitanos. ase unda iyos es
yvelgan da aTasjer metad iseT patara qveyanaSi, rogorc saqarTveloa.
`Cveni mSobeli qveyana yvela sxva qveyanaze CvenTvis ufro safiqrebeli da
sazrunvelia. aq aravis Zraxvas da sayvedurebs ar veridebi. Cemi mrwamsi es
aris, adamiani asea gaCenili, Tavisas ufro hrCeobs, vidre sxvas~, _ ase
werda ilia im qarTvel axalgazrdebs, romlebmac rCeva hkiTxes mas,
gamoxmaurebodnen Tu ara berZenTa ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas; ra Tqma
unda, aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom ilia ar cnobs, ar aRiarebs, pativs
ar miagebs sxva xalxebs, maT kulturas. ilia Tanasworobis ideis
Tavgamodebuli mqadagebeli, sxva erTa Rirsebis pativismcemeli, Tavisi
eris interesebis mouRleli guSagi iyo.
samSoblo qveynis Zliereba unda gamoeWeda qveynis yvela wo190
189
debis mowinave warmomadgenelTa erTobas, erTiani saqveyno intere-
sebiT SekavSirebas, SeerTebul Sromas da Rvawls.
saerTo ideebiT gamsWvalva, sazogadoebis yvela fenis mowinave
jansaRi nawilis gaerTianeba erTi miznisaTvis, _ esaa ilia WavWavaZis
moqalaqeobrivi ideali. `gankerZoeba... wodebaTa, gancalkeveba erTi qveynis
SvilTa, romelTa cxovreba, interesi, grZnoba, azri da miswrafeba uricxvi
simiT aris gadabmuli da gadaxlarTuli danaSTenTan, Secdomaa. es
Secdoma dahgmo Zvel erTa istoriam da daamtkica, rom mxolod yvela
wodebis kavSiri gauZlebs ganaTlebisa da xalxis dawinaurebis
damabrkolebel mizezebs. umTavresi da iqneba erTaderTi garemoeba,
romlis wyalobiT daiRupnen da aRigaven dedamiwis zurgidan mravalni
Zlierni da saxelovanni erni, iyo uTanxmoeba da gansxvaveba wodebaTa
Soris~.
ilia WavWavaZes eris mTlianobis, erTianobis safuZvlad miaCnda
zneobrivi erTianoba.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi mZlavri niWis naRvawiT da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobiT darCa rogorc zneobrivi magaliTi momavali TaobebisaTvis
gulsrulobisa da gonebis sinaTlisa, adamianis saqveyno saqmiT
cadamaRlebisa.
ilia WavWavaZe mwerali ara marto mxatvruli gansaxierebiT kmay-
ofildeboda, aramed literaturis, xelovnebis Sesaxeb saerTod, Tavisi
mosazrebebis gadmoSlac Seadgenda mis Sinagan moTxovnilebas. mainc ra
sakiTxebi aqcia iliam Tavisi dakvirvebisa da gansjis sagnad, ra
literaturul movlenebsa da faqtebze gaamaxvila yuradReba, ra aris misi,
rogorc moazrovnis damsaxureba? ilia WavWavaZem Cvens sinamdvileSi
pirvelma sistemaSi moiyvana da qarTvel sazogadoebas miawoda
Camoyalibebuli, Tavidan bolomde garkveul amocanasTan Sefardebuli
literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. did evropel moazrovneTa
kvaldakval, maTi sakacobrio mniSvnelobis naazrevis gaTvaliswinebiT,
ilia WavWavaZem dasva da qarTul sinamdvilesTan SefardebiT axleburad
ganixila, zogierT SemTxvevaSi gaaRrmava da gaafarTova rigi sakiTxebi.
ilias winaSe daisva sakiTxebi xelovnebis raobis, misi funqciis, xelovanis
misiis, xelovnebisa da yofis urTierTdamokidebulebis, SemoqmedebiTi pro-
cesebis da sazogadod, mxatvruli azrovnebis specifikis Sesaxeb,
mxatvruli Targmnis sakiTxebi da a. S.
mxolod 23 wlisa iyo ilia WavWavaZe, roca Tavisi pirveli gax-
maurebuli kritikuli statia òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis
erisTavis kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmnazeda~ dabeWda. Znelia
gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT misi mniSvneloba. `Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi misi
Rirebuleba Tu ar aRemateba, arafriT Camouvardeba im rols, romelic
romantikosebisTvis hqonda viqtor hiugos cnobil winasityvaobas
`kromvelisadmi~. Jermena de stalis wigns `germaniis Sesaxeb~, anda
alesandro manZonis winasityvaobas tragediisadmi `grafi karmanola~ (gr.
kiknaZe). aqac da Semdegac oponentebisadmi gacemul `pasuxSi~, Tu
saprogramo xasiaTis werilSi 191
190
`saqarTvelos moambezed~, ilia WavWavaZem principulad wamoayena
realisturi literaturis saWiroebis sakiTxi. iliam dagmo Cvens
sinamdvileSi sentimentaluri xasiaTis nawarmoebebis gadmoTargmnis faqti.
sentimentaluri literatura, ilias azriT, im qveynebSiac, sadac igi
arsebobda, ar iyo raime mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis Semcveli, miT umetes
ar iyo igi saWiro iseTi mcirericxovani erisaTvis, rogorc Cven viyaviT,
ramdenadac es literatura ar iyo socialuri problematikis Semcveli,
xolo amgvari problematikiT literaturis ganmsWvalvas ilia sasicocxlo
mnSvnelobas aniWebda. xelovneba cxovrebis saWiroebisagan warmoiqmneba da
cxovrebiTvea gansazRvruli, magram Zalzed xSirad Cven saqme gvaqvs
cxovrebis moTxovnilebebis yalb gagebasTan.
yoveli naRvawi adamianisa da maT Soris xelovnebis nawarmoebi,
adamianuri moTxovnilebis pasuxia, magram ar aris pasuxi sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelobis moTxovnisa; xelovneba mxolod maSin aris Rirsi
gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi yuradRebisa, rodesac igi gansakuTrebul
sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs, roca igi am sazogadoebis
sasicocxlo amocanebs exeba da momavlis gansazRvriskenaa mimarTuli.
amdenad xelovneba, literatura, ilias azriT, mxolod maSin iqneba
mowinave, roca igi saerTo sazogadoebriv satkivars cxadad gvagrZnobinebs,
roca Tavis masalas cxovrebis sinamdvilidan aiRebs da sazogadoebrivi
yofiT ganisazRvreba; xelovneba, literatura sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnis
zemoqmedebiT ZaliT unda iyos aRbeWdili.
ilia Tavis pirvelsave werilSi Seexo literaturis erovnulobis
sakiTxs. misi azriT, mwerali Tavisi eris Taviseburebebs unda Cawvdes da
mis mier gansaxierebuli personaJebi Tavisi eris warmomadgenlebi unda
iyvnen.
erovnulobis sakiTxs ilia kidev ufro mwvaved ganixilavs moqa-
laqeobrivi paTosiT savse statiaSi `zogierTi ram~. ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevs,
rom mwerloba eris saerTo miswrafebebis, misi saerTo-erovnuli niSnebis
saerTo erovnul enaze gamoxatvas unda axerxebdes da amas miT ufro
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa,
romlis calkeuli kuTxis warmomadgenlebs qveynis `politikuri bedis
trialis~ gamo saerTo saqveyno satkivarze safiqrali daSretiaT,
ganTviTebulan da erTmaneTisTvis zurgi SeuqceviaT. saerTo erovnulis
Zieba, im `saerTo niSnis~ danaxva da asaxva, saiTkenac `TviTeuli Cvenganis
Wkva, goneba, fiqri, grZnoba, survili erTad, xalisianad Seupovrad~ unda
miiwevdes, aqcia ilia WavWavaZem qarTuli mwerlobis gadaudebel amocanad,
urTules, magram mainc usaTuod gadasaWrel amocanad, konkretuli
mxatvruli masalis analizisas da Sefasebisas ilia swored am
TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs. qarTvel mweralTa memkvidreobis
daxasiaTebisas iliasaTvis amosavalia, Tu rogor iCens maT SemoqmedebaSi
Tavs erovnuli, Tu ramdenad warmoadgens esa Tu is mwerali erovnul
movlenas.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis werilebSi literaturis misiis, misi dan192
191
iSnulebis sakiTxze msjelobisas mtkiced dagmo `metismetad damJa-
vebuli siyvarulis gamo~ qeba da dideba da yuris datkboba. liter-
aturisagan man moiTxova daundoblad gamofena `cxovrebis WuWyisa~,
mcdaria azri, romlis Tanaxmad, patriotoba naklis dafarvaa: `rac ufro
mkafiod da daundoblad aris gamoTqmuli boroteba da naklulovaneba
cxovrebisa, zogjer miT ufro sCans gamomTqmelis gulis simxurvale,
mouTmeneli, cxari wadili gasworebisa~.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis literaturul-kritikul werilebSi araerTgzis
Seexo mxatvruli simarTlis asaxvas, mxatvruli damajereblobis sakiTxs,
ilias mkacri moTxovniT. mwerali ki ar unda gvacnobdes Tavisi
personaJebis xasiaTebs, `kaci Tu qali Sublze mikruli bileTebiT ki ar
unda gamodiodnen, ès amisTana kacia da es amisTanao~; aramed xasiaTebi
TviTon unda vlindebodnen bunebrivad qcevebsa da moqmedebebSi.
Zalze sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqva iliam mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianobis da kerZod ki, saTargmni masalis SerCevis Taobaze. iliam
srulad garkveviT ganacxada, rom saTargmni masalis SerCeva ar unda
xdebodes piradi mowonebis mixedviT, an imis mixedviT, xelT ra nawarmoebi
Cagvivarda; saTargmni mwerlis SerCeva unda xdebodes erovnuli
poziciidan. is mwerali unda SeirCes saTargmnad, romlis gacnoba saWiroa
erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare, romelic Cvens gonebas da grZnobas
sulier sazrdos miscems da romelic saukeTesoa im enaze, romelzec
Seiqmna. aris ki gamarTlebuli kozlovis Targmna im dros, roca ar aris
Targmnili puSkinis, gogolis, lermontovis Txzulebebi.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis literaturul-kritikul werilebSi da-
bejiTebiT moiTxova literaturidan gaZeveba yvela ùniWo mbRajvnelisa~,
mwerlis upirveles movaleobad man enis codna miiCnia.
ilia WavWavZe, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs ubralo codnas enisas,
aramed enis grZnobas da, rac mTavaria, mis aqtiur flobas _ im iSviaT
unars, romlis SemTxvevaSi ara marto kargisa da cudis garCeva xerxdeba
(TavisTavad esec didi Rirsebaa), aramed kargis Seqmna. statiaSi, `zogierTi
ram~, ilia sulisSemZvrelad kiTxulobda: `sadRa aris exla qarTuli ena~
an gvinda-Ra qarTuli, roca Cven TiTon Cvenda dasaRupavad qarTvelobaze
xeli aviReT? gonebiT rom aRar vcxovrobT, qarTuls enas azrs rogorRa
gamovaTqmevinebT?~ ilia WavWavaZem am statiaSi da sxvaganac Cveni
literaturisaTvis aqamde uCveulo simZafriT wamoayena erTiani
saliteraturo enis moTxovna, xolo axali saliteraturo enis
fuZemdeblad ilia imis gamo iqca, rom Zala Seswevda Tavis mier
wamoyenebuli moTxovna praqtikulad ganexorcielebina.
uaRresad didi praqtikul-moqalaqeobrivi amocana gansazRvravs ilias
brwyinvale werils, `poeziis axalgazrda moyvarulT~. macduri survili
leqsis werisa da am gziT Tavis gamoCenisa, adrec arsebula da arc maSin
da arc axla ar scodnia asaki... da ai, ilias saWirod miuCnevia, rom
leqsebis weris surviliT Sepyrobili 193
192
moswavle-axalgazrdobisaTvis miemarTa Zalian seriozulad, pirda-
pir, yovelgvari datkbiluli ènis moCleqis~ gareSe. ilia mkacri
pirdapirobiT ucnobierebs axalgazrdobas, rom sityvaTa Sewyoba, miT
umetes Cvens enaze, metad advili saqmea, `xolo leqsi imiT ar leqsobs, rom
sityvebis boloebi erTmaneTisTvis SeuwyviaT~. SeriTmuli sityvebi poezias
ar qmnis. `poezia niWia, xolo poeti am niWiT dajildoebuli adamiani~. Tu
es niWi vinmes Tan dahyva, igi ar daikargeba, adre Tu gvian Tavs iCens.
xolo carieli niWi, gauwvrTneli, uswavleli verafers ver Seqmnis
faseuls. moswavle axalgazrdobis upirvelesi amocanaa grZnoba-gonebis
varjiSi da amis swavla-codnis SeZeniTi miReba. leqsis weris `xalisi
kargi saqonelia, xolo maSin ki, roca igi imdenad frTaSesxmulia, rom
simaRles sagnisas, romelzec mimarTulia, miswvdes. vidre amis Zal-Rone
kacs ar SeuZenia, nu hfiqrobs carieli xalisiT gaxdes rasme~. ilias am
werils, ise rogorc misi gonebis mraval naRvaws, mniSvneloba arc
sadReisod daukargavs.
ilias literaturul-kritikuli naazrevidan Zalian didi mniS-
vnelobisaa `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~, romelic 90-ian wlebSi
Seiqmna. marTalia, werilebi dasrulebuli ar Cans, magram is mizani, rac
iliam misi Seqmnisas daisaxa, savsebiT TvalsaCinodaa ganxorcielebuli im
nawilSi, rac saxeze gvaqvs. ilias mizani ki aseTi iyo _ mas undoda
eCvenebina, rom XIX s. qarTuli mwerloba misi ganviTarebis romelime
monakveTze CixSi ar Sesula da rom igi ganviTarebis uwyvet jaWvs
gvidgens, rom yoveli momdevno monakveTi eyrdnoba winas, memkvidrea wina
drois literaturisa. am amocanis ucilobeli gadawyvetis saWiroeba ki im
garemoebam warmoSva, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi gavrcelda azri,
romelic qarTvel mwerlebs da sazogado moRvaweebs or banakad, or
Taobad, e. w. àxal~ da `Zvel~ Taobebad, anu `mamebad~ da `Svilebad~
hyofda da maT Soris ukompromiso brZolas aRiarebda ara marto
literaturuli, aramed saerTod ideur-socialur-politikuri sakiTxebis
sferoSi da erTmaneTisagan TiSavda samocianelTa da adreul moRvaweTa
memkvidreobas. aRniSnul azrs TaobaTa brZolis Sesaxeb amJamadac
mkvlevarTa didi nawili iziarebs. da ai, didi ilia, romelic am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT axali Taobis, `Svilebis~, beladadaa aRiarebuli,
sazogadod gaumarTleblad miiCnevs `Zvel~ da àxal~ Taobebze saubars.
ilias azriT, sazogado moRvaweTa Zvel da axal Taobebad dayofis
safuZveli maTi azrebis, ideebis gansxvavebulobisa da
dapirispirebulobaSi unda veZeboT. xolo aseTi dapirispireba XIX s.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi arsad ar SeiniSneba. `mTeli es mecxramete
saukune ise dagvelia, rom am sakmaod did manZilze arc erTi xana Cveni
cxovrebisa TiTqmis ar yofila imisTana, rom ori saxseneblad Rirsi azri,
ori mimarTuleba, ori saqme erTmaneTis mopirispire erTmaneTs
dasjaxebodes cxovrebis moedanze adgilis dasaWerad, Tu sxva risTvisme.
ver vityodiT, rom am grZeli drois ganmavlobaSi ar yofiliyos xana da
xana, romelnic ganirCev194
193
ian TvisTa azrTa wyobiT, mimarTulebiT Tu saqmianobiT, xolo Cven
imis Tqma gvinda, rom Cven ver vipoviT erTsa da imave xanaSi imisTana
sxvadasxvaobas azrTa wyobisas da mimarTulebisas, rom cal-calke
banakebad gasvla-gamosvlas sazogado moRvaweebisas raime saWiroeba win
gasZRoloda~. Semdeg ilia WavWavaZe mTeli werilebis manZilze
TvalsaCinod cxadyofs imas, rom qarTveli samocianelebi memkvidreni arian
al. WavWavaZis, n. baraTaSvilis, v. orbelianis, g. erisTavis saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli mwerlobisa, xolo Zveli Taobis beladad aRiarebuli gr.
orbeliani is moRvawea, romelic daucxromeli enTuziazmiT amoudga
gverdiTY axalgazrdobas da maTTan erTad iRvawa saerTo erovnuli
saqmisaTvis Tavisi didebuli poeziiT, Tu praqtikuli saqmianobiT.
unda sagangebod aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel mweralTa is Sefasebebi,
romlebsac ilia WavWavaZe am statiebSi Tu sxvagan iZleva, dResac
saxelmZRvanelo mniSvnelobisaa.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs
sazogadoebriv yofasTan, tradiciul gemovnebasTan, moSvebulobasTan da
indiferentizmTan WidilSi afuZnebda. amitom polemikuri xasiaTisaa misi
werilebi da statiebi, kerZod, iseTebi, rogoricaa òriode sityva~...,
`pasuxi~, `saqarTvelos moambezed~, `zogierTi ram~, `ra mizezia rom kritika
ara gvaqvs~, àxali dramebis gamo~, `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~ da
sxv.
ilia WavWavaZe gansaxiereba iyo mebrZoli kritikosisa da publi-
cistisa. man rogorc mkvlevarma da kritikosma axali gzebi dausaxa
qarTul literaturul azrovnebas da kritikas. igi amJamadac gvaswavlis
da gvmoZRvravs, amJamadac gvirCevs, rom ar avyveT cdunebas, brmad ar
vendoT Sexedulebebs, rac ar unda did avtoritetebs ekuTvnodeT isini.
ilia ganmsjeli kritikis, dafiqrebuli, sabuTebis enaze molaparake,
konkretuli masalis Rrma gaazrebaze dafuZnebuli kritikis momxrea da
TviTon iZleva nimuSs amgvari gansjisas. amitom aqvs mis naazrevs didi
damarwmunebeli Zala.
* * *
mxatvruli Semoqmedeba mxolod erTi nawilia. ilia WavWavaZis didi
sulieri memkvidreobisa, ilias Semoqmedebis problematika myaria, mwerals
aqvs Tavisi garkveuli sakiTxebi, romlebsac ki ar cvlis, aramed
moRvaweobis mTel manZilze afarToebs da aRrmavebs, akvirdeba sxvadasxva
aspeqtiT gamovlenis sxvadasxva safexurze.
ilia WavWavaZis mTel Semoqmeebas msWvalavs erTi didi sakiTxi _
erovnuli sakiTxi. es sakiTxi dgas mweralTan awmyos TvalsazrisiT _ ras
warmovadgenT, raSia Cveni sasicocxlo Zalebi, amis garkvevas mwerali
warsulis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze axdens _ rani viyaviT, rogor
gamoviareT saukuneebi, rom ar gadavegeT da gavZeliT, raSia Cveni xalxis
ukvdavebis saidumlo, yvelaferi ki mimarTulia momavlis gansaWvretad _
ra mogvelis?
TavisTavad es uzogadesi sakiTxi moicavs sakiTxTa did wyebas, 195
194
romelTac arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWebaT ara marto qarTuli
sinamdvilis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod esenia: sakiTxi adamianis arsebobis
azris, misi daniSnulebis, cxovrebaSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb, xelovnebis
funqciis, xelovanis misiis da misi movaleobis, sazogadoebaSi misi
adgilis Sesaxeb, Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, socialur wodebaTa urTierTobis,
maTi Tanasworuflebianobisa da TabarRirebulebis sakiTxebi, e. i. erTia
tanasworuflebianoba da, meore _ Tanabar- Rirebuleba. es sakiTxi,
bunebrivia, dgas ara marto wminda socialur, aramed erovnul sibrtyezec
_ erebis Tanabaruflebebisa da TanabarRirebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli wevris urTierTobis, maTi ufleba-
movaleobis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis, Sromis arsisa da misi mniSvnelobis
da a. S. sakiTxebi.
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba lirikiT daiwyo, amasTanave,
sakuTari grZnobebis gadmocemas TandaTan Seenacvla im viTarebis, motivTa
farTo daxasiaTeba, rac misi grZnobebis ganmsazRvrelad gamodioda, aman ki
epikuri Janrebi moiTxova.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad da masalasac Sesabamisad irCevs. igi araa
obieqtivisti xelovanis tipi, ramdenadac ambis obieqturi TxrobiT
arasodes ifargleba. ilia araa mSvidad ganwyobili imisadmi, rasac igi
aRwers, igi Relavs da es mRelvareba mis nawerebSi cxadad igrZnoba. ilia
WavWavaZisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia movlenaTadmi, sazogadod garemosadmi
sruliad naTeli mimarTebis damyarebis uwyveti moTxovnileba. ilias,
rogorc Semoqmeds, aqvs erTiani safuZveli da es safuZveli lirikulia. am
sityvis farTo da bevris damtevi mniSvnelobiT. amdenad ilias lirikas
gamiznulobis sicxadesTan erTad didi emociuri daZabulobac axasiaTebs.
es iseTi emociebia, romlebic mZlavr inteleqts eyrdnoba da garkveulobiT
xasiaTdeba. ilia Relavs, magram amas garegnulad ar imCnevs. ilia maSinac
Relavs, roca dinjad metyvelebs. poets Zala Seswevs moerios, daeuflos
Tavis grZnobebs. iliasaTvis Sinagani mRelvarebaa damaxasiaTebeli. misi
leqsebi gamoirCevian gancdilis siRrmiT. uaRresad gancdilia, magram
amasTanave uaRresad TavSekavebuli ilias leqsebi. pirvel yovlisa,
TviTdakvirvebasac emyareba ilias Semdegi fraza: `WeSmariti, marTali
grZnoba ybedi rodia, piriqiT, imdenad TavSekavebulia, imdenad
sityvaZviria, ramdenadac ufro Zlieria da, Tu gnebavT, am sityvaZvirobaSia
misi mimzidveli Rirsebaca, imis gulsawvdeni zemoqmedebac~.
genialurma vaJam poetur striqonebSi brwyinvaled gansazRvra ara
marto ilias lirikis, aramed mTeli misi Semoqmedebis xasiaTi, roca Tqva:
`saZirkvlad azri Caagde,
zed dasdgi grZnobis taZari,
man ganabrwyina sxivebiT196
195
Cveni samSoblos mTa-bari~.
mainc ra daxvda ilia WavWavaZes, poets, qarTul poeziaSi, riT
suldgmulobda qarTuli leqsi, roca ilia gamovida poetur asparezze.
sinamdvilisadmi ra axali midgoma gamoamJRavna man, gamosaxvis ra axal
saSualebebs mimarTa.
rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZis mosvlamde qarTuli poezia
romantikuli xasiaTisa iyo. ilias winamorbedTagan saxelmoxveWilni iyvnen
da arian aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol orbeliani da nikoloz
baraTaSvili. ra iyo is arsebiTi, rac qarTvel romantikosTa poeziis
Taviseburebebs gansazRvravda. ra gamoarCevs ilias leqsebs romantikosTa
lirikisagan, anu ra qmnis mis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs?
qarTvel romantikosTa poezia didi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis
Semcvelia, ramdenadac maTi tkivilebi da miswrafebebi qarTvelTa saerTo
sulier tkivilebs da miswrafebebs daemTxvnen, magram Cveni romantikosebi,
pirvel yovlisa, swored imitom iyvnen romantikosebi, rom maTi lirika
ufro pirovnul-individualuri xasiaTisa aRmoCnda. ra Tqma unda,
aRniSnuli imas ar niSnavs, rom maT poezias an socialuri safuZveli
aklda, anda aseTi mizanswrafva ar hqonda. TqmuliT mxolod is aRiniSneba,
rom maT poeziaSi garkveul niadagze warmoSobili gancdebia gadmoSlili
am niadagis sagangebo Cvenebis gareSe. es gansazRvravs, erTi mxriv, maTi
poeziis romantikul xasiaTs. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romantikosebi
ufro pirovnul gancdebs gvixasiaTeben da maT poeziaSic wina planze
ufro Rrmad intimuri grZnobebi warmodgnen.
ilias samwerlo asparezze gamosvlamde qarTul poeziaSi moqa-
laqeobrivi motivebi naklebad iCendnen Tavs da Tan zogjer sakmaod
faruli tendenciis saxiT. am tendenciis migneba iyo saWiro, imdenad
faruladaa igi, magaliTad, warmodgenili al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi.
marTalia, am mxriv gr. orbeliani kidev ufro Sors wavida, magram masTan
patriotuli grZnoba mainc ufro warsulis grZnobaa. n. baraTaSvili iyo is
didi poeti, romelmac gansakuTrebiT Tavisi xanmokle cxovrebis mogviano
xanaSi farTo moqalaqeobrivi interesebi gamoamJRavna, magram poetis sevda-
mwuxarebis ganmapirobebeli konkretul faqtebze uSualod da pirdapir
TiTqmis araferia miTiTebuli. sakiTxi masTan ufro zogad filosofiur
aspeqtSia gancdili da ganxiluli.
erTi sityviT, Cveni romantikosebis lirika maTi sulieri cxovrebis
konkretuli niadagis Cvenebas ar isaxavs miznad. es garemoeba sruliadac
ar vnebs istorikosis TvalSi romantikosTa poeziis sazogadoebriv
Rirebulebas, magram mis Taviseburebas ki asaxavs da mowmobs. romantikosi
poetebis Semoqmedebas udidesi sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba aqvs da swored
es mniSvneloba gaxazes sagangebod qarTvelma realistebma, magram faqti
isaa, rom romantikosTa interesi ufro TviTCaRrmavebisken, SigniT,
pirovnulisken, sakuTar sulier mdgomareobaze dakvirvebisa da misi
gadmoSlisaken aris 197
196
mimarTuli, vidre gare viTarebaze pirdapir da uSualo miTiTebasa da
mis amgvarsave daxasiaTebisken da es apirobebs ZiriTadad maTi asaxvis
romantikul iersa da xasiaTs.
ra Taviseburi midgomiT gamoirCa am mxriv ilia-lirikosi? man
lirikaSi interesi Signidan, Rrmad pirovnulis daxasiaTebisagan in-
timuridan, gareT sazogadoebrivisaken Semoabruna da es aqcia lirikis
ZiriTad sagnad. lirikaSi poeti Tavisi pirovnuli mdgomareobis, grZnobaTa
uSualo daxasiaTebis gzas ki ar gahyva, aramed masTan uSualod,
daufaravad da SeuniRbavad asaxva hpova im sazogadoebriv-politikurma
sakiTxebmac, im yofiTma garemom, rac misi sulieri mdgomareobis
ganmsazRvrelad gamodioda. iliam bejiTad iwyo socialuri problemebis
ganxilva, yofiTi garemos farTod asaxva da am mxriv gamoavlina
moulodneli energia. ilias, bunebrivia, arc sakuTari grZnobebis,
uSualod sakuTari sulieri moZraobis gamoxatvaze uTqvams uari. magram
maTi gadmoSlisasac ki TiTqos erTgvarad ganze gadga, manZiliT daSorda
Tavis grZnobebs da isini sazogadoebrivi interesebiT gaanalizebis saxiT
mogvawoda. is, rac adre moqalaqeobrivi motivebis TvalsazrisiT ufro
faruli tendenciis saxiT iCenda Tavs, ilias lirikis ganmsazRvreli
Seiqmna da mis TvalsaCino Sinaarsad iqca. aq srulad Segnebulad
pirovnulma, kerZo interesebma ukana planze gadainacvles da gabatonebuli
adgili sazogadoebriv, saqveyno interesebs dauTmes. ilia WavWavaZem poetis
amocanad swored sazogadoebrivi tkivilebis gamoxatva miiCnia da poeziis
gamarTlebac moqalaqeobrivi interesebis asaxvaSi dainaxa. iliam
pirovnuli mTlianad dauqvemdebara sazogadoebrivs. intimur grZnobebs mis
lirikaSi mxolod sazogadoebrivi interesebiT gamsWvalvis Semdeg mieca
arsebobis ufleba da maTi Rirebulebac swored am TvalsazrisiT Semowmda.
yovelive amis gamocaa ilia WavWavaZis lirika moqalaqeobrivi lirikis
nimuSi.
Cveni romantikosebi mometebulad `maRal materiebze~ laparakobdnen;
maRalze im azriT, rom maT poeziaSi dasmul sakiTxebs yvelasaTvis ar
hqonda sadReiso-yofiTi mniSvneloba. al. WavWavaZis da gr. orbelianis
poeziaSi saubari iyo ùdabnod qmnul savaneze~, `foTolT uxSir Wirze~ da
`borot suliskveTebaTagan gansvenebaze~. al. WavWavaZe da gr. orbeliani
mometebulad TavianT wminda intimur lirikas qmnidnen. maTi lirikis sagani
iyo `trfialebis isarT kona~ da `melnis tbaTa gars mcvelad mdgari Savi
hindni~, àSiyT mowame mTvare~ da `RawvTa zeda gadakruli nuSis yvavili~.
n. baraTaSvili faqizad metyvelebda mTawmindasa da iq `SemoRamebaze~,
òbol sulsa~ da `meranze~, `Sav yoransa~ da `bedis samZRvarze~, `bundovan
kldesa~ da `locviT miqancebul sulze~. ase laparakobda poeti da
erTgvari idumalebiT aRbeWdavda Tavis naambobs.
erTi sityviT, Cveni romantikosebis poeziaSi cxovrebaze erTgvarad
amaRlebuli movlenebi da sagnebi gveZleodnen. am azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom maTi poezia, sagangebod gafaqizebuli gancdebis 198
197
poeziaa.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi lirikis sagnad airCia is, rac Cveulebrivi,
yoveldRiuri da sayovelTaod aqtualuri iyo. ilias poeziaSi Zalumad
igrZnoba miZinebuli mamulis gamoRviZebis survili. warmoCenilia qarTveli
dedis saxe. saqarTvelos warsuli da momavali, `tvirTmZimeT da maSvralT~
yofa da `Sromis axsna~ _ ai, ilias poeziis obieqtebi: romantikosebTan
idumalis Sinaarsis Semcveli `bedic~ ki iliasTan naTeli, realuri
SinaarsiT aivso da momavlis mniSvneloba SeiZina. ilia WavWavaZem Tavis
poeziaSi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin daayena adamianur uflebaayrili guTnisdeda
da ùsamarTlod dasjili~ muSa, `xalxis sisxlisTvis agvirgvinebuli
cari~ da gaiZvera diambegi. ilias lirikiT cxadi Seiqna, rom Cveulebrivi
da yoveldRiuric SeiZleba iqces poeziis sagnad, Tu mas didi, fxizeli
xelovanis xeli Seexeba.
yvelaferi zemoTqmuli uflebas gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT, rom ilias
lirika axal safexurs warmoadgens qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi.
tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT, lirika poetis sulieri samyaros
daxasiaTebas warmoadgens, misi grZnobebis, sulieri siRrmeebis Cvenebas,
movlenebisa da sagnebisadmi misi mimarTebis warmoCenas. es ganazRvreba
mTlad zusti ar unda iyos, radgan amave amocanis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs
arsebiTad sxva Janrebic. ra Tqma unda, epikur da dramatul nawarmoebebSic
aisaxeba mwerlis sulieri ragvaroba, misi mimarTebebi. arsebiTi lirikis
SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom lirikul nawarmoebSi, pirvel yovlisa, uSualod
TviTon poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, misi fiqrebi da grZnobebia miCneuli
sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis Rirsad. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, lirika
Cveulebriv pretenziuli Janria im azriT, rom rasac poeti fiqrobs da gan-
icdis, mas sxvaTaTvisac mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs. GTavisTavad cxadia, nakleb
pretenziulia sxvaTa piriT laparaki, sxvaTa azrebis da grZnobebis
warmoCena, maT saxeebs amofareba, maTSi gauCinareba. erTi sityviT, lirika
uSualod avtorTan axlos misuli formaa gamoxatvisa da amdenad metad
sapasuxismgeblo formac.
yovelive amis aRniSvnas axla is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom ilia
WavWavaZis saxiT saqme gvaqvs iseT poetTan, romelsac yvelaze metad aqvs
gacnobierebuli es viTareba. masTan yvelgan igrZnoba es didi
pasuxismgebloba. erTis mxriv, amiTac unda aixsnas, rom ilias lirikuli
poezia araa vrceli. mas sul 72 leqsi aqvs dawerili mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze. nawili leqsebisa mas an ar daumTavrebia, an ar miuCnevia
gamoqveynebis Rirsad.
ilia WavWavaZis lirikul leqsebSi gamoxatuli grZnobebi mis
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba da simyariT xasiaTdeba. SemTxveviTi da wamieri
STabeWdilebebi da ganwyobilebebi ar uqcevia mas asaxvis sagnad. ilia
WavWavaZe Tavis gancdebs mxolod sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT Semowmebis Semdeg miiCnevs gamoxatvisaTvis Sesaferisad.
Semowmeba TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmobs manZils 199
198
gancdasa da mis gamoxatvas Soris _ ilias leqsebSi yovelTvis
igrZnoba es manZili.
ilia WavWavaZes, poets, imTaviTve Tan dahyva qveynis winaSe valis
grZnoba da mTeli Tavisi Sinagani Zalebi am valis aRsrulebisaken
warmarTa. ilias leqsebSi xazgasmulia, rom xelovani, poeti ubralo
mokvdavi araa, Tu ginda, poeti iyo, eriskacoba unda ikisro; poetoba pativi
da dideba ki araa, aramed `tvirTia, romelsac didi Zal-Rone unda sulisa
da xorcisa~ da Tu Seebmebi mis uRelSi, unda ataro kidec bolomde
Rirseulad. sxvasac uTqvams, rom poeti ers unda emsaxuros. magram ilia
WavWavaZe yvelasagan imiT gamoirCa, rom Tavad iyo eris winamZRoli, rom
misi sityva mis pirovnebas gamoxatavda da rom misi poezia am azriT
WeSmariti paTosiT aRbeWdili poeziaa. ilia WavWavaZis poeziaSi
erTmaneTisagan moucilebelia patriotuli sityva da saqme, ideali da
grZnoba. ilia WavWvaZis lirikis paTosi ideisa da gancdis, azrisa da
grZnobis erTianobaSi, mTlianobaSi mdgomareobs. Tu paTosi im sayovelTao
idealebs aRniSnavs, romlebic adamianis gonebaSi ki ar moiazreba, rogorc
civi abstraqcia, aramed Casaxldeba mis gulSi, grZnobebSi, Tu paTosi
adamianis sulis amoZravebas niSnavs da misi moRvaweobis warmarTvas amis
Sesabamisad, maSin ilias mTeli poeziac amgvarad gagebuli paTosis
gamomxatvelad unda CaiTvalos.
ilias mWevrmetyveluri leqsebi patriotuli ideis gansaxovnebas
warmoadgenen. poeti viwro TvalTaxedviT SemozRuduli ar dahxaris Tavis
mamuls. misi poezia Sorsaa nacionalizmis yovelgvari gamovlinebisagan.
ilias mZlavri poezia qarTveli eris Rirsebis, misi meobis dacvis
samsaxurSi dgas. poeti imisaTvis iRvwis, rom qarTuli poezia msoflio
kulturis procesSi CarTos, `kacobriobis wyurvilis mosaklav wyaros
qarTvelic daawafos~.
ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis mWevrmetyvelurobas isic apirobebs, rom
konkretul obieqtTan dakavSirebuli leqsebic araa mxolod konkretuliT
Semofargluli. leqsi, romelic guTnisdedis piriT glexkacis mZime xvedrs
gvacnobs, mxolod guTnisdedis fiqrebiT ki ar ifargleba, aramed
sazogadod adamianis Sinagani Tavisuflebis, misi pirovnuli Rirsebis
aRiarebis moTxovnas warmoadgens. es ukvdavi ideebi am leqss gamZleobas
aniWebs, Tumca, rogorc Cans, obieqti leqsisa _ sakuTriv guTnisdeda _
ukve warsulSia darCenili.
ilia WavWavaZem iseTi leqsebic Seqmna, romlebSic patriotuli
grZnoba, moqalaqeobrivi SemarTeba Cveni xalxis naklovanebaTa mxilebiT,
TviTgakicxvis formiT gamoixata. misi satiruli leqsebi `bednieri eri~,
`ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT, anu Cveni istoria mecxramete saukunisa~,
`gamocanebi~, `kidev gamocanebi~ da sxva, naTeli magaliTebia imisa, Tu
rogoria pozicia eris sulieri mesaWisa, Tu ras niSnavs namdvili
mamuliSviloba. ilia WavWavaZis yovel namoqmedars ki sabolood
aciskrovnebs RvTiuri Zala siyvarulisa:
`kaci giyvardes, 200
199
ciT CamomZaxes,
ros maT dambades,
yvelgan es sityva
lamprad win mimyva
da qveynad Cems svlas
scemda wmind naTels,
misTvisc getyvi Zmas,
Senca giyvardes~.
sagangebod unda erTic aRiniSnos: ilias leqsebSi xSiria iseTi
sityvebis dajgufeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan mezoblobaSi myof bevr
Tanxmovans Seicavs. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom poeti qmnis sityvaTaTvis arc
Tu Cveulebriv frazeologiur konstruqciebs. ilias frazis amgvari
uCveulobiT miRebuli STabeWdilebac iyo imis erTi mizezi, rom zogierTi
kritikosi ilias leqsebs mZimed da gaumarTavad miiCnevda da daeWvebas
gamoTqvamda ilias poeturi SesaZleblobis mimarT. namdvilad ki es
garemoeba misi poeziis Taviseburebad da mis mxatvrul Rirsebad unda
miviCnioT. ilia leqsebis Txzvisas Tavisi bunebis Sesabamisad irCevs `mZime~
gamoTqmebs da qarTuli enisTvis erTgvarad uCveulo formebs. amiT poeti
sityvas, saerTod frazas, TiTqos simyares aniWebs im gagebiT, rom nela da
dakvirvebiT gaatarebs mas mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi maTi mniSvnelobis
xelSesaxebad gagebis mizniT, sazogadod leqsis Sinaarsobriv mxareze
yuradRebis gadatanis miznad. Semdegi poeturi striqonebi: `da damiwyebsca
siyvaruliT feTqvasa guli~, `Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi~, `rasc maSin
grZnobdi, yoveli sTqva mwuxarma Tvalma~. magram `ramdenadc mSvenieri xar,
imdenad ufro mikvdeba guli~ da mravali sxva `magari~ gamoTqmebia, magram
swored amgvari gamoTqmebiT aris xazgasmuli ilias leqsis Zalac. amgvari
gamoTqmebi cocxlad warmoadgenen azrs. amdenad SeiZleba vilaparakoT
sityvis energiulobaze ilias poeziaSi. ilias leqsis Zala, erTi mxriv, mis
energiulobaSi Zevs, simZimis centri mis leqsebSi frazis gamomsaxv-
elobazea gadatanili. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ilias leqsebSi da-
dasturebuli xSiri ritmuli cvalebadoba swored am mizans, mkiTxvelis
yuradRebis saTqmel Sinaarsze gadatanas emsaxureba. poeti leqsis
azrobriv mxareze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovs da ara
melodiurobaze. amdenad, zogierTi kritikosis mier ilias poeziis
naklovanebad miCneuli `simZime~ namdvilad mis energiulobaze metyvelebs
da misi Taviseburebaa. ilia irCevs `mZime~ gamoTqmebs da amiT Tavisi
grZnobis sidarbaisleze da gancdilis siRrmeze migvaniSnebs. mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas aqeTken mimarTavs da saTanado emocias aRZravs masSi.
yovelive aRniSnuli, Tumca srulebiT ver amowuravs saTqmelis
Sinaarss, magram imas ki miuTiTebs, rom ilia WavWavaZis grZnobebs mis
poeziaSi napovni aqvs Sesabamisi forma _ didaqtikuri, mqadagebluri,
mebrZoli, dinji, TviTdarwmunebuli da amasTanave amaRlebuli forma. es ki
niSnavs, rom ilia WavWavaZis mizanswrafvas 201
200
Tavisi Sesaferisi esTetikuri samosi aqvs da amitomac uweria mas
ukvdaveba qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi.
* * *
ilia WavWavaZem sul xuTi poema dawera.
àCrdili~ pirveli vrceli poeturi qmnilebaa. mxolod ocdaerTi
wlisa iyo ilia, roca igi daasrula. marTalia, gamoqveynebamde poemaSi
bevri ram Seicvala, magram ar Secvlila misi ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare,
piriqiT, ufro gaRrmavda da gafarTovda is, ramac ukve adreul variantSi
iCina Tavi.
àCrdili~ Tavisi SedgenilobiT da Janrobrivi xasiaTiT scildeba
poemis tradiciul gagebas da Tanamedrove usiuJeto poemebs uaxlovdeba.
àCrdili~ warmoadgens Cveni qveynisTvis, misi momavlisTvis mRelvare
kiTxvebze konkretuli, dasabuTebuli pasuxebis Ziebas. poemaSi ilia
qarTveli xalxis erovnul Taviseburebebzec msjelobs. aq im gadagvarebis
saSiSroebacaa mZafrad danaxuli, rac Cvens qveyanas erovnuli Cagvrisa da
socialuri usamarTlobis pirobebSi realurad emuqreboda.
iliam mecxramete saukunis `tvirTad~ dasaxa `tyvedpyrobili~ Sromis
àxsna~, ganTavisufleba.
WeSmariti momavlis safuZvels ilia eris politikuri Tavisuflebis
pirobebSi, Tavisufal Segnebul SromaSi xedavs, SromaSi, romelic mxolod
valdebuleba ki ar iqneba, mZime da damTrgunveli, aramed pasuxi adamianis
Sinagani sasicocxlo moTxovnilebisa da misi bednierebis safuZvelic
gaxdeba.
ilia WavWavaZes `mZlavr kavkasiis~ xalxTa Tavisufleba, maTi urRvevi
kavSiri miaCnia qarTveli xalxis saimedo momavlis pirobad. poema
àCrdilSi~ cxadad warmoCinda axalgazrda ilias miswrafebebi da
erovnuli idealebi, misi poeturi SesaZleblobebi.
socialur sakiTxTa gaSuqebisas ilia WavWavZes uaRresad konkretuli,
mwvave moralisturi tendenciiT gamsWvaluli poemebic aqvs Seqmnili,
rogorebicaa `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~,
`qarTvlis deda~ da `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~.
poemaSi `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~ xalxis
warmomadgenlebi, maTi ocneba, miswrafeba, tkivili warmoCinda da Rrmad
erovnuli da amasTanave saerTo idealebis gamoxatva iTava.
ilia WavWavaZes `Tavidanve is azri hqonda SemuSavebuli, rom Tavis
qveyanasTan, mis Wirsa da lxinTan yvelaze metad dakavSirebuli iyo glexi.
is amuSavebda Tavis miwas, is Sescqeroda Tavis cas, swored am miwaze da am
cis qveS cxovreba undoda mas. amitomac erovnul grZnobaTa gasaRviZebel
yvlaze ufro noyier niadags iliasaTvis glexkacoba warmoadgenda~ (gr.
kiknaZe).
ilia xedavda, rom arsebuli socialuri viTareba glexkacobas mZime
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. kacurad yofnis uflebas uspobda. 202
201
ilias fiqriT, qarTveli eris interesebis dacva mSromelTa gan-
Tavisuflebis, monuri yofidan misi daxsnis moTxovnasac ayenebda. poemaSi
ilia WavWavaZem gaaanaliza is socialuri pirobebi, romlebic mSromels
aiZulebdnen Tavis ezo-kuTxes, saxl-kars mowyvetoda da xelSi iaraRi
aeRo, SurisZiebis grZnobiT Sepyrobili tyeSi yaCaRad gaWriliyo.
am poemis gmirebi `zaqro da kako xalxis ocnebis matarebeli
gmirebia~ (simon Ciqovani). maT aseTebad aqcevs adamianuri uflebis
dacvisaTvis, adamianuri Rirsebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZola. am azriTac
Rrma erovnul Sinaarss atarebs es poema.
mamulis siyvaruls, misTvis Tavdadebas, yovelive Zvirfasis, TviT
sicocxlis, misTvis msxverplad Sewirvas miiCnevs poeti WeSmariti
mamuliSvilobis sazomad. aseT idealur, samagaliTo gmirTa saxeebs igi
warsulSic eZiebs da momavalSic Wvrets. am mxriv sagulisxmoa misi poemebi
`qarTvlis deda~ da `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~.
`qarTvlis deda~ dramatuli poemaa. aq mamuliSviluri valis idealia
ganxorcielebuli dramtul formaSi, romelsac ilia momavlis ocnebad da
amocanad saxavda. poemaSi gadmocemulia dramatuli epizodi qarTveli
dedis cxovrebidan; igi dasneulebuli da davrdomili, Tavis erTaderT
nugeSs, Tavis Svils kavkasiis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi istumrebs.
poemaSi patriotuli grZnoba rTul dramatul viTarebaSi vlindeba.
kerZod, aq naCvenebia, Tu ra didi Widilis fasad daZlevs samSoblos
winaSe valis, mamulis siyvarulis grZnoba dauZlurebuli dedis gulSi
dedaSviluri siyvarulis tkivils erTaderTi Svilisadmi, romelic
`siberis misayrdomad STenia~, fasad im sulier ZalTa daZabvisa, rasac
dedis guli emsxverpla kidec.
imis gamo, rom advilad ver iZlia Svilis siyvarulis grZnoba, kidev
ufro izrdeba fasi Tavganwirvisa. patriotuli valis Zalac imiT
dasturdeba, rom igi msxverplis fasad, magram mainc maRldeba mSobliur
siyvarulze.
Tavganwirvis, sulieri gamZleobis motivebis Cveneba yovelTvis iyo
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagani. eris moWirnaxules, mis
Tavkacs Tavisi Tavi samSoblo qveynis samsxverploze misatan zvarakad
esaxeboda. es kargad Cans mTel mis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis
lirikaSi. i. WavWavaZem swored samSoblo qveynis samsaxurSi piradi
msxverplis gaRebasa da misTvis TavganwirvisTvis mzaobaSi dainaxa
WeSmariti mamuliSvilis misia.
am ideis epikur formaSi gansaxierebisaTvis erTob mniSvnelovan
masalad miuCnevia ilias faqti Cveni qveynis istoriidan _ mefe dimitris
Tavganwirva.
poema `mefe dimitri Tavdadebulis~ ideuri amosavali swored
qveynisTvis msxverplad Sewirvis didi Zalaa. mefis saqcieli poetis mier
Sefasebulia, rogorc rainduli saqcieli, rogorc zneobrivi gmiroba.
poemaSi araerTgzis aris Sedarebuli mefis moqmedeba 203
202
macxovris mowamebriv aRsasrulTan. mefes xatad da magaliTad ka-
cobriobis xsnisTvis qriste RmerTis Tavganwirva aqvs dasaxuli. man, mefe
dimitrim, swored macxovris gza unda gaimeoros Tavisi eris ara marto
fizikuri, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, zneobrivi gadarCenisaTvis.
rogorc miuTiTeben, qristes pirovnuli Zala ara mxolod misi
moZRvrebis xasiaTSia saZiebeli, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi, rom man
Tavisi azrebis mixedviT icxovra da adamianebs idealisTvis sakuTari
sicocxlis msxverplad mitanis magaliTi misca, umaRlesi zneobrivi
magaliTi, riTac igi sabolood yvelam cno RmerTad, xolo misi moZRvreba
sarwmunoebad. qristem `Tavisi moZRvrebis WeSmariteba gaamagra Tavisi
sikvdiliT~ (hegeli). swored amitom aqcia Semdgomma xanam jvarcma
qristianuli religiis qvakuTxedad (a. menzisi).
mefe dimitris ambavi poets bavSvobaSi mousmenia Tavisi maswav-
leblisagan _ soflis mTavardiakvnisagan. gulSi Rrmad CabeWdvia, xolo
mogvianebiT am masalisaTvis miumarTavs Tavisi mxatvruli amocanis
gansaxorcieleblad.
ilia WavWavaZis epikuri poeziis gvirgvins poema `gandegili~
warmoadgens. poemaSi i. WavWavaZem adamianis sazrisis, misi daniSnulebis,
misi adgilis maradmtkivneuli problema gaaSuqa yvela qveynis
xelovanTaTvis mimzidveli gandegilobis masalaze da Tanac misTvis,
rogorc xelovanisaTvis mainc axleburi, filosofiuri midgomiT.
ilia WavWavaZis winaSe es problema aqamdec idga da mwerali mTeli
Tavisi SemoqmedebiT im azrs aviTarebda, rom adamiani socialurad aqtiuri
unda iyos, cxovrebaSi trialebdes da wvlili Sehqondes mis winsvlaSi.
ilias mier daxatuli personaJebis Sefasebis aspeqti aseTia _ ramdenad
warmoadgenen isini sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrebs. ilias mkacri gakicxvis
obieqtia adamiani, romelic cuds, borotebas ar Cadis, magram arc arafers
kargs akeTebs, Tavisi arsebobiT sazogadoebas arafers matebs da ukvalod
midis qveynidan (`mgzavris werilebi~, `kacia-adamiani?!.~).
poema `gandegilSi~ ilia xelovanis Tavisufali WvretiT Wvrets
adamianis garegan da Sinagan sauflos. swored aseTi SemoqmedebiTi
interesebiT avsebuli, Sinaganad gawonasworebuli poeti qmnis am didebul
poemas. `gandegilSi~ ilia xelovani ganTavisuflebulia masalisadmi
praqtikul-eTikuri interesebiT midgomisagan. ilia aq problemis
filosofiur da fsiqologiur safuZvlebs ixdis gansaxierebis sagnad,
adamianis Sina samyaros uRrmes SreebSi Sedis da TvalsaCinod gviCvenebs,
rom adamiani ara Tu ar unda ganeridos sazogadoebas, ara Tu ar unda
gandges misgan, aramed adamians ar ZaluZs sazogadoebidan gandgoma, masze
uaris Tqma, igi ver gandgeba, ramdenadac gandgoma adamianis arsebiT
niSanze _ socialurobaze _ uaris Tqmas niSnavs. igi xom, pirvel yovlisa,
socialuri arsebaa, misi adamianoba xom adamianebTan urTierTobaSi
mJRavndeba. 204
203
àdamians ar SeuZlian kacTa krebulis gareT icxovros calked da
miukareblad~ (ilia). yovelgvari cda sazogadoebidan gandgomisa iluziaa,
mxolod sxvagvari sazogadoebis ndomis gamoxatulebaa. adamiani ki
yovelTvis rCeba sazogadoebis aqtiur an ara aseT wevrad: adamianis
ganmartoeba, calke gasvla, ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom igi axerxebs
gandgomas sazogadoebidan. Tu adamians saerTod wavarTmevT adamianur
garemos, movwyvetT adamianur pirobebs, igi moklebuli aRmoCndeba
adamianuris gamovlenis saSualebebsac da gadagvardeba kidec, e. i.
daiRupeba rogorc adamiani, e. i. rogorc ki adamians adamianur garemos
vuqmniT, igi maSinve raRacnairi formiT gamoavlens adamianur bunebas,
iqneba es azris, grZnobis, rwmenis Tu biologiur sferoSi... aseTia am
poemis mTavari problemis filosofiur-fsiqologiuri plani _
`gandegilis~ mTavari mxatvruli plani. erTi sityviT, Tu ilia Tavidanve
imas qadagebda, rom adamiani namdvilad unda iyos kaci, adamiani, `gande-
gilSi~ man gviCvena, rom sruliad amaoa sazogadoebisagan mowyvetis cda.
àdamianobis SenarCuneba `codvis sadguridan~ ganSorebiT ki ar miiRweva,
aramed sadguris gardaqmnis gziT~ (gr. kiknaZe).
bunebrivia, sakuTriv asketizmis, misi formebis daxasiaTebis problema
araa ilias Semoqmedebis sagani. asketis cxovrebis Suqze ilia saerTod
adamianis arsebobis sazrisis zogadsayovelTao ideas dastrialebs Tavs, e.
i. Zvel masalas igi, rogorc axali drois xelovani, axali SinaarsiT
avsebs. ilia sagangebod arCevs aseT masalas, ramdenadac asketuri
arsebobis formaSi mkafiod iCens Tavs adamianis buneba. rogorc
miuTiTeben, esec iyo piroba axali drois xelovanTa Seunelebeli
interesisa am masalisadmi. magram isic faqtia, rom ilias, rogorc
xelovanis damokidebuleba SerCeuli masalisadmi cxadliv amJRavnebs
poetis damokidebulebas qristes moZRvrebisadmi saerTod da kerZod,
asketizmisadmi, misi gandegiluri formisadmi.
ilia WavWavaZe swored qristianul poziciaze dgomiT TvalsaCinod
uCvenebs, rom Secdomaa qristianobaSi gandgomis safuZvlebis Zieba.
qristianobisaTavis SeuTavsebelia TviTizolacia, sxeulis moSToba askezis
gziT. ilia WavWavaZe mxatvruli damajereblobiT uCvenebs, rom gandegili
cdeba, roca fiqrobs, rom TviTaRkvecaSi, sazogadoebidan ganridebaSia
`xsnis gza~. swored amitom aris aRasavse keTilSobiluri tragizmiT
gandegilis saxe. ilia arsad ar abiabruebs Tavis personaJs, arsad ar
ucqeris mas niSnis mogebiT, poets xiblavs kidec Tavisi personaJis
rainduli erTguleba da Tavganwirva Tavis mier Tundac mcdarad arCeuli
idealisadmi.
am TvalsazrisiT dazustebas saWiroebs mwyemsi qalis tradiciuli
interpretacia. mwyemsi qali miCneulia bunebis Svilad, amqveyniuri
sicocxlis simbolod, warmarTad da a. S. sinamdvileSi, mwyemsi qali ara
sakuTriv bunebis, aramed WeSmariti qristianuli rwmenis gamomxatvelia.
swored am poziciidan aris gasagebi, rom `giyvardes moyvasi Seni~ ar
niSnavs moyvasisagan ganridebas, aramed mis gver205
204
diT yofnas. mwyemsi qalisaTvis gaugebaria, RmerTma mouwodos ada-
mians am qveynis uaryofa, roca man Seqmna igi ùTvalavi feriTa~:
`vfiqrobdi: neta maS risTvis morTo
ese lamazad wuTis-sofeli?
gana misTvis, rom adamianma
SeaCvenos da aiRos xeli?~
mwyemsi qalisaTvis swored qristianuli poziciidan, romlis
Tanaxmad, RmerTi ar moiTxovs raime gansakuTrebul garegnuli wesebis
dacvas, gaugebaria, `RmerTs raSi unda am yinulebSi yofna kacisa~. mwyemsi
qalisaTvis jansaR qristianul poziciaze dgomiT gaugebaria, ratom unda
swyindes RmerTs, rom `kaci Sehxaris qveyanas RvTiTve dabadebulsa?~
rogorc saTanadod cxadyofilia, bibliur qristianobas ar uaruyvia
arc es qveyana da arc xorci gamoucxadebia sulis sapyrobelad. ànu ara
uwyiTa, rame Tu Ãorcni ege Tquenni taZarni Tquen Soris sulisa wmidisani
arian, romeli ege gaqus RmrTisagan da ara xarT TaviT TÂsiT~ (pavle, I,
korinT. 6,19). maSasadame, amqveyniuri xorcieli ar uaruyvia qristes da arc
mis mowafeebs da pirvel saeklesio mamebs, aramed maT aRiares, rom bevri
sacduria amqveynad, xorcma SeiZleba sacdurs Segvyaros, Tu oden mis
moTxovnebs gavabatonebT. aseTia ilias pozicia `gandegilSi~. adamianis
gandgomas ara Tu ar amarTlebs qristianul-moraluri safuZveli, aramed
TavisTavad Secdomaa qristianobaSi amgvari safuZvlis Zieba. ilia swored
qristianuli poziciidan miiCnevs miuReblad gandgomas. WeSmariti
qristianobis, rogorc eTikuri moZRvrebis safuZveli gandgomisa,
ganridebis qadagebaSi ki ar gamoixateba, aramed sulieri simtkicisa da
idealisadmi rainduli erTgulebis moTxovnaSi da am gziT sazogadoebrivi
gardaqmnisaTvis zrunvaSi.
tradiciulad, ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli memkvidreobidan yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad misi prozaa miCneuli.
moTxrobebSi didi mwerali qarTul yofas asaxavs, magram, ra Tqma
unda, viwro yofiTi sakiTxebiT ar ifargleba. igi didad afarToebs
mxatvruli xedvis ares. ilias prozaul TxzulebaTa namdvil Sinaarss
Cveni qveynisaTvis, qarTveli erisaTvis erTob aqtualuri socialur-
politikuri da moralur-inteleqtualuri sakiTxebi gansazRvraven.
ilia WavWavaZis yvela prozaul qmnilebas erovnul-socialuri
problematikis konkretuli gansaxierebis SemTxvevaSic yovelTvis Tan
axlavs ganxilvis zogadi aspeqti, magram yvela sxva Txzulebisagan
gansxvavebiT mWevrmetyveluri prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSi `mgzavris
werilebi~ yuradRebas swored Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT iqcevs.
sayovelTao aRiarebiT, `mgzavris werilebi~ ilia WavWavaZis mTeli
Semoqmedebisa da praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis programis asaxvas
warmoadgens da es imitomac, rom swored am nawarmoebSia TavCenili
pirvelad is azrebi, ideebi, romelTaTvisac 206
205
ilias ar uRalatnia mTeli sicocxlis manZilze da romelTa konk-
retul mxatvrul gaSlas, gafarToebas da gaRrmavebas mis momdevno
TxzulebebSi vxvdebiT.
Txzulebis ideur-Tematikuri simdidre da nairferoba moTxrobis
kompoziciuri TaviseburebebiTac aris Sepirobebuli. moTxrobis
kompoziciur RerZs warmoadgens axalgazrda qarTveli inteligentis
dabruneba samSobloSi ruseTidan da mis mier nanaxisa da gancdilis
gadmoSla. moTxrobaSi am mogzaurobis mxolod erTi monakveTia
warmodgenili _ kerZod, gza vladikavkazidan fasanauramde. sivrcisa da
drois mixedviT am mcire monakveTis gavliT aRZruli fiqrebi da
STabeWdilebebi mTlianad itevs mwerlis saTqmels.
kompoziciurad mogzauruli formis Txzuleba iZleva farTo,
faqtobrivad SemousazRvrel SesaZleblobebs yofiTi aRwera-daxasiaTebis,
xalxis zne-Cvevebis, cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTeba-gadmocemisaTvis, sakuTriv
mwerlis dakvirvebebis, STabeWdilebebis, mosazrebebis, ideebisa da azrebis
gadmoSlis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi kompoziciis nawarmoebi mwerlis
SesaZleblobebis gamomJRavnebis TvalsazrisiT marjve sasinji qvacaa,
swored aseT TxzulebaSi mkafiod, uSualod Cans mwerlis erudicia,
interesTa sfero, dakvirvebis unari, ganzogadebis siRrme, gancdaTa da
azrTa wyoba da a. S.
yovelive amis xazgasmas axla is mniSvnelobac aqvs, rom es
brwyinvale moTxroba, pirvel yovlisa, yuradRebas swored axalgazrda
mwerlis interesTa sifarToviT, sakiTxebis siuxviT da nairgvarobiT
iqcevs. aq saqme gvaqvs rogorc socialur-politikur, aseve eTikur-
esTetikuri xasiaTis problemebTan. xolo warmmarTveli erovnuli idealia
da sakiTxTa ganxilvis erTaderTi aspeqtic erovnuli xasiaTisaa. aqve, am
TxzulebaSive ikveTeba ilias, rogorc satirikosis mZlavri niWi.
`mgzavris werilebSi~ aqamde Cvens mwerlobaSi arnaxuli ZaliTaa
wamoyenebuli realisturi mwerlobis aucileblobis moTxovna, moTxovna
iseTi xelovnebisa, romelic warmosaxuls da sasurvels ki ara, obieqtur
sinamdviles gviCvenebs, mtkiced gausworebs Tvals arsebuls da wyluls
uwamlebs, ki ar miCqmalavs.
`mgzavris werilebSi~ didi TvalsaCinoebiTaa mowodebuli ruseTis
teqnikuri ubadrukobis suraTi, mmarTvelobis sruli ugunureba da
siClunge. ruseTis imperiis Zala `Rvinosa da arayTan Zalian daaxloebuli~
samxedro aparatiTaa gansazRvruli, romlis imperiisadmi brma morCileba
da TviTkmayofilebac damyarebulia Sovinistur instinqtebze da imperiul
zraxvebze, misgan dapyrobil `velur~ xalxebSi, romlebic mas sZuls,
rusuli ganaTleba da civilizacia Seitanos izleris baRiTa da kaxpa
feriebiT.
TxzulebaSi Cvens literaturaSi pirvelad didi damarwmunebeli
ZaliT aris gacemuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris adamianis WeSmariti
sicocxlis niSani, Tu rogor vlindeba sicocxle. marTalia, adrec
araerTgzis dasmula Cvens mwerlobaSi kiTxva, Tu ra azri aqvs adamianis
sicocxles. am mxriv marto romantikosebis gaxsen207
206
ebac ikmarebda, magram ilia kiTxvas sxvagvarad svams, ufro sworad,
igi sxva kiTxvas svams _ ilias kiTxva aseTia _ rogor vlindeba adamianis
sicocxle, raSi Cans, rom igi cocxalia. aqve unda iTqvas: is, rac calke
adamianze iTqmis, iTqmis mTeli eris Sesaxebac, Tu is rogorc eri cocxali
organizmia.
ilia WavWavaZe adamianis, iseve rogorc mTeli eris sicocxlis niSnad
aRiarebs moZraobas, moqmedebas. Tu adamiani, eri moZraobs, maSasadame, igi
cocxalia (`moZraoba da moZraoba aris... qveynis Ronisa da sicocxlis
mimcemi~...). marTalia, ilia aq, am TxzulebaSi ar akonkretebs moZraobis
Sinaarss, ragvar moZraobas gulisxmobs _ misi azriT, mTavaria iyos
moZraoba; adamiani mizanmimarTuli arsebaa da amdenad misi moZraobac
mizandaqvemdebarebuli moqmedeba unda iyos _ esaa adamianis, eris
sicocxlis gamoxatulebac da misi gamarTlebac.
erovnuli interesebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan epizodad TxzulebaSi moxeve lelT RuniasTan mgzavris saubaria
miCneuli.
ilia WavWavaZe lelT Runias piriT qadagebs umaRles erovnul
ideals _ `Cven Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~, romelsac arasodes
moakldeba Zala da xibli, erTi sityviT, ilias personaJs Zveli dro
imitom moswons, rom eri Tavisufali iyo.
mgzavri ekiTxeba moxeves: èxla rom mSvidoba aris?!~ es kiTxva gangeb
daismis, ramdenadac adrec da ilias Semdegac _ TiTqos mZlav sabuTad
moCans azri mSvidobis Sesaxeb, romelic didi damarwmunebeli ZaliT aris
warmoCenili genialuri n. baraTaSvilis mier jer poema `bedi qarTlisaSi~
erekles sityvebis saxiT:
èxla ki droa, solomon, roma
mSvidoba naxos saqarTveloma~.
da Semdeg leqsSi `saflavi mefisa iraklisa~:
`sadac aqamdis xmliT da ZaliT hflobda qarTveli,
mun samSvidobo moqalaqis marTavs aw xeli!~
aq ar unda vifiqroT, rom ilia WavWavaZe epaeqreba n. baraTaSvils da
mis arguments mSvidobis Sesaxeb upirispirdeba, niSans ugebs n.
baraTaSvils. sinamdvileSi ilia WavWavZe aviTarebs n. barTaSvilis azrs
axali drois da axali viTarebis Sesabamisad. iliam SesaniSnavad icis, rom
mSvidoba uaRresad faseuli iyo n. baraTaSvilis epoqaSi. ilia wers:
`meTvramete saukunis vai-vaglaxma da mecxrametis pirveli wlebis wewva-
glejam Cveni eri mohRala, qanci gauwyvita, Tavis-Tavis imedi daakargvina.
roca SemTxveva mieca Tavi TiTqos mosvenebas misca: gauyuCda da TiTqmis
xmaamouRebliv daemorCila axlad movlenil bedsa da garemoebas. Tu
daakvirdeba kaci im saSinel garemoebaTa, romelTac abezars moiyvans Cveni
eri, uamisodac ilajgawyvetili Sinauri amboxebisagan calke da calke
gareul mterTa zedmosevisa, xocvisa da rbeva-aklebisagan, is ara gvgonia
ise gakadnierdes, rom am wyurvils dasvenebisas ukiJinos. xangrZliv
SfoTebs Semdeg sveneba upriania, rogorc calke kacisaTvis, isec 208
207
mTeli erisaTvis. amas buneba iTxovs~.
is, rac bunebrivia n. baraTaSvilis droisaTvis, ilias epoqisaTvis _
60-iani wlebisaTvis, aRaraa misaRebi. axla moTxovna ase dgas _ `rosRa
gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba~. swored aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian
mniSvnelovania lelT Runias pasuxi mgzavris SekiTxvaze _ èxla xom
mSvidoba ariso!..~ lelT Runia ambobs: `ráis váqnev caríal mSvidábas
cariál stvamáqiT? raí arn mSvidába? úxmar satévars Jángi daédvis,
usrbólo wyálSi bayáyni, Wia-Wuái, qvemZrómi gamrávldis. udégar usvénar
TergCí ki kalmáxi ícis! raí arn mSvidába cocxál kacTáTvis, rai arn
mteróba, Tu éri érobs? cariál mSvidába miwáCic gveyófis~.
roca eri Tavisufali iyo, èri erábdis, guli gulóbdis, vaJái
vaJábdis, qalái qalábdis... erTurT daveyudníT, urTierTs vixvéwebndiT~.
danebebis, damorCilebis fsiqologia, pirvel yovlisa, eris sulierad
damcemia da zneobrivad gamryvneli: àwína eróba daiSális, meZav-mruSóbai
Camovárdnis, mtróba-bZárvai gaxSírdnis _ eri davárdnil, galáxul arn,
krdómil-krTómil, wárxda qarTvélTa saxéli, qarTvélTa wes-wyobái~.
axlandel mSvidobas egebis kidev is dro sjobda, mteri rom dagvecemoda
asawiokeblad. `mters máinc far-xrmáliT SeveTamáSiT, vigeriébdiT... adrída
mtérTan brZoláCi, sworébís jobinobáCi sáxel vSaóbdiT~, axla ki moxevis
sityvebiT, `mavále svaméxi ufrós gvawiókebs, ufrós saxls gvíklebs~... Tu
mters davuxvdebodiT da vigeriebdiT, `svámexs rái eyvís, ver mosagerié́bel,
ver SesaTamaSé́bel... svamé́xTan vaJái rái sáxels CamorCébis~.
ilia am metad damafiqrebel satkivars sxvadasxva kuTxiT kidev
mravalgzis miubrundeba. gaivlis 30-ze meti weli da ilia dawers:
`xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni
qveyana, xmlian mters gavuZeliT, gadavrCiT, qveyana da saxeli SevinaxeT,
saxsenebeli ar amovikveTeT, SevinarCuneT, saqolavi aravis avagebineT.
xmliT mosulma vera dagvaklo-ra _ SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT
mosuli ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidam miwas gamogvaclis da Cvens mSveniers
qveyanas, rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian~... (`ra giTxraT?
riT gagaxaroT?~)
xolo ilias am brwyinvale publicistur werils oci wliT win
uswrebs ilias didebuli leqsi `kiTxva-pasuxi~, sadac sxva formiT igive
azria gamoxatuli, igive gulistkivilia gadmoSlili:
`kargi rama xar Cemo qveyanav,
lamazad morTul da mokazmuli;
magram ramdenadac mSvenieri xar,
imdenad ufro mikvdeba guli~...
ilia ara mxolod mxatvrulsa da publicistur naazrevSi gamoxatavs
Tavis gulistkivils mosalodneli saSiSroebis gamo, aramed praqtikulad
iRvwis, rom qveyana gansacdelisagan daixsnas, qarTuli miwa-wyali
gadaarCinos. rogorc iTqva, amis erTi didi gamoxatuleba iyo ilia
WavWavZis moRvaweoba bankSi.
`mgzavris werilebSi~ warmodgenili erovnuli ideebis ganxor209
208
cielebas Sealia ilia WavWavaZem ara marto Tavisi mZlavri mxat-
vruli niWi, aramed mTeli sulieri da fizikuri Zala da energia. amdenad
`mgzavris werilebi~ ara marto ilia WavWavaZis samwerlo, aramed
praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis programasac warmoadgens.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis moTxrobebSi ZiriTadad socialur-yofiT planSi
ganixilavs zneobriv problemebs. ilias Semoqmedebisa da sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweobis safuZveli qristianuli eTikaa. es kargad Cans mTel mis
SemoqmedebaSi. magram konkretuli gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT am mxriv
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moTxroba `glaxis naambobi~ iqcevs. erTia
qristianuli principebis qadageba, magram sxvaa, roca am principebis
personificireba, individualizireba xdeba grZnobad-esTetikur planSi.
swored am mxriv aris gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis ZaliT aRWurvili
mRvdlis STambeWdavi saxe.
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mSvenebas warmoadgens axalgazrdobis
Jams Seqmnili satiruli prozis ukvdavi nimuSi `kacia-adamiani?!~.
gansxvavebiT `glaxis naambobisagan~, romelSic, marTalia, batonymobaa
gakicxuli, magram toni Txrobisa Tavidan bolomde seriozulia, `kacia-
adamianSi?!~ gamomJRavnebulia aseve Tavidan bolomde satiruli midgoma,
rac ZiriTadad ironiis gziT xorcieldeba. moTxrobaSi mweralma gviambo
adamianebis sulieri sicarielis istoria da mis gadmosacemad moimarjva
Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri, erTi SexedviT Zalze uintereso yofiTi masala,
magram igi, es masala aiyvana axal simaRlemde. erTi ojaxis uazro,
yovelgvar sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas moklebuli cxovrebis CvenebiT
mweralma TvalnaTliv gvagrZnobina, rom socialuri erTeuli darRveulia,
rom adamiani daclilia yovelgvari movaleobis, pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobebisagan. igi ar ganicdis Tavs sazogadoebis wevrad, Tavis erTaderT
daniSnulebad Wama-sma miaCnia. cdilobs RmerTi ar ganarisxos mxolod im
motiviT, rom mis TviTkmayofil cxovrebas safrTxe ar daemuqros. erTis
sityviT, arc Tavis mosvliT Seumatebia qveynisaTvis raime da arc wasvliT
daaklebs. ilia moTxrobis dasawyisSive aRniSnavs, rom is, rac moTxrobaSia
asaxuli, sazogado satkivaria `Cven pirTan saqme ar gvaqvs, Cven sazogado
Wirzeda vwerTo~.
Tu `glaxis naambobSi~ asaxuli zneobrivi danaSauli aulagmavi Jinis
gabatonebis, ganusazRvreli uflebebisa da dausjelobis Sedegs
warmoadgens, `kacia-adamianSi?!~ aRwerili socialur-zneobrivi danaSauli,
erTi SexedviT, SeumCnevelic kia. es ar aris aqtiuri boroteba da miT
ufro saxifaToa, ramdenadac Cveulebriv yofiT formaSi vlindeba. igi
gamoixateba sizarmacesa da gulgrilobaSi, daudevrobasa da
moSvebulobaSi, trabaxsa da sicrueSi, TviTkmayofilebasa da yovelgvari
movaleobisgan gaTavisuflebaSi, rac, rogorc cnobilia, SemdgomSi
`TaTqariZeobis~ saxels daukavSirda.
Cveulebriv, mwerlebi batonymur urTierTobas asaxavdnen, ro210
209
gorc saSineli sisastikis, gulqvaobis gamovlenas _ adamians abamen
kevrSi da sulsa xdian pirutyvsaviT, cvlian mwevarSi, yidian... araferi amis
msgavsi ar xdeba `kacia-adamianSi?!~ luarsabisa da darejanis saqmianobas
ar axasiaTebs sisastike, maT namoqmedarze SeZrwunebis grZnoba ki ar
gveufleba, aramed viciniT. iliam dagvanaxa aq, rom gareSe yovelgvari
sisastikisa, mxecuri instinqtebis gamovlenisa, Tavisi raobiT batonymuri
urTierToba aris damRupveli, ramdenadac es wyoba saukeTeso pirobebs
qmnis imisaTvis, rom gaabatonos adamianSi cxoveluri.
ilia batonymuri urTierTobis Sefasebebisas, iseve rogorc yvela
sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelobs erovnuli TvalTaxedviT. ilia ar
fiqrobs sxvebiviT, rom socialur usamarTlobas, batonymobas erTi
fenisaTvis _ glexebisaTvis _ moaqvs ubedureba, xolo meore fenisaTvis _
mebatoneebisaTvis glexebis gaZarcvis xarjze _ bedniereba. ilia fiqrobs,
rom ukeTes dReSi arc batonebi arian, isinic ganwirulni arian, ramdenadac
saxeze gvaqvs maTi zneobrivi degradacia, gadagvareba, adamianuri saxis
dakargva. socialur usamarTlobas, batonymobas ubedureba moaqvs
yvelasaTvis. batonymoba socialuri ubedureba ki ara, igi erovnuli
ubedurebaa. ilia ar fiqrobs, rom Cagruli fena mxolod angelozebs
warmoadgenen, ucodvelT, zneobrivad srulqmnilT. batonymobas maTSic
Cauklavs adamianuri, isinic sacodav cxovelebs damsgavsebian. ufro
marjveni da moxerxebulni pirmoTneobis da cbierebis gzas dasdgomian. sa-
zogadoeba gaTiSulia or sruliad sxvadasxva nawilad, romelTa Soris
araferia saerTo, iTeleba adamianis Rirseuli pirovnuli Tvisebebi.
ilias pozicia naTelia _ mxolod batonymuri sistemis mospobis
gziT, adamianisTvis warTmeuli adamianuri uflebebis dabrunebaSi, jansaR
erovnul ZalTa gaerTianebaSi, socialur wodebaTa urTi-
erTTanamSromlobis, erTobis miRwevaSi aris qveynis WeSmariti xsnis gza.
mogvianebiT ilia WavWavaZem dawera SesaniSnavi patara moTxroba
`sarCobelazed~, romelSiac sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli wevris
urTierTobis, uflebebisa da movaleobebis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis
maradmtkivneul sakiTxebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.
ilia WavWavaZe TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoeba srul
gulgrilobas iCens Tavisi calkeuli wevris mimarT da amiT faqtobrivad
adamians danaSaulisaken ubiZgebs. sazogadoeba damnaSavis gazrdas uwyobs
xels, raTa igi Semdgom gulgrilad dasajos. faqtobrivad sazogadoebam
uari Tqva Tavis umTavres funqciaze _ iyos dainteresebuli Tavis
calkeuli wevris bediT, radgan igi, sazogadoeba, calkeuli wevrebisagan
Sedgeba; xolo uaris Tqma umTavresze niSnavs saerTod sazogadoebis
moSlas da gadagvarebas. aRniSnuli ise ar unda iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos
ilia mxolod sazogadoebas debs brals, xolo calkeul wevrs
sazogadoebisas aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. iliasaTvis moraluri
pasux211
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ismgeblobis sakiTxi erT-erTi umTavresia, es misi `glaxis naambobis~
mixedviTac kargad Cans da `kacia-adamianis?!~ mixedviTac. ilia WavWavaZis
azriT, adamiani, ra Tqma unda, agebs pasuxs Tavis saqcielze, namoqmedarze,
oRond im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamians aqvs arCevanis SesaZlebloba.
daTiko, luarsab TaTqariZe, ra Tqma unda, ageben pasuxs TavianT
moqmedebaze, radgan maT SeeZloT sxvagvarad ecxovraT, sxvagvarad
moqceuliyvnen, magram es maT ar indomes; xolo Tu adamians arCevanis
SesaZlebloba moWrili aqvs, Tu mas cxovreba, sazogadoeba arCevanis
SesaZleblobas ar utovebs, bunebrivia, igi veRar agebs pasuxs.
rac Seexeba sasjels. sasjeli adamians aRzrdis, gasworebis uflebas
unda utovebdes, rom igi sazogadoebas gamosworebuli daubrundes.
sikvdili araa gza adamianis gasworebisa. arc sxva adamianebze axdens igi
sasurvel zemoqmedebas, piriqiT, ufro aborotebs mas da, sazogadod,
danaSaulia, waarTva adamians RvTisagan boZebuli sicocxle.
ilia WavWavaZis prozis bolo niSansvetia didebuli òTaraanT
qvirivi~. am moTxrobaSi mweralma, pirvel yovlisa, wodebaTa urTierTobis
sakiTxi gaaSuqa axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi. es problema ilias
adreul moTxrobebSic iCenda Tavs, mag., `glaxis naambobSi~, magram `glaxis
naambobisagan~ gansxvavebiT, es problema axali socialuri urTierTobis
fonze ganixileba, gaRrmavebulicaa da ganxilvis aspeqtebic
gafarToebuli. Tu adre, batonymobis pirobebSi, xidis gadeba sxvadasxva
wodebas Soris principulad SeuZlebeli iyo, ukeTu ar moispoboda
batonymuri sistema. axali socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis dros
batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg wodebaTa Soris iuridiuli Tanasworoba iqna
aRiarebuli, ramdenadac adamiani iuridiulad ganTavisuflda, magram,
rogorc irkvveva, Tvisuflebis iuridiuli aRiareba, Tanasworuflebianoba
sulac ar gulisxmobs faqtobrivad TanabarRirebulebis ganxorcielebas.
socialur fenebs Soris arsebuli fsiqologiuri, inteleqtualuri da
kidev sxva saxis jebirebi, gaugebroba maT Soris, aseTi Tansworobis
siyalbes mowmobs. gaugebroba exeba ara azrebis, ideebis sferos mxolod,
aramed iseT sferos, sadac TiTqos yovelgvari jebirebi adamianebs Soris
moxsnili unda iyos _ siyvarulis sferos; `Sengan mefe monas eymoso~, _
acxadebda al. WavWavaZe, roca am grZnobis yovlisSemZleobaze saubrobda
Tavis didebul leqsSi.
ilia WavWavaZem mxatvrulad daasabuTa, rom aqac sruli gaugebrobaa.
rogorc arCili eubneba kesos, laparaki TanagrZnobas ki ar exeba, SesaZloa
ar moswoneboda da ar TanaegrZno qals vaJisaTvis. magram `Rirsebis
Tayvaniscemas~ vin Civis, qali verc ki miuxvda siyvaruls. kaci Turme Tavs
evleboda, `wminda Suqi mSvenieris sulisa amaod da uqmad-Ra javarsaviT
efineboda~ da efineboda `civs kedels~.
ilia WavWavaZe faqizad aanalizebs aramarto Tavis droisaT212
211
vis da ara marto Cveni qveynis TvalsazrisiT erTob mtkivneul
problemas da misi gadawyvetis perspeqtivasac Zalian frTxilad poetur-
figuraluri suraTis saxiT warmogvidgens. am mxriv aris gansakuTrebiT
sayuradRebo da-Zmis, arCilisa da kesos, saubari Txzulebis im TavSi,
romelsac saxelad `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ hqvia.
mwerlis upirvelesi da, albaT, erTaderTi amocanac aris sinam-
dvilis asaxva da ara imisi Cveneba, Tu ra unda iyos. Tu mweralma
sinamdvile gvagrZnobina da SegvZra, amiT igi Tavis amocanas maqsimalurad
ganaxorcielebs. amdenad araa marTebuli mxatvrul qmnilebaSi socialur-
politikuri programa veZeboT. mxatvruli metyveleba erTob Taviseburi
fenomenia da misi pirdapiri Targmna ekonomikur-politikur enaze sruliad
dauSvebelia.
aRniSnulis miuxedavad, aq erTi ram mainc SeiZleba frTxilad iTqvas
_ oRond ara sakuTriv òTaraanT qvrivis~, aramed ilias mTeli
memkvidreobis _ mxatvrulis da aramxatvrulis gaTvaliswinebis
safuZvelze.
jer kidev niko nikolaZis droidan aris cnobili, rom ilia
WavWavaZes wodebaTa faqtobrivi daaxloebis, maT Soris arsebuli zRvaris
Semcirebis erT-erT saimedo safuZvlad maTi sulier-inteleqtualuri
daaxloeba miaCnda. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sityva unda eTqva aRzrda-
ganaTlebas.
jer kidev kita abaSiZis droidan isic cnobilia, rom `xid-
Catexilobis~ problemas òTaraanT qvrivSi~ aqvs sxva aspeqtic _ aspeqti
adamianTa urTierTgaugebrobis pirovnul planSi, adamianebis
uerTierTgaucxoebis, saerTod adamianis martoobis aspeqtic, rac sosia
mewisqvilis tragediis saxiTac iCens Tavs da oTaraanT qvrivis, viTarca
dedis tragediis saxiTac. mweralis azriT, es `saWirboroto da wyevla-
krulviani~ sakiTxic dgas àm uTavbolo da uswormasworo wuTisofelSi~.
es problema ki sagangebod XX saukunidan wamoimarTa jer evropul da mere
saerTod msoflio literaturaSi.
* * *
rogorc davinaxeT, ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobebi TiTqos uaRresad
konkretuli socialuri garemos asaxvas, mis kritikas isaxaven miznad,
xolo es garemo, socialuri wyoba ki iyo da aRarasodes ganmeordeba.
miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebma
Tematikuri aqtualoba dakarges, rom am mxriv CvenTvis aRar arian
sagulisxmoni, Tanamedrove mkiTxvels am mxriv saazrovno sazrdos aRar
awvdian.
aviRoT, magaliTad, ilias ukvdavi `kacia-adamiani?!~. rogorc iTqva, aq
batonymuri urTierTobaa gakicxuli satirul formaSi da esaa nawarmoebis
mTavari Sinaarsi, magram cxadia, moTxrobis mTavari Sinaarsi amiT ar
mTavrdeba. es rom ase yofiliyo, `kacia-adamians?!~ Tavisi istoriuli
funqcia Sesrulebuli eqneboda da axla mxolod literaturis istoriis
TvalsazrisiT Tu iqneboda 213
212
saintereso. aseT Txzulebebs xom uamravs icnobs litertauris is-
toria.
magram cxadia, rom luarsab TaTqariZis cxovrebis istoria ar eZleva
daviwyebas, luarsabi Cvengan moucilebeli personaJia. am moTxrobis
gamZleobas, erTi mxriv, isic apirobebs, rom mwerali mxolod erTi
socialuri wrisTvis specifikur Tvisebebze, qcevebze da urTierTobebze
ar amaxvilebs aq yuradRebas, marto batonymobisaTvis niSandoblivi ar
uqcevia mas Tavisi dakvirvebis sagnad. aq mweralma Tavisi asaxvis obieqtad
aiRo Rrmadmdebare adamianuri Tvisebebi da mankierebebi. isini arc
batonymobas moutania da arc mas gahyolia. isini yvela xelsayrel
pirobebSi SesaZloa wamotivtivdnen. `risTvis movidnen da risTvis
wavidnen?~ kiTxulobs mwerali da es ukve is kiTxvaa, romelic gvaiZulebs
davfiqrdeT. erTi sityviT, am nawramoebSi mkafiod dgas kiTxva adamianis
arsebobis azris, misi umTavresi misiis Sesaxeb.
moTxrobaSi yofiTi wvrilmanebis momarjvebiT, maT safuZvelze
sruliad Cveulebrivsa da erTferovanSi, yoveldRiurSi aRmoaCina iliam
uaRresad mniSvnelovani erovnuli satkivari da safiqrali.
ilia WavWavaZe dResac gvafrTxilebs da socialuri sifxizlisa da
aqtivobisaken mogviwodebs.
da gana òTaraanT qvrivSi~ dasmuli sakiTxebia darCenili da
mijaWvuli mxolod me-19 saukunesTan? gana es moTxroba ar moicavs
sakiTxTa da grZnobaTa wres, romlebic CvenTvisac mniSvnelovania, Cvengan
moucilebeli.
adamianTa TanabarRirebulebis sakiTxi, adamianis Sinagani Rirsebebis
danaxva da aRiareba yovelTvis iqneba gansjisa da mowonebis obieqti. mainc
romelma moZRvrebam da wyobam moaxerxa adamianTa Soris uTanabrobis
mospoba, wodebaTa, adamianTa gaucxoebis problemis gadaWra?
Sromis didebuli himni, rac am moTxrobaSi oTaraanT qvrivisa da
giorgis daxasiaTebis dros JRers da saxierdeba, Tavis fassa da
Rirebulebas arc CvenTvis kargavs; veraviTari agitacia da moralizeba ver
Seenacvleba mas, Sromis fasis, misi adamianisaTvis sasicocxlo moTxovnis
Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT.
dedaSviluri grZnobis iseTi niuansebia aq warmoCenili, dedaSviluri
grZnobis iseTi RaRadisi ismis am moTxrobaSi, rom igi arc erTi drois
mkiTxvels ar datovebs gulgrils, ramdenadac am grZnobas Caqroba ar
uweria. ilias TxzulebebSi yvela faqtsa da movlenas axlavs ganxilvis
moraluri plani, rac yvela droisaTvis mniSvnelovnad da aqtualurad
aqcevs mis moTxrobebs.
ase icileben droiTi SemosazRvrulobis samoss ilia WavWavaZis
qmnilebebi da maRldebian drozec da garkveul socialur viTarebazec.
* * *
rac unda zogadsakacobrio Sinaarsisa da aqtualobisa iyos
saTqmeli, sabolood mainc ver gansazRvravs Txzulebis Rirsebas da misi
gamZleobis sazomad ver gamodgeba. nawarmoebis mniS214
213
vnelobas, pirvel yovlisa, misi mxatvruli Rirsebebi gansazRvravs.
mainc ra mxatvruli Taviseburebebi apirobeben ilias qmnilebaTagan
miRebul STabeWdilebebs? ra arsebiT niSan-Tvisebebze SeiZleba axla
mokled gavamaxviloT yuradReba?
pirvel yovlisa, am mxriv sainteresoa ilias prozaul TxzulebaTa
masala.
ilia WavWavaZemde Cvens literaturaSi ZiriTadad mweralTa yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli iyo gamogonili, ucxo da ucnauri ambebisadmi. TavisTavad
cxadia, rom es masala nakleb atarebda erovnul xasiaTs. iliam uari Tqva
ucxosa da gamogonilze, ucnaursa da Soridan momdinareze. man qarTveli
kacis erovnuli Taviseburebebis Cveneba daisaxa miznad. iliam sruliad
Segnebulad uari Tqva TvalismomWrelsa da damaintrigebelze; man Cvens
literaturaSi daamkvidra sruliad Cveulebrivi, yofiTi masalisadmi
interesi. mis moTxrobebSi asaxulia yovlad Cveulebrivi, Cveni mosawyeni
cxovrebis erTferovneba, masSia danaxuli mwerlis mier erTob seriozu-
lica da mniSvnelovanic. swored yofiT prozaulobaSi aRmoaCina man
uaRresad erovnuli satkivari da igi aqcia asaxvis sagnad. ilias mier
asaxuli sinamdvile yvelas Tvalwin mimdinare movlenebia, magram ara
yvelasaTvis SesamCnevi. amas mxolod mwerlis maxvili Tvali amCnevs da
CvenTvis sagrZnobels xdis. iliam qarTveli kacis gemovnebis gardaqmna,
aRzrda moindoma, moindoma da gaakeTa kidec. sruliad umniSvneloze,
TiTqos wvrilmanebze aago iliam Tavisi ukvdavi `kacia-adamiani?!~. aq
araferi xdeba iseTi, rac ambis TvalsazrisiT daZabavs mkiTxvels. mTeli
nawarmoebi erTi qarTveli Tavadis uazro cxovrebas mogviTxrobs. ilia aq
erTgvarad TiTqos dascinis kidec sentimentaluri saintereso ambebisadmi
momarTul mkiTxvels.
ilia rom dainteresdes, siuJeti usaTuod sruliad sada da ubralo
unda iyos. ambavi ar ganagebs `kacia-adamianis?!~, òTaraanT qvrivis~
Txrobas. es Txzulebebi agebulia personaJTa cxovrebis mxolod ramdenime
epizodze, romlebic arsebiTia am personaJTa ragvarobis
gasaTvaliswineblad da agreTve Zalze mniSvnelovanis _ qarTuli
cxovrebis arsebiT momentebze misaTiTeblad. ilia swored maT uRrmavdeba,
aanalizebs sxvadasxva mxridan da ase aqcevs mas mkiTxvelisaTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovnad, ahyavs ra igi esTetikuri aRqmis sruliad axal safexurze.
sagangebod miTiTebulia da daxasiaTebuli iliaseuli detalizaciis
maRalmxatvruloba. ilia movlenebis, adamianebis dasaxasiaTeblad iseT
detalebs irCevs, iseT niuansebs amCnevs, romlebic sxvisTvis SeumCnevelia,
anda romelTa mxatvruli Rirebuleba iliamde cxadi sruliadac ar iyo.
iliam swored aseT wvrilmanebs mianiWa arsebiTis gamoxatvis funqcia,
swored umniSvnelom da sxvaTa mier SeumCnevelma SeiZina ilias SemTxvevaSi
udidesi mxatvruli Rirebuleba. mwerlis mTeli yuradReba swored aseT
wvrilmanebzea gadatanili. aRniSnulis yvelaze TvalsaCino dadasturebaa
moTxroba 215
214
`kacia-adamiani?!~ da gansakuTrebiT ki luarsabis saarsebo garemos
vrceli aRwera-daxasiaTeba. es wvrilmanebi iliasTan udides Tvisobriv
Rirebulebas iZens, metad mniSvnelovanze mimTiTeblad gamodis da amitomac
aris mkiTxvelisaTvis moubezrebeli, ramdenjerac ar unda waikiTxos
moTxroba. swored es wvrilmanebi, es detalebi miuTiTeben ilias mier
gansaxierebul personaJTa, movlenaTa namdvil Sinaarsze, namdvil bunebaze.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi adamiania, Txzulebis
ideur-Tematikuri simdidre, mwerlis dakvirvebisa da analizis unari,
sazogadod misi mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi, pirvel yovlisa, personaJTa
miseul gansaxierebaSi iCens Tavs.
ilias mier gansaxieruli personaJebi mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi Rrmad
iWrebian da mere misgan moucilebelni xdebian. naTqvami vrceldeba
uklebliv ilias mier daxatul yvela personaJze. Znelia daxatva iseTi
personaJisa, romelic tipis myari niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. bevr
mwerals vicnobT, romelTac, Tumca bevri weres, magram an saerTod ar
dauxatavT tipi, an Tu daxates, erTi da ori. ilias mier daxatuli
personaJebi uklebliv yvelani tipebs warmoadgenen, iqneba es mTavari Tu
epizoduri personaJi. ilias mier daxatuli tipebi mxolod literaturul
Rirebulebebs ki ar warmoadgenen, aramed maT amasTanave Rrmad socialuri
datvirTvac aqvT, socialuri gamZleobaa maTTvis niSandoblivi.
ilia ar gaixdis Tavis asaxvis obieqtad imgvar movlenas an arsebas,
romelsac socialuri mniSvneloba ar aqvs. SemTxveviTi araa ilias
dakvirvebisa da asaxvis sagani.
ilia WavWavaZisaTvis amasTanave niSandoblivia, rom personaJis
daxatvisas mis arsebiT niSnebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, niSnebze,
romlebsac misi, am personaJis, socialuri raobis Cvenebis funqcia
ekisreba, Tanac ilia miiswrafvis, rac SeiZleba meti sisruliT, meti
niSniT warmoaCinos igi.
ilia WavWavaZisaTvis, rogorc xelovanisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT misi
Semoqmedebis adreul safexurze, niSandoblivia personaJis konkretuli
garegnuli portretis mowodeba, Tanac es protreti ise TvalsaCinod, ise
pirdapir da sruladaa warmodgenili, rom mkiTxvels arafris damateba
aRar sWirdeba Tavis warmosaxviT. amasTanave ilias bevri personaJi
imTaviTve warmoCindeba sulieri ragvarobiTac. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali e. w.
pirdapiri daxasiaTebis gzas adgas. mkiTxvelisTvis personaJi Tavisi
xasiaTis TvisebebiT imTaviTve gamokveTilia. Semdgom da Semdgom masze
mkiTxvelis warmodgena mdidrdeba mxolod faqtobrivi masaliT. asea
daxatuli `kacia-adamianis?!~ TiTqmis yvela personaJi.
usaTuod mxedvelobaSia isic misaRebi, rom ilia WavWavaZe personaJis
daxasiaTebis mizniT farTod, detalurad mimarTavs misi saarsebo garemos
Cveneba-daxasiaTebas. garemo organuli mawilia personaJis portretisa,
amitom ilias mier aRwerili garemos gaTvaliswineba arsebiTad tipis
portretis gaTvalisiwnebaa. swored 216
215
am mxrivaa mniSvnelovani luarsab TaTqariZis kar-midamos farTo
detaluri daxasiaTeba. rogorc aRniSnaven, luarsabis kar-midamos srul
antipiods warmoadgens oTaraanT qvrivis saxl-kari da isic pirdapir
personaJis portretze mimTiTebelia.
ilia WavWavaZe ar ifargleba gansaxierebis pirdapiri gzis
gamoyenebiT. ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi ukvdavi òTaraanT qvriviT~ daamtkica,
rom misTvis gansaxierebis sxvagvari gzac ar iyo ucxo. mweralma TiTqmis
arc erTi garegnuli niSniT ar migviTiTa oTaraanT qvrivis portretze,
magram ise mZlavria am personaJis xasiaTis gaSla, rom mkiTxvels
araviTari ukmarisobis grZnoba ar uCndeba, TiTqos garegnuladac kargad
icnobs mas. arc kesos, giorgis garegnuli portretebi dauxatavs mwerals,
magram isinic naTlad aRimarTebian mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi da es mxolod
maTi sulieri Tvisebebis, moqmedebisa da qcevebis TvalnaTlivi
daxasiaTebis saSualebiT xdeba.
rogorc iTqva, ilia WavWavaZis bevri personaJis xasiaTi imTaviTve
warmodgeba, xolo personaJTa meore nawilis xasiaTi TandaTanobiT ixsneba
da izrdeba nawarmoebis ganviTarebis manZilze da dasasruls aRweven Tavis
gamokveTilobas; am TvalsazrisiT arian sainteresoni daTiko da gabrieli
_ `glaxis naambobidan~, oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi _ òTaraanT qvrividan~.
ilia WavWavaZe personaJTa Sinagani samyaros, gancdebis, sulieri
mdgomareobis gadmocemas sxvadasxva gziT mimarTavs; gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivi ki garegani moZraobebiT, moqmedebebiT Sinagani samyaros
Cvenebaa. ilia ki ar mogviTxrobs, ras ganicdis misi gmiri, aramed
TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs mis gancdas.
roca ilia WavWavaZis qmnilebebs vkiTxulobT, Cven yovelTvis
vgrZnobT sityvis uCveulo Zalas. ZarRviani da gamZlea ilias sityva.
frazis siaxlisa da sinedlis gancda ar gvtovebs ilias kiTxvisas.
sruliad Cveulebrivi sityvebic masTan uCveulo konteqstSi eqcevian da
axlebur Sinaarss, axal sicocxles iZenen. es garemoeba ki mis did niWzec
miuTiTebs, frazis grZnobazec da mis pirovnul Zalazec.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi mravalmxrivi memkvidreobiT udidesi
zemoqmedeba moaxdina qarTuli literaturisa da sazogadoebrivi azris
Semdgom ganviTarebaze. misi gavlena qarTul mwerlobaze, pirvel yovlisa,
gamoixata literaturuli skolis SeqmniT. ilias Semdgom ar arsebobs
mwerali, romelic ar ganicdides mis gavlenas, ilias an Rebuloben, an
upirispirdebian. ar gvxvdeba misadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba.
* * *
SeuZlebelia ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebaze raime garkveuli
warmodgenis Seqmna misi mdidari publicisturi memkvidreobis gaT-
valiswinebis gareSe.
arc erTi mxatvruli qmnileba rom ar Seeqmna ilia WavWavaZes, 217
216
igi mainc darCeboda qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc didi mwerali,
rogorc didi reformatori qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa, axali
qarTuli saliteraturo enisa. garda mxatvruli nawerebisa ilias
SemousazRvrel memkvidreobaSi moiazreba Rrma filosofiur-
sociologiuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, literaturul-esTetikuri,
iuridiuli, istoriuli, pedagogikuri... interesebiT gamsWvaluli
publicistika. rogorc amboben, marTlac ar darCenila arc erTi ubani
qarTuli cxovrebisa, qarTveli xalxis sazrunavisa da satkivarisa,
romelsac ilias publicisturi kalami ar Sexebodes da Tavisi arsebiTi
sityva ar eTqvas Cvens mwerals.
cnobilia, rom publicistikas literaturis sxva gvarTagan ga-
moarCevs Tanamedroveobis mtkivneuli, aqtualuri sakiTxebiT daintereseba.
am azriT publicistika yvelaze TvalnaTliv asaxavs garkveuli drois,
epoqis, momentis moTxovnebsa da sazrunavs. publicistika, rogorc
miuTiTeben, am azriT Tanadroulobis istorias warmoadgens. mis umTavres
amocanas ki Seadgens sazogadoebriv azrze, cxovrebaze uSualo da
pirdapiri zemoqmedebis moxdena. garda amisa, WeSmariti publicistikis
qmediTi Zala Seudareblad ufro Zlieria da efeqturi sazogadoebrivi
cnobierebis asamaRleblad, vidre azrovnebis ragindara formisa.
rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, publicisturi literaturis gan-
sakuTrebuli gamococxleba, wina planze wamosvla iseT epoqebSi xdeba,
rodesac sazogadoeba didi kataklizmebis, gaWirvebis an aRmavlobis gzaze
dgeba. XIX saukuneSi, Cveni qveynisaTvis garkveulad mZime pirobebSi, roca
qveyanas uSualod daemuqra erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxe, swored
publicistika aRmoCnda literaturis is ubani, romelic didma mweralma
eris mtkivneul, sasicocxlo sakiTxebze msjelobisas eris
gamosafxizleblad, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad
gamoiyena.
amgvari viTarebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom SemoqmedebiTi simwifis
asakSi myofma iliam sruliad Segnebulad Tqva uari mxatvrul
Semoqmedebaze da mTlianad publicistikas mimarTa.
rogorc aRniSnaven, ilia WavWavaZem `qarTul sinamdvileSi Cauyara
mtkice safuZveli publicistikas _ am sityvis farTo da saukeTeso gagebiT.
marTlac-da ilia WavWavaZemde Cven ver davasaxelebT verc erT moRvawes,
romlis statiebsa da gamosvlebs ase Tu ise TvalsaCino kvali
daetovebinos Cveni mwerlobis am dargis ganviTarebaSi. publicistikas
ilia WavWavaZem moupova sruli moqalaqeobrivi ufleba qarTul
mwerlobaSi da manve aiyvana igi iseT simaRleze, romelsac ver wvdeba da
Seedreba verc erTi publicisturi gamosvla mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze~
(gr. kiknaZe).
ilia WavWavaZis publicisturi gamosvlebi gansakuTrebiT mZafria,
roca igi icavs qarTveli eris Rirsebas gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebis
Semotevebisagan. roca Tavs esxmis saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli
kulturis gamyalbeblebs, icavs qarTveli xalxis wmidaTawmidas, erovnul
saunjes _ qarTul enas, mis praqtikul ufle218
217
bebs. am mxriv gamoirCeva ilias statiebi da gamokvlevebi `katkovis
pasuxad~, `b-n ivanovskis werilis gamo~, ài aistoria~, `qvaTa RaRadi~ da
mravali sxv.
ilias garSemo bevri ireoda misi gakenwvlis mosurne, magram igi
yvelas ar Tvlida pasuxis Rirsad. ilia xmis amoRebas mxolod maSin
CaTvlida saWirod, Tu metoqe angariSSi Casagdebi iyo da sakiTxic
sazogadoebrivs, erovnuls Seexeboda, erovnuli Tu ilaxeboda nebsiT Tu
uneblied. ilia sagangebod awon-dawonida, gansjida, Rrmad Seiswavlida
sakiTxs da mxolod amis Semdeg daeZgereboda mowinaaRmdeges. ilia Rrmad
iyo darwmunebuli Tavis simarTleSi da amitomac iyo udreki da uSiSari.
rogorc iTqva, publicistika Tanadroulobis aqtualuri prob-
lemebiTaa gamsWvaluli. amdenad igi mainc lokalur drosTan da
garemoebebTan aris mijaWvuli da Semdeg Tavis fersa da elvarebas kargavs,
radgan Zveldeba masSi dasmuli problemebi da, bolosdabolos,
literaturis istorikosis gansjis obieqtiRa rCeba. TiTqos ilias
publicistikac am ulmobel kanonzomierebas unda daqvemdebareboda,
TiTqos drois msaxvral xels misTvisac unda waerTmia Tavdapirveli
aqtualoba, magram es ase ar moxda... da imitomac, rom ilias publicistika
yvelaze TvalnaTliv gviTvaliswinebs XIX saukunis saqarTvelos
sazrunavsa da safiqrals. am azriT ilias publicistika aris me-19 saukunis
qarTuli publicisturi azrovnebis donis gamomxatveli. amasTanave ilias
publicistur nawerebs sadReisodac ar mohklebia aqtualoba da ara marto
imitom, rom iliasdroindeli bevri satkivari isev sazrunavad da
satkivarad rCeba saqarTvelos, aramed imitomac, rom ilias problematika
Cveni eris sasicocxlo amocanebs ukavSirdeba da momavlis safiqralsac
gviTvaliswinebs. yvela droSi mimarTaven ilias naazrevs, yovelTvis eqneba
eris saWeTmpyrobels uaRresad sagulisxmo saTqmeli gulisyurmipyrobili
qarTveli da ara marto qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
ilia WavWavaZis mier dasaxuli gza aris
qarTve��li��xalxis TviTmyofadi sulieri
kulturis, misi literaturis ganviTarebis WeSmariti gza, sazogadod eris
xsnis gza.
erovnuli
grZnobi��s��
��modunebis, sulieri SeWirvebis Jams namdvili
qarTvelis maZiebelma iliam saqveynod ganacxada: `sad aris qarTveloba an
saqarTvelo?!~ da manve, XIX saukunis yvelaze didma qarTvelma, ers
zvarakad sakuTari Tavi SesTavaza.
TiTqos mistikurad gacxadda àCrdilis~ brZeni avtoris gmiris
saocrad winaswarmetyveluri sityvebi: `marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me
var SenTana, me varo Seni Tanamdevi ukvdavi suli!..~
ase gadaejaWva samudamod erTmaneTs saqarTvelosa da ilia WavWavaZis
saxelebi. 219
218
akaki wereTeli
(1840-1915)
akaki wereTeli `bednieri niWis~ Semoqmedia, ilia WavWavaZis
aRiarebiT. akakis Rvawls ilia ase afasebda: àkaki tkbilis da grZnobieri
sityviT atkbobda qarTvelis yurs, afxizlebda gonebas da hmarTavda
qarTvlis guls qarTulisa da saqarTvelos siyvarulisaTvis~. eris
winamZRoli winaswarmetyvelurad werda: àkakis samsaxurs da Rvawls
qarTveli gulSi CairCens samudamo saxsovrad~, misi `mSvenieris leqsebiT
ara erTxel daitkbobs yurs da grZnobas da ara erTxel guls moicems
mamuliSvilobisaTvis~.
akakis sicocxleSive aRiniSna, rom `didi bedniereba aris amgvari
mwerali Cveni sazogadoebisa da xalxisaTvis~ (aleqsandre cagareli).
akakisebur poets isurvebda da inatrebda yoveli qveyana. erTi avtoris
TqmiT, `qarTul literaturaSi masaviT zustad da droulad veravin ver
exmaureba sazogadoebriv movlenebs~ (daviT kezeli). `Soreuli Cveniani~
artur laisti akakis memkvidreobas eris `Zvirfas ganZad~ Tvlida. akakis
SemoqmedebaSi TanamedroveT imTaviTve eris sulier miswrafebaTa, mis
TaviseburebaTa gamoxatuleba dainaxes.
* * *
akaki wereTlis cxovreba TavisTavad iqca poetur faqtad da, pirvel
yovlisa, TviTon akakis bunebisa da niWis wyalobiT. Tavad akakim gviambo
Tavisi cxovrebis erTi didi monakveTi dabadebidan vidre daojaxebisa da
samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis CaTvliT Seudarebel `Cem TavgadasavalSi~.
Znelia akakis cxovrebaze mas Semdeg saubari, rac es momxiblavi
moTxroba arsebobs... Tuki dgeba mokled mainc misi gadmocemis saWiroeba,
ufro imitom, rom CvenTvis axla arsebiTi momentebi SevirCioT da maTze
SevaCeroT yuradReba.
akaki wereTeli daibada 1840 wlis 9 (axali stiliT 21 ivniss), sofel
sxvitorSi, saCxeris maxloblad. akakis dabadebis faqti ase poeturad aris
Cvens warmosaxvaSi Semosuli TviTon akakis gadmocemiT: ìmTaviTve,
davbadebulvar Tu ara, vaJis SeZeniT gaxarebul mamaCems didi xnis
garisxuli da sasaxlidan gagdebuli Sinayma Seurigebia, da me ki bebias
maSinve gavulaxivar. ai, rogor miyveboda xolme am ambavs gazepirebul
mamao CvenosaviT cxonebuli gadiaCemi: `venacvale Cems kakos (bavSvobisas
kakos meZaxdnen)... amis dabadebac sul sxvanairi iyoo; daibada erTi raRac
daTvisbela, bambis qula da ise gaekminda suli, rom krints ar sZravdao!
es Turme imas hfiqrobda: saidan sad movedio? da bebias ki gulSemoyrili
egona da Cqmeta dauwyo... erTi-ori kidec Semoucacuna xeli da Zlivs xma
amoaRebinao! vis unaxavs amisi tirili? sul icinodao. amas sxvebic
ambobdnen, diaR, sul Turme vicinodi~.
akakis mama, Tavadi rostom wereTeli, dediserTa iyo. oblobaSi 220
219
gazrdils swavla-ganaTleba ar hqonda miRebuli. erTxans eswavla
samonastro skolaSi, magram male daanebebines Tavi. deda mas gverdidan ar
icilebda da rac SinaurobaSi dedas eswavlebina, mxolod is iyo misi
codna. rogorc akaki ambobs, mudam dedis kalTaSi Tavis Cadebis brali
iyo, rom ìmas mTel mis sicocxleSi TviTneboba da axirebuloba zned
hqonda gadaqceuli~. Sin jdoma uyvarda. TviTon xom mainc saqmeze Tavs ar
iwuxebda, arc sxvas awuxebda. uyvarda gancxroma, Tanac undoda mis saxlSi
yvela uzrunveli yofiliyo. bunebiT erTob gulkeTili kaci iyo rostomi,
Suri da boroteba saerTod ar icoda, magram yovelive amasTan erTad,
gulficxic iyo. SeiZleboda sul ubralo rameze ganrisxebuliyo da am
dros dandoba ar icoda, sul erTia, axlobeli iqneboda Tu Sorebeli.
sificxe didxans ar gahyveboda, male icoda gulis gadayra...
rostom wereTeli ZiriTadad ojaxis saqmeSi ar ereoda, CareviT
mxolod xels Tu uSlida meuRlis yovelTvis windawin mofiqrebul da
gonivrul gankargulebebs.
miuxedavad aseTi axirebuli znisa, rostom wereTeli, akakis TqmiT,
`Zlieri gonebis kaci iyo. moswrebuli da enamWevri, Tumca ki xSirad
enamwarec~. akakis deda Tavisi Svilebis enamoswrebulobas mamis
memkvidreobiT xsnida.
rostom wereTeli col-Svilis mosiyvarule kaci iyo da Sinau-
rebisagan dafasebuli da sayvareli. sazogadoebaSi miRebul kacs.
`mTavrobac did pativsa scemda simarTlisa da pirdapirobisaTvis da bevr
ramesac uTmobda~.
akakis deda ekaterine istoriuli ojaxis Svili iyo. ivane abaSiZis,
solomon pirvelis SviliSvilis asuli. mama adre moukles, gaizarda
guriis ukanaskneli mTavris levan gurielis ojaxSi. levani mas biZad
ergeboda. gurielis karze am dros imyofebodnen frangi patrebi, maTac
garkveuli gavlena mouxdeniaT akakis dedaze, SeuswavlebiaT misTvis
eqimoba, meurneoba. akakis TqmiT, ìyo kargi mwignobari, meojaxe,
moxelsaqnare da, masTanac kargi aRmzrdeli, cnobismoyvareobasTan
Sromismoyvareobac SeTvisebuli hqonda, dilas mamlis yivilze rom
wamodgeboda, daRamebamde fexze idga da usaqmurad kaci ver naxavda~. Tavi
darbaislurad eWira da amitom `mkacrobisa da mrisxanebis saxeli hqonda
davardnili... sasaxleSi misi yvelas eSinoda da didi xaTrica hqondaT~.
Tumca, es, rogorc Cans, misi garegnuli saxe iyo mxolod _ darejan
batoniSvilis gazrdili da patrebis namowafari gangeb pirbades ifarebda,
mxolod keTili ganzraxviT, ramdenadac sinamdvileSi ìs iyo nametani
Cvili gulis meqoni da moyvaruli~. roca vinme avad gaxdeboda saxlSi.
`dRe da Ram mosveneba aRar hqonda da Tavis xeliT uvlida, rogorc Svils,
gaWirvebulis daxmareba rjulad hqonda dadgenili, sul sxvebze hfiqrobda
da sxvebisTvis, TiTqos Tavis sakuTar piradobaze xelaRebuli yofiliyos,
mudam mwuxarebaSi iyo~.
akakim didad STambeWdavi cocxali portretebi daxata Tavisi
mSoblebisa `Cems TavgadasavalSi~. 221
220
akakis bavSvoba gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi warimarTa. Tavisi
bavSvobis lamaz dReebs akaki umadlis im gonivrul adaTs, romelsac
bavSvis gaZiZaveba erqva. am ìstoriuli Cveulebis~ Tanaxmad, Svilebs
erisTavebi da didebulebi aznaurebs da glexebs azrdevinebdnen. akakis
TqmiT, es gazrda imitom ar xdeboda, rom `maSindeli mSoblebi ugulo
yofiliyon da Svilebi dRevandel dedebze naklebad hyvarebodeT! es
gazrdil-gamzrdeloba akavSirebda erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva wodebas~.
rogorc akaki aRniSnavs, `gamzrdel-gazrdiloba Zalian mtkice kavSiri iyo.
sisxliT naTesaobaze ufro Zalmosili. araTu ZiZiSvilebi da maTi axlo-
monaTesaveni, maTi Soreuli moyvrebic ki mzad iyvnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi
Tavi daedvaT gazrdilis gulisaTvis da gazrdilic marad eqomageboda am
xalxs~. akaki am CveulebiTac xsnis, rom bolo dromde Cvens qveyanaSi ufro
`kacuri da keTili~ damokidebuleba iyo wodebebs Soris, vidre sxva
qveynebSi. `kurTxeulimc iyos es Cveuleba, _ ambobs akaki, _ Tuki ram darCa
CemSi keTili, ufro imis wyalobiT, rom me sofelSi viyavi mibarebuli da
glexis SvilebTan erTad vizrdebodi~.
erTi sityviT, am adaTis mixedviT, patara akaki mSoblebma gaaZiZaves
lamaz sofel savaneSi farsadan yanCavelis ojaxSi; zrdida mas mano
saduniSvili. izrdeboda akaki ZiZiSvilebTan erTad. eqvsi wlis akaki,
rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, `bunebis laRi Svili~ iyo. glexur saTamaSoebs,
glexur Sromas miCveuli akaki yovelTvis siyvaruliT igonebda savaneSi
gatarebul dReebs. swored aqedan dauaxlovda akaki glexobas da guliT
Seiyvara. es siyvaruli mas Tan gahyva mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.
eqvsi wlis akaki mSoblebma Sin daabrunes. laR, Tavisufal cxovrebas
miCveul bavSvs, saToxarze da samwyemsurze Seyvarebuls, didad ar
epitnaveboda saxlSi dabruneba. magram, Cans, misi Tavisufleba didad arc
aq SeuzRudavT. aqac drois umetes nawils bavSvebTan atarebda.
rostom wereTlis mravalricxovan moaxleeb-mosamsaxureebTan ojaxSi
gamdelic iyo, romlis pirdapir movaleobas bavSvebis yuris gdeba
warmoadgenda, magram akakis deda uSualod TviTon xelmZRvanelobda
Svilebis aRzrdas da, rogorc Cans, Zalian gonivruladac uZRveboda am
saqmes.
wera-kiTxva akakis ufrosma dam anam aswavla, dedis miTiTebiT da
meTvalyureobiT; wera-kiTxvis Seswavla xdeboda TiTqos dedisagan
dafarulad, rom erT mSvenier dRes igi moulodnelobiT gaeocebinaT da
gaexarebinaT. am xerxma marTlac Zalian gaWra da akakisac Zalian
Seuyvarda kiTxva. akakis pirveli sakiTxavi wignebi iyo `vefxistyaosani~ da
daviT CubinaSvilis mier Sedgenili qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia,
romlebic ramdenimejer gadaukiTxavs. `vefxistyaosnis~ warmtac, poetur
ambavs ise gautacnia patara akaki, rom àdrindeli TavSesaqcevi yovelgvari
TamaSoba~ moswyenia da sxva safiqrals asdevnebia. 222
221
erTxel rostom wereTlis ojaxSi stumrebi mosulan qarTlidan,
romelTac uambniaT giorgi erisTavis mier komediis dawerisa da
voroncovis sasaxleSi dadgmis Sesaxeb. patara akaki am ambebs Turme didi
gulisyuriT ismenda. mere masac dauweria scenebi. Temad Sinauruli yofa
auRia, magaliTad, Tu rogor awvalebda mouravi glexebs da mere rogor
abezRebda maT batonTan, rogor javrobda batoni. bavSvuri scenebi
sasaxleSi yvelas moewona, garda mouravisa, romelic gulmosuli ambobda:
`Cemi dacineba araferia, magram vnaxav am ymawvilma Tu mTeli qveyana ar
gadaimteros da nu aqezebTo~.
akakis Rrmad CaebeWda gulSi bavSvobis STabeWdilebebi. sofelSi
gatarebuli dro, iqauri gogo-biWebi. yvelas mogvianebiT imiT gadauxada
amagi, rom uaRresad faqizad, poeturad gadaitana Sors darCenili
mogonebebi Tavis `Cem TavgadasavalSi~.
rva wlis akaki quTaisis gimnaziaSi miabares. quTaisis gimnazia Cvens
warmodgenaSi TvalsaCinodaa gacocxlebuli akakis, niko nikolaZis, giorgi
wereTlisa da sxvaTa monaTxrobiT. quTaisis gimnazia, iseve, rogorc
yoveli maSindeli saswavlebeli, mowodebuli iyo imisaTvis, rom aRezarda
arsebuli socialur-politikuri wyobis erTguli, brma msaxurebi. àmas
ìnorodcebiT~ dasaxlebul ganapira qveynebSi emateboda kidev erTi
zedmeti amocana _ es iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zalad garuseba. maTi
kulturis, enisa da nacionaluri Taviseburebebis mospoba da asimilireba
gabatonebuli eris SemadgenlobaSi~ (levan asaTiani). erTi sityviT,
quTaisis gimnaziaSi `qarTveli bavSvebi unda qceuliyvnen rus bavSvebad~
(galaktioni). iseve rogorc sxvagan, aqac gabatonebuli iyo bavSvebis cema-
tyepa, swored gawekpvla iyo miCneuli swavlebis uebar meTodad. rogorc
akaki ambobs, gimnaziaSi urmebiT ezidebodnen wkeplebs. zogi bavSvi iq
sabolood maxinjdeboda da ara marto sulierad, aramed pirdapir
fizikuradac. sasowarkveTili bavSvebi, romelTac dayvaveba WirdebodaT,
sisastikis areSi xvdebodnen. zogi Tavis mokvlis ganzraxvamde midioda.
Tavdapirvelad akakic Zalian SeuZrwunebia amgvar mdgomareobas.
gimnaziidan rozgs gamoqceuls, mSoblebisTvis isic ganucxadebia, rom
aRar wavidoda gimnaziaSi; mxolod gimnaziis direqtoris Carevas
daubrunebia akaki saswavlebelSi.
cema-wkepvla SeerTebuli iyo uazro gazepirebis meTodTan. Tu bavSvi
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemda gakveTilis azrs, maswavleblis risxva
daatydeboda. moiTxovdnen Txrobas zustad, mxolod ise, rogorc es wignSi
ewera. aravin daeZebda esmoda Tu ara moswavles monaTxrobi. didi niWis,
gonebrivi simkvircxlisa da mexsierebis wyalobiT, miuxedavad amgvari
uazro swavlebisa, akaki sxvaTagan mainc gamoirCa; igi klasidan klasSi
warCinebiT gadadioda da òqros ficarze~ ewera.
gimnaziaSi swavlis Svidi wlis manZilze akakis bevr bnel, zne-
dacemul, gadagvarebul kacTan hqonda saqme, romlebic ratomRac
maswavleblebad iwodebodnen. `cxadia, rom amgvar pirobebSi Cay223
222
enebuli mozardi Taoba veras gamoitanda bevrs gimnaziidan, rom am
sazarel bnelSi erTi naTelic~ ar gamoCenodaT. erTi sityviT, am
sibneleSi oriod sxivi mainc gamokrTa da bavSvis mowyurebulma gulma
mZafrad igrZno da CaibeWda kidec maTi saxeebi. akakisaTvis aseTebi iyvnen,
pirvel yovlisa, rusulis maswavlebeli troe, romelic dawyebiT klasebSi
aswavlida da maTematikis maswavlebeli poloneli rodzeviCi; am
ukanasknelma kinaRam saerTod bavSvis momavali gansazRvra, yovel
SemTxvevaSi erTi mniSvnelovani nabijis gadadgmaze ubiZga da, sazogadod
Rrma kvali daamCnia mis mRelvare suls.
rodzeviCi bevr mniSvnelovan ambebs uyveboda bavSvebs da maTi
mTvlemare gonebis gamofxizlebas didad uwyobda xels. akakim pirvelad
misgan gaigo poloneTis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, misgan moismina uSualod
wakiTxvamde istoria konrad valenrodisa, adam mickeviCis poemis gmirisa.
erTxel meSvide klaselma akakim, roca uneblied rodzeviCis amooxvriT
naTqvamic moismina: àxla raRa dros vwuxvar, rom samxedro samsaxurSi ar
Sevedi, rom sardali gavmxadariyavi da marjve dros qveynisaTvis
konradiviT samsaxuri gamewia~, maSin ki akakic Seipyro samxedro
samsaxurSi Sesvlis survilma, did mxedarTmTavrad gaxdomis da mere
valenrodiviT moCvenebiT Tavis qveynis Ralatis gziT misi daxsnis azrma.
fantaziaagznebuli Wabuki gamovida gimnaziidan da mamas survili
gamoucxada, rom samxedro samsaxurSi apirebda Sesvlas, mamam Svils
ganzraxva mouwona.
gimnaziidan gamosuli akaki `qveyanaSi Tvalgauxeleli, cxovrebaSi
gamoucdeli da ocnebiT gaberili~, rogorc TviTon ambobs, peterburgSi
Cavida. iq mas eguleboda Zma iliko, romelic samxedro nawilSi
msaxurobda. akakis iseTi samsaxuri undoda, romelic samxedro
saswavlebelSi swavlis uflebas miscemda. aseTi samsaxuris Sovna maSinve
ver moxerxda da akakic Zmam droebiT qarTvel studentebTan miiyvana.
studentTa wreSi moxvedrilma akakim male Tavis ocnebaze xeli aiRo da
umaRles saswavlebelSi Sesvla gadawyvita. akaki Cairicxa Tavisufal
msmenelad peterburgis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetze.
marTalia, akakim bednieri SemTxvevis gamoc, Tavisi survili
praqtikulad ver ganaxorciela, magram samagierod, Wabukur ocnebas
mxatvrulad STabera suli, roca saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebs
dawafebulma did winaprebSi iwyo valendrodisnairi gmirebis Zieba,
samSoblo qveynis moCvenebiTi Ralatis gziT gansacdeli rom aaciles
qveyanas. ase gaCnda akakis SemoqmedebaSi mogvianebiT bagrat didisa da
biZina ColoyaSvilis didebuli saxeebi.
akakis studentoba daemTxva 60-ian wlebs, ruseTis gamoRviZebisa da
duRlis wlebs. 60-iani wlebis did moZraobas akakic gulisyuriT adevnebda
Tvals da sazogadodac did mniSvnelobas aZlevda. magram igi brmad ar
ahyolia sxvebs. akaki qarTveli mamuliSvilis poziciidan afasebda
movlenebs da, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, uki224
223
duresobaSi ar gadavardnila. sxvaTa fexis xmis ayoliT araferi
gaukeTebia. akaki im principiT xelmZRvanelobda, rom studentma jer unda
iswavlos, esaa misi yvelaze didi movaleoba. jer unda emzados igi
samoRvaweod, codnas daeuflos da mxolod umaRlesi saswavleblis
gasrulebis Semdeg Cadges saqveyno samsaxurSi. da Tu saWiroeba moiTxovs,
Tavic ki dasdos qveynisaTvis, saqmisaTvis. es, erTi mxriv, meore mxriv,
akakis aRSfoTebas iwvevda studentTa im umravlesobis usaqmuroba,
romelic peterburgSi Soreuli saqarTvelodan imitom wamosuliyo, rom
umiznod gaeflanga dro, samSoblos siyvaruli mxolod kuWiT
daemtkicebina, an bezRobiT da fuWsityvaobiT. akaki Tavis usaTauro
leqsSi, romelic `qarTveli studentebis simReris~ erTgvar parodias
warmoadgens, sastikad kicxavs aseT axalgazrdebs.
`dedam rom Svili gazardos
da mere TqvenisTanao?!
nacarqeqia rame xarT
yvelgan da yvelasTanao!
arc lxinSi vargxarT, arc WirSi,
zarmaci, enatartala
da kuWiT giyvarT samSoblo,
rogorc flavi da artala~.
akaki yovelive aRniSnulis gamoc, erTgvarad gamocalkevebuli
aRmoCnda sxvaTagan. rogorc Cans, akakis bevrma ver gaugo, eWvis TvaliT
Sexedes Tavidan ufroskurselebma. amgvarma atmosferom akakis, rogorc
TviTon ambobs, cota ar iyos, gaumwara kidec studentobis sasiamovno
wlebi.
sazogadod emociur Wabuks Sinagani sakuTari Tavis rwmenis
sayrdenebis povnisaTvis gamxnevebac sWirdeboda, Tavis WeSmarit mowodebas
mtkiced rom gahyoloda, sabolood rom egrZno, `mxolod poetad rom iyo
dabadebuli~.
sabednierod, aq, peterburgSi aRmoCndnen isinic, vinc akakis sakuTari
Tavis rwmena ganumtkices; pirvel yovlisa, ufros kurselTagan. es iyo
ilia WavWavaZe, romelsac peterburgis qarTvel studentTa Soris ukve
mopovebuli hqonda didi saxeli, xolo uSualod megobrobda masTan
kirile lorTqifaniZe; cota mogvianebiT mas miemata niko nikolaZe.
universitetSi yofnisas akaki bevrs kiTxulobda. aq, peterburgSi
akaki safuZvlianad gaecno rusul literaturasa da kritikas, yuradRebiT
adevnebda Tvals literaturul procesebs. gaecno dasavleT evropis
mwerlobis umTavres nimuSebs. rogorc Cans, aqve akakim guldasmiT gaicno
qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi, romlebic qarTvel studentebs daviT
CubinaSvilma gadasca gardacvlili salome batoniSvilis biblioTekidan.
amasTanave, peterburgSi akaki nayofier poetur moRvaweobas eweva.
akakim droze adre Caabara savaldebulo sagnebi. 1863 wels sadiplomo
naSromic waradgina `vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis Ses225
224
axeb prof. d. CubinaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. naSromi mowonebul iqna
da maRali Sefaseba mieca. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, akakis universitetis
damTavrebis diplomi ar misces, ramdenadac man, Tavis mxriv, ver waradgina
gimnaziis dasrulebis mowmoba.
akaki fiqrobda sazRvargareT wasuliyo, raTa swavla gaegrZelebina,
magram ara marto sxvebisTvis, aramed Cans, TavisTvisac moulodnelad
moskovSi yofnisas Sexvda natalia bazilevskaias da, gareSeTa fiqriT,
erTob praqtikuli nabiji gadadga _ iTxova mdidari qali... sinamdvileSi ki
mTeli misi cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arapraqtikuloba gamoiCina,
daqorwinda romantikulad _ qali daixsna momavali usiamovno
daqorwinebisagan da Tavad SesTavaza gadarCenis mizniT qals xeli, Tumca,
rogorc Cans, arc akaki yofila gulgrili Tavisi momavali meuRlis
mimarT. akakis sityvebiT, aseTi daqorwineba arc mis yofiT ideals
Seesabameboda, radgan igi Segnebulad yovelTvis winaaRmdegi iyo ucxo
tomis qalze daqorwinebis.
daqorwinebis Semdeg akaki 60-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi dabrunda.
aqedan iwyeba akakis sazogadoebrivi SinaarsiT savse mRelvare cxovreba.
akaki ara marto SemoqmedebaSi, aramed Tavisi cxovrebis wesiTac
darCa Tavisufal poetad. misi mTeli cxovreba, marTalia, saqveyno saqmis,
saqarTvelos samsaxuri iyo, magram es iyo samsaxuri Tavisufali poetisa.
oficialuri formiT akakis arsad arasodes ar umsaxurnia. akakis
bunebisTvisac sazogadod sruliad SeuTavsebeli iyo erTsa da imave
adgilas, erT dawesebulebaSi yofna. igi xom daudgromeli poeturi natura
iyo. amasTanave, man Segnebulad Tavisi brwyinvale niWi, SesaZleblobani
mTlianad Tavisi qveynis keTildReobisaTvis samsaxurSi daxarja
uSurvelad.
akakis cxovrebis wesi, bunebrivia, gaugebari darCa maTTvis, vinc
sxvagvari arSiniT zomavda umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas, yofiT cxovrebas.
magaliTad, akakis ojaxis maxlobeli, Tavadi k. abaSiZe akakis mamas werda:
`Zmao rostom, Seni Svili rom ruseTidan dabrunda, Cven yvelani
sixaruliT mivegebeT, gvegona, rom ojaxs fexze daayenebda da Cvenc,
misianebs, bevrad gvargebda, magram mis nacvlad, rom samsaxurSi Sesuliyo
da win waedga biji, an advokatobiT sxvebsaviT moexveWa rame, eg
dalocvili mestvireobas gamoudga da lanZRviT qveyana gadaikida...
xuTSabaTs mixeil wereTeli iyo Cemsas, isic Zalian swuxs. ra vqna, sigiJe
araferSi atyvia da ase axirebulad ki iqcevao~. ara da akakisTvis
samsaxuric SeuZleviaT da iseTic, bevri ocnebiTac rom ver Sewvdeboda.
magaliTad, 1889 wels quTaisis saTavadaznauro bankis krebaze akakis
kandidatura iqna dasaxelebuli bankis direqtorad. krebam didi aRtacebiT,
taSis grialiT miiRo es winadadeba. magram, bevrisTvis moulodnelad,
akakim direqtorobaze uari ganacxada da Tavisi uari mWevrmetyvelurad
daasabuTa: `batonebo! uguliTades madlobas gwiravT im pativisaTvis,
romelic gsurT me momaniWoT! sazogadoebis amgvari 226
225
yuradReba yovelgvar jildozed utkbesad da usasurvelesad mimaCnia,
radgan mesmis sazogadoebis fasi da Segnebuli maqvs TiToeulis misis
wevris movaleoba. rodesac sazogadoeba akisrebs mis TiToeul wevrTagans
rame movaleobas, ragind umciresic iyos es movaleoba, wevrs mainc neba ara
aqvs, rom simdabliTa da morCilebiT ar miiRos mindobiloba, Tuki
hgrZnobs, rom aRsruleba SeuZlia. swored amgvars mdgomareobaSi gaxlavar
me dRes; rom mogaxsenoT, bankis direqtoroba Cems Rones eemateba-Tqo, es
Cemis mxriT, Tavis mokatuneba iqneba da arc aravin Tqvengani daijerebs,
magram vwuxvar, rom dRes mainc unda veurCo Tqvens brZanebasa da survils
Semdegi mizezebis gamo, romelTac gulaxsniT mogaxsnebeT... me rom
direqtoroba vikisro, sakuTrad mag moxeleobas unda daudva guli da eg
iqneba CemTvis borkili... Tumca oqros borkili CemTvis piradad
sasargebloa, magram mainc borkilia da im saqmeSi xelis SemSleli,
romelsac me vemsaxurebi. egeba brZanos vinmem: ra saqmea magisTana, Cven
mxolod aqeT-iqiT mousvenrad moarulsa gxedavT da Seni fexalagobrivi
ara SegviniSnavs rao!.. da maSin me iZulebuli viqnebi movaxseno magaliTi.
magram jer ki winaswarve vTxov, TavxedobaT nu CamomarTmevT im Sedarebas,
romelic aq unda gamovxato samagaliTod: SeiZleba kacma umciresi rame
udides sagans Seadaros, da mec am umciresobaze vayeneb Cems Tavs. futkari
yovelTvis dabzuis, dafrinavs iqiT-aqeT, fexalagobriv mis muSaobas
veravin hxedavs, mxolod imis namuSevariT sargebloben... is rom vinmem dai-
Wiros, daamwyvdios, daabas da is isaric amoglijos, romelsac futkari
farad xmarobs xelis SemSlelebze muSaobis dros, is Seiqneba maSin
mSvidobian, mosvenebul da uwyinar arsebad, magram Cven ki imav dros
moklebuli viqnebiT im Tafls, romliTac xandaxan pirs CavigemrielebT
xolme da im sanTelsac, romelic bnels gvinaTebs... Tumca imdenad ara,
magram SedarebiT cotaodnad ki Cemi Tavi mec patara, Zalian patara
futkrad mimaCnia, egeb Semcdaric gaxldeT, magram ra vqna, rom mainc
darwmunebuli var da neba ara maqvs, rom am Cems rwmunebas vuRalato.
swored dReidan im usasyidlo gziT unda viaro, ra gziTac aqamde mivlia,
rom ufro meti samsaxuri gavuwio sazogadoebas~.
ara Tu samsaxuri, aramed akakis mudmivi sacxovrebeli binac ki ar
hqonia arsad, garda mamiseuli saxlisa sxvitorSi, sastumroebi, megobrebi...
ai, akakis adgilsamyofeli. STabeWdilebebiT mcxovreb WeSmarit poets
usazRvrod uyvarda mogzauroba, ojaxis xSirad ruseTsa da sazRvargareT
yofnis gamoc, igi bevrs dadioda _ xan peterburgSi iyo, xan moskovSi, xan
xarkovsa da kievSi, nicaSi Tu parizSi. kidiT kide hqonda movlili
saqarTvelo _ qarTli da kaxeTi. samegrelo da guria... akakis iwvevdnen,
saxalxo zeims uwyobdnen. misi mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSi xom kinofirmac
Semogvinaxa. sadac ar unda yofiliyo akaki, guli mainc Tbilisisken
mouwevda, radgan aq iyo igi namdvil TavisianebSi, TanamebrZolebSi. aq iyo
misi samoRvaweo asparezi.
akaki pirovnul cxovrebaSi ar iyo maincadamainc uzrunveli. 227
226
iakob gogebaSvilis sityvebiT, `gatacebuli maRali ideebiT, igi
yuradRebas sruliad ar aqcevs codvili cxovrebis pirobebs da mudam
gasaWirSia~.
akakis TiTqmis yovelTvis aklda ojaxuri siTbo, TiTqmis yovelTvis
mowyvetili iyo col-Svilisagan, romlebic ZiriTadad ruseTsa da evropaSi
cxovrobdnen, maT TavianTi interesebi hqondaT, diametralurad
daSorebuli akakis erovnuli interesebidan. bunebrivia, ojaxi akakisagan
ekonomikur saxsrebs, fuls iTxovda, akakic yovelTvis amas droze ver
axerxebda da wuxda da itanjeboda. bevrjer didi poeti cariel purze da
mwir sakvebze gadadioda da TveobiTac. misi magari da janmrTeli
agebuleba yovelTvis veRar uZlebda aseT cxovrebas, xSirad avadmyofobda.
pirad cxovrebas akaki didad ar dagidevdaT, amitom iyo mudam
mouwyobeli. akakis namdvili asparezi sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da
saqmianoba iyo. aki TviTonac ambobs: `Cems xangrZliv cxovrebaSi sapirado
kerZosa da wvrilmanebSi uxasiaToba gamoviCine, magram didisa da
sazogadosaTvis ki Cems dReSi ar miRalatebia~.
sazogadoebriv sferoSi ki bevri da nayofierad iRvawa akakim. jer
sruliad Wabuki, Tvrameti wlisa, Tavdapirvelad Jurnal `ciskars~
daukavSirda; dauaxlovda `ciskris~ redaqtors ivane kereseliZes, Jurnalis
uaxloes TanamSromlebs aleqsandre orbelians, lavrenti ardazians, anton
furcelaZes da sxv. akakim im polemikaSic miiRo monawileoba, 60-ian wlebSi
iliam rom wamoiwyo Jurnal `ciskarSi~. akakis pirveli statia àxirebuli
furceli~, romelic 1862 wels daibeWda `ciskarSi~ `Tergdaleulis~
xelmoweriT, ilias gamosarClebas warmoadgenda da mimarTuli iyo eqvTime
wereTlis winaaRmdeg.
marTalia, akakis ilia WavWavaZis `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ araferi ar
daubeWdavs, igi `ciskarSi~ darCa, magram Tavisi saqmiT edga mxarSi ilias
da masTan erTad qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, qarTuli yofis
gardaqmnisken iswrafvoda.
roca 70-ian wlebSi polemika atyda ilia WavWavaZesa da grigol
orbelians Soris, akakim ramdenime satiruli leqsi dawera gr. orbelianis
sawinaaRmdegod (`xarabuza Renerals~, `farSevangi~, `patriotis aRsareba~
da sxv.).
70-ian wlebSi niko nikolaZem akaki Caaba gazeTis saqmianobaSi. aqedan
daiwyo akakis xangrZlivi moRvaweoba jer gazeT `droebaSi~, Jurnal
`krebulSi~. sabavSvo Jurnal `jejilSi~, Semdeg ìveriaSi~, gazeT
`kvalSi~...
yvelgan da yvelasaTvis akaki iyo uaRresad sasurveli da saWiro
TanamSromeli da avtori. akakis iwvevdnen, Txovdnen TanamSromlobas. misi
elvare talantis nayofs, leqsi iqneboda Tu feletoni, yvela
gansakuTrebuli interesiT kiTxulobda. jer kidev ivane kereseliZes
uTqvams: `roca mis nawerebs miviRebdi, maSin sixaruliT ar vicodi, ra
meqna, mitom, rom xalxSi Zalian kiTxulobdnen akakis leqsebs. misi leqsebi
roca ciskarSi ibeWdeboda, im nomers 228
227
yovelTvis ufro mets vbeWdavdi~. Zalian ufrTxildeboda akakis
droebaSi TanamSromlobas misi uangaro redaqtori sergei mesxi. man icoda,
rom akakis gareSe `Zalian gaWirdeboda~ saqme. `Tamamad SeiZleba vTqva, rom
yvela axlandel Cven mwerlebSi akaki yvelaze ufro niWieria da yvelaze
ufro gamosadegi, gazeTisaTvis... amisTana cocxali kalami, marjve,
mkvircxli sityva, ironia da advili weris niWi arc erT Cvens mwerals ara
aqvs. amitom Zvirfasad mimaCnia is gazeTisaTvis da sazogadod Cveni
exlandeli literaturisaTvis~, _ werda s. mesxi. iyo periodi, roca gazeT
`droebas~ TiTqmis yvela nomerSi ibeWdeboda akakis leqsi Tu statia, Tu
feletonebis seria `cxel-cxeli ambebis~ saTauriT.
sayovelTaod cnobilia ilias brwyinvale werili akakisadmi,
romliTac igi yoveldRiur gazeTYìveriaSi~ TanamSromlobas Txovda
akakis: `Zmao akaki, _ werda ilia, _ me Sen ver gagikadnierdi da ver
mogarTvi dabeWdili werili, romelic sxvebs gavugzavne. sxvebi sxvani
arian da Sen erTaderTi akaki xar. amitomac garda Cemi sakuTari wadilisa,
movaleobam mamuliSvilobisam maiZula Cveni qveynis rCeulisaTvis rCeuli,
gansakuTrebuli werili momerTmia da meTxovna gagemSvenierebina Cveni
gazeTi Senis niWis naSuqiTa.
...gwer da ar vici ra gTxovo da rogor gTxovo _ rac xani Jurnal
ìveria~ gamodioda, Sen Zalian Sors uvlidi, ar ekarebodi: eg CemTvis
Tumca didi danaklisi iyo, magram sawyeni ki ara, radganac vfiqrobdi, _
iqneba Cemi mimarTuleba ar mohswons-meTqi. es iseTi samarTliani sabuTia,
rom vera gonieri da patiosani kaci wuns ver dahsdebs. win ver aRudgeba;
sityvas ver Seubrunebs. raki es vigulisxme `kisrad viRe da davdumdi~.
dResac am yofaSi var Sens winaSe, radganac Cvens axal gazeTs igive
mimarTuleba eqneba, rac Jurnals hqonda da mec igive, rac uwin, guliTadi
wadili maqvs, rom Senma saxelma daamSvenos Cveni gazeTi; guli merCis
gTxovo Semweoba da gulis xmad aRebuli sabuTi ki mafrTxobs: vai Tu es
Txovna zneobiTi Zaldataneba iyos da im kacs hos Tqma gavuZnelo da
arasica meTqi.
me Cemi saTqmeli gulaxdilad giTxari, gulaxdiladve zed vumateb,
rom uSenoba Cemis gazeTisaTvis didi danaklisi iqneba. exla Sen ici. mainc
da mainc gTxov _ darwmunebuli iyo, rom Semewevi Tu ar Semewevi, orsave
SemTxvevaSi, sxvaTa Soris, mec erTi gulwrfeli madidebeli da
damfasebeli Senis 25 wlis Rvawlisa vyofilvar, var da viqnebi~.
akakic Tavdauzogavad werda, uSurvelad ixarjeboda.
80-iani wlebisTvis akakim iTxova sakuTari gazeTis daarseba sax-
elwodebiT `gza~, magram amis Tanxmoba man ver miiRo. mxolod 1897
wlisaTvis SeZlo akakim daearsebina sakuTari Jurnali àkakis Tviuri
krebuli~, romelic 1897-1900 wlebSi gamodioda. es iyo CvenSi pirveli
SemTxveva, rom mwerals hqonoda sakuTari organo. garda sakuTari
Txzulebebisa, akakim aq didi adgili dauTmo xalxuri Semoqmedebis
nimuSebis gamoqveynebas. erTi didi mizani Jurnalis 229
228
daarsebisa swored xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebis Sekrebisa da maTi
gamoqveynebis saqmec iyo, radgan `xalxur poeziaSi naxulobda akaki
wereTeli gasaRebs xalxuri sulis, misi warsulisa da momavlis bedis
gasagebad~ (galaktioni).
1900 wels es Jurnali aikrZala, ramdenadac akakim Jurnals gam-
ravalferovneba daapira publicisturi da sxva xasiaTis statiebis beWdviT,
rac mas ekrZaleboda.
1907 wels akakim gamosca satirul-iumoristuli gazeTi `xumara~. es
iyo am tipis pirveli organo saqarTveloSi. `xumara~ pirvelsave nomerze
aikrZala, xolo misi redaqtori ki daapatimres, radgan am nomerSi erTob
gamasxrebuli iyo qalaqis gubernatori.
akakis erTi Ramis gaTeva mouwia sapatimroSi, magram amas ar
SeuSinebia. amave wels akakis araoficialuri xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida
or-ori nomeri satirul-iumoristuli Jurnalebisa òxunji~ da `bziki~,
romelTac Zalian male `xumaras~ bedi gaiziares.
ganuzomelia akakis Rvawli qarTuli Teatris winaSe. jer kidev 60-
iani wlebis miwuruls rafiel erisTavTan, xolo mogvianebiT maswavlebel
mosiZesTan erTad man quTaisSi Seadgina scenismoyvareTa jgufi da
ramdenime dadgmac ganaxorciela. xolo 80-ian wlebSi akaki gaxda
iniciatori qarTuli Teatris aRdgenisa. Teatris aRdgenis dRidanve akaki
iliasTan erTad saTaveSi Caudga mas. 1880 wels ilias TxovniT akakim
mTeli erTi sezoni iTava qarTuli Teatris direqtoroba da samxatvro
xelmZRvaneloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze sayuradReboa akakis erTi
mogoneba. akaki gadmogvcems: èrTxel movida CemTan ilia WavWavaZe da,
sxvaTa Soris, Teatris Sesaxeb Camovarda Cvens Soris Semdegi saubari:
_ kaco, Teatri rom aRara gvaqvs, ras ityvi Sen? _ damekiTxa mowyeniT.
_ Zlivs-ZlivobiT, rogorc iqna, sazogadoeba mivaCvieT Teatrs da exla ki
isev unda gadavaviwyoT...
_ eg mec maRonebs, cota ar iyos, _ vupasuxe me.
_ bevri vecade, magram ara gamovida ra...
_ viTom aRara eSveleba ra?
_ eSveleba, Tu Sen moindomeb.
_ me?!
_ ho, Sen! quTaisSi rogor moaxerxeT! axlac droebiTi scena
gavmarToT sadme da Sen iTave... rafiel erisTavi amxanagad geyoleba,
meunargia mdivnad. Cvenc yvela dagexmarebiT da saqme rogorme egeb
movagvaroT!..
_ eg mouxerxebelia... me darwmunebuli var, rom qarTveli roca raimes
akeTebs, gmiria, magram meore Tu amoudga gverdiT, aRarc erTi aRar varga,
erTi meores xels uSlian da alayeben...
_ da magiTi ra ginda rom Tqva...
_ is, rom sanamdi bevri meTaurebi iqnebian... komiteti da qvel-
moqmedebaze Semdgari saqme, Teatric ver ixeirebs: saWiroa erTma vinmem
aiRos antrepriza, SemoiRos disciplina...
_ maSin xom artistebs gadawyvetili jamagiri unda daeniSnoT?230
229
_ rasakvirvelia...
_ ho da vin gabedavs ikisros?
_ me vikisrebdi, rom SeZlebuli viyo.
_ ikisrebdi!.. maS did jamagirs nu dauniSnav da Tu Semosavali ver
dahfaravs jamagirs, maSin me viReb Cem Tavze, rom jamagiris mxriT
artistebi uzrunveli iyon... Sen ki daiwye da Tu saWiro iqneba, me
movagroveb xolme fulebso~.
akakis mecadineobiT Teatrma gaiCina Senoba da daiwyo regularulad
speqtaklebis gamarTva. ilia WavWavaZesTan, ivane maCabelTan, giorgi
TumaniSvilTan, daviT erisTavTan erTad akaki imTaviTve imyofeboda
dramatuli komitetis saTaveSi, xolo 1881 wels, roca daarsebuli iqna
qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba, mis Tavmjdomared airCies i. WavWavaZe,
xolo Tavmjdomaris amxanagad a. wereTeli.
sayuradReboa, rom akaki wereTels xelmZRvanelobisaTvis qarTulma
Teatrma kvlav mimarTa 1903 wlisTvis; ukve xandazmuli akaki misTvis
Cveuli aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda am mowvevas. akakim ase mimarTa msaxiobebs:
`moxaruli var, rom garemoebam am siberis dros kidev gamomiyvana TqvenTan
erTad samuSaod. damanaxeT erTguleba. mxneoba da gamrjeloba qarTuli
Teatrisadmi da me giCvenebT magaliTs misis siyvarulisas~. akakim mTeli
erTi sezoni uxelmZRvanela amjeradac Teatrs.
akakis xelmZRvanelobiT am sezonze qarTuli Teatri warmoadgens
uiliam Seqspiris `hamlets~, òtelos~, `Wirveulis morjulebas~, henrik
ibsenis èqim Stokmans~, aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralats~, daviT
erisTavis `samSoblos~, akaki wereTlis `patara kaxs~ da a. S. aseTi
mdidari da gamorCeuli repertuari Cvens Teatrs iSviaTad hqonia.
kidev ufro didi samsaxuri qarTul Teatrs akakim Tavisi dra-
maturgiiT gauwia. roca Teatrs uWirda qarTuli piesebi, akaki iyo pirveli
masazrdoebeli misi. sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu rogor TeTrad gatexa
akakim erTi Rame, rom nato gabunias benefisisaTvis Teatrs piesa hqonoda.
ase daiwera misi `kinto~. qarTuli Teatris scenidan ar Camodioda `Tamar
cbieri~ Tu `patara kaxi~.
akaki wereTeli TiTqmis yvela did erovnul wamowyebaSi Rebulobda
aqtiur monawileobas.
akaki mxurvaled Caeba `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi. 80-ian wlebSi gadawyda, rom
momzadebuliyo gamosacemad Cveni erovnuli siamayis `vefxistyaosnis~
kritikulad dadgenili teqsti. Seiqmna teqstis damdgeni redaqcia,
romelSiac TiTqmis yvela Cveni saxelovani mwerali da moRvawe Sevida. 1881
wels komisiam muSaoba daiwyo. akaki am komisiis erTi aqtiuri wevri iyo...
Tavdapirvelad, gardacvalebamde am komisiis sxdomebs xelmZRvanelobda
mxcovani grigol orbeliani. rogorc aRniSnaven, am komisiis muSaobas
ùdidesi mniSvneloba hqonda Cveni kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis imdroindel viTarebaSi~, 231
230
da ara marto kulturul-literaturuli iyo misi mniSvneloba, ar-
amed mas `didi politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda qarTveli xalxis erovnuli
Segnebis gaRvivebis TvalsazrisiT~ (l. asaTiani).
komisiis mier momzadebuli teqsti, romlis saboloo redaqcia
ekuTvnoda ivane maCabels, cnobilma qarTvelma mecenatma giorgi
qarTveliSvilma gamosca 1888 wels.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosani~ iyo ara marto siamayisa da
usazRvro siyvarulis, aramed akakis mudmivi dakvirvebis da Seswavlis
sagani. rogorc iTqva, akakim jer kidev studentobis dros daamuSava
sadiplomo naSromi `vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis Sesaxeb. xolo Semdeg
man Tavisi mosazrebebi kidev ufro ganaviTara, daakonkreta da 80-ian
wlebSi ramdenimegzis waikiTxa rogorc qarTul, aseve rusul enebze sami
leqcia `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb. am leqciebs mohyva Zalian sayuradRebo
polemika ori didi mamuliSvils _ ilia WavWavaZesa da akaki wereTels
Soris. rogorc leqciebs, ise mis garSemo gaSlil kamaTs didi mniSvneloba
hqonda rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ Seswavlis, aseve misi popularizaciis
TvalsazrisiT... da sazogadod, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli Segnebis
gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT.
akakis uSualo urTierToba hqonda Cveni qveynis mSromelebTan. xalxs
usazRvrod uyvarda Tavisi mgosani da es mas araerTxel daumtkica. akakis
yovel gamoCenas xalxi zeimiT xvdeboda. poetisa da moRvawis sityvasa da
saqmis didi mniSvnelobis Segneba aamaRla akakim qarTvel xalxSi. swored
amasTan dakavSirebiT werda ilia WavWavaZe. `bednieria, Cvenis fiqriT, akaki,
rom iRvawa da Tavisi Rvawlis nayofi sicocxliTve Tavisis sakuTari
TvaliT inaxula~ mamuliSviluri siyvarulis aRorZinebisaTvis TviTon
akaki wereTels araerTxel daukvnesebia Tavisi tkbili qnari, umoqmedebia
Tavisi mimzidveli niWiereba, Tavisi mariliani sityva, Tavisi siturfiT
savse qarTuli. saca wavida batoni akaki, win daxvda misgan frTaasxmuli
da gaRonierebuli siyvaruli saqarTvelosi da qarTvlisa, win daxvda
gulwrfelis pativiscemiTa da madlierebiT aRsavse guliTa. agreT
TiTonve igema batonma akakim nayofi danergilisa da daTesilisa~...
didad damaSvrali mxcovani poetisTvis gansakuTrebiT daZabuli
gamodga 1914 wlis zamTari. peterburgSi mas col-Svili eguleboda,
romelic nivTier gaWirvebas acnobebda da saswrafod fulis gagzavnas
iTxovda. akakim verc TbilisSi iSova saWiro fuli da verc quTaisSi.
zamTris civ dReebSi saTanado pirobebs moklebuli gauTbobel Raribul
sastumros oTaxSi dasustebuli akaki intensiurad muSaobda bolo
nawarmoebze, poemaze òmi~; undoda rogorme daemTavrebina. Tavis sofelSi
Casuls male dambla daeca. gardaicvala akaki 1915 wlis 25 ianvars.
adre akaki anderZis saxiT iTxovda, Tu xalxi SesaZleblad scnobda,
daviT aRmaSeneblis ferxTiT daesaflavebinaT. sabolood igi anderZad
tovebda Tavisi karis eklesiis gverdiT daesaflavebinaT. naTesav-
axlobelTa cnobiT, akakim bolos ganacxada, daesafla232
231
vebinaT iq, sadac xalxi isurvebda. imereTs gadawyvetili hqonda, an-
derZisamebr, didi mgosnis mSobliur kuTxeSi dasaflaveba. erTaderTi,
ramac am ganzraxvaze maT xeli aaRebina, iyo Seuvali sabuTi, rom akakis
samudamo gansasvenebeli àucileblad~ unda yofiliyo TbilisSi, `wminda
daviTis mTaze~, misi didi TanamebrZolis ilias gverdiT...
mTawmindamac `mamadaviTs Seavedra~ da `gulSi Caixuta~ didi mgosnis
`saSviliSvilo samare~.
* * *
erTgan akaki wers: `miyvars sazogadod bavSvi, uguliTadesad pativsa
vcem moxucebulobas, Rirseulad vafaseb vaJkacobas, magram guli ki
Wabukobisken mimiwevs da yvelaze ufro metad imas SefrqveviT
vetrfialebi!..~ akakis gulic yvelaze metad axalgazrdobisaken miuwevda da
misi gulic yvelaze metad axalgazrdobas ekuTvnoda. axalgazrdobaSi
xedavda akaki qveynis saimedo momavals, ramdenadac jeroda Tavisi qveynis
axalgazrdobisac da momavalisac. amitomac darCa akaki axalgazrdobis
sayvarel poetad.
akakim wera adridan daiwyo. igi gimnaziaSi yofnisas ukve werda
leqsebs. am droidan cnobilia misi erTi akrostixi, romelic dedas
miuZRvna.
akakis pirveli nabeWdi leqsi iyo mixeil lermontovis `rto pal-
estinisas~ Targmani. male amas mohyva leqsebi p.[elagia] w.[ereTlisas] da
`Cems veneras~. akakis uSualo xelmoweriT `ciskris~ 1860 wlis ianvris
nomerSi daibeWda leqsi `saidumlo baraTi~. akakis arc am leqsis
gamoqveyneba undoda xelmoweriT, magram es akakisTan SeuTanxmeblad
gaakeTa `ciskris~ redaqtorma. akaki ase gadmogvcems am leqsis
gamoqveynebis istorias, ivane kereseliZe mwerdao: `platon ioselians,
romelic qarTuls aswavlis namestnik bariaTinskis, gadauTargmnia misTvis
es Seni xelnaweri leqsi da Seni vinaobac mouxsenebia. bariaTinskis Zalian
moswoneboda da ebrZanebina, rom dabeWdoT, avtoris saxeli da gvari
miawereTo, da mec meti raRa gza mqonda? Seni saxeli davbeWde da ar
gamijavrdeo. es yoliferi marTali iyo Tu ara, ar vici! egeb redaqtorma
ymawvilis gulis gasakeTeblad, ise moawera, magram me ki davijere da
didadac mefona, rom yuradRebasac maqceven-meTqi~.
imave xanebSi akakis ori werili mieRo. erTi anCisxatis dekanozis
efremis, xolo meore Tavad irakli lorTqifaniZisa. isini didad
iwonebdnen akakis leqss _ sasimRero leqsad iqca, qalebi imReriano, oRond
Txovdnen, Zveli qarTuliT ewera: `vai Tu mag Sens enas mieCvion da
gadaigdon gulidan Zveli darbaisluri qarTulio~. am werilebma, cota ar
iyos, gamayoyoCes. cxrameti wlis axalgazrdas sulsa da guls mitkbobda
ufro is, rom `qalebi imReriano~, da mec gadavwyvite, rom Tavi davudva
mwerlobas, magram saxalxo eniTa da ara darbaisluriT vwero~, _
agrZelebs akaki.
rogorc niko nikolaZe SeniSnavs, `qarTul literaturaSi raimes 233
232
SeuZlebelia Seedaros is STabeWdileba, romelic misma pirvelma
leqsma moaxdina~, ase erTbaSad daipyro qarTveli mkiTxveli akaki
wereTelma.
akakis biografebi sagangebod gaxazaven, rom 1859 wlis `ciskris~
martis nomerSi dabeWdil akakis leqss `p. w.~ mohyveboda ilia WavWavaZis
`mec Sav Tvalebs~. ase Sexvda pirvelad es ori avtori erTmaneTs Jurnalis
furclebze, da male maTi saxelebi samudamod daukavSira erTmaneTs
qarTvelma xalxma, samudamod daawyvila _ ilia da akaki, akaki da ilia.
ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, rogorc es araerTgzis aRniSnula,
erTsa da imave did ideas emsaxurebian, erTian pozicias gamoxataven. erTia,
maTi Tvalsazrisi Cveni qveynis warsulisa da awmyos Sefasebisas, momavlis
ganWvretis mxriv. akaki wereTelic iseve uyurebs adamianis daniSnulebas,
misi movaleobis, xelovnebis raobis, misi funqciisa da xelovanis saqveyno
misiis sakiTxebs, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe. magram es jer kidev arafriT ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom ilia da akaki, rogorc xelovanebi erTmaneTTan
gavaigivoT, an erTmaneTSi avurioT, rogorc es Zalian xSirad xdeboda da
xdeba axlac Cveni literaturis istorikosTa nawerebSi, rac qmnis ilia
WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis erTmaneTze dayvanis safrTxes.
saqme isaa, rom gansxvavebulia iliasa da akakis mwerluri buneba,
maTi individualuri mwerluri SesaZleblobani. saerTo Sexedulebebis,
Tvalsazrisis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi maT Soris is udidesi sxvaobaa, rom
TavianTi mwerluri bunebis Sesabamisad ganasaxiereben saerTo idealebs.
swored ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis magaliTze
vrwmundebiT, saerTo idealebis, saerTo poziciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Tu
rogor ar SeiZleba ori xelovani hgavdes erTmaneTs... da swored esaa
xelovnebis dausrulebeli mravalferovnebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi
pirobac. erTi avtori am gansxvavebas iliasa da akakis Soris ase
gamoxatavda, `Tu ilia fiqria saqarTvelosi, misi goniereba, akaki grZnobaa
qarTveli erisa, qarTveli eris guli, qarTveli eris gulTa-swrafvis, mis
uwmindes grZnobaTa metad Zlieri, metad lamazi talRa~ (ivane gomarTeli).
meore avtoris sityvebiT, àkaki umTavresad msmenelis guls aTamaSebda da
atokebda, ilia umTavresad gonebas atokebda da afxizlebda~ (silovan
xundaZe). am da amgvar gamoTqmebSic kargad aris nagrZnobi, rom ilia
WavWavaZe ufro inteleqtis xelovania, igi im tipis Semoqmedia, romelic
mometebulad inteleqtiT xelmZRvanelobs, inteleqts eyrdnoba. bunebrivia,
naTqvami imas ar gulisxmobs, rom ilia ar ganicdis, aramed imas, rom misi
gancdebic gonebas efuZneba. amitomacaa, ilias SemoqmedebaSi sidinje da
auRelvebloba batonobs. maSin, roca igi Relavs, amas ar aCens, garegnulad
simSvides inarCunebs.. akaki ki emociuria, mis Semoqmedebas ufro emociebi
ganageben. emociebi asazrdoeben, mis Semoqmedebas emociuri sayrdenebi
gaaCnia. amitomac igi mRelvarebiT aRsavse poetia. 234
233
akaki wereTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi mravamxrivobiT, WeSmariti
samocianelia, igi TiTqmis yvela JanrSi moRvaweobda. werda leqsebs,
poemebs, dramatul Txzulebebs, moTxrobebs, literaturul-publicistur
werilebs, feletonebs da a. S. da miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, akaki, pirvel
yovlisa, mainc darCa WeSmarit lirikosad.
akakis lirikuli talantis cxadsayofad, cxadad gansacdelad axla
unda mivmarToTYakakis genialur Tayvanismcemels, galaktion tabiZes.
galaktionis sityvebiT, `mravali poeti misca saqarTvelos mecxramete
saukunem, magram iseTi, romelic mTlianad gamosaxavda Tavis Tavs da Tavis
dros, poeziaSi akakis msgavsi aravin ar aris. misi gulidan amoxeTqs
mxolod da mxolod bunebrivi, Zaldautanebeli xmebi, mas ara aqvs yalbi
notebi. igi mgosania cocxali grZnobis~. galaktionis azriT, akaki
wereTeli gacilebiT mets niSnavs qarTveli kacisaTvis, vidre erTi poeti,
akaki yvelaze metad ganasaxierebs qarTveli kacis xasiaTs. `sakmaod
damaxasiaTebelia misi buneba, TviT akakis pirovneba qarTvelebis bedis
natexad icnes~.
galaktioni sagangebod gaxazavs akaki wereTlis poeziis wil-
nayarobas xalxur poeziasTan. axalma drom, axalma viTarebam moiTxova
axali gamoxatuleba, poeti axali eniT unda alaparakebuliyo; unda
ganTavisuflebuliyo Zveli leqsTwyobis simZimsagan. iseve rogorc Zvel
rumbebSi axali Rvinis Casxma ar varga, aseve axali azrebisaTvis ar
ivargebda Zveli forma. ra unda Seesabamebina axali, ufro Sesaferisi
erovnuli sulisaTvis. `Tanamedrove poetur kulturaSi akakim SeuTavsa
gamosaxuleba, gansaxiereba xalxuri simReris~. akaki, galaktionis azriT,
yvelaze ufro axlos idga xalxTan, `viT mgosani sazogado da saxalxo~.
akaki amtkicebda, rom wyaro poeziisa gamomdinareobs xalxis Zlieri sulis
ankara siRrmidan. xalxis poeziaSi naxulobda akaki wereTeli gasaRebs
xalxuri sulisa, misi warsuli da momavali bedis gasagebad. akaki iyo
sarke xalxis cxovrebisa.
akaki Tavis lirikul leqsebSi did adgils uTmobs xelovnebis
raobis, misi sazogadoebrivi Sinaarsis Cvenebas. akakisTvis poezia madlia,
cis niWia, romelic RmerTisagan eZlevaT mxolod rCeulT.
roca xelovanma Tavis TavSi igrZno poeziis ciuri Zala, TiTqos igi
xelaxla iSva; TiTqos saxilveli aexsna da gulic imas ambobda, rasac
Tvali xedavda:
`da im dRidan mSvidoba
mgosnisaTvis gaTavda~.
poeturi niWi misi mflobelis pirovnul bednierebas ar uzrun-
velyofs; rac muza estumra, simSvidec imTaviTve dakaraga poetma. yvelgan
martooba da miusafroba aris misi xvedri~.
`mesmis yovelgniT mteroba,
gamiqra megobroba,
mas Semdeg, rac Sen iwye
muzav CemTan stumroba~.
xelovnebis, rogorc bedisweris, xelovanis tvirTis simZimis 235
234
amgvari gageba, rogorc es Tavis droze igrZno galaktionma, mis
uaRresad Tanamedrove xedvasac mowmobs, misi sulis simdidrezec
migvaniSnebs da misi poeziis gamZleobasa da ukvdavebaze. kerZod,
galaktions Zalian moswons bodleris erTi leqsi _ `locva-kurTxeva~. aq,
am leqsSi àraviTari locva ar aris. aq wyevla da mxolod wyevlaa. leqsi
gamoxatavs mgosnis am qveynad mosvlas, dabadebas. RviZli dedisaTvis
mgosani aris sagani martooden gakvirvebisa da zizRisa. dedas rcxvenia
sakuTari Svilis yola. mgosani itans dacinvas sulelebisagan, Sursa da
sarkazms. igi xandaxan msxverpli xdeba sisxlismsmeli dalilasi, romelic
Tavisuflebas miscems mas imis Semdeg, rac amoswova masSi ukanaskneli
sisxli. mgosani, romelmac gamoiara mTeli rigi SeuracxyofaTa da
tanjvaTa, ukanasknelad midis, am tanjvaTagan ganwmendili samaradiso dide-
basTan, midis im gvirgviniT, romelic gamzadebulia wamebulTaTvis,
maTTvis, romelTac yvelaferi gadaitanes simarTlisa da silamazis
samsxverploT? galaktioni sinanulis gamoTqvams, rom es leqsi
saqarTveloSi ar daiwera qarTveli poetis mier. aq `xelovnebis~ avtors
axsendeba akaki da misi poezia da kmayofili amatebs: `magram akakis
nawerebSiac blomadaa gabneuli msgavsi fiqrebi. igi ise axloa qarTvelis
sulTan, mis saukeTeso da Tayvansacem SvilTa mdgomareobasTan~.
da mainc, qarTvel poets, akakis, `rogorc xelovans mudam Tan axlavs
imis Segneba, rom poetis niWis safuZvlad udevs RvTaebrivi siyvarulis
grZnoba, romelic aviwyebs mas yovelgvar gansacdels, tanjvas da
RmerTisadmi locvad aRvlenils aTqmevinebs uzenaesis qebaTa-qebas.
Semoqmedeba ki, akakis gagebiT, tanjvis sixarulad gardaqmnaa da yofaze
zecad amaRlebaa. es aziarebs mas maradiul bednierebas~ (iuza evgeniZe).
amas mowmobs akakis sityvebi SesaniSnavi leqsidan `qebaTa-qeba~.
`ram amamaRla? vin magrZnobina
es saidumlo, RvTiuri Zala?..
adamis codviT mkrTali buneba
Zlevamosilad gardamicvala?! _
Sen, siyvarulo, cisa da qveynis
kavSiro da Tan Suamavalo!
Sen, romlis erT wams, im sanetaros
mza var sicocxle mTlad vanacvalo!
Sen, visac ugnurT umetesoba
ver gigrZnobs, verc gcnobs, mxolod cils gwamebs,
da Sen magier ASenis saxeliT
is aRiarebs pirutyvul wamebs!
Sen da mxolod Sen, ciuro niWo,
gamouTqmelo kacTaA eniTa...
Sengan mgosani frTebSesxmuli var
da monavarde aRmafreniTa~...
poeti erTgvari polemikuri mtkicebis gziT amkvidrebs im Segne236
235
bas, rom xelovani gansxvavdeba Cveulebriv mokvdavTagan, igi Suakacia
casa da miwas Soris, cisacaa da miwisac. ubralo mokvdavT arc misi
sibrZne unda gaukvirdeT da zogjer arc misi ugnureba, radgan misi
xelisufali, misi gonebisa da grZnobis gamgebeli `sul sxvaa~.
Tu Conguris `simTa xmebis harmonia~, erTis mxriT, adamians maRla
unda eweodes, adamianobis uzenaes madls aziarebdes, meore mxriT, akaki
Tavis Tavs `garemoebis sayvirad~ aRiqvams, rom simarTles emsaxuros. akakis
azriT, poeziis Zala, am mxriv, gulwrfelobasa da uSualobaSia, da ar
Sedrkeba, Tundac qviT Caiqolos. igi uSiSrad, mtkiced midis Tavisi gziT,
Conguria misi megobari. akaki mtkicea Tavisi gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis
gzaze. nebismieri tanjvis fasad ar daTmobs `Sinagan akakiobas~, Zilis
dros quxils ar moSlis, xolo sibnelis dros elvas. misi poezia
imisTvisacaa mowodebuli, rom daCagruls nugeSi sces, xolo mCagvrels
gulSi isariviT daeZgeros.
akakis lirikis da saerTodac mTeli misi Semoqmedebis umTavresi,
warmmarTveli grZnobaa patriotizmi. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli idea
msWvalavs akakis poezias. akakis patriotuli grZnoba uaRresad
keTilSobiluria, radgan igi efuZneba sxva qveynebis Rirsebis aRiarebas da
pativiscemas. akakisaTvis mTeli qveyana saxatea. oRondac mas Tavisi xati
hyavs _ Tavisi samSoblo, visac Tavisi qveyana ar uyvars, igi verc sxva
qveyanas Seiyvarebs. akakim maRalostaturad SeZlo Tavis lirikaSi am
grZnobis ufaqizes mxareebs Sexeboda. akakim intimuri grZnobebic
maRaleTikur ideals dauqvemdebara. satrfos saxec patriotuli
mizanswrafviT ganmsWvala.
Tu ilia WavWavaZis leqsebSi ZiriTadad mainc samSoblos ideaa
gamoxatuli, Tu masTan ZiriTadad lirikuli gansja batonobs samSoblos
Sesaxeb, akaki wereTlis leqsebisaTvis isaa niSandoblivi, rom mis poeziaSi
samSoblos uaRresad konkretuli emociuri saxeebi, suraTebia daxatuli,
akakis samSobloa `ca-firuz _ xmeleT-zurmuxti~ mxare, satrfo, `Zveli
turfa, dRes mkvdariviT mZinari, fexSiSvela, Tavzed leCaqmoxdili~,
avadmyofi, romelic àr momkvdara, mxolod sZinavs da iseve gaiRviZebs,
vinc Senatris imis sikvdils, umal masve daamiwebs~. akakis samSobloa
maradiuli satrfo _ nestani, romelic qajebs hyavT tyved da gamoxsnas
moelis, amirania romelic kavkasiis qedze miujaWvavT, `mova dro da Tavs
aiSvebs, im jaWvs gawyvets gmirTagmiri, sixaruliT Seecvleba imdeni xnis
gasaWiri~. akakis leqsebis ena uaRresad emociuria, pirdapir guls rom
umiznebs. `sneuli davbrunebulvar, mkurnalad Semeyareo~... `wamZlia sulma
da gulma~... `win momegebnen RimiliT Seni mze, Seni mTvareo~... `deda
Svilobam, bevrs ar gTxov: Sens miwas mimabareo!~ da a. S.
akakis patriotul leqsebs, rogorc aRniSnaven, is didi gadamdebi
Zalac aqvs, rom poeti ki ar gvmoZRvravs, ki ar qadagebs samSoblos
siyvaruls, aramed kamaTis formiT amkvidrebs mas. poeti sazogadod ki ar
mouwodebs, samSoblo giyvardeTo, aramed sastikad kicxavs qarTvels, vinc
arc Sin varga, arc gareT, `jer 237
236
qarTuli ar icis~ da ùcxos edeba~, pirSi mTqmeli ar uyvars. Tu Sia,
maSin patriotobs, magram gamZRari sul sxvaa; akakis mizanSi aqvs
amoRebuli, Tavs esxmis imas, vinc `dedas sneuls da avadmyofs erideba,
aSorebs Tvals, mowiwebiT Tayvansa scems gadamTiel dedinacvals~, visac
marto Tvaltanadoba aqvs qarTvelis, guliT ki sxva sjulisaa. `RmerTad
ar swams aravin sxva, garda kuWis, garda fulis~. akakis mware ironiis
obieqtia apelaciis mcodne, romelsac `Tu rusuli ar ici, axlos nu
ekarebi, musaifi ar uyvars, qarTulSi zarmacia~; is qarTvelebi, vinc
`qarTul enas arad xdian, Svilebs rusulada zrdian, trediakovskis aqeben,
da rusTvels ki dascinian~ akakisTvis garegnuli silamazec eTikuri
Sinaarsis matarebelia, misTvis araa lamazi is qarTveli qali, vinc `sxva
eniT amiJRurtulda, ezareboda qarTuli~ da vis TvalebSic amoikiTxa:
`samSoblo rasa miqvian, mewyersac wauRiao~. didia aseTi leqsebis
zemoqmedebis Zala, ramdenadac faqtia, rom kamaTis, gakicxvis gziT
mowodebuls mkiTxveli ufro mZafrad ixsomebs. mxedvelobaSi isicaa
misaRebi, rom akakis leqsebis gamiznuloba uaRresad konkretulia. akakis
TiTqmis yovelTvis konkretuli piri, konkretuli faqti, movlena aqvs
mxedvelobaSi. maSinac, roca poeti irwmuneba, vinme konkretuli saxeSi ara
myolia, sazogado senze vwero, mis leqsebs mainc umal gamouCndebian
adresatebi da akakisac uwevs maTgan garideba, maTi muqaris mogerieba.
swored amasTan dakavSirebiT wers akaki: leqsSi `nadiroba~ `gamoxatulni
iyvnen maSindeli gavleniani bobola pirebi, magram me rom TviTo mqonda
saxeSi, modave as-asi gamouCnda, yvela Tavis Tavze iwerda da atyda erTi
vai-uSvelebeli. maTma mrisxanebam Cemze umwvervalesobamde miaRwia~...
bunebrivia, vigulisxmoT, rom amgvari viTareba kidev ufro aZlierebs misi
nawarmoebebis zemoqmedebis Zalas.
akakis leqsebis erT did nawils patriotul gamiznulobasTan erTad
politikuri datvirTva, simaxvile da simwvave axlavs. akaki erTob fxizeli
xelovania, Tanac gabeduli da uSiSari. igi daurideblad aSiSvlebs
mTavrobis im RonisZiebebis namdvil meqanizms, romlebic TiTqos qarTveli
xalxis keTildReobaze zrunviTaa nakarnaxevi, sinamdvileSi ki veragul
miznebs isaxavs, moxerxebuli narTauliT aaSkaravebs cenzuris tvinis
gamomxvrel saqmianobas, sarkastulad dascinis poeti imaT, vinc Cvens
qveyanas movlenian mmarTvelebad da mzrunvelebad, sinamdvileSi ki
didmpyrobluri miznebi amoqmedebT, kavkasiis xalxebs erTmaneTs hkideben,
raTa ufro advilad daumonon dampyrobels, akaki dascinis im qarTvels,
romelic rus Sovinistze ufro saSineli mteri gamxdara qarTvelebisa, im
qarTvel social-demokratebs, vinc erovnulis fexqveS gaTelviT
socialuri samoTxis damkvidrebas qadagebs da a. S.
akaki Tavisi gabeduli leqsebiT afxizlebda qarTvel xalxs, Tavisi
namdvili mter-moyvare rom ecno.
erovnuli poziciidan aris danaxuli da Tanagancdili akakis 238
237
poeziaSi wminda socialuri Temac. rogorc iTqva, akakim bavSvobidanve
Seisisxlxorca mSromelTa siyvaruli; misi mTeli poezia xalxis
TanagrZnobiT, maTi interesebis dacvis, mSromeli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi
Zalis rwmeniTaa aRsavse. Rrma demokratizmi msWvalavs mTlianad akakis
Semoqmedebas. Tavisufal qveyanaSi Tavisufali Sroma miaCnia poets Tavisi
brZolis erT-erT naTel miznad, WeSmarit socialur idealad. didi
socialuri Zvrebis, revoluciuri moZraobis aRmavlobis viTarebaSi akakic
xmas imaRlebs, Tavisi momwodebluri leqsebiT brZolisken uxmobs xalxs.
akakis am did amRelvarebas TviTmpyrobeluri sistemis siZulvili kvebavs.
socialuri brZola rusuli TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg akakisTvis
garkveul wilad erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel Sinaarssac Seicavs,
ramdenadac, akakis uryevi azriT, namdvili socialuri Tanasworoba da
pirovnuli Tavisufleba mxolod da mxolod erovnul Tavisuflebas
SeiZleba daemyaros.
akakis poeturi memkvidreoba uaRresad mravalmxrivia. akakis talantis
mravalferovnebas da mravalmxrivobas sagangebod gaxazavda didi
galaktioni, roca werda: àkaki namdvili, servantesi iyo xumrobaSi,
namdvili baironi mwuxarebaSi, namdvili heine erotizmSi da Seudarebeli
moqalaqe mamulis siyvarulSi~.
akakis bevrjer uTqvams, rom igi xelovanebas ar dagidevdaT, rom misi
poezia xalxis yoveldRiur sazrunavis, qveynis satkivaris SinarsiT iyo
savse, rom Tu raime xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gamouvida,
misda uneburad. bevrze bevri brwyinvale leqsis avtoris am sityvebSi,
marTalia, erTi mxriv, didi xelovanisaTvis Cveuli Tavmdabloba Cans, misma
niWma, rogorc galaktioni brZanebs `SeZlo... moeca samaradiso da ukvdavi~,
magram akakis zemoTmotanili sityvebi garkveulad xsnis misi bevrisgan
bevri leqsis xasiaTs. marTlac, akakis leqsebis erTi didi nawili Cveni
qveynis yoveldRiur yofiT sazrunavs dastrialebs. XIX saukunis Cveni yo-
fis asaxvis TvalsazrisiT akakis verc erTi qarTveli poeti ver
gautoldeba. akaki Tanamedroveobis araCveulebrivi grZnobiT iyo
dajildoebuli.
zogierTi kritikosis azriT, akaki ar gaufrTxilda Tavis ciT
momadlebul niWs, Zalian advilad werda da flangavda Tavis did talants.
amgvari azri, rogorc Cans, angariSs ar uwevs akakis poetur kredos.
rogorc ukve iTqva, akakisave sityvebiT, igi `garemoebis sayvirs~
warmoadgenda, amgvari iyo igi Tavisi bunebiT, Tavis did misiasac qveynis
yoveldRiuri sazrunaviT ganmsWvalvaSi, qveynis saWiroebis dauzarel
samsaxurSi xedavda. Tavisi qveyanac Zalian saWiroebda aseT xelovans (anda
rodis ar saWiroebda) da bednieria igi, rom hyavs akaki wereTeli.
akaki Zaldautanebeli poetia. galaktionis sityviT, akakis sizarmaces
ukiJineben. amboben, akaki zarmacia, rogorc RmerTio. diax, arc RmerTs
sWirdeba qancis gawyveta da oflis Rvra, rom Tavisi saqme aRasrulos,
radgan igi Sinaganadaa energia; qmna misi 239
238
bunebrivi mdgomareobaa; asevea akakic. igi marTlac, rogorc Cans,
Tavis Tavs Zalas ar atanda da `rasac grZnobda, mis gamoTqmas ar xanobda~.
zeSTagonebis wyaros yvelgan poulobda. akaki yovelTvis naxulobda
namdvil ritms, `romliTac gadmoscemda Tavis sulis mdgomareobas,
formebi iqmnebodnen mis mier sruliad Zaldaunateblad, kanonebi
xmovanebisa TavisTavad ixsnebodnen mis win~.
akaki wereTlis mdidar memkvidreobaSi didi adgili uWiravs epikuri
xasiaTis Txzulebebs, poemebs, moTxrobebs.
akaki patriotuli grZnobis gasaRviveblad Tavis lirikaSic xSirad
mimarTavda saqarTvelos warsuls, xolo rac Seexeba mis epikur
Txzulebebs, aq warsulma sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili daiWira.
qveynis istoriis codna, masTan uwyveti kavSiri rom eris sasicocxlo
niSania, es adrec iyo nagrZnobi qarTul literaturaSi; magram am
WeSmaritebis mTeli simZafriT gasigrZeganeba ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis saxelebs ukavSirdeba, ramdenadac isini Cveni qveynis moZRvarni
iyvnen da TandaTanobiT erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSec Cveni
qveyana swored mecxramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda. èris dacema iwyeba iqidan,
roca Tavdeba warsulis xsovna~, _ ganacxada iliam pirdapir, pirquSad da
visac kidev SeeZlo SeZrwuneba am mkacri sinamdvilis danaxviT, SeaZrwuna
kidec. am safrTxis simwvavis kidev ufro gulze moxvedrebas isaxavda
miznad akaki, rodesac werda: ùbeduria is xalxi, romelsac Segnebuli da
gamokvleuli warsuli ara hqonia da ucxovria velurad, magram kidev ufro
ubeduri da satiralia is, romelsac hqonia warsuli da iviwyebs~.
ilia WavWavaZem da akaki wereTelma TavianT erT udides amocanad
aqcies qarTveli xalxis lamis gawyvetili kavSiris aRdgena warsulTan,
istoriasTan, warsulis Tanamedroverobis aucilebel Semadgenel nawilad
qceva, eris momavlis samsaxurSi misi Cayeneba da am amocanis gadaWras
sxvadasxva gziT da saSualebiT mouqancavad axorcielebdnen kidec.
qarTveli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulia imis gancda, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi istoriis mimarT mxatvruli interesiT yvela sxva
qarTvel mweralze metad akaki wereTeli gamoirCa. yvelaze ufro farTod
swored mis SemoqmedebaSi daixata Cveni qveynis warsuli, Cveni didi
winaprebi. galaktionis TqmiT, `WeSmaritad akaki Zveli saqarTvelos
molandebaa~. igi TiTqos imitom movida am qveyanaze, rom gaecocxlebina
ìstoriuli qarTveli~. akakis istoriisadmi interess garda ukve
aRniSnulisa isic apirobebda, rom igi rogorc poeturi bunebis xelovani,
Tavis warmosaxvis sayrdens istoriul masalaSi poulobda, Tavisi
sanukvari erovnuli idealebis ganxorcielebas yvelaze marjved amgvar
masalaSi axdenda.
sazogadod cnobilia, rom is, rac daSorebulia, e. i. warsulSi iyo
da axla aRar arsebobs, ufro poeturia, ramdenadac is, rac gadaabijebs
droisa da sivrcis farglebs, ufro wminda da amaRleb240
239
uli xdeba. amitomacaa, rom is, vinc iyo da axla aRar aris, ufro
ukeTesad gveCveneba imaze, vinc axla Cvens gverdiTaa. Soreuli ufro
diadia da saocnebo. asea sazogadod da ufro metad asea es akaki wereTlis
SemTxvevaSi, ramdenadac swored akakis warmosaxva, misi uSreti fantazia
avsebs istoriuli xasiaTis masalaSi faqtebs Soris arsebul cariel
adgilebs, saerTod istoriis xarvezebs... `rac ar iwvis, ar anaTebs~, _
acxadebs poeti, da swored akakis gulis wviTaa ganaTebuli winaparTa
aCrdilebi; swored igi, poeti, tvirTavs matianeSi arsebul adamianTa
sqemebs cocxali grZnobebiT, vnebebiT, idealebiT. ase Sinaarsdeba akakisTan
istoriuli poeturad da gamZle, waruval xasiaTs iZens. ase gamoxata akaki
wereTelma qarTveli xalxis saocnebo idealebi. amitomaa, rom poetis
qmnileba ufro mniSvnelovania im faqtze, romelsac igi asaxavs. mkiTxvelis
Seunelebeli interesic asaxuli faqtis mniSvnelobiT ki ara, TviT poetis
niWiTaa, pirvel yovlisa, gansazRvruli. naTqvamis marTebulobas
mWevrmetyvelurad miuTiTebs viqtor hougos mier dadasturebuli faqti _
mkiTxvels istorikosis mier moTxrobili istoria ki ara, mwerlis mier
asaxuli istoria izidavs da mas ixsomebso.
cnobilia da araerTgzis miTiTebuli, rom akaki wereTeli rogorc
xelovani, istorias ar mimarTavs mxolod istoriisadmi interesis gamo. am
azriT istoriaSi ar CaZirula Cveni poeti. arc istoriuli faqtis
sagangebo analizi, gansjaa akakis _ xelovanis mxatvruli amocana.
istorias akaki miudga Tanamedroveobis interesebiT,Ysazogadoebaze
gamomafxizlebeli zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniT. istoriulma akakis
SemoqmedebaSi magaliTis, nimuSis Zala SeiZina. swored amitom poetisaTvis
nebismieri istoriuli faqti ki ar aRmoCnda faseuli mxolod im niSniT,
rom igi Cveni qveynis istoriis kuTvnili faqti iyo, aramed mxolod is
movlenebi, romlebic saqarTvelosTvis, misi awmyosa da momavlisaTvis
erTob mniSvnelovan viTarebas Seexebodnen da amitomac dRevandelobasTan
axlo kavSirSi imyofebodnen, romelTa mimarT gulgrili aravin unda
darCeniliyo. mwerlis interesi warsulSi gansakuTrebiT mainc iseT
movlenebze SeCerda, romlebsac pirdapir analogonis mniSvneloba
eniWeboda dRevandelobisaTvis; erTi sityviT, Cveni istoriisaTvis
specifikurs gaxazavdnen aseTi Tu iseTi niSniT. didi zneobrivi gmirobis
magaliTebTan erTad qarTvelTa erTi nawilis dacemis, gadagvarebis,
zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis modunebis, TavkerZobis, faruli Tu aSkara
Ralatis gzaze dadgomis is SemTxvevebi, rasac akaki Tavis `baSi-aCukSi~ Tu
sxva nawarmoebebSi agviwers, Sinauri aSlilobis, zneobrivi garyvnilebis,
saerTo erovnulis Cakvlis is suraTebi, romlebic `Tamar cbierSi~ da
kidev bevr sxva TxzulebaSia naCvenebi, Tanamedroveobasac aranaklebi
sicxadiT uTvaliswinebdnen mkiTxvels. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra
Tqma unda, simarTles ar Seesabameba is STabeWdileba, Tu sayveduri akakis
istoriul Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebis mimarT, romlis Tanaxmadac
TiTqos akakis SemoqmedebaSi warsuli romantikulad 241
240
idealizirebulia, rom istoriuli saqarTvelos caze akaki erT Sav
laqasac ver xedavda (kita abaSiZe). magaliTis saxiT akaki Rirseulsac da
uRirssac xatavda Cveni qveynis istoriidan, es faqtia, magram faqtia
aRniSnuli STabeWdilebac, da Tu am STabeWdilebis gaCenis safuZvels
gamovarkvevT, Tu axsniT Tvalsazrisze davdgebiT, maSin istoriulis
akakiseul gansaxierebis Taviseburebebze unda mivmarToT yuradReba. akaki
wereTeli, ra Tqma unda, istoriul sinamdviles asaxavs, am azriT igi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs rogorc istoriis naTel, aseve bnel momentebze,
magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, es sinamdvile masTan poetizirebulia. axla
ukve TvalnaTliv gairkva, rom istoriuli wyaroebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
akaki ar uxvevs am wyaroebidan, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgulia am wyaroebisa,
magram akakis poeturi alRo iseT wyaroebze Cerdeba, irCevs, romlebic
TavisTavad uxvad Seicaven poetur momentebs. akaki eZebs poetur siuJetebs
da kidec poulobs maT, iseve, rogorc Tavisuflad qmnis kidec aseT
siuJetebs. es garemoeba sruliadac ar niSnavs realizmze uaris Tqmas, es
mxolod prozaul sinamdvileze amaRlebis, misgan poeturi gadaxvevis,
poeturi Tavisuflebis gzaa. akaki wereTeli mZime viTarebis asaxvaze
sruliadac ar ambobs uars. Cveni qveynisaTvis erTob mZime, zogjer
sabediswero viTarebaa asaxuli `naTelaSic~, `bagrat didSic~, `Tamar
cbierSic~, `baSi-aCukSic~. magram akakis poeturi niWisaTvis tragikuli ar
warmoadgens sayrdens. igi ar mogviTxrobs ise, rom dagvamZimos, sunTqva
gagviCeros, adamianis adamianobaSi sabolood dagvaeWvos, xeli
Cagvaqnevinos... akaki mZime viTarebas amsubuqebs, anelebs, buruss fantavs,
sikeTis rwmenas gvimtkicebs, mxneobas gvmatebs. akaki miwidan maRla
gvezideba, sicocxles gvimsubuqebs. cxovreba kidev Rirs, _ aseTia rwmena,
romelic mkiTxvels misi nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas eufleba, sinamdvilis ase
daxatvisaTvis, rogorc sadReisod TvalsaCinodaa cxadyofili, akakis
amouwuravi SesaZleblobebi moepoveba. gansakuTrebuli da araCveulebrivia
akakis interesis sagani. swored amitomac mis mier daxatuli personaJebi
marad poeturad saocnebo eTikur idealebs warmoadgenen, aseTia Tornike
erisTavic, naTelac, cotne dadianic, biZina ColoyaSvilic, Salva da
elizbar qsnis erisTavebic, baSi-aCukic. am Tavganwirul, saocnebo
adamianTa gverdiT akakim daxata erTob realisturi saxeebic medrove,
TavkerZa, moRalate adamianebsa. aq aris TaRliTi jandieri, romelic
medrovea da Tavis saqciels droiT amarTlebs, droiT ixsnis moralur
pasuxismgeblobas, aSkara moRalate mayaSvilic da a. S.
akakis idealebi saerTo, saxalxo idealebia. misi istoriul
Tematikaze Seqmnili Txzulebebi sayovelTao gasagebi formiTaa
gamoxatuli. arc enobrivi SesaZleblobebiT ucdia akakis manZilis
grZnobis gaCena mkiTxvelsa da Tavis personaJebs Soris. akakim Tavis mier
gansaxierebul gmirebs saerTo istoriuli sulic SeunarCuna da Tan ise
dauZabavad gviambo maT Sesaxeb, rom didad mogviaxlova isini. akakim
istoriuli Janris TxzulebebSi gamoxatvis xalxur 242
241
formebs mimarTa, erTob sadas. ase mogvitana Zalze seriozulic da
mtkivneulic. ase gamoxata akakim qarTveli kacis miswrafebebi da idealebi.
akaki wereTlis mxatvrul memkvidreobaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs
poema `gamzrdels~.
didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi sakiTxi saerTod iyo akakis myari
interesis sagani. am mxriv aris aRsaniSnavi saymawvilo moTxroba `patara
tarieli~, didebuli `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ da kidev bevri sxva nawarmoebi,
magram problematikis TvalsazrisiTac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mainc
`gamzrdeli~ imsaxurebs.
am poemaSi akakim misTvis Cveuli sicxadiT da sinatifiT ganixila
uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, kerZod, ra gansazRvravs adamianis sulier
formirebas, anu aris Tu ara adamiani sakuTriv aRzrdis produqti. es
sakiTxi sazogadod umniSvnelovanesia. igi qvakuTxedia im, mecnierebisa,
romelsac pedagogika hqvia. pedagogika imis mixedviT aigeba, Tu rogoria
pasuxi am kiTxvaze. am problemaze bevri filosofosi Tu xelovani
dafiqrebula. sainteresoa, ra mosazrebebi gamoTqmula am problemasTan
dakavSirebiT akakis poemis Seqmnamde. cxadia, ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba
imas, icnobda Tu ara akaki am mosazrebebs. Cveni interesi gansazRvrulia
imiT, gavarkvioT Tu ra adgili SeiZleba daiWiros akakis mosazrebam arse-
bul Teoriebs Soris.
sazogadod, uZvelesi droidanve batonobda rwmena aRzrdis udidesi
rolis Sesaxeb. ase fiqrobdnen Zveli berZeni filosofosebi. maT amis
TvalsaCino magaliTic hqondaT spartanuli aRzrdis saxiT. Zvelma spartam
Tavis siZlieres aRzrdis im sistemis wyalobiT miaRwia, romelic spartis
legendarulma mmarTvelma likurgem SeimuSava. am rwmenaSi aRzrdis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb arc qristianuli Suasakuneebs Seutania raime
arsebiTi koreqtivi. am droisaTvis gavrcelebulia Tqma, adamiani, mozardi
aris Tabula pasa _ sufTa, xeluxlebeli, wminda dafa. rac gvinda, mas
davawerT zed. Sua saukuneebis didi moazrovne erazm roterdameli ase
ambobda: `bunebam giboZa Svili, e. i. mogca xelT sxva araferi, Tu ara ned-
li, daumuSavebeli masala; Senzea damokidebuli misce saukeTeso forma
plastikurs da yvela SesaZlo damuSavebisTvis vargis am masalas~. XVIII
saukuneSi rwmena aRzrdis Sesaxeb ukve Rebulobs Teoriul dasabuTebas
jon lokisa da ganmanaTlebelTa drois frang materialistTa SromebSi.
lokis mixedviT, `yvela im adamianTagan, romelTac Cven vxvdebiT, cxra
meaTedi yalibdeba imad, rac arian _ keTilebad an borotebad,
sasargebloebad an ara aseTebad _ aRzrdis wyalobiT. igi, aRzrda, qmnis
udides sxvadasxvaobas adamianebs Soris. me mimaCnia, rom bavSvTa sulebi
SeiZleba mivmarToTYama Tu im mxarisaken iseve advilad, rogorc wyali~. es
Teoria batonobs mTel meTvramete saukuneSi. am Tvalsazriss vxvdebiT Cven
mag., did germanel filosofosTan imanuel kantTan. misi sityvebiT,
àdamiani iqceva adamianad mxolod aRzrdis wyalobiT. is isaa, rasac
misgan 243
242
gvaZlevs aRzrda. aRzrdaSi imaleba adamianis bunebis srulqmnis
udidesi saidumloeba~. jon lokis saxelTan dakavSirebuli Teoria _
empiristuli Teoriis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
XIX saukuneSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda empiristulis sapirispiro
Teoria, romlis warmoSoba-ganviTarebaze, rogorc miuTiTeben, gavlena
moaxdina darvinis moZRvrebam. axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis
formirebaSi mTavaria ara aRzrda, aramed memkvidreobiToba, bunebrivi
monacemebi. adamiani roca ibadeba, embrionalur mdgomareobaSi masSi yvela
Tvisebaa mocemuli, Semdgom mxolod am TvisebaTa aRzrda-ganviTareba
xdeba. zogierTi am drois moazrovne cdilobs daamtkicos, rom arsebobs
ucvleli, Tandayolili xasiaTi (artur Sopenhaueri), arsebobs garkveuli
saxe adamianebisa _ dabadebiT damnaSaveni (Cezare lombrozo), asabuTeben
fsiqikur TvisebaTa memkvidreobiTobas (Teodiul ribo) da a. S.
empiristulis sapirispirod axali Teoria nativisturi Teoriis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
nativisturma Sexedulebebma didi gavrceleba hpova XIX s. II
naxevarSi. es mosazrebebi xelovnebaSic SeiWra, kerZod, naturalistebis
emil zolas, henrik ibsenis, gerhart hauptmanis, Zmebi gonkurebis...
SemoqmedebaSi.
aseTi iyo viTareba XIX s. bolosaTvis, roca daiwera akaki wereTlis
poema `gamzrdeli~ (1898 w.). e. i. arsebobda ori Tvalsazrisi _ adreuli-
empiristuli da axali _ nativisturi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, ara aqvs axla mniSvneloba, icnobda Tu ara akaki
am Teoriebs. mniSvnelovani isaa, rom akakisTvis poema `gamzrdelis~
mixedviT, miuRebelia cal-calke orive Tvalsazrisi. akakim Tavis poemaSi
misTvis Cveuli didi sinaTliT mxatvrulad daasabuTa:
`magram marto wvrTna ras uzams,
Tu bunebamc ar uSvela~.
erTi sityviT, akakis mixedviT, arc aRzrda da arc memkvidreoba cal-
calke araa sakmarisi sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad, aramed saWiroa maTi
erToba. akakis es mosazreba poemaSi cxadyofilia safar-begis magaliTze;
poemis azrobrivi datvirTva swored safar-begze modis. safar-begma baTus,
Tavisi ZiZiSvilis winaSe, umZimesi danaSauli Caidina, romelsac, rogorc
baTu ambobs, `Sendoba ar uxerxdeba~. magram niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom
safar-begi sruliad znedacemuli, gaxrwnili adamiania, mxolod cxoveluri
instinqtebiT mcxovrebi. Cveulebriv ase afaseben safar-begs literaturis
istorikosTa didi nawili, aseT SemTxvevaSi maTSi mkvlevars bralmdebeli
cvlis. magram sakiTxavia, nuTu didi da brZeni, saxelganTqmuli
aRmzrdelis garjam sruliad amaod Caiara, araferi kvali ar datova,
erTxelac ver Searxia misi suli? unda vifiqroT, rom ara! marTalia,
safarma mZime danaSauli Caidina, magram usaTuod mxedvelobaSia misaRebi,
rom mas ZiZiSvilis Ralati, Sercxvena gulSi ar sdebia. araviTari avi
ganzraxviT ar misula igi avdrian 244
243
Rames baTusTan. safar-begi arc imas fiqrobda, rom misi satrfos
davalebas sxva, kerZod baTu, Seasrulebda mis magivrad. ZiZiSvilTan
mxolod rCevis sakiTxavad mivida, radgan baTu am mxares kargad icnobda.
ver vityviT, rom safar-begs didad moswondes Tavi imiT, rac man unda
moimoqmedos, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxenis moparva am mxareSi savaJkaco da
ara saZrax saqmedaa miCneuli. arCevanis sakiTxi ar dgas, arsebobs
erTaderTi gza _ moparva.
`sxva gza ar maqvs, moparvaa
mxolod erTaderTi Rone,
Tumc ki sxva dros ar ikadrebs
amas kaci Tavmomwone~.
erTi sityviT, yvelafers amarTlebs siyvaruli. am SemTxvevaSi, safari
da baTu erTnairad fiqroben. maT Soris am mxriv araviTari wodebrivi an
zneobrivi dapirispirebis safuZveli ar arsebobs, ris sawinaaRmdegosac
xSirad gaxazaven mkvlevarebi. aki baTu ambobs:
`vwuxvar, rom eg saqme
ukadrisi gikisria,
magram radgan siyvarulis
tkbili seni Senc Segyria
gza aRar gaqvs, unda guli
daudva da emsaxuro,
rom satrfos win Sen sircxvilis
ofli aRar moiwuro~.
rodesac sruliad moulodnelad baTu wavida safaris magivrad misi
satrfos davalebis Sesasruleblad da roca safar-begi martodmarto
darCa qalis pirispir, maSin, misi sityvebiT, `Seacdina TviT eSmakma da
daria codvis xeli~.
fsiqologiuri da iuridiuli literaturidan cnobilia, rom
danaSaulis dafarvis moTxovnileba yvela adamians aqvs, aq avisa da kargis
garCeva araa. gansxvaveba mas Semdeg iCens Tavs, roca danaSauli
gamJRavnebulia. am SemTxvevaSi Tu znedacemul, adamianur Rirseba-dakargul
kacTana gvaqvs saqme, igi arc arafers ar grZnobs, garda, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, SiSisa, rom mas dasjian da egebis umkacresad. xolo Tu
adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone, Sinaganad patiosan kacTan gvaqvs saqme,
danaSaulis gamoaSkaravebis ASemTxvevaSi mas ipyrobs sinanulis mtanjveli
grZnoba... roca safar-begma dainaxa, rom baTum yvelaferi icoda, igi
saSineli sinanulis grZnobam Seipyro _ ZiZiSvils evedreba moklas da
sindisi gaumTelos. rogorc Cans, bevr mkvlevarze ukeT safars misi
ZiZiSvili icnobs, ramdenadac mas moralur sasjels adebs _ wavides da
yovelive gamzrdels uambos, dae, am ukanasknelma gansajos yovelive.
mxolod Sinaganad gauryvnel kacs SeeZlo is gaekeTebina, rac safar-begma
moimoqmeda _ marTla wavida gamzrdelTan da yovelive uambo, raTa am
ukanasknels mainc gaenTavisuflebina safari mtanjveli sinanulisagan.
erTi sityviT, yvelafridan Cans, rom haji-usubis amags sul 245
244
mTlad ukvalod ar Cauvlia, ufro sworad, Tavisi didi kvali
dautovebia. magram Tu aRzrda srulad ar ganxorcielda, Tu aRzrdis
nayofi srulqmnili ar aRmoCnda, mxolod imitom, rom bunebrivma
monacemebma ar Seuwyves xeli.
bunebrivad dgeba kiTxva, mainc ra aklda safar-begs? mainc ra
arsebiTi Tviseba gansazRvravs pirovnebas. es kiTxvac dgas poetis winaSe
da aqac Zalian naTelia misi pasuxi: akakis azriT, pirovnebas gansazRvravs
nebisyofa. safar-begi unebisyofo adamiani aRmoCnda. erTia, rom ar
atarebde Sinaganad av zraxvebs, ufro metic, SeiZleba, keTili miznebic
gqondes, magram es jer kidev sulac araa sakmarisi piroba. arsebiTi isaa,
SegiZlia Tu ara Seni zraxvebis, miznebis mixedviT imoqmedo, Seni vnebebi
alagmo, ramdenad SegiZlia nebas dauqvemdebaro instinqtebi, survilebi. ase
fiqrobs akaki _ xelovani poema `gamzrdelis~ mixedviT. da es
umniSvnelovanesi daskvnaa, magram `gamzrdelis~ problematikis
mniSvnelobis gasaTvaliswineblad isic sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom
memkvidreobiTobis Teoriam Tavisi ukiduresi formebiT didxans ver
iarseba. ukve mecxramete saukunis bolosTvis arsebobda garkveuli Zirebi,
xolo XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda axali moZRvreba adamianis
sulieri formirebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis Sesaxeb. es moZRvreba
konvergenciis Teoriis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am Teoriis mixedviT arc
calke aRzrda, arc Tandayolili Tvisebebi ar gansazRvravs adamianis
ragvarobas, aramed orive es mxare erTad, maTi Tanxvedra aris uTuo
piroba. germaneli fsiqologi viliam Sterni, magaliTad, ase gamoxatavs am
Tvalsazrisis arss: `sulieri ganviTareba araa Tandayolili Tvisebebis
gamovlena, magram arc ubralo aRqmaa garegani zemoqmedebisa, aramed igi
Sedegia Sinagani monacemebis garegani pirobebis ganviTarebasTan
konvergenciis (Tanxvedris, Serwymis, intergraciis, SeduRebis). am
konvergencias aqvs Zala ise rogorc ZiriTadi niSnebisaTvis, aseve
ganviTarebis calkeuli movlenisaTvis. arc erTi funqciis, arc erTi
Taviseburebis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva _ `momdinareobs igi
garedan, Tu Signidan~, ramdenadac erTica da meorec yovelTvis iReben
monawileobas (oRond ara erTnairad sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi) mis
ganxorcielebaSi~. viliam Sterni mraval magaliTs imarjvebs Tavisi
Sexedulebis sasargeblod. samwuxarod, man ar icis akakis brwyinvale
poemis arseboba, rac uTvalsaCinoesi mxatvruli masala iqneboda misi
Teoriis cxadsayofad.
konvergenciis Teoriam male sayovelTao aRiareba pova. akaki
wereTeli Tavis `gamzrdelSi~ jer kidev XIX saukuneSi Tavisi maxvili
intuiciiT Wvretda da didi mxatvruli ubraloebiT, sisadaviT asabuTebda
imas, rac meoce saukuneSi Teoriuli saxiT gaformda _ aRzrdisa da
bunebrivi monacemebis Serwymis, SeduRebis, Tanxvedris aucileblobas,
xolo `SeuZlebelia imaze meti sinaTlis moTxovna, vinem is Suqia...
`gamzrdelis~ poetur samyaroSi rom trialebs~ (tariel Wanturia).
aq SeiZleboda damTavrebuliyo msjeloba poemis problemati246
245
kaze, akakis poziciaze, magram, rogorc viciT, poemas `gamzrdeli~
hqvia, da ara `safar-begi~. Tanac poeti Tavis ubrwyinvales qmnilebas,
epigrafis mixedviT, uZRvnis pedagogebs.
yovelive imis Semdeg, rac iTqva poemaSi dasmuli mTavari problemis
Sesaxeb, mainc rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes saxelganTqmuli haji-usubis
saqcieli, im mkacri ganaCenis marTebuloba, romelic man Tavis Tavs
gamoutana. TviT poemis mxatvruli logikiT haji-usubi damnaSave araa.
gamzrdeli im SemTxvevaSi agebda pasuxs aRzrdilis danaSaulze, gazrdis
procesSi rom rame daeklo misTvis, ise ar gaezarda safaric, rogorc
sxvebs zrdida. magram poeti sruliad garkveviT gveubneba:
`safar-begic man gazarda,
ise rogorc sxvebi yvela~.
ase rom, aRmzrdels Zala ar dauSurebia, yvelaferi gaiRo, magram
aRsazrdelis bunebrivma monacemebma xeli ar Seuwyo, rom aRzrda srulad
ganxorcielebuliyo. bunebrivia, gamzrdelic ar agebs pasuxs aRzrdilis
danaSaulze... magram pasuxs mainc misgan moelian. rogorc vxedavT, poemis
mixedviT, haji-usubSi imdenad gamaxvilebulia, gamZafrebulia
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, Tanac ise mZimea aRzrdilis mier Cadenili
danaSauli, rom igi gadaaWarbebs kidec Tavisi rolis Sefasebisas:
`mesmis, mesmis da pasuxic
Cemi mxolod es ario,
rom namusis gasawmendad
Cemi xeliT sisxls davRvrio!..~
Seayena zeda fexze
man dambaCa gatenili;
morCilebiT gul-mkerds uSvers
safar, misi gamozrdili.
magram usub eubneba:
_ `Sen sikvdilis ra Rirsi xar?!
sasikvdilo me var mxolod
rom kacad ver gamizrdixar!~
warmoTqva da safeTqelSi
miiWeda cxeli tyvia!
Caikeca sulTambrZoli,
wamlis kvamlSi gaexvia~.
haji-usubis moqmedebas arc erTi pedagogika ar gaamarTlebs. misi
`saqcieli... ar aris samarTliani... aqac iSviaTi gza airCia poetma: ganaCeni
moZRvrisa ar aris swori, magram igi yovelgvar sisworeze ufro lamazia~
(vaxtang goguaZe) da amdenad didi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zalis mqone.
akakis `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ rogorc avtobiografiuli Janris
moTxroba, rCeba obol margalitad mecxramete saukunis qarTul
mwerlobaSi. igi im TxzulebaTa rigSi dgas, romlebic Seqmnes 247
246
msoflios didma, gamorCeulma mwerlebma iohan volfgang goeTem, lev
tolstoim da a. S.
moTxrobaSi akakim erTob dauZabavad, poeturad gviambo Tavisi
cxovrebis istoria dabadebidan davaJkacebis, dacolSvilebis, farTo
literaturuli sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis dawyebis CaTvliT. aqve daxata
man Tavisi drois qarTvel mweralTa da moRvaweTa _ Tavis TanamebrZolTa
cocxali, sixaruliT, RimiliT savse portretebi. aq nanaxisa da gancdilis
gadmocemisas akaki iseT sakiTxebsac Seexo, romlebsac Tavisi mniSvneloba,
aqtualoba arc sadReisod daukargavs. iqneba es aRzrdis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli _ bunebaSi da bunebrivi aRzrdis upiratesobaze msjeloba
Tu cocxali suraTebiT am upiratesobis dasabuTeba, swavlebis usulgulo,
tlanqi formebis kritika, maswavleblis piradi magaliTisa da cocxali
sityvis didi zemoqmedebiTi Zala da bevri sxva.
xSirad bavSvobisa da ymawvilobis gaxseneba, warsulis mogoneba, Tu
iq raime saSinelebasTan ar gvqonia saqme, RimiliT xdeba. adamianebi
TavianT damokidebulebas bavSvobisdroindeli qceva-moqmedebebTan,
saskolo TavgadasavlebTan iumoristulad gamoxataven srulad gasagebi
mizezebis gamo _ amiT gvaniSneben, rom daSordnen ukve am qceva-moqmedebebs,
amaRldnen maTze da zemodan ucqerian. saerTod asea es da mometebulad
asea `Cems TavgadasavalSi~, ramdenadac akakis didi iumoristuli talanti
aq daubrkoleblad vlindeba. aRsaniSnavi am SemTxvevaSi marto isaa, rom
bevri sxva mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, akaki ara marto Tavis bavSvobasa da
yrmobas ucqeris iumoristuli TvaliT, aramed Tavidan bolomde ase
miimarTeba Txroba _ akaki iumoristulad gadmogvcems Tavisi daojaxebisa
da colis mziTevis istorias, samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis,
literaturuli saqmianobis dawyebis istorias. iumoria momarjvebuli
maSinac, roca akaki qarTvel mweralTa da moRvaweTa portretebs xatavs,
maTYRvawls gvacnobs. yovelive es akakis `Cems Tavgadasavals~ momxibvlels
da moubezrebels xdis.
* * *
didi akakis Semoqmedebis xasiaTis, mniSvnelobis TvalsaCinod
warmosadgenad xSirad iSvelieben iakob gogebaSvilis sityvas akakize. didi
qarTveli pedagogiseuli Sedareba, moxmobili akakis rogorc xelovanis
sidiadis gasaTvaliswineblad, marTlac Seudarebelia.
iakob gogebaSvilma akakis `maRali niWiT~ Seqmnili poeturi da
literaturuli samyaro Seadara `veeberTela morevs uwmindesis wylisas. es
brolisebri morevi Seudarebeli sarkea bunebisa, masSi mSvenivrad ixateba
misi napirebis mcenareuloba. masSi kamkamebs ca, mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi,
masve Tavis sarked xmaroben Rrubelni cisani. amave dros am kamkama morevis
ZirSi ise cxadad Cans yvelaferi, rom TviTeuls kenWs advilad dasTvli.
swored amas, am saarako siwmindes da sicxades motyuebaSi Sehyevxar. Sen es
morevi 248
247
Txeli ggonia, magram ai, CauSvi Sig veeberTela Woloki da man Zirs
naxevramdisac ver uwia. morevi metad Rrma aRmoCnda.
swored amisTana Tvisebebisaa is poeturi da literaturuli zRva,
romelic Seqmna akakis maRalma niWma. es zRva Txeli geCveneba, rad? imitom,
rom saarako kaSkaSi gaaqvs da Sig yvelafers metad advilad da cxadad
hxedav. hxedav ara marto Sen, didi, aramed rva-cxra wlis Segnebuli
bavSvic, da es ufro atyuebs. magram ai, moikribe goneba, Rrmad Caakvirdi
akakis TqmulebaTa Sinaarss, Seudarebels formas da aRtacebaSi migiyvana
misma saocarma kazmulobam, misma azrTa da grZnobaTa siRrmem, misma
miswrafebaTa simaRlem~.
akaki wereTeli Tavisi didi SesaZleblobebiT `mWevrmetyvelurad
mowmobs Cveni eris niWierebas~ da ukvdavebas. 249
248
giorgi wereTeli
(1842-1900)
giorgi wereTeli qarTvel samocianelTa erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgenelia, `Tavdaviwyebuli TanamSromeli... Cveni moRvawe korifeebisa~
(kita abaSiZe), tipuri samocianeli. rogorc TiTqmis yvela samocianeli,
isic gamoirCa Tavisi mravalmxrivi saqmianobiT; iyo gamoCinebuli
Jurnalisti-redaqtori, ilia WavWavaZis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi am mxriv
praqtikulad mas veravin gautoldeba. amasTanave igi iyo TvalsaCino
publicisti, TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTSi, rogorc
qarTulSi, aseve rusulSi da ara marto adgilobrivSi. eweoda mecnierul
muSaobas, istorikosobda, arqeologobda. mis zogierT naSroms am mxriv
(mag., gelaTis monastris Sesaxeb) arc sadReisod daukargavs mniSvneloba,
werda bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxebze, mas bevri uweria ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
Teatraluri recenzentis mZime tvirTsac kisrulobda, mwerlobda, werda
leqsebs, poemebs, dramatul nawerebs... da mainc, akaki wereTelis TqmiT,
giorgi wereTelis pirdapiri daniSnuleba `prozaikosoba iyo~. am mxriv
giorgi wereTels gamoarCevs Tanadroulobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis win
wamoweva, asasaxavi sinamdvilis erTguleba, Temebis farTod gaSlisa da
Sinaarsoblivi mravalferovnebisaken swrafva.
rogorc samecniero literaturaSi samarTlianadaa aRniSnuli,
giorgi wereTelma gamoxata XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis cxovrebis istoria. mis TxzulebebSi
asaxulia sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi, sazogadoebriv
sarbielze moqmedi socialuri Zalebi. mweralma SeZlo danaxva Tavisi
epoqis mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri procesebisa. igi gviCvenebs
cxovrebas, rogorc uwyveti brZolis, mZafr SejaxebaTa asparezs, interesTa
dapirispirebis sarbiels. giorgi wereTeli sinamdviles gviCvenebs axlis
da Zvelis, aRmavali da daRmavali Zalebis urTierTbrZolaSi. mwerali
Rrmad wvdeba Tavisi epoqis winaaRmdegobebs, sworad iTvaliswinebs
ganviTarebis tendenciebs.
giorgi wereTelis adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis qarTul mwerlobasa da
literaturul-sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi erTgvari zrunva
missave sicocxleSi daiwyo da amaSi TviTonac daido garkveuli wvlili.
am TvalsazrisiT, giorgi wereTeli erTi bednieri mweralia, ramdenadac
Cveni mwerlobisa da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi bevrs ar
vicnobT iseTs, romelsac erTi axali dasis meTauroba da literaturuli
mimarTulebis damkvidreba miewerebodes _ saqme isaa, rom e. w. `dasebis~
Teoriis mixedviT, romlis SemuSaveba sxvasTan erTad (niko nikolaZe) masac
miewereba, giorgi wereTeli iTvleba `meore dasis~, anu Jurnal `krebulis~
garSemo Semokrebili àxali axalgazrdobis~ xelmZRvanelad, xolo kita
abaSiZis mixedviT, giorgi wereTeli aris naturalizmis, rogorc lit-
eraturuli mimarTulebis, warmomadgeneli qarTul sinamdvileSi. 250
249
gaziarebuli iqneba Tu ara es mosazreba, faqtia, rom giorgi
wereTelis Semoqmedebis daxasiaTebisas am mimarTulebis Sesaxeb saubris
saWiroebac dgeba.
* * *
giorgi wereTeli daibada 1842 wels zemo imereTis sofel gorisaSi,
wyaltubos maxloblad. giorgis mama, eqvTime wereTeli, aznauri iyo,
mTels imereTSi `naswavl kacad~ cnobili. msaxurobda quTaisis mazris
sasamarTloSi. kargad flobda rusul enas. Tarjimnobda, dajildoebuli
iyo anas mesame xarisxis ordeniT. CvenTvis eqvTime wereTeli ufro
cnobilia im weriliT, romelic man ilias sawinaaRmdegod dawera da
`ciskris~ redaqtors gamougzavna `zemouri imerelis, goriseli wereTeli
efTvimes~ xelmoweriT. am werilisaTvis man peterburgeli qarTveli
studentebis risxvac daimsaxura; sami werili movida peterburgidan, samive
`Tergdaleulis~ xelmoweriT, mis sawinaaRmdegod; erTis avtori iyo akaki
wereTeli, meoris _ kirile lorTqifaniZe, mesamis avtori erTxans giorgic
egonaT _ Svili aujanyda mamaso, undodaT eCvenebinaT, magram sabolood es
werili samson abaSiZes miakuTvnes.
giorgis deda, barbale quTaTelaZe, adre gardaecvala, ise, rom misi
xsovnac ar darCenia momaval mwerals. dedis magivroba patara giorgis
ZiZam gauwia, romelTanac karga xani gautarebia samegreloSi, senakis
mazraSi. esecaa erTi mizezi, rom giorgi wereTelis TxzulebebSi (mag.,
`pirvel nabijSi~) kargad Cans am mxaris codna.
dediT oboli bavSvi izrdeboda mkacri, magram didad mosiyvarule
mamis mzrunvelobiT, pirvel dawyebiTi ganaTlebac mamisagan miiRo, man
Seaswavla qarTuli wera-kiTxva, Zveli qarTuli anbani, manve gaamzada igi
gimnaziisaTvis.
1853 wels giorgi wereTeli quTaisis gimnaziaSi Seiyvanes. gimnaziaSi
miRebuli STabeWdilebebi giorgi wereTelma mxatvrulad gaacocxla `Cveni
cxovrebis yvavilSi~, `pirvel nabijSi~, `gulqanSi~. am nawarmoebebis
mixedviTac, romlebSiac, gansakuTrebiT `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~, bevria
avtobiografiuli, Cven cxadad SegviZlia warmovidginoT is usulgulo
damokidebuleba, rasac gadagvarebuli adamianebi, maswavleblebis
uflebebiT aRWurvilni, iCendnen bavSvebis mimarT, iyo uazro zepiroba
rusuli, berZnul-laTinuri teqstebis, cema-tyepa da gawkepvla. miuxedavad
aseTi mZime saswavlo pirobebisa, giorgi wereTeli mainc arTmevda Tavs
yvela sagans da klasidan klasSi daubrkoleblad gadadioda.
sakmaod gaTviTcnobierebulma ymawvilma gimnaziis damTavrebisTanave
gadawyvita swavla umaRles saswavlebelSi gaegrZelebina. isic saTqmelia,
rom eqvTime wereTeli am mxrivac Rirseuli mama gamodga. man sagangebod
izruna vaJiSvilis umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze. 1860 wels giorgi
wereTeli peterburgSi gaemgzavra. igi Cairicxa peterburgis universitetis
fizika-maTematikis fakultetze, sabunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze. rogorc
niko nikolaZe Tavis 251
250
`mogonebebSi~... gadmogvcems, peterburgSi momxdara giorgi wereTelis
erTgvari feriscvaleba. mSvidi da RvTismosavi axalgazrda garkveuli
sulieri krizisis Semdeg studentTa uflebebis aqtiur damcvel mebrZol
axalgazrdad qceula da 1861 wlis stundentTa gamosvlebSic miuRia
monawileoba, ris gamoc mas ori Tve kronStadtis cixeSi yofnac mouwia.
giorgi wereTels bevri uwvalia imisTvis, rom leqciebze daswrebis
ufleba mainc miecaT. giorgi wereTeli gaitaca sazogadoebaTmecnierebebma,
Tumca arc bunebismetyvelebas moswyvetia. giorgi wereTelisaTvis diplomi
ar miuciaT, ise dabrunda saqarTveloSi. mogvianebiT peterburgis
universitetSi gamocdis warmatebiT Cabarebis Semdeg qarTuli enisa da
literaturis maswavleblis ufleba moipova. 1864 wels giorgi wereTelma q.
TbilisSi daiwyo qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavlebloba jer
kerZo pansionSi, Semdeg Tbilisis sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi. igi TiTqmis 9
wlis manZilze muSaobda skolaSi. misi yofili mowafeebi, mag., giorgi
TumaniSvili, mas axasiaTeben, rogorc Tavisi sagnis karg mcodnes,
pasuxismgeblobiT savse, gulisxmier maswavlebels. Teoriul interess
ganaTlebis sakiTxebze giorgi wereTli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze iCenda.
xolo maswavlebloba ar miutovebia gazeTis redaqtoris mZime saqmianobis
Jamsac.
giorgi wereTeli arc kerZo maswavleblobaze ambobda uars. Semosul
fuls igi axmarda gazeTis redaqcias.
giorgi wereTels bevri uweria ganaTlebis sakiTxebze. igi Tavisi
droisaTvis bevr saintereso problemas wamoswevs, romelTac garkveulad
arc sadReisod daukargavs mniSvneloba. giorgi wereTeli Sewuxebulia,
rom CvenSi saojaxo aRzrdas araviTari yuradReba ar eqceva. igi fiqrobs
sabavSvo baRis sakiTxze. misi azriT, sabavSvo baRebSi unda xdebodes im
xarvezebis gasworeba, romelic saojaxo aRzrdas aRmoaCndeba.
gansakuTrebul rols giorgi wereTeli qalebs akisrebda bavSvebis
momzadebaSi. igi didi gulisyuriT ecnoboda evropul gamocdilebas da
cdilobda CvenSi mis danergvas. mwerlis azriT, aRzrdaSi gadamwyveti
roli ojaxs unda etvirTa, xolo ganaTlebaSi _ skolas.
giorgi wereTels 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, vidre bolomde, cda
ar dauklia da zrunva, rom TbilisSi universiteti daarsebuliyo. igi
jerovani yuradRebiT ekideboda teqnikuri umaRlesi saswavleblis
saWiroebas.
giorgi wereTeli TavgamodebiT ibrZoda mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis
uflebisaTvis.
giorgi wereTels sjeroda da xSirad imeorebda: `gvami usulod
leSia, eri uidealebod mglebis xrova. gonebiTi arseboba arsebiT purze
ufro saWiroa CvenTvis da Cvens skolebsac aseTi mimarTuleba unda
hqondes~.
giorgi wereTelma moRvaweoba ilia WavWavaZis Jurnal `saqarTvelos
moambeSi~ daiwyo. aq daibeWda misi pirveli kritikuli sta252
251
tia `ciskars ra akakanebda~... da sazogadod, Tu vinme aqtiurobda
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ ilia WavaWavaZis gverdiT, es uTuod giorgi
wereTeli iyo.
`saqarTvelos moambis~ daxurvis Semdeg pirveli, vinc gazeTis
gamocemis saWiroeba gamoTqva, ilia WavWavaZe iyo, xolo ganaxorciela igi
sxva qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad, maTi mxardaWeriT giorgi wereTelma 1866
wels, rodesac saTaveSi Caudga gazeT `droebas~, misi redaqtori gaxda. es
iyo, rogorc aRniSnaven, pirveli evropuli tipis gazeTi. `droeba~ Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT meorea XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi ilia WavWavaZis gazeT
ìveriis~ Semdeg.
1868 wels giorgi wereTelma gazeT `droebis~ paralelurad soflis
meurneobis, saerTod soflis saWiroebisaTvis pirvelad daaarsa
mravalferovani `sasoflo gazeTi~, xolo 1871 wels manve daaarsa wminda
literaturuli Jurnali `krebuli~.
erTi sityviT, sul raRac xuTiod wlis manZilze erTma giorgi
wereTelma, im dros, roca saqarTveloSi 1852 wlamde da Semdegac 1854-1856
wlebSi praqtikulad araferi arsebobda, erTbaSad sami Zalian
mniSvnelovani organo daaarsa. roca qarTvel samocianelTa Rvawlze
vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi, swored amgvari saqmeebi unda miviRoT
mxedvelobaSi, da ara is, rom maT TiTqos brZola gamoucxades `mamebso~;
samocianelebma Cvens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi moaxdines didi Zvrebi,
yofas Seuties, misi gardaqmna moindomes da rom did iliasTan, akakisTan
erTad, maT gverdiT usaTuod igulisxmeba giorgi wereTeli.
giorgi wereTeli ganicdida, rom mainc xeli SeeSala srulyofili
ganaTleba mieRo. igi saswavleblad sazRvargareT wasvlaze fiqrobda. 1873
wels gazeTi `droeba~ man gadasca sergei mesxs, `sasoflo gazeTi~ petre
umikaSvils, xolo `krebuli~ kirile lorTqifaniZes da TviTon ki
sazRvargareT gaemgzavra.
aq sagangebod unda gaesvas xazi imas, rom giorgi wereTeli evropaSi
gaemgzavra. axla sazRvargareT gasvla da ara marto saswavleblad, Zalian
Cveulebriv faqtad aRiqmeba. ufro metic, axla qarTvelTa saukeTeso,
aqtiuri nawili iZulebulia datovos Tavisi qveyana sxva, materialuri
sazrunaviT, samudamod Tu ara, didi xniT mainc.
magram maSin, XIX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi, es iSviaTi movlena iyo da
praqtikulad gmirobis tolfasi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi wereTeli
niko nikolaZesTan erTad erTgvarad pirveli gzis gamkafavebi iyvnen
evropaSi saswavleblad mimavali qarTveli axalgazrdebisa.
evropaSi giorgi wereTelma TiTqmis oTxi weli dahyo. igi ismenda
leqciebs ciurixSi, JenevaSi, miunxenSi, laifcigSi, frankfurtsa da sxva
qalaqebis universitetebSi. ufro didxans man mainc germaniasa da
SveicariaSi dahyo. aqve daqorwinda igi niko nikolaZis daze _ olimpiadaze,
romelic aseve saswavleblad imyofeboda SveicariaSi. materialurad aq,
evropaSi, Zalian uWirda giorgi wereTels. mas 253
252
groSebs aZlevdnen gazeTebis gavrcelebaSi da xelmomwerTa SovnaSi.
Tavs am umniSvnelo TanxiT irCenda. 1874 wels igi dabrunda saqarTveloSi,
Tavisi mamuli daagirava da isev evropaSi gabrunda.
sabolood mwerali saqarTveloSi 1877 wels Camovida da erTxans
quTaisSi daiwyo cxovreba.
ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros igi peterburguli gazeTis `Голос~-is
samxedro korespondentad muSaobda. 1879 wlidan igi muSaobas iwyebx
Tbilisis rusul gazeT `Тифлискийвестник~-Si. erTxans, 1890 wels, baTumSi
imyofeboda da muSaTa artels xelmZRvanelobda. aq mas gaecno momavali
didi qarTveli mwerali daviT kldiaSvili, giorgi wereTlis
SemoqmedebiTi Tematikis erTgvari gamgrZelebeli.
80-90-ian wlebSi giorgi wereTeli praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebrivi
dawesebulebis, sazogadoebrivi wamowyebis Tanamonawilea. 1891 wels giorgi
wereTeli gaxda moskovis saimperatoro arqeologiuri sazogadoebis wevri
da masTan daiwyo TanamSromloba. 1891 wlidan giorgi wereTeli TbilisSi
gadmovida. manamde mas meuRle gardaecvala da TbilisSi gadmosuli
meored daqorwinda _ colad SeirTo anastasia TumaniSvili, Jurnal
`jejilis~ redaqtori; am droidan giorgi wereTeli faqtobrivad gaxda
Jurnal `jejilis~ suli da guli. 1893 wels giorgi wereTelma colis
saxelze daaarsa Jurnal `jejilis~ damatebad Jurnalis tipis gazeTi
`kvali~, romelSic jer farTed gauRo kari social-demokratebs, romlebic
`dasebis~ klasifikaciiT, mesame dass warmoadgenen, xolo 1897 wlidan
`kvali~ mTlianad maT dauTmo. am gazeTidan giorgi wereTeli polemikas
awarmoebda ilia WavWavaZesTan da mis ìveriasTan~, romelSic adre misi
araerTi moTxroba daibeWda. marTalia, giorgi wereTeli marqsisti ar
gamxdara, igi bolomde mainc samocianelad darCa, magram faqtic faqtad
rCeba, rom simpaTiebi gamoamJRavna marqsizmisadmi da yvelanairad Seuwyo
xeli social-demokratebs, pirvel qarTvel marqsistebs.
jer kidev axalgazrda, 58 wlisa, xangrZlivi mZime avadmyofobis
Semdeg giorgi wereTeli gardaicvala 1900 wlis 12 ianvars. mis
dasaflavebaze sityvebi warmoTqves akaki wereTelma, petre umikaSvilma,
grigol volskim, ia ekalaZem, somxur gazeTis redaqtorma kolontarma.
dasaflavebas ilia WavWavaZe ver daeswro, igi im dros baqoSi imyofeboda,
sadac daeswro giorgi wereTelis panaSvids, romelic gadaixades baqoSi
mcxovrebma qarTvelebma. ilia WavWavaZis gazeTma ìveriam~ saTanado miago
giorgi wereTelis xsovnas.
dasaflavebulia giorgi wereTeli didubis mweralTa da sazogado
moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
giorgi wereTelis biografiuli monacemebis gacnobis safuZvelze
cxadi xdeba, rom mas, pirvel yovlisa, gamoarCevs Zalian ganviTarebuli
siaxlis grZnoba. igi kargad grZnobs siaxles cxovrebaSi da moTxovnileba
aqvs mis mxares dadges; amas aravin ar avaldebulebs, aravin ar aZalebs, is
Tavad grZnobs drois moTxovnilebaTa 254
253
cvlilebebs da Tavis saqmianobaSic amisdamixedviT Seaqvs saTanado
Sesworebebi. rogorc davinaxeT, man `saqarTvelos moambiT~, ilias gverdiT
dgomiT daiwyo da bolos marqsistebisadmi simpaTiis gamomJRavnebiT
daamTavra. aseTia giorgi wereTeli mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic. aqac man
Tanamedroveobis gamomxatveli Tema Semoitana Cvens literaturaSi. aseTia
misi 90-ian wlebSi gamoqveynebuli `pirveli nabijic~, da aseTia akaki
wereTlis mier saukeTesoebad aRiarebuli `ruxi mgeli~ da `mamida asmaTi~.
siaxlis grZnobiT da mis gverdze dadgomis moTxovniT giorgi wereTels
erTgvarad progresis droSa uWiravs xelSi da es misi Rirsebaa,
erTgvarado, vambobT, radgan yovelTvis ar icis man, rom es asea, garda
amisa, arc siaxlea yovelTvis progresuli. magram, meores mxriv, es misi
naklicaa, ramdenadac, rogorc vxedavT, igi myari, mtkice pirovneba ar iyo.
am mxriv mkveTri gansxvavebaa giorgi wereTelsa da ilia WavWavaZes
Soris. ilia WavWavaZem riTac daiwyo, imiT daamTavra. igi erTisa da igives
erTguli darCa mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.
ra cvlilebebi ar xdeboda ilias irgvliv, magram burJuaziis Temaze
mas arc erTi nawarmoebi ar Seuqmnia. ilia WavWavaZe burJuazias ar
miiCnevda eris sulis gamomxatvelad CvenSi da arc kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis gzaSi xedavda igi eris xsnas. amdenad savsebiT gasagebia ilia
WavWavaZis dauinteresebloba burJuaziis TemiT, gansxvavebiT giorgi
wereTelisagan; arc biurokratiuli aparatis moxeleTa TemiT
dainteresebula maincdamainc ilia WavWavaZe, gansxvavebiT giorgi
wereTelisagan, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis erT daumTavrebel
moTxrobas `diambegoba~; ar daamTavra, ramdenadac ar aRmoaCnda misi
SemoqmedebiTi masala, ar Sedioda mis interesebSi. Tu aris masTan
moxeleebze saubari, Zalzed gakvriT. ilia WavWavaZes aqvs aRebuli Tavisi
Semoqmedebis myari problemebi da maT ikvlevs, maT ganasaxierebs. ar aris
ayolili, am gagebiT, dros.
Tanadroulobas rom asaxavdes da mis moTxovnebs pasuxobdes, aseTi
farTo tilo arc akaki wereTels Seuqmnia.
meore, rac giorgi wereTlis pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad unda iTqvas
_ giorgi wereTeli iyo kaci damoukidebeli moRvawis profiliT. mas
maincdamainc ar undoda, ar xiblavda mowafeoba, arc TanamebrZoloba. mas
undoda yofiliyo damoukidebeli figura. am ganzraxviT igi Seecada 70-iani
wlebidan axali gza aerCia mwerlobaSi, romelsac `Seuferavi realizmis~
gza uwoda. magram, Cans, erTia survili siaxlisa, magram meorea, ramdenad
SeiZleba igi ganxorcieldes. am SemTxvevaSi es ver moxerxda da amdenad
xelT SegvrCa metad bundovani cneba `Seuferavi realizmisa~, romelsac
sinamdvileSi araferi gamoarCevs ilia WavWavaZisa da saerTod samo-
cianelTa realizmisagan (romelTa erTi Rirseuli warmomadgeneli
TviTonacaa). giorgi wereTelis amgvari xasiaTi iyo gakenwvlis sagani
iseTi didi moRvawisa, rogoric iyo ilia WavWavaZe.
amave pirovnuli Taviseburebis gamo iyo, rom 70-ian wlebSi 255
254
giorgi wereTelma Jurnal `krebulis~ garSemo Semokrebili axal-
gazrdoba warmoadgina rogorc àxali axalgazrdoba~, anu `meore dasi~
(gansxvavebiT 60-ianelTagan, romelTac pirveli dasi uwoda). faqtia, rom
giorgi wereTlis gverdiT aRmoCnda kidec axalgazrdobis garkveuli
nawili. aseT dros, zogjer qveSecneulad, SesaZloa moqmedebdes aseTi
meqanizmi _ me imisken miviswrafvi, imis gverdiT vdgebi, visi niWis
damabrmavebel SuqSi me ar davikargebi. iliasdari Txzulebebis dawera
praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo, xolo giorgi wereTlis pirveli
moTxrobebis dawerisTanave nagulisxmevi iqna, rom amaze ukeTess Tu vera,
aseT nawarmoebs Cvenc davwerTo. daweres Tu ara g. wereTlisnairi
moTxrobebi, es ukve sxva sakiTxia, magram meqanizmi àxali axalgazrdobis~
jgufis gaCenisa rom aseTic SeiZleboda yofiliyo, es TiTqos gasagebi
unda iyos.
giorgi wereTelis pirovnebis daxasiaTebisaTvis, misi memkvidreobis
Sefasebis dros erTic unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. giorgi wereTeli
sruliad sxvadasxva sferoSi iRvwoda, da Zalian bevrs werda; amitom misi
nawerebi erT doneze araa Sesrulebuli; SesaZloa gqondes saTqmeli,
icode sakiTxi, magram marto es araa sakmarisi. Zalze mniSvnelovania ara
marto ra, aramed rogor. giorgi wereTeli ki mxatvrul damuSavebaze,
srulyofaze, rogorc Cans, bevr dros ar xarjavda. giorgi wereTelma
interesTa mravalmxrivobis gamo da imis gamo, rom Zalian bevrs muSaobda,
magram ostatobaze naklebs zrunavda, akakis gakenwvlac daimsaxura:
`yvelafers epotinebodao... daRalvas ver tyobilobda... swored miTac
aixsneba, rom mis Sromas orgvari beWedi azis, zogs niWisa, zogsac
moqancvisa~. akakisave SefasebiT, giorgi wereTelis naRvaws ise unda uyure-
bdnen, rogorc òqros madneulis ZarRvs, unda gaarCio, garecxo, ramdenime
fuTi sila-talaxi moaSoro, rom mere gamoarCion ramdenime oqros
marcvali. giorgis Txzulebebsac, roca gaimtkiceba, bevri
xelixelsagogmanebeli sagani gamoaCndeba, romelic sabolood gastans~...
da mainc, akakis TqmiT, giorgi wereTelis pirdapiri daniSnuleba
`prozaikosoba iyo~. marTlac, giorgi wereTeli mkiTxvelis xsovnaSi darCa,
rogorc `pirveli nabijis~, `ruxi mglis~, `mamida asmaTisa~ da sxva
moTxrobebis avtori.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, giorgi wereTlis romans, `pirveli nabiji~, mis
moTxrobebs swored Tematikuri siaxle, Tanamedroveobis Semotana
gamoarCevs qarTul mwerlobaSi.
TiTqos burJuaziis ganviTarebis Tema axali ar unda iyos Cvens
literaturaSi. Cven xom ufro adre gvyavda lavrenti ardaziani, romelmac
swored es Tema aiRo gansasaxiereblad _ burJuaziis Camoyalibebis Tema. ra
arsebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes imas, rom erTma batknebiT da
variebiT daiwyo vaWroba, meorem kunZebiT. es xom asec unda iyos, erTi riT
daiwyebs da meore riT.
ra mogvca giorgi wereTelma 90-iani wlebisaTvis axali, lavrenti
ardazianTan SedarebiT, romelic daaxloebiT XIX s. 50-iani wlebis
sinamdviles xatavs. nuTu es igive Temaa, rac iyo lavrenti 256
255
ardazianTan?.. e. i. marTla siuJeturi siaxlea aq? ieremia warba ga-
moCndeba axali personaJi, Torem sxva araferi?
TiTqos Tema erTia _ burJuaziis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis Tema _ erTi
mweralic am Temas amuSavebs da meorec. ra siaxle SeiniSneba Temis
mowodebis TvalsazrisiT giorgi wereTelis romanSi? pirveli, rac
usaTuod misaRebia mxedvelobaSi, giorgi wereTlis Txzulebis samoqmedo
are Zalian farTea. sazogadod, gamoirCa giorgi wereTeli Temis farTod
gaSliT da Sinaarsis mravalferovnebiT. im dros, roca lavrenti
ardazianis yuradReba mainc qalaqiT ifargleba, sofeli da gansakuTrebiT
glexkacoba arc arsebobs misTvis, erTaderTi Rvinos yidulobs da yidis
an purs iZens kaxeTSi misi solomon isakiCi, giorgi wereTlis dakvirvebis
are qalaqsac moicavs da sofelsac, moqmedeba aq praqtikulad mTel
saqarTveloSi iSleba _ quTaisSic, TbilisSic da foTSic, imereTis da
samegrelos soflebSic. Tu lavrenti ardazianTan socialurad Rirebuli
mxolod erTi tipia daxatuli Zalze cocxlad, TavadTa saxeebi mainc
SedarebiT sqematurni Canan, es iTqmis mamazec _ luarsab raindiZeze da
Svilzec _ aleqsandrezec, giorgi wereTelTan SedarebiTYsiuxvea tipebisa.
aq Cven vxvdebiT burJuis tipsac da Tavadis tipsac, biurokratiul
moxeleTa da qalaqis maRali sazogadoebis tipebsac. yvela am calkeuli
wris warmomadgeneli warmoCenili arian farTod, maTi yofiT, am yofis
farTo asaxviT, ramdenadac mwerali personaJTa CamoyalibebaSi iseTebad,
rogorc isini arian, sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebs cxovrebis im pirobebs,
socialur garemos, romelSic maT uxdebaT yofna. bunebrivia es Tematikuri
simdidrea `pirveli nabijisa~.
rogorc vxedavT, TiTqos erTi da igive sakiTxia orive mweralTan,
magram Sinaarsebi aSkarad gansxvavebulia, da es Sinaarsi Seudareblad
farToa giorgi wereTelTan.
romanSi konkretuladaa warmoCenili is dro, rodesac saqarTvelo
rkinigzam gadasera, `foTis navsadgurSi orTqlmavali gemebi gaCnda da
saqarTvelosa da dasavleT evropas Sua sakmaod gacxovelebuli
aRebmicemoba gaCaRda. fulis Sovna ioli gaxda moxerxebuli da energiuli
adamianebisTvis, magram xarbi da mtacebluri savaWro kapitalis SemoWram
xeli Seuwyo ara marto tyeebisa da Walebis gakafvas, aramed mamapapuri
tradiciebis daSlas, veluri Sejibris da zneobrivi aRviraxsnilobis
gaZlierebas. saucxovo nigvzis da urTxelis xeebi kunZebad iqca, raTa
ucxoeTis da ruseTis bazarze gaziduliyo. adamiani ZvelTagan naanderZevi
artaxebidan ganTavisuflda, ramac zneobrivi normebis Seryeva gamoiwvia~
(geronti qiqoZe).
TvalnaTliv gansxvavebulia mweralTa poziciebi. lavrenti ardaziani
giorgi erisTavTan erTad mkafiod migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelos
burJuazia ar iyo erovnuli, eseni iyvnen ucxotomelebi, ZiriTadad somxebi.
sadRacidan CamoTeslilni, arafris mqoneni, gamorCeulni uxeSi
praqticizmiT, uzneobiT, araferi saerTo rom 257
256
ara aqvT qarTul yofasTan da kulturasTan, aseTia solomon isakiC
mejRanuaSvili, romelic rogor ar ecada da Tavisi gvaridan `jRani~ ver
amoagdo. Tu lavrenti ardazianTan qarTuli glexoba naklebfasovnad iyo
CaTvlili, giorgi wereTeli sul sxvagvarad afasebs glexkacobas. man
gviCvena, rom is energia, rac mesame wodebis Camoyalibebas sWirdeba,
swored qarTvel glexkacobaSia Cabudebuli. giorgi wereTeli SesaniSnavad
icnobda 50-iani, 60-iani wlebis literaturas, icnobda burJuaziis pirvel
warmomadgenlebs qarTul mwerlobaSi da mainc sruliad Segnebulad Tavis
Txzulebas man `pirveli nabiji~ uwoda, es saTauri, pirvel yovlisa,
swored imaze mianiSnebs, rom esaa qarTuli erovnuli burJuaziis pirveli
nabijebi.
marTalia, gamdidrebis gzaze baxva fulavac mimarTavs garkveul
maqinaciebs, bunebrivia, zneobrivad arc Tu mosawons, ise rogorc saerTod
damaxasiaTebelia es fulze, gamdidrebaze gamodevnebuli adamianebisTvis,
am fenis warmomadgenelTaTvis, magram gansxvavebiT pirveli vaWrebisagan,
ZiriTadad araqarTvelebisagan, baxva fulava dajildoebuli aRmoCndeba
siyvarulis niWiT. siyvarulma didi roli iTamaSi am kacis cxovrebaSi,
erTgvarad gaafaqiza igi, kargi cxovrebis, sicocxliT tkbobis wyurvili
gaaRviva masSi. yvelaferi kargi unda da imitom, rom esma unda
gaabednieros da TviTonac masTan erTad iyos bednieri. amitom SeiZina
Tavad TavqfilaZis mdidruli saxl-kari da bolo sityvaze morTo. .magram
roca mas siyvaruli moukles, roca esma msxverpli gaxda Jinmoreuli, zne-
dacemuli ieremia warbasi, baxvasTvisac yvelaferma dakarga azri. igi
cocxlobs erTaderTi mizniT _ SurisZiebis mizniT, damnaSavis sakadrisad
dasjis mizniT, magram roca dainaxa, rom qveynad ar aris samarTali, rom
adamians ar icavs arc kanoni da arc saxelmwifo, rom isini damnaSaves
ifaraven da uzneobas amravleben, maSin TviTon dgeba Surisgebis
aRsasruleblad. daqiravebuli mkvlelis daxmarebiT TviTonac ferdSi
xanjlis CacemiT ise klavs ieremias, rogorc man esma mokla da kmayofili
bardeba policias.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgenels, ieremia
warbas, literaturaSi winapari hyavs, `glaxis naambobis~ daTiko, rogorc
es aRniSnulia, igi `damajereblad da reliefuradaa daxatuli~ (geronti
qiqoZe). bunebam ieremia garkveuli RirsebebiT daajildova. garegnulad
esaa moxdenili, axovani, lamazi kaci. Sinaganadac araa garkveul interess
moklebuli; sibejiTiT Seudga yrma swavlas. arc niWi aklda. magram
swavlis maxinjma formebma, uazro zepirobam rusuli da laTinur-berZnuli
teqstebisa, zneobrivad damaxinjebulma gonebaClungma adamianebma,
pedagogebad rom iwodebodnen, male aucrues mas swavlaze guli. mere
TavisTavad wamovida advili da uzrunveli cxovrebisaken swrafva,
kontrabandistoba, samxedro tansacmeli da cxenze jdoma. ieremias moewona
baxvas coli esma. misi dasakuTreba ganizraxa, am mizniT igi gaitaca, mar-
Talia, qalis mokvla gulSi ar sdebia, magram roca es ukanaskneli 258
257
ar daemorCila, xelSi Semoakvda. erTxans sindisis qenjnis msgavsi
awuxebda, magram roca TbilisSi maRal, uzneo sazogadoebaSi aRmoCnda,
darwmunda, rom yvelafers imorCilebs Zala da fuli.
aq zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom baxvas daRupva ar niSnavs imas, rom
cxovrebis tendenciebi Seicvleba, rom aRmaval socialur Zalas, e. w.
`mesame wodebas~ raime SeaCerebs. baxvas adgilas, bunebrivia, mova sxva,
ufro moqnili, ufro mizanswrafuli, cxovreba ki Tavisi mRvrie mdinarebiT
mainc ase wava.
`pirvel nabijSi~ Cveni literaturisaTvis aqamde uCveulo ZaliT
daixata qalaqis maRali sazogadoeba, misi fuqsavaturi, zneobrivad
mdabali yofiT, kerZod, saubaria valida-lebovis xazze. am sferoSic Cvenma
mweralma saintereso dakvirvebuloba gamoamJRavna. praqtikulad, validas
saxe, erTgvarad Cveneba im procesisa, Tu rogor eSveba es lamazi qali
uzneobis morevSi, sruliad axali iyo Cvens literaturaSi, Tu ieremia
warbas ara marto cxovrebaSi hyavda prototipebi, aramed, rogorc iTqva,
mas 60-ian wlebSi Seqmnili literaturuli winaparic hyavs, valida mainc am
mxriv uwinaproa, xolo misi saxis gaTvaliswinebiT Semdeg bevri personaJi
qali Seiqmna, kerZod, Sio aragvispirelis moTxrobebSi.
giorgi wereTlis `pirvel nabijSi~ farTod warmoCnda bi-
urokratiuli aparatis gaiZveroba, meqrTameoba, swored am mxrivaa
aRsaniSnavi soflis boqaulis meqrTame jgirkoCas, gaiZvera soflis
advokatis wunkalas, ucnaurad molaparake sivilas saxeebi.
socialuri jgufebis, biurokratiuli wyobis interesebis, urT-
ierTobis, dapirispirebis farTod Cveneba usaTuod aris giorgi wereTlis
didi damsaxureba.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, jer kidev Tavis droze didma akakim giorgi
wereTlis gamorCeul Txzulebebad miiCnia `ruxi mgeli~ da `mamida asmaTi~.
es moTxrobebi marTlac saukeTesoa giorgi wereTelis Txzulebebs Soris,
gamorCeulni Tematikur-masalobrivi siaxliT, Tanamedroveobis grZnobiT. am
moTxrobebiT giorgi wereTelma sruliad axali samyaro dagvanaxa. man
asaxa XIX saukunis II naxevris imereTi, kerZod, zemo imereTi. mwerali
gviCvenebs, rom imereTs uWirs. aznauroba dacemis gzazea damdgari.
arsebobisTvis brZolaa gaCaRebuli. aqac alali, udanaSaulo adamiani
iCagreba. moZalade imarjvebs. socialuri erTeuli darRveulia. adamiani
upatronodaa mitovebuli. samarTali ar icavs patiosan kacs. aq, am
moTxrobaSi, arc moZaladeebi rCebian dausjelad, oRondac ara
samarTlebrivi, aramed SurisZiebis gziT. yvelaferi es Zalian realuri
suraTebia.
saerTo fonad daaxloebiT aseTive viTarebaa warmodgenili
moTxrobaSi `mamida asmaTi~. aqac imereTis siduxWiris suraTebia naCvenebi,
Tu rogor daerevian, rogor mtroben adamianebi erTmaneTs gaWirvebis Jams.
kerZod, am moTxrobaSi axali Tema Semodis, Tema maxlobelTa
urTierTmtrobisa, oRondac ara Suris niadagze, ufro sworad gaumiznavi
Suris niadagze. es Tema ilia WavWavaZem ukvdavyo Tavis Seudarebel `kaci-
adamianSi?!~ `mamida asmaTSi~ warmodgenil259
258
ia maxlobelTa Soris mtroba da Widili meti uflebebis mopovebis
mizniT. mwerali gviCvenebs, Tu rogor ebrZvis erTmaneTs da-Zma oboli
Zmiswulis mamulebze uflebebis ganmtkicebisTvis. mamida asmaTi zrdis
Tavis obol ZmisSvils, naTelas, romlis mzrunvelad asmaTis Zma rosafia
daniSnuli, swored rosafi ganagebs ZmiSvilis qonebas. da-Zmas Soris
xangrZlivi da daundobeli brZolaa gamarTuli. Tu mamida gaaTxovebs
ZmiSvils, amaSi igi did gasamrjelos miiRebs da momavalSic uflebebi
eqneba axali damoukidebel ojaxTan. rosafs ki unda, rom ZmiSvili Tavis
moyvares miaTxovos _ colis ZmisSvils _ da kvlavac SeinarCunos naTelas
mamulebis ganmgebloba.
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTul yofaSi mimdinare procesebis
realisturad asaxviT, giorgi wereTels praqtikulad verc erTi misi
Tanamedrove mwerali ver aWarbebs. rogorc zemoTac iTqva, giorgi
wereTelma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina momdevno drois mwerlobaze.
mas literaturaSi gamouCndnen erTgvari memkvidreebi _ kudabzika
imerlebis, gaRatakebuli imereTis, imereTis aznaurTa cxovrebis Cveneba
dauZlevel simaRleze warmodga daviT kldiaSvilis prozasa da
dramaturgiaSi.
meores mxriv, anastasia erisTav-xoStarias, Teofile xuskivaZis, Sio
aragvispirelis. melanias nawerebSi Cven gvxvdeba iseTi personaJebi,
romlebic saTaves giorgi wereTlis mier gansaxierebuli sinamdvilidan,
tipebidan iReben. am mxriv udaod didi mniSvneloba hqonda giorgi
wereTlis Txzulebebs. es ki imasac gulisxmobs, rom giorgi wereTelis
mier danaxuli sakiTxebi, Temebi aqtualuria. sxva mweralTa mibruneba am
sakiTxebisa da personaJebisadmi ki imasac gulisxmobda, rom es sakiTxebi
arc ise sqematuri yofila, rom giorgi wereTels amoewura isini, mas
yvelaferi ar miucia. TavisTavad giorgi wereTelis rogorc mwerlis
mniSvneloba imaSic mdgomareobda, rom misi Sevseba moiwadines, mis
masalaze iazres, esaa mniSvnelovani.
ramdenime sityva unda iTqvas giorgi wereTlis prozis sakuTriv
mxatvrul mxareze, mwerlis xelovanebaze.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, giorgi wereTels gamoarCevs farTo xedva,
swrafva bevri sakiTxis erTad mocvis, Temebis Sinaarsoblivi
gafarToebisaken.
giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebi, gansakuTrebiT 80-90-ian wlebSi
dawerilebi, gamoirCeva gamokveTili siuJetiT, mwerals aRmoaCnda
saintereso mTxrobelis niWi. misi nawarmoebebi ZiriTadad interesiT
ikiTxeba. mwerali ar Ralatobs sinamdviles. mis personaJebs hyavdaT
prototipebi. sazogadod igi Tavis Txzulebebs safuZvlad udebs
realurad momxdar faqtebs da ZiriTadad am faqtebis mxatvrulad
gardaqmnas axerxebs.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, giorgi wereTels Zalzed ganviTarebuli
aqvs Tanamedroveobis grZnoba, rac, bunebrivia, mis mxatvrul prozaSic
iCens Tavs. es ki ukve gulisxmobs mis TxzulebebSi pub260
259
licistur tons. Tu miviCnevT, rom im droisaTvis, da ara marto im
droisaTvis, mcirericxovani erisTvis es ara marto saWiroa, aramed
zogjer sasicocxloc, roca moqalaqeobrivi interesebiT vafasebT
mwerlobas, publicisturoba giorgi wereTelis TxzulebaTa mxatvrul
Rirsebadac unda CaiTvalos.
giorgi wereTelma moaxerxa daexata socialurad Rirebuli
literaturuli tipebi, rac mwerlis udao damsaxurebaa.
rac Seexeba gamoxatvis mxatvrul saSualebebs, Tavis droze giorgi
wereTlis mxatvruli proza am TvalsazrisiT sagangebod Seiswavla
SesaniSnavma kritikosma, XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erTma
pirvelma istorikosma kita abaSiZem Tavis gamokvlevis doneze Sesrulebul
etiudSi giorgi wereTelze da dasabuTebulad cxadyo, rom mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT giorgi wereTeli didad CamorCeba Tavis did Tanamedroveebs
ilia WavWavaZes da akaki wereTels. man konkretuli masalis momarjvebiT
TvalsaCinod cxadyo is, rasac jer kidev akaki wereTeli miuTiTebda:
giorgi wereTeli bevrs muSaobs da mis nawerSi bevria susti, naCqarevio.
kita abaSiZis mixedviT, giorgi wereTlis mier SerCeuli mxatvruli
saSualebebi, miseuli epiTetebi, Sedarebebi ver akmayofilebs maRal
esTetikur moTxovnebs da verc saTanado zemoqmedebas axdens mkiTxvelze.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilis~ mTavari personaJi dito, marineTi aRtacebuli,
masze Seyvarebuli, ase bWobs: `me unda ganvTavisuflde am Cem ara wminda
Savi fiqrebisagan, romelic wurbelasaviT gulze momkidebian da suls
miSfoTeben~. `pirvel nabijSi~ giorgi wereTeli aseT Sedarebas Tavazobs
mkiTxvels: èsmas marjvena loyas baxvas gawkipinebuli ulvaSi
wurbelasaviT mokideboda~. `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ ditos mdgomareobas
ase aRwers mwerali: `rodesac marines saxeli mouvidoda TavSi, uecrad
SekrTeboda da Tavs uneburad gaiqnevda, TiTqos raRac usiamovno mweris
mogerieba sdomodes~. am magaliTebs mohyveba kritikosis aseTi komentari:
àra mgonia, rom iseTi mSvenieri da Zlevamosili grZnobis gamosaxatavad,
rogoric siyvarulia, isic am grZnobis im wminda gvaris, romelsac
Seupyria TxuTmet-Tvrameti wlis qal-vaJi, ara mgonia-meTqi, aq did mwerals
azrSi mouvidoda Sesadarebel sagnad an `wurbeli~ exmara, an ùsiamovno
mweri~ (kita abaSiZe).
`pirveli nabijis~ mTavari personaJi qalis, esmas, `pirveli gulis
Setokebas~ (kita abaSiZe) mwerali ase agviwers: èsmas Rrmad aRZruli
gulis Tqmani Zalian miemsgavsebodnen tyis ZRarbsa (buZga), romelic didi
krZalviT gamoyofs Tu ara wina fexebs sasiaruloT, uecriv dafrTxeba
moulodneli foTolT SrialiTa da iseve SeikumSeba Tavis eklian
samoselSi~. kritikosi am nawyvets saTanado komentars ukeTebs, `siyvaruli
TviT umSvenieresi grZnobaa Cvens cxovrebaSi. misi pirveli gafurCqvna, isic
axalgazrda qalis gulSi udiadesi da ulamazesi wamia, yoveli poetis
sagalobeli, da giorgi wereTels ki amis dasaxatavad da Sesadareblad
`tyis ZRarbzed~ ukeTesi veRara uSovia-ra. am tlanq da uxeS Sedarebas 261
260
ganmarteba aRar eWirveba~ (kita abaSiZe). garda amisa, SeiniSneba
xSirad erTferovnebac sxvadasxva TxzulebaSi calkeuli personaJis,
suraTis daxasiaTebisas. sinamdvilis erTgulebis niSniT mwerali zogjer
uxamsi suraTis gadmocemas ar erideba, iqneba es maswavlebel umanskis
gakveTilis moswavleTa mier aRqmis tragizmis gadmocema, Tu Jverias mier
Tavisi ZmiSvilis ditos garozgvis scena da a. S.
mwerlis mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi yvelaze TvalsaCinod bunebis
miseul aRwera-daxasiaTebaSi mJRavndeba, ramdenadac bunebis utyvi masala
TviTon mweralma unda aametyvelos, sulieri SinaarsiT aavsos. rogorc
cnobilia, bunebis grZnoba am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze individualuri
grZnobaa grZnobaTa Soris (Teodiul arman ribo).
giorgi wereTlis prozaze dakvirveba am TvalsazrisiT mowmobs, rom
aqac SeiniSneba erTferovneba, Cvens mwerals buneba Zalze xSirad ver
eubneba imas, rasac niWier mwerals unda eubnebodes. kita abaSiZis etiudSi
amis TvalsaCino magaliTebicaa warmodgenili.
rogorc cnobilia, realistur literaturaSi didi mxatvruli
datvirTva SeiZina detalizaciis xerxma _ Cveulebrivi TvalisaTvis
SeumCneveli wvrilmanebiT Zalian mniSvnelovanis, arsebiTis gansaxierebam.
am mxriv, rogorc viciT, qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoirCa ilia WavWavaZe da es
gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebiT gamovlinda `kacia-adamianSi?!~ am azriTac
ilia WavWavaZem udidesi zegavlena moaxdina SemdgomSi qarTul
literaturaze. ar darCenila mwerali, romelsac ilias niWis zegavlena ar
ganecados. cxadia, am gavlenas verc giorgi wereTeli ascda. aseTi
detalizaciis erTi magaliTi gvxvdeba `pirveli nabijis~ meore TavSi,
sadac gadmocemulia, Tu rogor gamoeyo Zmebs baxva fulavas mama _
xaxulia. mwerali gvacnobs, Tu ra ergo gamoyofisas xaxulias: `baxvas
mamas ergo xuTi qceva saxnavi miwa, Svidi qceva qoCora tye da qceva-
naxevari dobilo (maRlari venaxi), saxlebs Soris boselze midgmuli erTi
ficruli oTaxi, romelsac ori saJeni sigrZe hqonda da saJen-naxevari gani,
erTi xula (pawia beReli), erTi patara saRore, erTi xboiani Zroxa, cali
xari, xuTi Txa, oTxi Tikani, erTi boti (dakodili vaci), ori wlis Waki
kvici, eqvsi qaTami, erTi mamali, erTi nezvi Rori, ori aTCafiani qvevri,
ori qoTani, xuTi xis jami, erTi kardali (morCili qvabi), erTi kinTi,
kbilebCamtvreuli saCeCeli da erTi Cixrixi (bambis gasarCevi)~ da a. S.
Tu gavixsenebT luarsab TaTqariZis saxl-karis an oTaraanT qvrivis
ezo-garemos da saxlis aRweras da SevadarebT `pirveli nabijis~ aRniSnul
CamonaTvals, Cven vigrZnobT udides sxvaobas. `kacia-adamianis~ aRwera
ramdenjerac ar unda wavikiTxoT, ar mogvbezrdeba, udides esTetikur
siamovnebas miviRebT, im dros, roca `pirveli nabijis~ CamonaTvalis
wakiTxva esTetikurTan praqtikulad arafriT iqneba dakavSirebuli. saqme
isaa, rom iliaseuli aR262
261
wera detalebisa Tvisobrivi Sinaarsis matarebelia. aq yvela sagani,
detali sulCadgmulia da saxl-karis patronebs gvixasiaTebs. im dros,
roca giorgi wereTelis CamoTvla raodenobrivi Sinaarsisa rCeba da
Tvisobriv xasiaTs ver iZens.
ramdenime sityva unda iTqvas giorgi wereTlis TxzulebaTa enis
Sesaxebac. enobrivad giorgi wereTels bevr rames uwunebdnen da am mxriv
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nabiji Tavis droze im kacma gadadga,
romelsac ilia WavWavaZem uwoda `TviTmpyrobeli Cvenis qarTulis enisa...
meufe Cveni sityvierebis Zal-Ronisa da simdidrisa~, _ kerZod, grigol
orbelianma. grigol orbelianma giorgi wereTlis ena daaxasiaTa, rogorc
naklulovani, magram man ZiriTadad gezi mwerlis enis gramatikul mxareze
aiRo. unda iTqvas, rom mwerlis enis Sesafaseblad es araa sakmarisi, rom
usaTuod uaryofiTi msjavri gamoitano da misi ueWveli nakli cxadyo.
SeiZleba gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT mxatvruli nawarmoebi ar iyos
unaklo, magram mxatvrulad idges maRal doneze.
sayovelTaod cnobilia didi rusi poetis aleqsandr puSkinis
sityvebi poema èvgeni oneginidan~:
`Какуструмянныхбезулыбки,
Безграмматическойошибки
Ярусскойречинелюблю~.
puSkiniTavismegobarsantonfondelvigsswers, SenienaZaliangamarTulia,
TiTqosucxoeliiyodarusulienageswavloso.
udidesistilistiiyodidirusimweraliivaneturgenevi,
igialeqsandregercenisnawerebSiaRmoCenilSecdomebsamnawarmoe-
bebisRirsebadmiiCnevs, cocxalisasaubroeniTaadawerilio.
iseTididimwerali, rogoriciyolevtolstoi,
rusulienissisworisTvalsazrisiT, rogorcgairkva, arcTucotascodavs,
uxvevs. mag., `siyvaruli~ _ abstraqtulisityvaa, e. i.
arSeiZlebamravlobiTricxvSi _ `siyvarulebi~ Segvxvdes.
magramsakmarisiaxelSiaviRoTlevtolstoissaxelganTqmuliromani
àRdgoma~, romiqSegvxvdebaessityvamravlobiTricxvSi _
romanismTavarigmiridimitrinexliudovidaqorwinebasapirebsmariakorCaginaze
daTanimasacfiqrobs, romqaliocdaSvidiwlisaadaamitomalbaT
`унеебылиужепрежныелюбови~.
rusebshyavTdidimwerali, msofliomasStabis, auarebagadax-
vevebiTrusulienisnormebidan, esTedoredostoevskia.
didiiliaWavWavaZisleqsebSi, misprozaSi,
publicistikaSibevriaiseTiformebi, romlebsacusworobisdaRiazis,
magramesgaremoebamaTiavtorissisustesarmowmobs. erTisityviT, mxat-
vrulinawarmoebisSefasebisaskiTxvaaseundadadges:
asrulebsTuararaimemxatvrulfunqciasaseTimetyvelebadaxomarTa-
maSobsdadebiTrolsnawarmoebSiasaxuliviTarebisaRsaqmelad.
amitomacgramatikuliTvalsazrisiTSefasebaaraadaarcundaiyosganmsazRvrel
i. Cveulebriv, cxovrebaSiacSeimCnevaase _ vervityviT,
romgamarTulimetyvelebatovebsyovelTviskargSTabe263
262
Wdilebas, sadacarcerTiSecdomaargvxvdeba;
vincyovelgvarigadaxvevebisgareSemetyvelebs.
gamarTulimetyvelebaxSiraddazepirebulisSTabeWdilebastovebs.
cocxaliTavisTavadisaa, racsxvadasxvaa; mkvdariaiseTisaubari,
romelicerTferovania... wera-
SicdametyvelebaSiacesundaiqnesmxedvelobaSimiRebuli.
giorgiwereTlisrogorcmwerlisdasaxasiaTebladammxrivmxolodisSeiZ
lebaiTqvas, romigiarbrwyinavsenobriviTvalsazrisiT.
masTanmainciSviaTiadidimxatvruliZalismqone, orig-
inalobisniSniTaRbeWdilifraza,
rogorcamazeTavisdrozemiuTiTaakakiwereTelma.
giorgiwereTelinaklebmuSaobdafrazaze, stilisdaxvewaze. ammxrivigi,
raTqmaunda,
verutoldebaTavisdidTanamedroveebsiliaWavWavaZesdaakakiwereTels.
dasasrul, saWiroebamoiTxovsSevexoTgiorgiwereTlisSemo-
qmedebiTimeTodissakiTxs.
amsakiTxspirveladSeexoisdidikritikosidaliteraturisistorikosi,
romelmacpirvelmaCvenssinamdvileSiXIXsaukunisliteraturiserTgvarisistem
atizaciamoaxdinaliteraturulimimarTulebebisniSniT, evropulimwer-
lobisdarad.
kitaabaSiZemTavismierSemuSavebulisqemismixedviTgiorgiwereTeliCaTva
larealizmisdakninebis, anunaturalizmisgamomxatvelad.
kritikosmasworednaturalizmisniSniTmoaxdinagiorgiwereTlisSemoqmedebis
ganxilvadaRirseba-naklovanebebiswarmoCena.
kitaabaSiZismosazrebagiorgiwereTlisnaturalistobisSes-
axebzogierTmasxvaavtormac (mag., ticiantabiZem) gaimeora. Sem-
dgomidroismkvlevarebmakitaabaSiZisbevrimosazreba,
giorgiwereTlisSemoqmedebisSesaxebgamoTqmuli, armiiRes,
maTSoriszogiramsafuZvlianadac. mogvianebiT, arcgiorgiwereTlisnatu-
ralistobazemosazrebaiqnagaziarebuli,
axlagiorgiwereTlisnaturalistobazeaRaravinmsjelobs,
magramuaryofisisgza, racmkvlevarebmawarmoadgines, miuRebelia,
simarTlesarSeesabamebadaamdenadessakiTxixelaxladaismis,
arisTuaragiorgiwereTelinaturalistidaTuararis, ratom, rasafuZvelze?
kitaabaSiZismosazrebebzemsjelobisasisicaRiniSna,
romTiTqosgiorgiwereTlisnaturalistadgamocxadebiTkitaabaSiZemmwerali,
misiSemoqmedebailiaWavWavaZisrealisturskolasdaupirispira. sinamdvileSi,
raTqmaunda, esasearaa.
sinamdvileSirealizmsadanaturalizmskitaabaSiZeerTsibrtyezeganixilavs.
igimiiCnevs, romnaturalizmirealizmisgamovlenisukiduresiformaa,
rocamweralizustadasaxavssinamdviles, iserogorcigia;
naturalizmisinamdvilisfotografiuliasaxvaao.
naturalizmiscnebisSinaarsigarkveuladmisetimologiasukavSirdeba.
natura_ bunebasniSnavs. bunebaissinamdvilea,
racadamianisaganxeluxlebelia. naturissapirispirocnebaakultura.
kulturaisaa, rasacadamianisxeliSeexo, saxeucvala, gardaqmna.
naturaluribunebrivsniSnavs, kulturulissapirispi264
263
rod. racdrogadisdaracufroviTardebakacobrioba,
romelicyvelafersTavisdaRsasvams, bunebrivia, naturisaremcirdeba,
ufrodaufronaklebiramrCebaqveynad,
rasacadamianisxeliarSexebiadasaxearucvlia.
magramxelovnebisSemTxvevaSisityvanaturalurisxvaSinaarssaciZens.
SeiZlebasagani, movlenaTavisTavadariyosnaturaluri, magramTumeamsagans,
movlenasisevexebi, rommasSiarafericvlilebaarSemaqvs, iseavsaxav,
romarvucvlisaxes, maSinigiCemTvisnaturaluriiqneba. ai,
sworedsityvisesetimologiurimniSvnelobamigviyvansimSinaarsTan,
racsityvanaturalizmiTaRiniSneba. erTisityviT, Tumeiseavsaxavmovlenebs,
sagnebs, adamianebs, rommasSiCemsarafersvurev,
measeTSemTxvevaSinaturalursviZlevi. daaxloebiTasegaigonatural-
izmisSinaarsikitaabaSiZemdabevrmasxvam. avsaxoTsinamdvileCvensCaurevlad.
aseTSemTxvevaSixelovanimWvretelia, rogorcxelovani,
masaraferiSeaqvsasasaxavSi.
sazogadodmoTxovna, romsinamdvileiseaisaxos, rogorcigiaris,
esdidixnismoTxovnaa, yovelSemTxvevaSi,
TvalsaCinoddadgaesmoTxovnaimdroidanmainc, racrealizmzedaiwyosaubari.
amTvalsazrisiTTavisTavsnaturalistsuwodebdaiseTididifrangimwerali,
rogoriciyogustavfloberi,
naturalistadmiiCnevdaTavisTavsgenialurirusimweralinikolozgogoli.
magramfaqtifaqtadrCeba _ naturalizmisdamkvidrebalit-
eraturaSimiewerebaaraflobers, angogols,
arameddidfrangmweralsemilzolas,
romelmacmoZRvrebanaturalizmzeiqadagarogorcTaviswignSi
èqsperimentuliromani~, asevewerilebSiTeatrisSesaxeb.
sworedemilzolamwamoayenamoTxovnaTeoriulad,
romasaxuliyosinamdvilezustadise, fotografiulad, rogorcisaa, ise,
romasaxulidangamorTuliyoCveni `me~, subieqturigancdebi.
axlaukvekiTxvaaseSeiZlebadaisvas, moTxovnaerTia,
magramariskiSesaZlebeli, romsinamdvileiseaisaxos, rogoricigiaris,
zustad, fotografiulad? raTqmaunda, esSeuZlebelia. ��SeuZlebelia,
bolosdabolos, imitom, rommetyvelebaindividualurifaqtia.
cocxalimetyvelebacocxaladamians, individsgulisxmobs,
individualuriTbeWeddasmuliamasSigamoxatulisinamdvile. Seu-
ZlebeliaasaxulSiargamoCndesmwerlispozicia, misimidgoma.
sinamdvilisasaxvaaraTuarSeiZlebazustad, arameddidibednierebaa,
romesarSeiZleba; esromSesaZlebeliyofiliyo, maSinliteratura, saerTod,
xelovnebaarciarsebebda. literaturuli,
xelovnebisnawarmoebisaerTodindividismieraaSeqmnilidamismidgomas,
mispozicias, misSesaZleblobebs, Taviseburebebsgamoxatavs, pirvelyovlisa.
maSasadame, ismoTxovna,
rasacrealisturiliteraturasulmieswrafvoda, moTxovna,
raczolamprincipuladwarmoadginaTavisTeoriulnawerebSi.
praqtikuladganuxorcielebeliiyo.
arcfotografiagamodgebasinamdviliszustamsaxveladdasaer265
264
Todac, essityvaliteraturaSiSeuferebladarisSemosuli. ara-
visarSeeZloammoTxovnisdakmayofilebada, rogorciTqva,
esaaxelovnebisarsebobis, misiamouwuravimravalferovnebispirobac.
marTalia, yoveliveaRniSnuliueWvelifaqtia, magramfaqtiaisic,
romemilzolamTavisirugon-
makarebisseriisromanebiTgansxvavebulisamyaroSeqmnabalzakisagan,
floberisagan, gogolisagan... imaTgan,
vincagreTvenaturalistebadTvlidnenTavs.
amdenad, naturalizmisnamdviliSinaarsi,
Taviseburebazolasliteraturul-kritikulnaazrevSikiarundaveZeboT,
aramedmismxatvrulSemoqmedebaSi. isarsebiTi, riTaczolasSemoqmedebagan-
sxvavdabalzakis, floberis, dikensis, gogolis, tolstoisSemoq-
medebisaganiqnebasworedmTavarimaxasiaTebelinaturalizmisa, daaramoTxovna,
sinamdvileaisaxosmecnierulisizustiT.
naturalizmisWeSmaritiarsiaseazola-mwerlismierwarmodgenili:
sazogadod, rogorccnobilia,
adamianisganviTarebisistoriaTavissxeulebrivze, biologiurze,
cxovelurzeamaRlebisistoriaa,
adamianiTandaTanmaRldebaTavissxeulebrivze, imorCilebsmas,
misibatonixdeba, TviTonganagebsTavissxeuls. mas, adamians,
aqvscxovelurinstinqtTaSekavebisunari,
romlebsacsxeulebrivimxareupirobebs.
gansxvavebiTaRniSnulisagan, zola _ xelovanifiqrobs,
romfasadiaadamianisaesamaRleba, sxeulebrividandaSoreba,
adamianiTavisiqcevisformebiTamJamadacigivearis, raciyoigiadre,
rocacxoveliiyo. sxvadasxvadro,
sxvadasxvaepoqasxvadasxvasamossacmevsamcxovels, magramwarmmarTveli,
ganmsazRvreliyovelTviscxoveluria, biologiuri.
adamianicdilobsesdafaros, magramrocacotasgaCxrek,
adamianiTavisnamdvilbunebaswarmoaCens,
xelSicxoveliSegrCebadaTanacrogoricxoveli _ mxeci. erTisityviT,
zolamTavisromanebSiadamiansfasadiCamoaciladamisinamdvilibunebaaCvena _
aseTiSinaarsiaqvsnaturalizms.
zolamgviCvena, romracCans, isaraanamdvili, namdviliuxilavia,
igisaxesaraCens, gaCxrekvaasaWiro, romTvalnaTlivdainaxo _
biologiaromaaganmsazRvreli, warmmarTveli. instinqtebi, sico-
cxlisinstinqtiawarmmarTveli, racsxvadasxvamxriTvlindeba _
fulismoxveWisgziT, uflebismopovebisgziTdaa. S.
gasagebia,
romsworedkacobriobisistoriisCvenebiTSeiZlebadasabuTdeszolasmosazrebi
ssruliadsawinaaRmdego,
magramesararisliteraturaTmcodnisuSualoamocana. arsebobsfaqti _
emilzolasdidimxatvrulisamyaro, kidevsxvaxelovanTa _ kerZod,
Zmebigonkurebis, henrikibsenis, gerharthauptmanis... Txzulebebi,
romelTacnaturalizmTanakavSireben.
maTiarsebobafaqtiadaammxatvrulifaqtisSeswavla-
daxasiaTebaamTavariamocanadaaramisikritika.
dadebiTirolisSesrulebaSeuZlianaturalizmsdaesaamniSvnelovani. faqtia,
romzolamZaliandidiroliiTamaSaTavisiSemoqmedebiTdaisicfaqtia,
romXXsaukuneSixelaxlagamococxldainteresizolasmemkvidreobisadmi.
meocesaukuneSic266
265
bevrimimdevarihyavdazolasdaaxlachyavs.
naturalistebmabevriramgaakeTes, maTgviCvenes,
romTviTonadamianipasiuriadawincxovelurimoiwevs, igibatondeba.
axlacarismxatvruliZiebaiqiTkenmimarTuli, romracSeiZlebaSemcirdes,
daiTrgunosescxoveluri.
aqvesagangebodisicundaaRiniSnos, romzola, saerTodnaturalistebi,
aruaryofensocialurs. bunebrivia, socialuricaisaxebamaTSemoqmedebaSi,
magram, realistebisagangansxvavebiT, isinifiqroben,
romsocialuriaraaganmsazRvreli, warmmarTveli,
igimeoreuliadaarsebiTzemoqmedebasveraxdensadamianiscxovrebaze.
axlasavsebiTgasagebiundaiyos, rom, raTqmaunda, giorgiwer-
eTeliaraanaturalisti, daaraimitom, romsinamdvileszustadarasaxavs,
SigTavisipirovnulisCaurevlad, fotografiulad. rogorciTqva,
amgvaradsinamdvilisasaxvasazogadodSeuZlebelia. aravisarmouxerxebiaesda,
bunebrivia, vercgiorgiwereTelimoaxerxebda.
giorgiwereTeliaraanaturalistiimitom, rommiuxedavadmisiswrafvisa,
romadamianisSinasamyarogadmoSalos, miuxedavadimisa,
romdidenergiasavlenscxovrebisbnelimxareebiswinwamosawevaddasaCveneblad,
igirCebaqarTuliyofisaRmwerad,
qarTulisocialuricxovrebisenergiulmxatvrad.
rocamkvlevarebigiorgiwereTlisnaturlistobasuaryofen,
tendenciaiseTia, romamiTmweralsTiTqosraRacmZimebraldebi-
saganaTavisufleben. sinamdvileSi,
CvenievropulobispretenziisarsebobisSemTxvevaSi, cudisulacariqneboda,
Tugveyolebodanaturalisturixedvis, mimarTulebiserTiRirseuliwarmo-
madgeneli. cudisulacariqnebodamweralsCvenTvisdaenaxvebina,
rombaxvafulavasmarTlaesmassiyvarulikiaramoZravebs, aramedsulsxva,
cxoveluriinstinqti, romesmamarTlaaseTifaqizisulisqalikiaraa,
aramedmasSicTvlemscxovelidaa. S. TviTieremiawarbasutifrobis,
aRviraxsnilimoqmedebisdaxasiaTebisSemTxvevaSiCvenimweralimisinstinqtebski
argaxazavs, miscxovelur, pirutyvulmxareskiarwamoswevs,
aramedsaskoloaRzrdas, sazogadoebisgakveTilebs, erTisityviT,
socialurmxaresmiiCnevsieremiasCamoyalibebaSiganmsazRvrelad.
kargiiqneboda, CvencromgvyolodaerTididimwerali, romel-
icgagvafrTxilebda, sifxizlisakenmogviwodebda,
romgadagvarebadadaRupvaelodasazogadoebas, Tuodencxovelur, mxecurin-
stinqtebsgaabatonebda, arizrunebdamaTidaTrgunvisaTvis, ener-
giulbrZolasargamoucxadebdaadamianiTavisTavSipirutyvs.
faqtifaqtadrCeba, romgiorgiwereTelTanyvelgansocialu-
riawinwamoweuli, socialursibnelesacmasTanzogjeranaTebspoeturi.
TviTimmoTxrobaSi, sadacmaxlobelTaSorisdaundobeli, sas-
tikibrZolaaasaxulimetiuflebebisxelSiCagdebismizniT, aris267
266
erTipersonaJi, patarameocnebeqali, naTela,
romelsacmamidamcazemokiafevarskvlavidaanaxvadauTxra,
ìsarisSenivarskvlavi, Senibedi...
isSenskenmoeSurebanaTladgatkecilisgziTa. Cvencimiskengvaqvsgza,
imasundaSeveyaroT.
misisaetloZirsZirulispiraTCvenskenmoiswrafvispirtitvela,
SensaviTTmaxuWuWabiWi. ispawiabucucakokrebSiCagiyofsxelsdagakocebs~...
marTlacamdrosnaTelasgulSiielvaraRacsiyvarulisSuqma. amisSemdegisgul-
RiaddaadgaTavisibediswerisgzasdawinmiiswrafoda~...
naTelagaaTxovesrosafisSerCeulvaJze. misicolisZmiswulze,
romelsacZmasaviTuyurebdaadredamerec, rocamasTanvaJiSeeZina.
amisSemdegacnaTela
`xSiradSehyurebsumTvaromowmendilRameSiimmoWedilscas, imitom,
rommasiqegulebaTavisibedisvarskvlavi~, kurosTvali;
aqamdiselismasdajerkidevverSexvedria.
TavisipirvelivaJiimkurosTvalisTvisdaumsgavsebia. netarodisiqneba,
romamvarskvlavis `saetloispirtitvela, misvaJsaviTTmaxuWuWabiWi~,
naTelasbediswera, Zirs,
amqveyanaSimasSexvdessadmedamxolodmasdaarqvasnamdviliTavisiqmari?!~
akakiwereTlisdaxasiaTebarommovimarjvoT, esfsiqologi-
uraddamajerebeli, maRalmxatvrulipasaJicis òqrosmarcvalia~
giorgiwereTlisprozaSi,
romlissaguldagulogamorCevaundamoxdesSedarebiTuferulfonze;
aseTimomentebiccxadadmowmoben, romgiorgiwereTeli,
rogorcmxatvariSorsaanaturalizmisagan.
daskvnissaxiTundaiTqvas,
romgiorgiwereTeliarisiliaWavWavaZisrealisturiskoliserTiZaliansayura
dRebowarmomadgeneli, romelic, marTalia, mxatvruliniWiT,
talantiTCamou-
vardebaTavissaxelovanTanamedroveebsadaTanamebrZolebsiliaWavWavaZesdaaka
kiwereTels, magramaqtualuriTemebismignebi-
sadaTanadroulobisasaxvisTvalsazrisiTmasgansakuTrebulimniSvnelobaeniW
ebaCvensmwerlobaSi, rogorcseriozul, gonieravtors. 268
267
iakobgogebaSvili
(1840-1912)
sruliadgansakuTrebuliaiakobgogebaSvilisRvawlidadam-
saxurebaqarTvelierisistoriaSi. igiiyodidipedagogi,
vincpedagogikaqarTulsinamdvileSimecnierulsafuZvelebzedaayrdno,
vincmravaliaTeuliwlismanZilzewvrTnidaqarTveliymawvilebis,
axalgazrdobisgulsadagonebasTavisipedagogiurimoRvaweobiT,
sworupovarisaxelmZRvaneloebiT, TavisimwerlobiT. erTiavtorisTqmiT,
`gogebaSvilimartoerTihyavsqarTvelers~ (vasilrcxilaZe).
TiTqosRmerTmaineba, romiakobgogebaSvils 60-ianwlebSidae-
wyomoRvaweoba, isicdidisamocianeliyofiliyoimazriTac,
romqarTvelTasulieriwinamZRolisiliaWavWavaZiserovnuliide-
alebiqarTvelimozardiTaobisenazeeTargmna, qarTveliaxalgaz-
rdobiserovnuliganaTlebadaerovnulicnobierebaganesazRvra.
amazriTiakobgogebaSviliiliaWavWavaZisstilismoazrovneddamoRvawedesaxeba
T (arnoldCiqobava, giorgiTavziSvili). iakobgo-
gebaSvilismadliCvencgadmogvwvdadaTuargvindaqarTvelobazexeliaviRoT,
mozardiTaobisaRzrdissaqmeSiisevdaisevundavusminoTdidmoZRvars.
* * *
iakobgogebaSvilidaibada 1840 wlis 27 (ZvelistiliT 15) oqtombers,
sofelvarianSi, gorismaxloblad.
iakobisiyvaruliTigonebsTavissofels; soflis
`mcxovrebnisulglexebiarian, askomlamdeiqnebian...
qviTkirisSenobamxolodzogierTsudgia. sxvebiscxovrobenanmiwurSi, anqva-
talaxasaxlebSi... SigSuasofelSiaSenebuliaqvitkirissaydariRvTismSob-
lissaxelobaze.
saydriszeviTdaqveviTamoCuxCuxebsmiwidanoriveeberTelawyaro.
eswyaroebiqvemoTerTdebadaaCensmozrdilsfSansa.
amfSanSibevriTevzibudobs, maTSoriskalmaxic, yvelaTevzzegemrieli.
variansirgvlivSemortymuliaqvsvenaxebi. esvenaxebisavseavazebiT,
xilikimaTSinaklebadarisdarguli. venaxebsaqeT-iqiTiwyebasaxnav-
saTesimiwebi. ammiwebmadavenaxebmaCinebulimosavaliician. esimitom,
rommiwanayofieriadauxvadirwyvebaruebiswyliT.
esruebigamoyvaniliamdinareliaxvidan,
romelicaRmosavleTismxrivCamoudisvarians.
varianelebsmohyavTpuridasimindi. sxvamcenaresiSviaTadsTesaven.
RvinismoyvanasacerTguladmisdeven. zamTarivarianSimetadciviicis.
esufroimitom, romCriloeTidanzeddahyurebskavkasionismaRalimTebi,
zamTar-zafxulTovliTSemosili, radganvaziveritanszamTrisyinvasadaxmeba,
amitomvarianelebiSemodgomazevenaxssarsuyriandavazebsmiwaSiflaven,
rasacisinivazisdamarxvaseZaxian. gazafx-
ulzekiisevaayenebenxolmevazebsdasarebsudgamen.269
268
samxreTiTvariansmozrdiliWaobiuZevs. amWaobsmetadcudisuniasdis,
romelicwamlavshaersadaaCensavsciebaszafxulobiT. bedad,
varianSiTiTqmisyoveldReqarihqrisdafantavsammoSxamulshaersa,
ToremuaresidaemarTebodaTvarianelebsa... saxnav-
saTesimiwacnaklebiaqvTdaisicsaRalo.
amisgamoRaribniariandavalibevrimarTebTsxvadasxvafulianimoqalaqeebisa.
pataraadaRaribivariani~, magramiakobsZalianuyvardaigi. imisgamo,
romiqdaibada, iqixilasinaTlemzisa, iqgaatarabavSvobisbednieridReebi,
iqtkbeboda, `mSoblebis, ZmebisdadebissiyvaruliT~.
iqiswavlabevrixalxurileqsidamoTxroba, romelT-
agandidinawilimereTavissaxelmZRvaneloebSiSeitana. iqSeiT-
visadaSeiyvaramSromelixalxi, romelTawiaRSiizrdeboda.
iakobismama, svimongogebaSvili, varianisRvTismSoblisekle-
siismRvdeliiyo, mravalricxovaniojaxisufrosi.
deda, magdanakalmaxeliZe, ojaxiserTgulidaSvilebismosi-
yvaruleqaliiyo.
iakobs 6 da-Zmahyavda _ oTxiZmadaorida.
gogebaSvilebiRaribadcxovrobdnendaarafriTgamoirCeodnenammxrivsoflisg
lexobisagan.
fizikuradiakobisustiagebulebisaiyo, magramiyometadmoZravi,
mkvircxli, gonieri, sicocxliTsavse. uyvardaTevzaoba, Ra-
mismexreobacxiblavda, guTneulzejdomadasimRerebismosmena.
rogorcmogvianebiTTviToniakobicaRniSnavs, igi
`dabadebidanxalxiskalTaSiaaRzrdili~.
rogorciakobiserTibiografigadmogvcems,
mSoblebsgadawyvetilihqondaT,
rombavSvisaTvissaojaxoganaTlebamiecaTdaSio-
mRvimismonasterSigaebarebinaTberad. SeiZlebavifiqroT,
romisiniamasgaakeTebdnenkidec, rommaTsurvilswinaraRd-
gomodaiakobisufrosiZma, ivane. misiazriiyo, romZmasasuli-
erosaswavlebelSimiebarebinaT, eswavladamereTviTonganesaz-
RvraTavisimomavlissaqme. `TqvengindaT, romambavSviscodoSiCavdgeTyvelani,
agitexiaT _ beri, berio! dae,
iswavlosdaSemdegiqnebauariarasTqvasberobaze, andaiqnebukeTesigzaairCios,
vidreberobaa! mivabaroT^ sasulieroSi, gaizrdeba, davaJkacdeba,
gzasTviTonmonaxavs. dRegrZeliiyos, yvelafersmoaswrebs, _
arusvenebdaivanemSoblebs~ (d. kasraZe).
rvawlisiakobigorSiCamoiyvanessasulierosaswavlebelSimisabareblad,
magramivanemigigorSiaRardatovadaerTiwlisSemdegpirdapirTbilisissasulie
rosaswavlebelSiSeiyvana.
iakobi, rogorcTviTonacaRniSnavs, `metadmgrZnobiareiyo~.
TavdapirveladZaliangauWirdaTavissofels,
TavismSoblebsdaaxloblebsmowyveta. uTqmelisevdatanjavdadaadnobda.
bavSvisulukan-ukanmidiodadamizezsveravinxvdeboda. esariyoavadmyofoba,
gaciebaananTeba... damainc `rasmovigonebdimaSin, TuSemdegSi,
rocaswavlagamitkbeboda, mevarianzemetadSemiyvardebodaTbilisi,
rogorckeraswavlisa, ganaTlebisa~, _ wersia270
269
kobi.
swavlasdawafebulmaiakobmawarCinebiTdaamTavraTbilisissasulierosaswavl
eblissrulikursidasasulieroseminariaSiSevida.
sasulieroseminariaSiiakobiinteresdebodaaramartosaRvTismetyvelowignebi
T, aramedsaqarTvelosistoriis, literaturisSeswavliT.
aqveseminariaSikiTxulobdaigiwerilebspedagogikaSi,
garkveuladamdroidanveganisazRvramisimomavalisaqmianobissferoc.
1861
welsiakobgogebaSvilmawarCinebiTdaamTavraTbilisissasulieroseminaria,
masSesTavazeskievissasulieroakademiaSiswavlisgagrZeleba,
TujanmrTelobismxrivraimeproblemaarSe-
eqmnebodadaeqimebiamisnebasdarTavdnen. iakobi
`miuxedavadsustijanmrTelobisa,
gaemgzavrakievissasulieroakademiaSiumaRlesiganaTlebismisaRebad.
aqiakobixarbaddaewafamecnierebissxvadasxvadargs.
gansakuTrebiTainteresebdamassabunebismetyvelo-
biologiuridafilologiurimecnierebani.
akademiisprofesorTaSorisariyvnengamoCenilimecnierni. amasTan,
masmoZvelebuladeCvenebodasasulieroakademiissaswavlogegmadaprogramebisa
erTod. amisgamo
òficialuridisciplinebisswavlasdaoficialurprofesorTaleqciebismosme
nas,
manamjobinaTavisufalikiTxvadakievisuniversitetisgamoCenilmecnierTaleqc
iebzesiaruli... iakobmaseriozuladmohkidaxeli... pedagogiurliteraturas.
Seiswavlapedagogikisklasikosebi (komenski, ruso, pestaloci, distervegi,
pirogovi)...
iakobgogebaSvilimalegaitacaaRniSnulmoazrovneTadasxvagamoCenilrusidaqa
rTvelisamocianelebisrevoluciur-
ganmaTavisuflebelmaideebmadauSinskispedagogiurmamoZRvrebam~. (g.
TavziSvili).
iakobisseriozulinteresebsyvelaxedavda. masakademiiskur-
sisdasrulebisSemdegdarCenasdasaprofesorodmomzadebasacurCevdnen,
magramaqjanmrTelobisproblemebmaiCinaTavi.
kievismkacryinvebsvergauZloiakobissustmaagebulebam. igigacivda,
gacivebaTandaTangaurTulda, racfiltvebisanTebaSigadaezarda;
TaviiCinatuberkulozisniSnebma. daawyebinaxvela,
eqimebiiakobsdaJinebiTurCevdnen, romdauyovneblivdabrunebuliyosaqa-
rTveloSi. iakobsmtkicedhqondagadawyvetili, akademiisdamTavre-
bamderogormegaeZlo, magramavadmyofobisgarTulebamaiZula, rom 1863
welssaqarTveloSidabrunebuliyo.
usaxsroddarCenilkacssamsaxurisdawyebasWirdebodasaarse-
bodacdasamkurnalodac.
1864 welsmoxerxda,
romTbilisissasulieroseminariasTanarsebulsasulierosaswavlebelSidaewy
omuSaobamaswavleblad. amavedrosaxalgazrdaniWieripedagogigrZnobda,
rombatonymo-
bisgadavardnisSemdegaxaldrosdaaxalviTarebasesaWiroebodaaxalisaxelmZR
vaneloebi. imdroisaTvisaraTumozrdilebisaTvis,
aramedanbanisSesaswavlixeirianisaxelmZRvaneloebickiararsebobda.
manTavaddaiwyozrunvasaxelmZRvaneloebisSesadgenad. 1864
welsvemasukvemzadhqonda, xolo 1865 welsgamoicamismier271
270
SedgenilisaxelmZRvanelo _
`qarTulianbanidapirvelisakiTxaviwignimoswavleTaTvis. 1868 welsgamodis
`bunebiskari~, saymawvilowignidabalklasebSisaxmarebeli, Sedgenilii.
gogebaSvilisagan~ saqarTvelosruqiT.
1868 welsiakobgogebaSviliarCeuliiqnasasulierosaswavle-
bliszedamxedvelad. iakobgogebaSviliZaliankargadicnobdasas-
wavleblismdgomareobas; rogorcseminariaSi,
asevesaswavlebelSigabatonebuliiyoantipedagogiuriatmosfero;
fexmokidebuliiyodabezRebiswaxaliseba, meqrTameoba, qurdoba, loToba,
pansionisTanxebisflangvadaa. S. iakobmaicoda, TurasiZneleswarmoad-
gendaamawewiliviTarebisgamosworeba, dalageba, disciplinisdamyareba,
swavlissruliadmoSlilobissistemiskalapotSiCayeneba.
igiTavsaridebdaamTanamdebobas, manicoda, romsaswavle-
bliszedamxedveladmisidaniSvnaimasniSnavda, romzedamxedvelismZimeSroma,
romlisTvisacmasyvelaferiundamieca, xelsSeuSlidamissanukvarideals,
mTelidrosaxelmZRvaneloebisTvisdaeTmo.
magramsasulierowodebissaolqoyrilobampraqtiku-
ladmisikandidaturamoiTxovadaTiTqmiserTxmadmxaridauWira.
egzarqossarundodai. gogebaSviliskandidatura, manardaamt-
kicayrilobisgadawyvetileba, mizezadisiyowamoyenebuli, romi.
gogebaSvilsRvTismetyvelebisxarisxiarhqonda. dainiSnameoreyriloba,
romelmacegzarxosissawinaaRmdegod,
erTxmadiseviakobgogebaSviliskandidaturasdauWiramxari.
iakobiTiTqmisxuTiwlismanZilzeiyosaswavlebliszedamxedveli.
iakobTavisTvisCveulididipasuxismgeblobiTgrZnobiTSeudgasaqmianobas,
magramarcmaswavleblobisaTvismiunebebiaTavi.
geografiisadamaTemat;ikisgakveTilebTanerTadmanaiRoramden-
imegakveTiliqarTulenaSi, romamwignisuflebebisaTvisebr-
ZoladamisiavtoritetiaemaRlebina.
iakobgogebaSvilimouridebladdaupirispirdausamarTlobas.
manTavisiTavdauzogavisaqmianobiTfexzewamoayenasaswavlebeli.
pirvelyovlisa, manizrunasaxelmwifosxarjzemyofimoswavleebis,
saswavleblisTanamSromelTapirobebisgaumjobesebisaTvis,
maTixelfasisgazrdisTvis. yvelaRoneixmara,
romamaRlebuliyosaswavlebelSiswavlisxarisxidaamasmanwarmatebiTacmiaRwi
a. ukunsibneleSisinaTlisSemoWrashgavdamisizedamxedveloba, ia-
kobmamoswavleebisganuzomelipativiscemadasiyvarulimoipova.
Tbilisissasuliero `saswavleblis... bnelsamefoSiadreSea-
SuqaganaTlebissxivma: mesamocewlebisdidebulisazrebiTgulgamTbarma, Wkua-
gonebagabrwyinvebulmaadamianmaSeitanaeswyvdiadisgamfantavisxivi,
magraddaikavaganaTlebislamparixelSidaekliTmoculigzagahkafa,
gaataramSvidobisa, mamulissiyvarulisadaswavla-
ganaTlebismoyvareobisgzaze... amerTaderTmaTav-
ganwirulmamxedarmagamoabrunasaswavlebelikeTilsgzaze,
daSemdegrocadarwmundnenmissikeTeSi, saswavleblissaTaveSicCaayenes.
yvelasgulidasulimiziduliiyoammadlianiadami272
271
anisaken. yvelasgvenatrebodaxSir-xSiradmisinaxva, Tvalisdakvra;
TumcaigiCvensaxalsaswavlebelSiarmaswavleblobda, ma-
grammisibrwyinvalesxiviCvencgvaTbobda,
CvensgulSicnergavdasaRmrToazrebsa, keTilmiswrafebaTa,
TvissicocxleSisxvacromaragaekeTebinaraammadlians,
amsxivmomfensadamiansa, maincukv-
davaddarCebodamisisaxeliCvensqveyanaSiaxalTaobiskeTiladdamwysisaTvis.
iseklisgvirgvini, romelicmasbolosJamswiladhxvdasaswavlebelSi,
yvelamaSindelmoswavles, awcxovrebaSigamosuls, naTladudgiaTvalwin;
esgvirgvinickmaaris, dauviwyariyosigisaxelovanikaci... CvensSoris~...
esstriqonebiSeexebaiakobgogebaSvils, romelsac `mTelisaqarTveloicnobs,
rogorcmamamTavarsqarTulipedagogikisas~ (sofrommgalobliSvili).
1872
welssasulierosaswavlebeligamoikvliapeterburgidanCamosulmasinodissasw
avlokomitetiswevrmazinCenkom. ai, raswersamasTandakavSirebiTTavadiakobi:
zinCenkom `yovelmxrivga-
moarkviasaswavlebelidascnoigimSveniermdgomareobaSi. gansa-
kuTrebiTkmayofilidarCaissaswavlosaqmisdayenebiT. magaliTad,
moswavleTawarmatebarusulenaSimanCinebuladdayovelmxrivmolodinzezeaRma
tebuladmiiCnia. essasixaruloSedegimanmi-
aweraumTavresadmoswavleTamierwignebiskiTxvispiradadCemmierSemoRebulmiz
anSewonilorganizacias, rasacmudamTanaxl-
damoswavleTazepiridawerilobiTimoxsenebani.
saswavlokursisyvelasaganSimoswavleTaaTamdeTxzulebamanwaiRopeterburg-
Si, romiqwaredginaimisTvalsaCinosabuTad,
TuraSesaniSnaviwarmatebaamopovebulirusulienisSeswavlaSidamoswavleTaga
nviTarebaSiimperiisSoreulikuTxisararusmosaxleobaSi~.
sinodisober-
prokurormadasaxalxoganaTlebisministrmagrafmadimitritolstoimsaqarTve
losegzarqossgaugzavnamimarTvaTbilisissasulierosaswavlebelSiswavlebi
smaRalidonismiRwevissaqmeSiamsaswavlebliszedamxedvelisiakobgoge-
baSvilisdamsaxurebisadamisidajildoebisSesaxeb.
gadawyda, romgogebaSvilisaTvis, misiavadmyofobisgaTvaliswinebiT,
saukeTesojildoiqnebodaerTdroulifuladidax-
marebamisierTiwlisjamagiris 900 maneTisodenobiT (vercxlis).
bunebrivia, Savrazmeldareaqciul-konservatiulCinovnikobas,
iqnebodaeskavkasiissaswavloolqismzrunveliianovski,
saqarTelosegzarqosievsevi, saqarTvelossaeklesio-
samrevloskolebismeTvalyuredekanozivostorgovi,
Tuseminariisreqtorivalentini, esambavididadarmoewonebodaT.
imTaviTveamoqmeddadabezRebis, ciliswamebis, provokaciismanqana.
daiwyoaTasnairiciliswamebiTsavsesaidumlowerilebisgagzavnasinodTan,
mefisnacvalTandaa. S.,
ramdenadacpirdapirbrZolaSiisiniuZlurniaRmoCndnenSeupovardapirdapiriak
obgogebaSvilTan. i. gogebaSvilsabralebdnen `politikurorgulobas,
separatizms~ (i. gogebaSvili). 273
272
1873 wlisbolosiakobgogebaSvilisdauswreblad (igiamdrosavadiyo)
sasulierosaswavlebeligamoikvliapeterburgidanCamosulmarevizormakerski
mdasaswavleblismTelisaqmianobauaryofiTadSeafasa, xoloi.
gogebaSvilsdaswamaaTeistoba, separatizmidarusofobia. igimoiTxovdai.
gogebaSvilissamsaxuridandaTxovnasmizezisdausaxeleblad.
`viniyomarTalib. zinCenko, Tub. kerski? TumxedvelobaSimiviRebT,
rompirvelmamnaxasamsaxurisdros, daeswroCemsgakveTilebs,
xSiradsaubrobdaCemTandasaerTodSesaZleblobahqonda,
gamcnobodadagamoerkviayvelaferisaswavlebelSi,
xoloukanasknelmakimoaxdinareviziaCemiavadmyofobisdros,
rommasCemTvisarmoumarTavsarczepiri, arcwerilobiTiganmartebisaTvis...
arSegviZliaarmivideTimdaskvnamde,
rompirvelsmetiSesaZleblobahqondagaegoWeSmariteba, vidremeores~.
aRSfoTebulmaiakobmawerilebigaugzavnakerskis,
sinodsdaepiskoposgabriels, romlebSiacigiamxeldaegzarqosevsevis, sem-
inariisreqtorisvalentinisdamaTidamqaSebisborotmoqmedebebs.
iakobisjanmrTelobadaZabulemociurfonzekidevufrogarTulda,
gakveTilebicxSiraducdeboda, gareTveRargamodioda.
borotmoqmedebmaamiTisargebles, kancelariaaur-dauries, Sesaval-
gasavliswignebimohpares, qaRaldebimimal-momalesda `moindomesiakobisaTvis,
amsruliadumwikvlodauaRresadpatiosaniadamianisaTvis,
saswavleblisTanxebisgaflangvadaebralebinaT~ (g. TavziSvili).
sazogadodmebrZols, uSiSars, mtkicenebisyofisiakobs, amjeradavadmyofs,
metaddasustebuls, nervebmaumtyuna,
sulieriwonasworobadakargadaTviTmkvlelobagadawyvita.
`nelinabijiTCaiaraverisdaRmarTi, mtkvrisnapirsmiadga,
ukanaskneladSemoxedamSobliurqalaqsdatalRebSiCaiZira~ (g. TavziSvili).
sruliadSemTxveviTesyvelaferidainaxadamtkvarSimisaSvele-
bladgadaeSvanikocxvedaZisZma, sandro, romelmacarckiicodaTuvisSveloda,
isegamostacamdinaresiakobi.
iakobijangatexili, sulieradaforiaqebulimixeilissaavad-
myofoSimoaTavsessuliTavadmyofTaganyofilebaSi.
1873 wlisbolosseminariisreqtormavalentinmaiakobgoge-
baSviligaaTavisuflasamsaxuridan, SeiyvanaraigiarasaimedoTasiaSi.
samsaxurTanerTadiakobmadakargaseminariismiergamoyofilibinac.
saavadmyofoSiiakobierTiTvedarCa. iakobiaqac, mZimesulierviTarebaSimyofi,
saxelmZRvaneloebzefiqriTcdilobdasulieriwonasworobisaRdgenas.
iakobismowafe, misiTayvanismcemeli,
biografinikolomourigadmogvcems: mixeilissaavadmyofoSimoTavsebidan
òriodekvirisSemdegvnaxeiakobisuliTavadmyofTaganyofilebaSi.
dilisaTisaaTiiqneboda, rodesacmisoTaxSiSevedi. gamxdari-
gayviTlebulsaxeze, sevdianadgamoiyurebodnenmisidaRonebuliTvalebi.
magidazekargamozrdilirveuliedo, pirvelfurcelzedidiasoebiTewera
`kona~.274
273
_ wignsvadgeno, _ dabalisxmiTwarmoTqvaiakobma: _ `dedaeni-
danbunebiskarzegadasvlaZneliamoswavlisaTvis. mindaSevadginoiseTiwigni,
romelicxidadgaedebamoxsenebulorsaxelmZRvanelosSua. esazri,
rogorcviciT, vergaumarTldaiakobs. `kona~ daibeWda,
magramsaxelmZRvanelosmniSvnelobavermoipova. darCasakiTxavwignaTa~.
erTiTvisSemdegiakobisaavadmyofodangamovida.
ubinaoiakobinikocxvedaZemSeikedla.
manTandaTanobiTsulierisimSvidedaibrunanikocxvedaZisadasxvamegobrebisda
xmarebiT. yvelasabuTi, racmasoficialursamsaxurTanakavSirebda, dawva.
iakobgogebaSviliscxovrebisammomentsnikolomouriasegadmogvcems:
`zamTariiyo, iakobissanaxavadmivedibinaze.
gaCaRebulibuxriswinijdadaraRacqaRaldebssinjavda. ferimosvloda,
saxedamSvideboda, mxiaruladmomegeba.
ramdenimewamisSemdegsaxlSimovidanikocdTanSemoitanaTavisiCveulimxiarule
badaaRfrTovaneba.
` _ rogoraxar, iakob? _ karebidanveSemosZaxamegobars.
` _ ai, eswyeulebimawuxeben, _ upasuxaiakobma, _ mindaTavidanmoviSoro.
sTqvaTuaraes, magididanakrifamTelibRujadaweriliqa-
RaldebisadagajavrebiTSehyaragaZlierebulbuxarSi.
_ raiyo, iakob? raqaRaldebiuTavazeamCvenmxiarulbuxars? _
hkiTxaRimiliTnikom.
_ davwviCemigemebi, romukandabrunebaaRarSemeZlos, _ war-
mosTqvaiakobma. atestatiseminariisa, mowmobaakademiisa, samsax-
urissiadasxvasabuTisqaRaldebi _ yvelanicecxlsmivarTviZRvnada.
vaiTumagaTiswyalobiTSemdeggamRviZebodasurvilisamsaxurSiSesvlisa.
amieridanmTeliCemisicocxle, ZaladaRoneCemqveyanasundamovaxmaro.
_ gaumarjosiakobs, gaumarjos! _ SesZaxaaRtacebiTnikom. mego-
bruladgadaxviamxarzexelidawarmosTqva:
_ qveynissamsaxursarcmegaveqcevi, Cemoiakob; vficavpatios-
nebasdaimqveynismomavals!..~
aseTificiwarmosTqveserTmaneTiswinaSeamormaCinebulmaadamianmadarog
orcpirnaTladSeasrulesesfici, yvelamkargadicisamJamad~ (n. lomouri).
aqedandaiwyomeoredidietapiiakobgogebaSviliscxovreba-
SisazogadoebrivimoRvaweobisa, saxelmZRvaneloebismudmivgaum-
jobesebazezrunvisadaqvelmoqmedebisa.
1875 wlisgazafxulidazafxuliiakobmaabasTumansadasoxumSigaatara,
sadacigimkurnalobda, mereerTxansTavisvariansestumra,
xoloSemodgomazeisevTbilisSidabrunda.
amdroismanZilzeiakobsarakldamnaxvelebi, madlierimoswavleebi,
nacnob-megobrebi, naTesavebi. isiniamxnevebdnenmas.
TuaqamdeiakobimTlianaddakavebuliiyosaswavleblissazedamxed-
velosaqmianobiTdagakeTilebiT, vericlidasaxelmZRvaneloebzesamuSaod.
axlamTladmiecaTavissayvarelsaqmes. 1876 wlisTvis275
274
ukvemomzaddadaamwelsgamoica `dedaena~, saxelmZRvanelo, gan-
kuTvnilidawyebiTiskolisIdaIIganyofilebisaTvis.
amsaxelmZRvaneloebsgardaiakobgogebaSvilmasxvadasxvadrosgamoscasay
mawvilomoTxrobebisadaleqsebiskrebulebi àkido~, `kunwula~, `xomli~,
`kokori~, `mosavlismcvelni~.
`naxevarisaukunisganmavlobaSiizrdebodaCveniaxalgazrdobaiakobgogeb
aSvilissaxelmZRvaneloebsadamoTxrobebze.
mravalmaTaobamiswavlaamsaxelmZRvaneloebiTmSobliurienadaganavi-
TaraTavisiazrovneba. mismawignebmaudidesiroliSeasrulesqa-
rTulierovnulikultrisdasacavadXIXs. meorenaxevarSi. marto `dedaena~ da
`bunebiskari~ kmaraiakobissamaradisoZegladqarTvelixalxisistoriaSi~
(giorgiTavziSvili).
iakobgogebaSvilissamoRvaweosaqmianoba,
pirvelyovlisawarimarTaiseTisazogadoebisSeqmnisTviszrunvaze,
romelicorganizaciasgauwevdasaqarTveloSisaxalxoskolebisgaxsnas,
amskolebissaxelmZRvaneloebiTuzrunvelyofasdaa. S.
fiqriaseTisazogadoebisSeqmnazejerkidev 70-ianiwlebisdasawyisSigaCnda.
TviToniakobisgadmocemiT, wera-
kiTxvissazogadoebisdaarsebisideadabadebulaiosebmamacaSvilisojaxSiSekr
ebiliqarTveliinteligenciiserTwreSi.
saWiroiyofarTosazogadoebisSeqmnasaTanadowesdebiT.
gamoTxoviliiqnaruseTidantipuriwesdeba. 1875
wlisTviseswesdebaukvexelThqondaTiakobsadanikocxvedaZes.
saWiroiyosaqmessaTaveSiCasdgomodadidiavtoriteti.
aseTavtoritetadCaiTvaladimitriyifiani, maSindeliqalaqisTavi.
rogorcmosalodneliiyo,
dimitriyifianimxurvaledCaebaamkeTilSobilursaqmeSi.
gaCaRdaSabaTobiTSekrebebidimitriyifianTanwesdebisSesadgenad.
ramdenimeSexvedrisSemdegiakobgogebaSviliavadmyofobisgamogamoeTiSaamSekr
ebebs. wesdebamisgareSeSemuSavda. i. gogebaSviligadmogvcems:
`wesdebulebisdamTavrebisSemdegigigamovarTvicxvedaZesdaguldadebiTgada-
vikiTxe. aRmoCnda, rommuxlidedaenazedsagnebisswavlebisSes-
axebarSeetanaTSiga. rocamizezivikiTxe, cxvedaZemmiTxra, romdimitriivanes-
ZesazriT, magmuxlsmTavrobaarSeiwynarebs, wes-
debulebasardagvimtkicebsdasazogadoebasverdavaarsebTo. mevupasuxe,
TuegmuxliariqnebamoqceuliwesdebaSi, sazogadoebisdaarsebaamaoiqneba,
radganacbiurokratiasuflebamiecemaswav-
lebasazogadoebisskolebSirusulenazemoiTxovos, damaSinCve-
nisazogadoebaqarTvelixalxisganaTlebaskiargauwevssamsaxurs,
aramedmisgadagvarebasdamisgonebisdabnelebasdaexmareba-meTqi~,
damaSinveCemixeliTwesdebulebaSi, romelicdaweriliiyocxvedaZismierSavad,
CavurTeSemdegiparagrafi:
`sazogadoebaTavisganmanaTleblurmizansaRwevsmTelidawyebiTiswavlebisorg
anizaciiT, mSobliur, bavSvebisaTvisgasagebenazedaamiTex-
marebarusulienisSeswavlas~.
wesdebaiakobgogebaSvilisamparagrafisCamatebiTiqnamiRebuli.
qarTvelTaSoriswera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebelisazoga276
275
doebasaboloodgaformda 1879 wels.
arCeuliiqnasazogadoebisxelmZRvaneloba. iakobgogebaSvili,
sulidagulisazogadoebisdaarsebisa,
oficialursaxelmwifoorganoebSiwardgenildam-
fuZnebelTasiaSiaryofilaSeyvanili, rasacTviTonasexsnis:
`bolosdaibadasakiTxi, vinundamoawerosxeliwesdebulebasa? mevupasuxe:
`raTadamtkicebasavacdinoTyovelidabrkoleba,
saWiroawesdebulebasxelimoawerondamfuZnebeladmxolodimgvarmagvamebma,
romelTacsrulindobiTepyrobamTavroba. me, magaliTad,
samsaxuridandaTxovnilivarmesamemuxlisZaliT, daamitomyov-
ladmouxerxebeliadamfuZnebelTaSorismecmoveqce~.
bunebrivia,
iakobgogebaSvilipirvelxelmZRvanelobaSiveiqnaarCeulidimitriyifianTan(Ta
vmjdomare), iliaWavWavaZesTan, nikocxveaZesTan, ivanemaCabelTan,
aleqsandresarajiSvilTan, rafielerisTavTanerTad. dimitriyifiani 1883
welsSecvalaivanebagration-muxranelma, xolo 1885
wlidansazogadoebisTavmjdomaredairCiesiliaWavWavaZe,
romelicsicocxlisbolomdeuZRvebodaamdidsaqmesdaromlisdrosacessazoga
doeba `qarTvelixalxissulierTavSesafaradiqca~ (i. WavWavaZe).
iakobgogebaSvilibolomdeiyoamsazogadoebiserTiuaqtiuresiwevri.
wera-
kiTxvisgamavrcelebelisazogadoebamTelioTxiaTeuliwlismanZilzeqveynissa
swavlo-saganmanaTleblodakulturulsaqmianobaswarmarTavda.
missaqmianobaSididiawvliliiakobgogebaSvilisa.
iakobgogebaSviliTvalnaTlivxedavdasazogadoebisorganizaciulnaklovanebe
bsdamaTaRmosafxvreladiswrafvoda. igixedavda, romsazogadoebismarTva
`centralizaciiskalapotSiCaiWeda~ (i. gogebaSvili).
sazogadoebisgamgeobisaTivewevriTbiliselia.
saqarTvelosarcerTikuTxeariRebsmonawileobasTavisiveganaTlebissaqmeSi.
iakobimiiswrafvoda,
romsaqarTvelossxvadasxvakuTxeebsadaqalaqebSiSeqmniliyosazogadoebisadg
ilobriviorganizaciebiadgilobrivixelmZRvanelobiT.
aucilebeliiyosaxalxobiblioTekebisdaarseba,
RaribimoswavleebiswignebiTuzrunvelyofa,
sazogadoebissasargeblodsaRamoebisgamarTva. yvelaRonisZieba
èrTaddaTviTeuladiTxovsadgilobrivTaosnobas...
TbilisSimyofigamgeobaundaiqmnasTiTqmismxolodregulatori,
wesisdarigismimcemiTavisiprovincialuriganyofilebebisa, agenturisa~
(iakobgogebaSvili). i. gogebaSvilisfiqriT, Cveniprovinciisqa-
laqebsadadabebSimoipovebianadamianebi, romelTacSeuZliaTwera-
kiTxvisgamavrcelebelisazogadoebisadgilobriviorga-
nizaciebissaqmianobanayofieradwarmarTon, mxolodmaTidaintereseba,
mozidvadaCabmaasaWirosazogadoebiskeTilSobilursaqmianobaSi.
amsazogadoebissaqmianobaSigansakuTrebulidamsaxurebisaTvis 1890
welsiakobgogebaSvilimissapatiowevradairCies.
iakobgogebaSvilmaTavdapirveladTavisi 16 wignisgamocemisufleba277
276
daamgamocemebismonagebiTanxasazogadoebasdauTmo, xologar-
dacvalebiswinanderZiTmTeliTavisiqonebisudidesinawiliamavesazogadoebasg
adasca.
1887 wlisaTvisiakobgogebaSvilmaSeadginarusulienissax-
elmZRvaneloqarTuliskolebisaTvis. `Русскоеслово~. amsaxelmZR-
vanelomacTandaTangaikafagza, romaramartosaqarTvelossaxalxoskolebSi,
aramedsamrevloskolebSicdamkvidrebuliyo.
essaxelmZRvaneloSeumCneveliardarCenilaaramartoCvenSi,
aramedsaqarTvelosgareTac. 1895 welspeterburgulJurnalSi
`Филологическаябиблиотека~ ibeWdebaredaqtoris, libermanisrecenziai.
gogebaSvilissaxelmZRvaneloze. igiwerda:
àrarusTaTvisSedgenilirusulienisauarebelsaxelmZRvaneloebSiiSviaTadSe
xvdebiiseTmSvenierdaniWieraddawerilsaxelmZRvanelos, ro-
goricarisiakobgogebaSvilisSroma~.
amsaxelmZRvanelozemoTxovnagaCndamoskovis,
peterburgisguberniebisskolebSi, yazanisskolebSi. i.
gogebaSviliswigniTdainteresdnensomxuriskolebi,
igiagreTvedainergaoseTisskolebSic.
rocamowonebisrecenziebzevsaubrobT, SeuZlebeliaarmovixsenioT 1880
welsruseTisganaTlebissaministrossamecnierokomitetisaTviswardgenilial
eqsandrecagarlisrecenzia `dedaenaze~ da `bunebiskarze~. al.
cagareliaRniSnavs, rom ìakobgoge-
baSvilicnobiliarogorckeTilsindisieri, mcodne, Sromismoyvarepedagogi,
romelmacTxuTmetzemetiwlismanZilzegamoscaSesaniSnavisaxelmZRvaneloebiq
arTulenaze, romlebmacukvedaiWiresramdenimegamocema. mocemulisaxiTi.
gogebaSvilisesnaS-
romebiSeudarebladmaRladgananyvelasxvaamsaxisqarTulsax-
elmZRvaneloebzedasavsebiTpasuxobenracionaluripedagogikismoTxovnebs.
amwignebs, rogorcukveyvelasxvawignzeaRmatebulebs, Tama-
madSeiZlebagavuwioTrekomendaciasaxelmZRvaneloebadqarTulskolebSi~.
al.
cagarlisamrecenziissafuZvelzekomitetmamiiRogadawyvetilebaqarTulskol
ebSimaTisaxelmZRvaneloebadSemoRebisSesaxeb.
al. cagarelsTavisiazriarSeucvlia.
igiyovelTvisiyosaqmiskursSidaarci. gogebaSvilTanwyvetdakavSirs,
urCevdamas, romeliSriftiTdaraqaRaldzeiyosasurvelimaTidabeWdva.
iakobicTavismxriv,
rocaSesaZleblobaeZleodapeterburgSiaaxlebdaTavisisaxelmZRvaneloebisax
algamocemebs.
isicundaiTqvas, romdidipedagogiaramartodadebiTirecenziebiT,
mowonebiTdaaRiarebiTiyoganebivrebuli,
masZalianxSiraduxdebodakritikuli, uaryofiTimosazrebebiswakiTxva-mos-
mena. zogjeraSkaradmikerZoebiTidadaumsaxurebelisayvedurebi, mware,
abuCadamgdebiSefasebebiciCendaTavsdaaramartomaTgan,
visacrecenziisdaweraoficialurorganoTaganevaleboda, anvisac278
277
TavisiwigniTundodaCaenacvlebinai. gogebaSviliswigni,
arameddidmamuliSvilTagan, cnobilsazogadomoRvaweTaganac,
iqnebodaesnikonikolaZe, giorgiwereTeliTusxva. mag., Tun. nikolaZe 1868
wels `bunebiskaris~ gamosvlasTandakavSirebiTxotbasasxamdai. gogebaSvils,
`romelmacgvaCuqayovladSesaniSnavisakiTxaviwigniqarTveliaxalgazrdobisd
amyenebeliswavlisgzaze~, Tu `bunebiskari~, misisityviT, `Zvirfasiwignia~,
1873 welsigive `bunebiskari~
manmkacraddaaSkaradtendenciuraddaumsaxurebladgaakritika; eswigni
`ZvelisxolastikurisistemiTarisSedgenilio~ `mZimeeniT, uxalisod,
usulodarisdawerili, mereise, ymawvilskiara,
naswavlsackigauZneldebamisigagebadaSeTviseba~, _ werdaigi.
esstriqonebimaSinibeWdeba, rocai. gogebaSvili, avadmyofobiTjangatexili,
sulieradaforiaqebulisaavadmyofoSiwevs. xolo 1878 welsgazeT òbzorSi~
TavissakviraosaubrebSinikonikolaZe 5
wlisdagvianebiTgaixsenebskerskisrezencias,
misdaskvnasdaiakobgogebaSvilsudieradmoixseniebs, uwodebsramas `briyvs~.
TavisTavadgasagebia, romis, racsaxelmZRvanelodundadamtkicdes,
arisyuradRebiscentrSi, xSiradSurisadasixarbismsxverplic. miiCneven,
romiakobgogebaSvilimdidrdebasaxelmZR-
vaneloebisbeWdviTdasxvasacundawigniTmogebanaxos.
ìakobiTavgamodebiT, basrikalmiTdamWrelieniTicavdaTa-
vissaxelmZRvaneloebsyovelmxrivmoseulimtrebisagan. mtrebikibevrihyavda _
Sinauridagareuli. Sinaurebiiyvnenwvrilfexadagandideba-
gamdidrebissurviliTSepyrobilimaswavleblebi, romlebiccdilobdnen
`dedaenis~ da `bunebiskaris~ damcirebas,
raTamaTmagierskolebisaTvismieCeCebinaTTavianTiSeTiTxnilisaxelmZRvanelo
ebidaamiTgemrielilukmaaeRoTxelSi. gansakuTrebiT `dedaenas~
emterebodnen, radganisufroSemosavlianiiyo.
gareSemtrebikiiyvnenmTavrobismoxeleebi, moyolebuliolqismzrunvelidan,
yvelamisiyurmoWriliCinovnikiT,
romelTacarafradepitnavebodaTarczviadidaganaTlebuliCvenipedagogidaar
cmismierSedgenilisaxelmZRvaneloebi.
orivesTanbrZolaSiyovelTvisiakobigamodiodagamarjvebuli.
araviswinaSeqedsarixrida. ZlierisityvadamWrelikalamiamarcxebdayvelas,
gahqondalelo~ (ivanegomelauri). `...iakobgogebaSviliTavisi `dedaeniT~
cdilobda... SesuliyoskolebSiqarTuliena,
mowafesmSobliurienisSeTvisebissafuZvlad `dedaenahqonoda,
saZirkvelimisTvalisaxelas, gaadamianebas `dedaenis~ saSualebiTCahyroda.
srulebiTbunebrivigaxlavT, romiakobgogebaSvilsTavisi `dedaena~
mieCniaqarTvelTaTviserovnulisaxisSenarCunebissaSualebaddavincamwignissa
winaaRmdegodrasmeityoda, gamoecxadebinaqarTulienis,
yoveliveqarTulismtrad, saqarTvelosZirisgamomTxrelad~ (Tedosaxokia).
zogierTiavtoriTavisiwignisgasavrcelebladiseTsaSuale-
basmimarTavda, rasaci. gogebaSviliarasdrosikadrebda: kerZod,
esiyomTavrobisCinovnikebismimxroba, maTigulismogeba. iakobi279
278
mebrZoliiyo. arCveodavinmesmimarTpirferoba,
yovelukuRmarTazrsdaSexedulebas,
yoveluRirssaxelmZRvanelospirdapirdaupirispirdeboda,
misubadrukobasamxelda, aaSkaravebda.
erTstatiasi. gogebaSvili, berZenikorxanidisuxeirosaxelmZ-
RvaneloswinaaRmdegdawerils, aseamTavrebda: `meimedimqonda,
romCemsadgilsSemdegqarTulskolebSidaiWerdaqarTvelipedagogi,
romelicSeadgendaukeTessaxelmZRvaneloebsqarTulisasdarusulisas,
erTmaneTTanmWidroddakavSirebulsdaxalxisga-
naTlebaswingadaadgmevinebdanabijsa.
lamisesimedigamicruvdesdaCvensskolaSiSemogveWrnenmunjnidausaxonidagaame
fonmasSiukiduresipolitikanoba _
qarTuliyvelaferigaqresdasaxalxoskolagaxdeskeradgonebisdaxSvisadasibn
elisa~.
gaCndaazri, romiakobiebrZvisaxalgazrdapedagogebs, sa-
SualebasaraZlevsmaT, romniWigamoavlinon. mtrebsigiaxal-
gazrdapedagogebismtradgamohyavda. esicodaiakobma, magramaranaRvlebda.
igiambobda:
`SeadginonCemssaxelmZRvanelozeukeTesiSinaarsissaxelmZRvaneloebidamaSins
iamovnebiTgzasdavulocav, magramvidremecocxalivar, nebasaravismivcem,
romuniWodSedgenilidauxeiroSinaarsissaxelmZRvaneloebiTdaamaxinjonqarT
velibavSvebi~.
iakobiaraTuwineRobeboda, aramedxelsuwyobdayovelniWier,
erovnuladmomarTulqarTvelaxalgazrdapedagogs, romsax-
elmZRvaneloebidaebeWda. amazeTvalnaTlivRaRadebsivanegome-
laurismagaliTi. cnobilpedagogsdasaxelmZRvaneloebisavtorsi.
gomelaursundodagamoecaTavisiqrestomaTia `skolaSiSesas-
wavliqarTvelimwerlebi~ daamisTvisarhyofnidaTanxa.
iakobgogebaSvilimasdaexmaraqaRaldiT.
`dedaenis~ da `bunebiskaris~ didiRirsebadaarai. gogebaS-
vilisavtoritetiiyomizezi,
romiakobismtrebmaverSeZlesmisisaxelmZRvaneloebisskolidangaZeveba. i.
gogebaSvilisgardacva-
lebisSemdegacXXsaukuneSididxansdarCaessaxelmZRvaneloebiskolaSimosaxma
rad. xolomogvianebiT,
rocamiswignebSidroisSesabamisicvlilebebisASetanasaWirogaxda,
àmosaRebiadviladamoiRes, ZneliaRmoCndaSevseba,
TvalSisacemiiyogansxvavebagogebaSvilisteqstebsadadanarTteqstebsSoris.
Tumcamisiavtorebicnobilipedagogebiiyvnen,
axalimasalagogebaSviliskondiciamdeveraiyvnes~ (a. Ciqobava).
erTisityviT, iakobgogebaSvilisSeupovrobas, misSemarTulobas,
sifxizles, udidesipasuxismgeblobaasazrdoebdamomavaliTaobiswinaSe,
qveyniswinaSe.
didipedagogimouqancavadibrZodaimisaTvis,
romqarTvelbavSvsmSobliurenazeganaTlebismiRebaSesZleboda. iakobmakar-
gadicoda, rom
`mxolodqarTuliaRzrdiTSeiZlebamSobliurikulturisamaRleba~
(arturlaisti).
aseiyoes, rocakavkasiissaswavloolqismzrunvelmaianovskim 1882 w.
weriligamoaqveynasaxalxoskolebisSesaxeb,
xoloamasmoayolaSemdegimavesaxalxoskolebissaswavlogegma. rogorc280
279
TviToniakobgogebaSviligadmogvcems, gazeT `droebis~ redaq-
ciampasuxisdaweramasdaavala. iakobsuariaruTqvams, magramganacxada,
rompasuxiianovskisgasces `gamoCenilmadagavlenianmaqarTvelma... magaliTad,
iliaWavWavaZem. `yvelasaWiromasalasiliasmeTviTonmivutan,
samagierodrocaamdReebSiianovskisgegmagamova, misgarCevasmevkisrulob-meTqi.
daasecmoxda~. aseSeiqmnailiaWavWavaZisbrwyinvalestatia
`batonianovskiswerilisagamo~ daiakobgogebaSvilis
`mzrunvelisianovskissamoswavlogegmasaxalxoskolebisa~.
iliaWavWavaZedaiakobgogebaSviliwinaRudgnenianovskissurvils,
romsaxalxo (dawyebiT) skolebSiqarTulenasTanerTadaramSobliuri,
rusulienacyofiliyoSemotanilisaswavlosagnad.
amgvarigegmisdakanonebaimasgamoiwvevda,
romdawyebiTiskolavercTavissakuTarsaqmesgaarigebdadaarcrusulenasacodi
nebdamoswavles.
didmamamuliSvilebmagaaSiSvlesmzakvruligegma,
romelicsagazeTowerilSidapirebasiZleodaqarTulenazeswavlebisda-
kanonebisSesaxeb, xoloskolebisaTvisdagzavnilgegmebSipraq-
tikuladaraTuzRudavdamisuflebebs,
aramedswavlebismesamewelsmSobliurienisaTvissaerTodacariyodatovebulia
dgili.
sxvadrosacbevrjerdasWirvebiai.
gogebaSvilsqarTulenazeswavlebisaucileblobismoTxovnisdacva,
ammxrivisSeuvaliiyo.
didmamamuliSvilmailiawinamZRvriSvilmaTavissofelwinamZ-
RvrianTkarSisasoflosameurneosaswavleblisgaxsnagadawyvita. krebaze,
romelsacwesdebaundaSeemuSavebinasaswavleblisaTvis,
iakobgogebaSvilmamoiTxovawesdebaSiorimuxlisSetana _ pirveli,
romswavlebayvelasaganSipirveliwlidanmeeqvsewlisdas-
rulebamdeundayofiliyoqarTulenazedameoremuxliwesadsdebda:
rusulienisswavlebasameurneosaswavlebelSiundadaw-
yebuliyomxolodmesamewels.
mTelikrebaiakobgogebaSvilismierSemotaniliammuxlebiswinaaRmdegwavida _
ganaTlebismzrunveliianovskiamazrsarafriTardasTanxmdebadasaswavle-
beligauxsnelidarCebao.
iakobmakrebadaarwmuna, rommaTaxlasaqmehqondaTaramzrunvelTan,
aramedTviTnacvalTandamisTanaSemwesTanstaroselskisTan,
romlebicmoklebulniarianimviwrobiurokratiulSexedulebas,
romliTacgamsWvaluliaianovskio. asedaamrigad, orivemuxliSevidawesdebaSi.
iliawinamZRvriSvilmawesdebawaradginastaroselskisTandasamtkiceblad,
magramkrebisSiSigamarTlda: staroselskimi. winamZRvriSvilsuTxra, rom
`mzrunveliarsTanxmdebaamorsmuxlzedaTxoulobsmaTSecvlas,
TanaxmadmismierSedgenilidamTavrobismierdamtkiebulisplanisaadgilobrivi
spirvel-dawyebiTsskolebisTviso~.
iakobgogebaSvilmamaSindaweravrceliganmartebiTiwerili,
romelSicisumtkicebdaTviTSeuvalSavrazmelianovskisacTvalsaCinod,
rommismierSetanilimuxlebisasargebloiyosaqarTvelosTvisacdasaerTodsax
elm281
280
wifosTvisac. wesdeba miRebuli iqna yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe.
iakob gogebaSvilma umwvavesad gaakritika kita abaSiZe, romelmac
WiaTuraSi gaxsnil specialur teqnikur klasebSi rusul enaze swavleba,
sazogadod aq qarTuli enis Seutanloba imiT gaamarTla, rom guberniis
ganaTlebis mzrunvelma ar darTo neba qarTul enaze swavlebisa.
iakob gogebaSvilis azriT, WiaTuris skolis mesveurT brZola unda
gaegrZelebinaT, olqis mzrunvelisagan uaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi unda
miemarTaT mefisnacvlisaTvis _ didi mTavrisaTvis, Tu isic uars ityoda,
maSin peterburgSi unda gadaetanaT saqme. `Tu vinicobaa peterburgic uarze
dadgeboda~, maSin skolis daarsebze xeli unda aeRoT droebiT, vidre
reaqcia ar Semcirdeboda `da waRmarTi mimarTuleba fexs moikidebda~.
rusul enaze swavlebis daSveba Tundac erT skolaSi, Zalian mavne
magaliTia da cudad gadamdebi magaliTi, aseTia iakob gogebaSvilis
Seuvali pozicia.
rogorc TvalnaTliv Cans motanili SemTxvevebidan, iakob go-
gebaSvili swored im momentidan iwyebda brZolas qarTuli enis uflebebis
dasacavad, mSobliur enaze srulyofili ganaTlebis misaRebad, da
sxvebisaganac amasve moiTxovda, roca sxva moRvaweni far-xmals yridnen da
nebdebodnen. iakob gogebaSvili SeupovrobiT da rkiniseburi argumentaciiT
aRwevda mizans da iSviaTad gamosula am brZolidan damarcxebuli.
iakob gogebaSvili TvalsaCinod arwmunebda yvelaze urwmunoebsac ki,
rom ucxo enis (am SemTxvevaSi rusuli enis) Seswavla mxolod imis mere
iyo SesaZlebeli, roca ymawvili ukve kargad flobda sakuTar, mSobliur
enas. sxvagvarad, imTaviTve ucxo enis SemotaniT, verc mSobliur enas
eufleba bavSvi da miT umetes, verc ucxo enas, anu, rogorc ilia ityoda,
àrc erTs daayris xeirs da arc meoreso~.
iakob gogebaSvilisa da ilia WavWavaZis es WeSmariti da Seuvali
pozicia yovelTvis unda Sexsendes sazogadoebas, radgan yovel droSi,
Cvens droSic, ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa mimarT pirmoTne da maamebel
CinovnikTagan yovelTvis didia safrTxe ucxo enis imTaviTve Setanisa
dawyebiT skolaSi, ucxo enis mniSvnelobis gazrdisa mSobliuri enis
dakninebis xarjze. yvelam unda Seignos, TviT mZimed Sesagnebelmac, rom
sanamde bavSvi, ymawvili ar moRonierdeba, ar daeufleba mSobliur enas,
romelSiac gacxadebula eris warmodgenebi, Sexedulebebi, saerTod
kultura, sanamde igi am mxriv myarad ar dadgeba fexze, manamde imTaviTve
ucxo enis SeCeCeba mozardis Camoyalibebas xels uSlis, saerTod
amaxinjebs mas, momakvdinebelia misTvisac da qveynisTvisac.
iakob gogebaSvilis mravalmxriv Rvawlze saubrisas calke aRniSvnas
saWiroebs misi damsaxureba simReris, kerZod xalxuri simReris,
mniSvnelobis cxadyofis, misi notebze gadatanis da skolaSi Setanis
saqmeSi. 282
281
did pedagogs imTaviTve hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom simReras didi
mniSvneloba aqvs skolis warmatebis saqmeSi. `simRera samarTlianad
iTvleba... skolis sulad da gulad. igi uviTarebs bavSvs smenas, aCvevs
harmonias, usustebs da uspobs xepreobasa da zrdis mis gulSi sinazesa da
sifaqizes. erTi sityviT, akeTilSobilebs mis bunebasa. amitomac
SeniSnulia, rom simReris moyvare da mcodne bavSvebi cxadad erCevian Tvis
tolebSi sasiamovno, mimzidavi, simpatiuri xasiaTiTa da TvisebebiTa~ (i.
gogebaSvili). garda amisa, simReras `skolis SromaSi Seaqvs sixarulis
elferi, aRviZebs da acocxlebs skolis cxovrebas da metad umsubuqebs
bavSvebs im tvirTsa, romelTac maTTvis Seadgens sistematuri gonebiTi
muSaoba, bavSvis susts, norCs gonebas varjiSoba mal-mal Ralavs da
qancavs, magram malec modis igi Ronezed. ukanasknelis miznisaTvis
saukeTeso RonisZiebad iTvleba simRera. simReras imisTana mdgomareobaSi
mohyavs nervebis centrebi, rom aswrafebs sisxlis denas adamianis
ZarRvebsa da tvinSi, aCqarebs tvinis nivTierebis ganaxlebasa, aSorebs
gonebas yovels Semawuxebels azrsa da zrunvasa, Sehyavs adamiani raRac
siamovnebis sferaSi, Slis mis gulsa, gonebas amxnevebs da uxalisebs.
amitom bavSvis goneba, daRaluli varjiSisagan, erTi orad ufro Cqara
modis Ronezed simReris Jamsa, vidre ubralod dasvenebis drosa. sakmarisia
patara xans SeawyvetinoT Sroma daRaluls klassa da sam-oTxs wams
amReroT igi, rom Ronezed isev movides da man axali ZaliT da xalisiT
gaagrZelos varjiSoba, amitom axlandeli drois skola ganaTlebul
qveynebSi yovlad SeuZlebelia usimRerod~ (i. gogebaSvili).
ritmis, taqtis, simReris zemoqmedebis Zalaze i. gogebaSvilis
dakvirvebebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT SesaniSnavi
mecnieris, mamuliSvilis filipe gogiCaiSvilis Zalze sayuradRebo
mogoneba; filipe gogiCaiSvils kalendarSi daubeWdavs iakob gogebaSvilis
biografia. mas, germaniidan axlad dabrunebuls, germaniaSi ganswavluls,
biuxeris mowafes wianaswar sagangebod waukiTxavs saamisod iakob
gogebaSvilis publicisturi werilebi da rogorc igi wers: `SegiZliaT
warmoidginoT, rogor saxtad davrCi, rodesac iakobis erT-erT statiaSi
aseTi striqonebi wavikiTxe: `SeniSnulia xalxisagan, rom sami momkali,
ayoliT da hoopunaTi momuSave, imdens gaakeTebs, ris gakeTebac xuTs cal-
calke muSas gauZneldeba. rad? imitom, rom ayolis dros adamianis
moZraoba meordeba TiTqmis TavisTavad. mxedvelobas eSveleba smena da
orive grZnobani SeerTebuli ZaliT amoqmedeben adamianis asoebsa _ saerTo
muSaoba, erTs yaidaze momarTuli, aqezebs, amxnevebs momuSaveTa, arTobs
maT da daRlilobas gvian hgvris. ase sasikeTod moqmedebs taqti
didebzedac da patarebzedac~. unda gamovtyde, maSin ki vTqvi: ra Rrma
Sinaarsi yofila qarTul andazaSi, romelic ambobs: `Sinaur mRvdels
Sendoba ara aqvso!~ is azri, razec Cemma biuxerma mTeli wigni aago. iakobs
ager aqvs sxartad gamoTqmuli-meTqi~. 283
282
sworupovari pedagogi didi xani iyo mowadinebuli, rom visTvisme
notebze gadaetaninebina qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da skolaSi Seetana.
es survili kidev ufro gauZlierda, roca `dedaena~ gamosca. masSi iakobma
Seitana iseTi xalxuri nawarmoebebi, romelTa SeTviseba SeeZlo bavSvebs
sruli SegnebiT da xalisiT. misi azriT, yvelafer amas aklda mxolod
xalxuri simRerebi, notebze gadaRebuli.
`dedaenis~ gamosvlis droidanve iakobi Seudga zrunvas, rom
SedarebiT martivi simRerebi gadatanili yofiliyo notebze. Zneli
aRmoCnda iseTi piris moZebna, vinc, notebis kargi mcodne, am saqmes
Seasrulebda. marTalia, am dros iyvnen konservatoriadamTavrebuli
qarTvelebi, magram iseTebi, romlebic aseT saqmes mouclelobis mizeziT
xels ar mohkidebdnen.
bolos iakobma aRmoaCina aseTi piric _ mixeil maWavariani, romelsac
ramdenime simRera da sagalobeli hqonda notebze Cawerili _ es simRerebi
qalaquri kilosi aRmoCndnen. iakobis TxovniT, mixeili Seudga sasurveli
simRerebis notebze Caweras. Cawera xdeboda Semdegnairad _ iakobi mReroda,
mixeili werda. bolos m. maWavariani notebze gawyobils asrulebda da
iakobs Secdomebi unda SeemCnia da gaesworebinaT. ramdenime Tvis muyaiTi
Sromis Semdeg Sedga koleqcia oci saymawvilo simRerisa. kerZod, eseni
iyo, `Tamar mefe da xonTqari maRalma RmerTma wahkida~, `sizmraTa vnaxe
edemi aRmosavleTis TavSia~; `netavi Cemi sasaxle maRla mTazeda amego~,
Semdeg ki wminda sabavSvo motivebi: `modi, vnaxoT venaxi~, `kurdReli
Camocancalda~, òrmoSi fetvi Cavyare SesanaxaTao~, `gxedav, mercxalo,
maRla mfrinavsa~ (`mivel da vnaxe samoTxis saxe~-s xmazed), àvTandil
gadinadira qedi maRali tyiani~, `mze Sinao, mze Sinao~, àlvis xe
wamoqceula~ da sxv.
umetesi nawili am simRerebisa sam xmaze aris awyobili. `mxolod
ramdenime motivisTvis aris naxmari oTxi xma. es meoTxe xma CvenSi ar
ixmareba da SeiZleba bevrma misi SemoReba dasaZraxad CasTvalos, magram
unda vicodeT, rom sxva xalxebsac, romelTac exla oTx-xmiani simRera da
galoba aqvT miRebuli, uwin marto samxmiani simRera icodnen. yovels
SemTxvevaSi meoTxe xma aras dauSlis. igi SeiZleba simReris dros
sruliad gamotovebulic iqmnas~.
iakobma sagangebod izruna simRerebis teqstebze, gansakuTrebiT
qalaquri simRerebis, romlebic m. maWavarians hqonda Cawerili da iakobma
krebulSi Sesatanad cno: `leqsebi simRerisani imgvarni amovarCie,
romelnic an poeturis mxriT arian Cinebulni, an keTilazrovanni, da
pedagogiuri Sinaarsi aqvT~. Sroma manam ar miiCnia iakobma dasrulebulad,
sanam fortepianos SemweobiT ar moxda Semowmeba Caweris sisworisa. es
Sroma didi siamovnebiT Seasrula elene dimitris asulma yifianma.
erTi sityviT, es keTilSobiluri saqme iakob gogebaSvilma mixeil
maWavarianTan da elene yifianTan erTad xangrZlivi da seriozuli Sromis
Sedegad aRasrula. iakobis sityvebiT, igi unda CaiTvalos `namdvil
Sematebad da sasargeblo movlenad~. 284
283
rogorc vxedavT, iakobma Cinebulad icoda simRera da Teoriuladac
erkveoda masSi. iakobi Tavad amis Sesaxeb wers: `saidan vicodi Cveni
xalxuri simRerebi da ra wminda da aumRvreveli wyaro hqonda am codnasa?
amis pasuxad mkiTxvels movaxsenebT, rom am striqonebis damweri xalxis
Svilia, Sua qarTlSi dabadebuli da dabadebidan xalxis kalTaSi
aRzrdili. es cotaa, igi siymawvilis dros ekuTvnoda im bavSvebsa,
romlebsac SeiZleba xalxis poeziis fokusebi davarqvaT. mas ar
gamoepareboda arc sabavSvo leqsi da arc simRera~.
roca iakob gogebaSvilis didbunebovnebaze, mis Rvawlze saubroben,
sagangebod unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli misi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba,
rogorc artur laisti wers, iakob gogebaSvili saqarTveloSi
pirvelTagani iyo, vinc mxolod Tavisi wignebis SemosavliT cxovrobda.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gulnamceca adamianebi i. gogebaSvils
wignebSi aRebul fuls uTvlidnen, is ki gaugebari iyo maTTvis, rom es
martosuli avadmyofi kaci, romelsac ganuwyvetliv sWirdeboda yuradReba,
eqimebis meTvalyureoba, agreTve zafxulobiT aucilebeli wasvla
kurortebze sasicocxlod saWiro iyo, cxovrobda Zalian sadad, ubralod.
iyo `Zlier gulkeTili, rac ki SeeZlo, yvelas exmareboda. misi patiosneba
yvelam icoda. iakobi xSirad iviwyebda Tavis Tavs saqvelmoqmedo
sazrunaviT gatacebuli. uamravi keTili saqme gaukeTebia mas~ (artur
laisti).
roca iakob gogebaSvili saqvelmoqmedo moRvaweobs iwyebda,
qvelmoqmedebas qarTvelebi jer kidev ar iyvnen miCveulni. magaliTad,
cnobilia, rom wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas didad uWirda,
Tavdapirvelad mainc. sazogadoebis bevr wevrs ara Tu qvelmoqmedeba,
sawevro gadasaxadic ki ar Sehqonda. sazogadoebas ki sxva wyaro ar
gaaCnda. vin ifiqrebda maSin, rom Tavisi qonebis nawili kulturuli da
saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebisaTvis gaeRo, swored iakob gogebaSvili iyo is kaci,
romelmac faqtobrivad xeli Seuwyo qvelmoqmedebis gavrcelebas. Semdeg da
Semdeg kulturuli saqmeebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis mizniT, qonebis nawilis
gaReba rom zneobriv movaleobad iqca CvenSi, amaSi didi Rvawli iakob
gogebaSvilisac iyo.
zogis fiqriT (aleqsandre miqaberiZe, luarsab bocvaZe), iakob
gogebaSvilis wliuri Semosavali saxelmZRvaneloebidan 900 Tumnamde
aRwevda, filipe gogiCaiSvilis azriT, iakobis wliuri Semosavali 600
Tumans ar aWarbebda, sakuTriv iakobis monacemebiT, misi wliuri
Semosavali 250-300 Tumans ar aWarbebs. gacilebiT didi iqneboda es
Semosavali, iakobi rom daTanxmdeboda da saxelmZRvaneloebi cota
gaeZvirebina, magram igi amas yvelanairad erideboda. i. gogebaSvili yvela
sxva avtorebis saxelmZRvaneloebze iafad yidda Tavis wignebs, raTa
mSoblebs saSualeba hqonodaT, rom SeeZinaT isini. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom iakobi Tavisi wignebis did nawils saCuqrad ugzavnida skolebis
biblioTekebs, 285
284
TviT yvelaze Soreul soflebSic ki; ugzavnida Rarib moswavleebs.
gazeTebi savse iyo samadlobeli werilebiT, xolo Semosavlis naxevars
mainc, Tu mets ara, iakobi xarjavda qvelmoqmedebaSi.
rogorc Tbilisis qarTuli gimnaziis maswavlebeli, iakob goge-
baSvilTan daaxloebuli aleqsandre miqaberiZe gadmogvcems, iakobi `didi
gaqanebis qvelmoqmedi adamiani iyo. magram iakobi am qvelmoqmedebas ise
frTxilad, ise moridebulad, ise gauxmaureblad eweoda, rom axlobelma
megobrebmac ki ar icodnen... vis da rogori saxiT awvdida ama Tu im
nivTier daxmarebas; amitom mTliani warmodgena SeuZlebelia SeviqmnaT~.
iakobTan xSirad ikribebodnen Tbilisis seminariis ufrosi klasis
moswavleebi, qarTuli gimnaziis moswavleebi, romelTac iakobi fuliT,
wignebiT, tansacmlis yidviT did daxmarebas uwevda. Tu Seatyobda, rom
axalgazrda niWieria da erTgvar imeds iZleva, daxmarebas ar aklebda,
yovelTvis xels umarTavda. garkveul axalgazrdebs sazRvargareT
ugzavnida stipendiebs.
garda imisa, rom i. gogebaSvili, TviTon exmareboda axalgazrdebs,
cecxls unTebda nacnob-megobrebs maTTvis stipendiis gasaCenad an
sistematur daxmarebis dasaniSnad. aseTi mizniT, Tumca axlos ar iyo,
magram ar erideboda didi mecenatis daviT sarajiSvilis Sewuxebasac ki.
iakob gogebaSvili exmareboda im axalgazrdebs, romlebic poli-
tikuri sarCuliT cimbirSi iyvnen gadasaxlebulni. cnobilia, rom
sazogado moRvawe da mwerali Tedo saxokia revoluciur moZraobaSi
monawileobisaTvis cimbirSi, irkutskis guberniaSi gadaasaxles. mas
ganzraxva hqonda cimbiridan gamoparvisa, magram ver axerxebda ufulobis
gamo. man depeSa gamougzavna iakob gogebaSvils, sadac fuliT daxmarebas
sTxovda samSobloSi dasabruneblad. iakobma dauyovnebliv gaugzavna xuTi
Tumani, rac maSindeli kursiT ar iyo patara Tanxa, Tedo saxokiam am
fuliT sazRvargareT gasvla moaxerxa.
iakobis Seuryeveli kredo iyo: `yvelaferi xalxma momca da isev
xalxsve unda daubrundeso~.
iakobis mudmivi zrunvis sagani iyo saxalxo skolis maswavleblebi.
igi wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi Sevida winadadebiT, rom
mowinave maswavleblebisaTvis daniSnuliyo premiebi da am mizniT sakuTriv
man 150 maneTi gaiRo.
erTxel iakobma wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi ga-
nacxada, rom maswavleblebi did nivTier gaWirvebas ganicdian. aseT
maswavleblebs usaTuod xeli unda gavumarToT. man datova 100 maneTi da
ganacxada, gamoeyenebinaT igi nawil-nawil maswavlebelTa dasaxmareblad,
oRond ar eTqvaT, visi fulia. yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi baraTi
CamoarTviT daxmarebis mimReb maswalebels da xeli moawerineT. baraTi me
warmomidgineT, me ki isev mogawvdiT 100 maneTs da ase vawesrigoT es metad
saWiro saqmeo (al. miqaberiZe). 286
285
cnobilia, Tu rogor zrunavda da rogor cdilobda igi daxmareboda
qarTvel mwerlebs.
am mxriv gamorCeviT sainteresoa iakob gogebaSvilis zrunva egnate
ninoSvilis dasaxmareblad, romelsac piradad ar icnobda. iakob
gogebaSvils SeumCneveli ar darCenia egnate ninoSvilis literaturuli
Rvawli. 1894 wels iakobs waukiTxavs egnate ninoSvilis `Cveni qveynis
raindi~, romelic daibeWda Jurnal `kvalSi~. masze didi STabeWdileba
mouxdenia Txzulebas da misTvis werilic miuweria, razec egnatesac
upasuxnia. iakob gogebaSvili amave wels gazeT ìveriaSi~ aqveynebs werils
ègnate ninoSvilis Sesaxeb~, sadac igi werda:
àma wlis damdegs `kvalSi~ ibeWdeboda ninoSvilis moTxroba `Cveni
qveynis raindi~. pirvelma nawilma Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemzed,
namdvili, iSviaTi siamovneba magrZnobina da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mimaqcevina avtorzed, romelsac piradad sruliad ar vicnobdi. gagonili
mqonda, rom avadmyofobso da isic vicodi, rom doqtors tite qiqoZes
gaeSinja, ecno saSiS mdgomareobaSi da soflad gaegzavna wminda haerze.
gamovkiTxe TiTon b-ns qiqoZes da iman miTxra, rom Wleqi Zlier gamjdari
aqvs da male moeswrafeba dRe, Tu uSromeli da uzrunveli cxovreba ar
eqnebao. amasTan axlo nacnobebma isic miTxres, rom obolia, ubralo
glexis Svilia, hyavs mxolod erTi Raribi biZa, glexi da sofelSi uTuod
yovelgvar naklulevanebas iTmenso~.
amis Semdeg iakob gogebaSvilma gadawyvita, rom misTvis daxmareba
gaewia. man icoda, rom avadmyofi mwerali fuliT Semweobas Zalian
Takilobda da yvelas afrTxilebda, rom arc fuli SeekrebaTYxelmoweriT
da arc warmodgena gaemarTaT mis sasargeblod. `sikvdili mirCevnia
magaso~.
iakobma egnates werili gaugzavna, Tanac gaugzavna xuTi Tumani fuli
da miswera: Tu am mcireodens fuls CasTvliT pawia samagierod im didi
kmayofilebisas, romelsac magrZnobinebs Tqvenis moTxrobis kiTxva, metad
masiamovnebT, Tu ara da, ra gaewyoba, Sericxed valad, romelsac Tqven
gadaixdiT, rodesac morCebiT da saxsars iSovniT~. garda amisao, _ werda
iakobi, _ `vidre sruliad gajansaRdebodeT, TveSi geqnebaT oTxi-Tumnidgan
xuT-Tumnamde~. Tanac ganucxada survili, ekisra misi Txzulebebis
gamocemis gamgeoba.
egnate aRafrTovana iakobis werilma da dauyovnebliv upasuxa:
ùguliTades madlobas mogaxsenebT megobruli TanagrZnobiT savse
werilisaTvis, romelmac ara Tu marto gamamxneva, avadmyofobidan morCenis
imedic ki momca, werda egnate. fuls didi madlierebiT iRebda im pirobiT,
rom momavalSi vali daebrunebina; `me dajildoebulad vTvli Tavis Tavs,
roca TqvenisTana Rirseuli piri meubneba: Seni nawerebis wakiTxviT
visiamovneo, rogor RmerTi gamiwyreba, rom TiToeuli pirisagan kidev
amisTvis fuli aviRo!~ egnate agreTve madlobas ucxadebda misi
Txzulebebis gamocemaze zrun287
286
visTvis: `Cemi moTxrobebis gamocemisaTvis TqvenisTana mzrunvels me
viRas vipovni. me amaze fiqrsac ver gavbedavdi, rom Tqven ar gebrZanebiaT~.
momdevno TveSi (martSi) iakobma 50 maneTi kidev gaugzavna avadmyof e.
ninoSvils da maSinve Seudga zrunvas, rom `moepovebina rogorme saxsari
zafxulobiT mwerlis abasTumanSi gasagzavnaT... magram ulmobelma
sikvdilma dRe mouswrafa sawyals ninoSvils da Cven mxolod isRa dagvrCa
sazrunvelad, rom rigianad dagvemarxa~.
dapirebuli e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa gamosacemad iakobis samzadiss
win aRudga `kvalis~ redaqcia. `kvalis~ redaqcia saqmis viTarebas ise
xatavda, TiTqos iakob gogebaSvili TviTneburad kisrulobda egnate
ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa gamocemas... `kvalis~ Tavdasxmas i. gogebaSvilze is
Sedegi mohyva, rom didma pedagogma sabolood xeli aiRo egnate
ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa gamocemaze~ (apolon maxaraZe).
iakob gogebaSvili didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo akaki wereTlisa. Tumca
rogorc mogvianebiT iakob gogebaSvili gviyveba, maT cxare kamaTi hqondaT
saliteraturo enis formebis Taobaze. rogorc gadmogvcemen iakob
gogebaSvilis nacnobebi, iakobi erTob ficxi iyo polemikaSi. es sificxe
axlac gamoavlina man, magram akakim male kamaTze xeli aiRo da ganacxada:
me, iakob gogebaSvils metismetad pativs vcem da ar minda cxare kamaTiT
Crdili mivayeno Cvens damokidebulebaso (ap. maxaraZe).
àkaki wereTelsa da Cems Soris dawyebuli xangrZlivi polemika
qarTuli enis gramatikuli formebis Taobaze imiT dasrulda, rom Cveni
manamde ubralo nacnoboba TiTqmis megobrobad iqca~. saarakoa Semdgomi
siTbo da TanagrZnoba, rac iakob gogebaSvilma gamoiCina akakis mimarT.
roca avadmyofi akaki moinaxula iakob gogebaSvilma, ar moewona misi
ganwyobileba da werili gaugzavna mas, sadac werda:
`Zvirfaso akaki! dRes Sen cota pessimiers mdgomareobaSi gnaxe da
Zlier gamikvirda. gamikvirda imis gamo, rom Sens pesimizms araviTari
safuZveli ara aqvs. eqimebis saerTo azriT, romelic maT gamosTqves
krebazed, Seni Cinebuli agebuleba giqadis xangrZlivs da saRs sicocxles.
swored amis gamo dageniSna Sen pensiad TveSi TxuTmeti Tumani, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi bevrad mets davniSnavdiT. garda am yovelTviuris pensiisa,
komiteti ikisrebs dakmayoflebas bankisas, romelSic dagiravebulia Seni
mamuli, erTi sityviT, Sen sruliad damSvidebuli unda iyo, da SegiZlian
ifiqro mxolod Sens momaval poetur qmnilebebze, radganac SenisTana
olimpielisaTvis amisTana fiqri saukeTeso RonisZiebaa maRalis mSvido-
bianobisaTvis, rac Seadgens SenTvis aucilebels pirobas droidan
gamrTelebisaTvis~.
1904 wels, oqtomberSi 31-s akakis mZime mdgomareobis gamo iakob
gogebaSvili ìveriaSi~ aTavsebs werils redaqciis mimarT saTauriT
`nacionaluri saCuqari~. igive werili daibeWda `cnobis 288
287
furcelSi~ da `mwyemsSi~. iakobi qarTvel sazogadoebas mouwodebs
materialuri daxmareba aRmouCinon akakis. igi iTxovs nacionaluri
saCuqris SemoRebas, radgan akakis `sruli morCenisTvis saWiroa ara marto
samagaliTo movla am zamTris ganmavlobaSi, aramed wylebzed gagzavna
sazafxulod. es ki moiTxovs bloma fulsa, romelsac sruliad moklebula
akaki... saqarTvelos wminda movaleobas Seadgens daaarsos Tanxa akakisa...
piradad me am Tanxis sasargeblod gadamidvia Cemi wvlili aTi Tumani (asi
maneTi) da garda amisa, vkisrulob momavlis ianvridan TiTo Tumani yovels
TveSi warmovudgino xolme kerZo komitets~.
iakobi aRniSnavs, rom sxva kulturul qveynebSi arsebobs Cveuleba
Rvawlmosil adamianTa erisgan dasaCuqrebisa: `gamarTaven xolme sajarod
xelis mowerasa, Seagroveben Tanxasa da saCuqrad OmiarTmeven saxelovans
moRvawes~, amgvari saCuqrebi xels uwyobs `saqveyno moRvaweobis
gaZlierebas, mamuliSvilobis aRorZinebasa~. iakobs Zalze sayuradRebo
magaliTi mohyavs poloneTis kulturuli cxovrebidan; Turme polonelebma
henrik senkeviCs miarTves amgvari saCuqari. senkeviCs araferi aklia,
cxovrobs SeZlebulad. miuxedavad amisa, `polonelebma xelismoweriT
Seagroves didZali fuli, iyides aristokratiuli sasaxle marniT,
romelSic Cinebuli RviniT savse qvevrebi iyo da Tavis saxelovans
mamuliSvils miarTves rogorc nacionaluri saCuqari~. iakobs droulad
miaCnia am Cveulebis gadmonergva saqarTveloSi. àmJamad erTi friad
samwuxaro movlena daJinebiT iTxovs nacionaluris saCuqris SemoRebas
saqarTveloSi. `mTavari mamuliSvili da didi poeti saqarTveloisa~ akaki
wereTeli mZime avad gaxda. marTalia, poeti amJamad ukeT aris, saSiSi
mdgomareobidan gamosulia, magram mas esaWiroeba momavalSi seriozuli
movla, misi dasustebuli organizmi xangrZlivsa da sistemur mkurnalobas
saWiroebs. akaki did xelmokleobas ganicdis da misi àvadmyofoba aris
umTavresad Sedegi ukiduresad nivTieri gaWirvebisa. yovelgvaris
naklulevanebisa, mousvenaris mdgomareobisa~.
iakobi sazogadoebas mouwodebda, rom nacionaluri saCuqari
Rvawlmosil mgosans normaluri cxovrebis da SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
saSualebas miscemda.
iakobi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom ara marto TbilisSi, aramed `sxva
Cvenebur qalaqebsa da dabebSiac daarsdes amisTana kerZo damxmare
komitetebi da eseni yovel RonisZiebas ixmareben, rom momaval Tanxis
raodenoba Seesabamebodes daniSnulebis sididesa~.
aseTi fondi marTlac Seiqmna, romelmac wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis samyofelSi daido bina. am fonds ara marto materialuri,
aramed moraluri TvalsazrisiT hqonda udidesi mniSvneloba. faqtobrivad,
am fonds saTaveSi iakob gogebaSvili edga. `Cvenamde moRweuli utyuari
cnobebiT dadasturebulia, rom i. gogebaSvili akakis xSirad exmareboda
materialurad~ (ap. maxaraZe). 289
288
1905 wels gazafxulze iakob gogebaSvili TxovniT mimarTavs kerZo
komitets, rom akakis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT gasces
400 maneTi.
iakob gogebaSvilis mier akakis didi Rvawlis damadasturebelia misi
anderZis is nawilic, sadac igi wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas
avalebs, misi saxelmZRvaneloebidan Semosuli TanxebiT akakis daeniSnos
yovelwliurad 100 maneTi, rogorc honorari im leqsebisaTvis, romlebic
Sesulia `dedaenaSi~, isini iakobis specialuri TxovniTaa dawerili
swored misi saxelmZRvaneloebisaTvis.
Tavis mxriv akaki udides pativs scemda iakobs. igi misi rCeuli
pedagogiuri da publicisturi werilebis saCuqrad miRebisas iakobs ase
werda: `kurTxeuli iyos ara marto Seni Sroma, aramed yoveli bijis
gadadgmac ki~.
iakob gogebaSvilis qvelmoqmedeba gadawvda `RvTaebrivi ilias~
xsovnis saqmesac.
sayovelTaodaa cnobili, Tu rogor ganicada iakob gogebaSvilma
ilias mkvlelobis saSineli, Tavzardamcemi faqti, misi gulisSemZvreli
werilebi ilias mkvlelobiT gamowveuli, iqneba `SurisZieba istoriisa~, Tu
`didi mwuxarebis didi nayofi~. iakob gogebaSvili miiCnevs, rom axlad
Seqmnilma ilias fondma unda iTaos didi saqmeebi, romlebic Seefereba
ùkvdav mgosansa da did mamuliSvilsa~. did saqmes didi saxsari sWirdeba
da amas moaxerxebs gaWirvebis Jams saqarTvelo. aris amisi sruli imedi;
`WiaTuris sabWom, Tavis sasiqadulod, yovelwliv gadasdo 1000 maneTi
ilias fondisaTvis. ueWvelia, Tu mets ara, naklebs ar gamoimetebs yovel
wliv Tbilisis saTavadaznauro banki, daarsebuli da marTuli ilias mier
mravalis wlis ganmavlobaSi. quTaisis saTavadaznauro bankic, rasak-
virvelia monawileobas miiRebs am saqveyno saqmeSi. agreTve sxva bankebi da
dawesebulebani. mTeli saqarTvelos eri, yoveli misi wodeba, SeZlebisa
dagvarad, ar daiSurebs yovelwliv ixados fuli ilias fondis
gasaZliereblad. eWvs gareSea, agreTve, rom dids monawileobas miiReben da
uxvs yovelwliurs Sewirulebas gaiReben Cvenni mdidarni da milionerni,
romelnic gulwrfeli pativiscemiT da siyvaruliT iyvnen gamsWvalulni
iliasadmi~.
iakobma moiTxova, rom Sewiruleba ilias fondis sasargeblod
dawyebuliyo axlave, dauyovnebliv mTel saqarTveloSi... TviTon gamgeobas
warudgina 100 maneTi mimdinare wlisa da valad dado, rom yovelwliurad
amdenives warudgenda.
iakob gogebaSvilis, rogorc didi qvelmoqmedis portretis meti
sisruliT dasaxatavad kidev unda mivmarToT ramdenime saintereso
magaliTs. iakob gogebaSvili, ise rogorc bevri WeSmariti patrioti, 1905
wlis movlenebma aRafrTovana. revoluciuri situacia taxtidan rusi
xelmwifis Camogdebis, qarTuli enisa da saerTod saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebis imeds usaxavda maT. isini sixaruliT Sexvdnen xalxis,
kerZod, glexkacobis gamoRviZebas. iakobi 290
289
aRafrTovana guruli glexobis brZolam, vinc `Tvis radikalur
miswrafebaTa gansaxorcieleblad... amoirCies metad simpatiuri, sruliad
kulturuli RonisZieba: mtkice erToba Tvis Soris da gaficva, boikoti
mowinaaRmdegeTa winaaRmdeg... Tu axla yvelas dila gagviTenda, dila
Tavisuflebisa da moveliT Tavisuflebis SuadResac, Tu qarTvelis eris
metnaklebobiT gatexili saxeli aRsdga da pativiT ixsenieba kavkasiasa,
ruseTsa da mTels ganaTlebul kacobriobaSi, es umTavresad gurulebis
meoxebiT, romelTac ar daiSures sayovelTao Tavisuflebis mopoebisaTvis
arc Tvisi rainduli sisxli, arc Tvisi Rvawliani sicocxle~. iakob
gogebaSvili moiTxovs daarsdes ganmaTavisuflebeli saerTo fondi revo-
luciuri moZraobis aRorZinebisaTvis. iakobi wers: `sruli imedi maqvs, im
fuls, romelic axla grovdeba gurulebis saxelobaze, ar SeSvenis
Sewirulebis saxeli, es wminda valis gadaxdaa da ara Sewiruleba,
daxmareba.
diax, Cven yvela yelamdin valSi varT gurulebis winaSe, maT
pirvelebma gamoiRviZes, airCies ganmaTavisuflebeli gza, SeimuSaves
namdvili demokratiuli programa da programis ganxorcielebas Seudgnen
samagaliTo mxneobiT, iSviaTis gambedaobiT, saarako vaJkacobiT.
saWiroa daarsdes ganmaTavisuflebeli sayovelTao fondi, romelmac
unda daxmareba gauwios jer gurulebs da mere sxva gaWirvebul mebrZol
qarTvelobasa~.
am fondis sasargeblod iakob gogebaSvilma erTjeradad gaiRo 100
maneTi. garda amisa, man valad aiRo 1906 wlis ianvridan yovel Tve
gadaexada TveSi 10 maneTi. Tanac wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas
Txovda, mTeli Semosavali misi wignisa `rani viyaviT guSin~ am fondisTvis
gadaericxa.
vin ar sTxovda iakob gogebaSvils ASemweobas, daxmarebas, xSirad
Semweobis Txovna, gansakuTrebiT misi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, mosdis im
dros, roca TviTon mas, mZime avadmyofs, sWirdeba mixmareba. magram aseT
drosac gawbilebuls aravis uSvebs, Tan bodiSobs, rom Cveuli siuxviT ver
gamoxata mxardaWera.
im dros, roca iakobi TviTonaa mZime avad, anastasi maCablis, ivane
maCablis qvrivisagan, Rebulobs werils. igi sTxovs, rom iakobma daxmareba
aRmouCinos Jurnal èris~ redaqcias: `did bodiSs vixdi, rom gawuxebT
isedac avadmyofs da axal sazrunavs giCenT... magramo, _ gaxazavs anastasia,
_ Tqveni daxmareba am JurnalisaTvis saukeTeso rekomendacia iqneba~...
Zalian saintereso, mniSvnelovani argumentia, maSasadame, iakobis Sewevna,
iqneba imis saukeTeso piroba, rom sxvebmac daufiqreblad mibaZon did
adamians, Tavi valdebulad igrZnon mxardasaWerad, iakobic dauyovnebliv
pasuxobs da daxmarebasac gzavnis, Tan bodiSobs, mcirediT rom
monawileobs am keTil saqmeSi, `mizezi is gaxlavT, rom Zlier datvirTuli
gaxlavarT yovelTviuri SesawiraviT da gasavliT~. es 1910 wels xdeba. 1911
wels anastasia maCablisa axalgazrda ioseb griSaSvilisTvis 291
290
sTxovs Semweobas. iakobi ugzavnis 5 maneTs (rac im drois kvalobaze
sakmao Tanxaa), Tumca darwmunebuli araa, rom i. griSaSvili sworad
moixmars mas da ar daxarjavs òcnebis kocnaSi~... magram ès misi Wkuis
saqmeao, da ara Cveni~. 1912 wlis ianvarSi, gardacvalebamde sul xuTi TviT
adre, isev anastasia maCablisas ubrunebs bileTs, romliTac mas iwveven
mako safarovas iubileze, radgan avadmyofi misvlas ver moaxerxebs da dae,
sxvam isargeblos am bileTiT, Tan makos sasargeblod ugzavnis erT Tumans.
ra Tqma unda, amjeradac bodiSs ixdis `mciredisaTvis~, radgan misi `rus-
koe slovo~ samrevlo skolebidan gamoaZeves da `dedaenac~ bevrgan
Seamcires, Sesabamisad, misma Semosavalmac Zalian iklo; Tumca ki xarjebi
momematao, radgan obol Zmiswulebsac vzrdi, zogs ruseTSi vaswavli, zogs
aqo, xSiri avadmyofobac zedmet xarjebs Txoulobs eqimebze da wamlebzeo.
sicocxlis mimwuxrs avadmyofi iakobi interesdeba wyneTis quCaze mdebare
samadlo skoliT. aq qarTul wigns sruliad ar aswavliano, amoikiTxa
gazeTSi. i. gogebaSvili Txovs anastasia maCabels, Seiaros am skolaSi da
gaugos, Tu marTla xdeba aseTi ram, `nuTu es saZagloba marTalia?!~ iakobi
axlac mzadaa sabrZolvelad.
anastasia maCablisa erT werilSi Txovs did iakobs, daxmareba
aRmouCinos ivane maCablis Targmanebis wignad gamocemis saqmeSi. iakobi
siamovnebiT iRebs am Txovnas, magram ufro ukeTes formas eZebs Txovnis
aRsasruleblad. anastasiasTan erToblivad igi molaparakebas marTavs
dramatul sazogadoebasTan, rom man iTavos es keTili saqme, bunebrivia,
iakobis mxardaWeriTve.
iakob gogebaSvilis saqvelmoqmedo moRvaweobis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis
kidev erTi faqti iqcevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. saqme exeba iakob
gogebaSvilis anderZis im nawils, sadac igi ùdides mzrunvelobas iCens
saxalxo maswavleblebis, glexebisa da muSebis Svilebis swavla-
ganaTlebis mimarT. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi... saxalxo
maswavleblebi, glexebi, muSebi nivTierad uaRres gaWirvebas ganicdidnen~
(da ganicdian axlac). iakob gogebaSvils kargad hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli,
rom dabeCavebuli saxalxo maswavleblebi, gaRatakebuli glexebi da
autaneli SromiT welSi gawyvetili muSebi moklebulni arian saSualebas
swavla-ganaTleba miscen Svilebs. amitom Cveni mxcovani pedagogis
ukanaskneli survili iyo _ momavalSi mainc Seeqmna iseTi pirobebi, rom
saxalxo maxswavleblis, glexisa da muSis Svilebs swavla-ganaTlebis
miRebis SesaZlebloba miscemodaT. aseTi SesaZleblobis Sesaqmnelad
iakobs saxalxo ganaTlebis fondis daarseba miaCnda~ (al. miqaberiZe). am
mizniT iakob gogebaSvilma anderZiT datovebuli Tanxebis udidesi nawili
am fondis daarsebisaTvis gamohyo.
es iyo WeSmariti dadastureba didi pedagogis, moZRvris maRal-
humanurobisa da demokratizmisa.
marTlac, iSviaTad moiZebneba `qarTvelTa Soris iseTi sazogado
moRvawe, romelsac iakob gogebaSviliseburi qvelmoqmedeba gamoe292
291
Cinos da amitom, savsebiT gasagebia, rom qarTveli xalxi Tavisi
saamayo Svilis saxels Saravandedis sxiviT mosavs~ (al. miqaberiZe).
qarTvelebisaTvis saTayvano pedagogi da mwerali iakob gogebaSvili
Zalian mokrZalebuli iyo Tavisi damsaxurebis Sefasebisas. qarTvelma
sazogadoebam orgzis daapira misi moRvaweobis jer ocdaTxuTmeti, xolo
Semdeg ormocdaxuTi wlisTavi aReniSna. iakobma kategoriuli uari
ganacxada orivejer. mas Seuryevlad miaCnda, rom sazogadoebas evaleboda,
pirvel yovlisa, pativiscema gamoexata qarTuli mwerlobis `mwvervalebis,
ialbuzebisa da myinvarebis~ mimarT da mxolod mere SeiZleboda
aRniSnuliyo `serebis~ Rvawlic. Tu maincdamainc ar daiSliT da
SeikribebiT, sul erTia, me mainc ar movalo.
aRtacebuls, aRfrTovanebuls akakis grandiozuli iubiliT, guls is
useravda (da rogor undoda, rom es akakisac aReniSna sagangebod
iubileze), iubilis Rirsi `RvTaebrivi ilia~ rom madlierebis gamoxatvis
gareSe mivabareT civ samares da mere rogor, ubadruki qarTvelebis
xeliTve SublSi tyviadaxlili.
* * *
iakob gogebaSvili iseTi didi masStabis, iseTi gaqanebis pirovneba
iyo, rom mis Sesacnobad arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto misi
cxovrebisa da Rvawlis gacnobas, aramed misi pirovnebis ramdenadme mainc
gaTvaliswinebas.
rogor aRibeWda didi pedagogi da moRvawe misi Tanamedroveebis,
axloblebisa da nacnob-megobrebis xsovnaSi, rogor warmodgeba igi Tavisi
didi memkvidreobiT, saqmeebiT;
rogorc erTxmad aRniSnaven, garegnulad iakobi iyo sasiamovno
Sesaxedaobis, maRali, odnav mxrebSi moxrili, wablisferi Tma-wveriT,
romelSic bolos WaRara moeZala. uyvarda sufTad Cacma, arc mdidrulad,
arc Raribulad. zamTrobiT yavisferi kostumi da palto ecva, zafxulobiT
igive, oRond CesuCis (abreSumis naWris).
Sinaganad iyo faqizi, naTeli pirovneba, mtkice da Seuryeveli
xasiaTis, principebis mqone. ganTqmuli iyo misi patiosneba (art. laisti).
erTi SexedviT, iakobi odnav Sekruli warbebiT, mokumuli piriT da Rrmad,
TiTqos sadRac Sors wasuli TvalebiT, TiTqos miukarebeli Canda; magram
sinamdvileSi es garegnuli miukerZoebloba misi fiqrianobis niSani iyo.
Cveulebriv xSirad iyo mxiarulic, iyo didad gulkeTili. uyvarda
saCuqrebis gacema, ar uyvarda miReba, Tu aucilebeli iyo aReba saCuqris,
sul cdilobda, rom male gadaexada.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, kievSi swavlis dros filtvebis anTebiT gaxda
avad, ris Sedegadac filtvebi dauzianda, Wleqi aRmoaCnda. magram
gafrTxilebiTa da movliTYCemi Wleqis bacilebi erT adgilas movimwyvdieo
da Cavkireo. Tu es Semokiruli gaixsna, maSin cudad iqneba Cemi saqmeo... es
ki SesaZlebelia, Tu rame mizeziT filtvebis anTeba damemarTebao (i.
gomelauris gadmocema). es iyo sababi 293
292
janmrTelobis gafrTxilebis kultad qcevisa. iakobs miT ufro
gauZlierda es grZnoba, roca deda, Zma da da WleqiT daavadebulebi
gardaecvala. iakobi iSviaTi sifxizliT icavda janmrTelobisTvis erTxel
SemoRebul umkacres reJims. am reJimis dacva uryev kanonad hqonda
dadebuli; gansazRvrul saaTebSi RamiT daZineba, gansazRvrul saaTebSi
diliT gamoRviZeba, dRis saaTebSi gansazRvrul dros mosveneba an
gaseirneba iakobs yoveldRiur Cveulebad gadaeqca. ufrTxoda orpir qars,
iseT oTaxSi yofnas, sadac fanjara Ria iyo, ufrTxoda wvimas, radgan
Cveulebrivad advilad civdeboda, xSirad hqonda dabali sicxeebi. magram,
unda sagangebod iTqvas, rom es iakobs ar emarTeboda maincdamainc
sikvdilis SiSiT. aki man sikvdilsac araerTxel Caxeda TvalebSi mZime
avadmyofobis dros Tu TviTmkvlelobis ganzraxvis dros. iakobi
sicocxles ufrTxildeboda, ramdenadac mtkiced sjeroda, rom didi
erovnuli misia hqonda aRsasrulebeli qveynisa da qarTveli xalxis winaSe.
`vufrTxildebi Tavs, jer yvela Cemi saqme rac unda gavakeTo, ar
damisrulebiao~, _ ase ganucxada man nino nakaSiZes. xolo, artur laistis
cnobiT, ise Sexvda aRsasruls, rogorc brZeni, mSvidad, auRelveblad.
sruli SegnebiT, yvelafris Tadarigi winaswar daiWira. cnobac sul
bolomde ar daukargavs, ise gaSorda sawuTros.
yovelive amis gamoc iyo, rom icxovra, rogorc martosulma, berma
maxloblebs, naTesavebs Tu istumrebda da isic erTi-ori dRiT. sul
bolos, sikvdilis win masTan iyo ZmisSvili Salva, romelmac saintereso
mogonebac datova saxelovan biZaze. `misi cxovreba moklebuli iyo
garegnul efeqtebs~ (f. gogiCaiSvili).
ar uyvarda stumrad siaruli, radgan icoda, rom Tavisi gansaz-
Rvruli reJimidan amovardeboda, arc maspinZeli undoda daemZimebina Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebiT, amdenad misi stumroba ufro saqmiani iyo.
sufraze ar rCeboda. samagierod, TviTon uyvarda, rom stumrobdnen.
weliwadSi erTxel mainc sufras marTavda saxlSi Tavis megobrebisTvis.
mowveul stumarTa Soris usaTuod iyvnen ilia da akaki. Zalian wuxda,
megobrebi rom eclebodnen. artur laists sTxovda, rom ufro xSirad
evlo masTan. iseTi uaRresad socialuri adamianisaTvis, rogoric igi iyo,
Zneli iyo uaris Tqma ojaxze, col-Svilze, magram didi pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobiT, movaleobis grZnobiT savsem mainc uari Tqva.
rogorc TiTqmis yvela misi pativismcemelni adastureben, siWabukeSi
mas swvevia didi siyvaruli.
qarTveli moRvaweni sxvadasxva ojaxSi ikribebodnen da qveynis
satkivarze fiqrobdnen, samoqmedo gegmebs saxavdnen. amgvar ojaxTa Soris
gamoirCeoda ioseb mamacaSvilis ojaxi. am kulturul ojaxs mTeli
mowinave qarTveloba icnobda da pativs scemda iosebs, rogorc
ganaTlebul, umwikvlo, samSoblos moyvarul sazogado moRvawes. ioseb
mamacaSvilis ojaxi is centri iyo, romelic Tavis garSemo ikrebda
sazogadoebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs. am droisaTvis TiTqmis yoveli
sazogado saqme aq ibadeboda, aq Rvivde294
293
boda. am ojaxSi dadioda iakob gogebaSvilic. igi did simpaTias
grZnobda am ojaxis wevrebisadmi. iakobis sasiamovno garegnoba, misi
siamaye, Rirseuli Tavis daWera, misi mkvircxli, gonieri, sabuTiani, saRi
msjeloba. misi erovnuli pozicia, gataceba xiblavda da atyvevebda ioseb
mamacaSvilis ojaxis wevrebs, gansakuTrebiT ki iosebis saTno, zrdil
asuls, daros.
iakobsa da daro mamacaSvils Soris sulieri kavSiris saTuTi Zafebi
gaiba. aSkara iyo, rom iakobs daro moswonda, daros mgrZnobiare gulic
TanaugrZnobda iakobs, romlisadmi gulwrfeli siyvaruli TandaTan
daeufla. magram, samwuxarod, ar moxda is, rasac TiTqmis yvela moeloda.
maTi siyvaruli qorwinebiT ar dagvirgvinda.
iakobi didi seriozulobiT, sifrTxiliT, pasuxismgeblobiT
udgeboda dacolSvilebis sakiTxs. aseTi mniSvnelovani nabijis gadadgma
metad eZneleboda; igi fiqrobda, rom avadmyofi adamiania, rom
ganukurnebeli mZime seni STamomavlobiTa aqvs gadmosuli da amitom ara
aqvs zneobrivi ufleba col-Svils moekidos, sayvareli adamiani
msxverplad Seiwiros da masTan erTad STamomavlobac. iakobma `daZlia
siyvaruli~ (f. gogiCaiSvili). iakobi da daro megobrebad darCnen,
erTmaneTs xSirad naxulobdnen da Zveleburis gulwrfelobiT erTmaneTs
pativs scemdnen (al. miqaberiZis mixedviT).
marTalia, Tavad iakobi sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo am azrisa, magram
sxvaTa mowmobiT, igi ufro kabinetSi momuSave mecnieri iyo (f.
gogiCaiSvili da sxvebic). amdenad gasagebia artur laistis STabeWdileba,
praqtikul cxovrebas nakleb icnobdao, magram iyoo didad alRoiani, didi
Wkuis kaci, magram amasTanave TviTnaTqvama da bavSviviT Jiniani, rac
garkveulad misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobiTac iyo gamowveuli. aqedan
gamomdinarec, iyo metad mgrZnobiare da ficxi. ìakobi Zalian ficxi iyo,
rogorc pirad urTierTobaSi, ise polemikaSic. magram sakvirvelia, es
sificxe iSviaTad stovebda ukmayofilebis kvals, vinaidan yvelam icoda,
rom i. gogebaSvili yovelTvis gulwrfeli iyo, SecdomaSic da
WeSmaritebaSic da yvela pativs scemda am gulwrfelobisa da
pirdapirobisaTvis~ (filipe gogiCaiSvili). yvela ufrTxildeboda mas,
erideboda mis gajavrebas. aleqsandre yifSiZis mowmobiT, erTxel iliam
iakobis gacxarebuli werili miiRo. iliam ramdenime striqoniani pasuxis
daweras mTeli saaTebi moandoma. brZenkaci frTxilobda istoriis winaSec
da megobris winaSec.
iakobs iseTi rame SeiZleboda mietana gulTan da ganecada, rasac
sxva yuradRebasac ar miaqcevda, an nakleb miaqcevda; èrTxel golovinis
(aw rusTavelis) prospeqtze Tavis Cveulebrivis seirnobis dros Semxvda
iakobi, metad aRelvebuli iyo. vkiTxe aRelvebis mizezi. _ warmoidgineT, _
miTxra, _ saqarTvelos eqsarxosis Tanamdeboba unda gaauqmon da unda
dastovon kavkasiis mitropolitio. _ amaze raTa javrobT-meTqi. rusis
eqsarxosebma gaanadgures saqarTvelos eklesia, isini Cveni eris mtarvalebi
iyvnen da maTis Tanam295
294
debobis gauqmeba unda gvixarodes da ara gvwyindes-meTqi. arao, _
mipasuxa iakobma. _ eqsarxosi saqarTvelosi iyo, sityva `saqarTvelo~
ixsenieboda mainc da axla amasac aRar gagvagonebeno... ver warmomidgenia,
sixarulisagan ra unda dahmarToda iakobs, rom moswreboda saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebas, saqarTvelos respublikas, saqarTvelos universitets...~
(ioseb guncaZe).
iakobi aravis unaxavs `piradi xasiaTis saqmiT dainteresebuli. mTeli
misi gulisyuri im ieriSis mogeriebisaken iyo mimarTuli, romelic ruseTs
mohqonda `saqarTvelos saarsebo erovnul fuZeebze~ (f. gogiCaiSvili).
iakobi WeSmariti pedagogi iyo. uyvarda axalgazrdoba, icoda masTan
urTierToba, advilad igebda axalgazrdebis guls, radgan kargad icnobda
maT sulier samyaros. iakobi mudmivad swavlobda da sxvebsac aswavlida.
igi Wabukobidanve udides siamovnebas poulobda swavlaSi da bednieri iyo,
roca Tavis codnas sxvebx gadascemda. iakobs gamoarCevda sibejiTe,
mowesrigebuloba. iyo Tavdadebuli mSromeli, gansakuTrebiT mogviano
wlebSi. misi Sromisadmi damokidebuleba, saerTod Sromis kultura, mkacri
disciplina TviT germanel artus laistsac aRafrTovanebda.
rogorc iTqva, iakobs gamoarCevda mudmivi zrunva saxelmZRvaneloebis
gaumjobesebaze. sanamde saxelmZRvaneloebi ar daibeWdeboda, Zalianac rom
Camomcxariyo TbilisSi, qalaqgareT mainc ar gavidoda. iakobis
gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani iyo koreqtura. sul ukanaskneli, oTxi
koreqtura xom mainc unda gakeTebuliyo, sanam wigns dasabeWdad
gagzavnida. magram amiTac ar kmayofildeboda. amis Semdeg anabeWdebs
daurigebda asoTamwyobebs, maxloblebs da vinc kidev aRmoaCenda
koreqturas, mas SauriT, zogjer ori SauriTac ajildoebda yoveli
koreqturisaTvis, rac sulac ar iyo patara Tanxa. iakobis es sifxizle,
sifrTxile savsebiT gasagebia da yvela droisaTvis sanaqebo. saqme isaa,
rom koreqturuli Secdoma yovelTvis sawyenia, magram bavSvebis,
ymawvilebis wignebSi pirdapir momakvdinebeli. Znelia bavSvs gaagebino ra
aris koreqturuli Secdoma, SaviT TeTrze dabeWdili misTvis Euryevi
WeSmariteba da ise ibeWdavs misi mexsiereba damaxinjebul formas, rasac
mere veRarafriT gaasworeb. Cans, amitomac Zalian frTxilobda didi
iakobi.
didi moqalaqe da mamuliSvili yvelafers erovnuli poziciidan
afasebda. am principiTYda ara subieqturi mosazrebebiT sargeblobda is
qarTvel mweralTa, moRvaweTa Sefasebisasac.
iakob gogebaSvils miaCnda, rom kargia, roca Cveni iseTi mwerlebi,
romelTac rusuli ena zedmiwevniT exerxebaT, monawileoben adgilobriv da
ruseTis Jurnal-gazeTebSi. niko nikolaZe, ilia baxtaZe, levan yifiani,
daviT kezeli da sxvebi, romlebic rusul organoebSi TvalsaCinod
moRvaweoben, metad did samsaxurs gauwevdnen Cvens sinamdviles, rom
marTlac yvelani sisworiT udgebodnen Cvens saWirboroto sakiTxebs da
gabedulad, mourideblad mxars uWerdnen qarTveli xalxis sasicocxlo
interesebs. 296
295
imisdamiuxedavad, rom iakobs hqonda sakmarisi safuZveli niko
nikolaZis mimarT piradi ukmayofilebisa, igi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs
mxolod da mxolod niko nikolaZes, `romlis basri kalami... Cveni
sinamdvilis mraval saWirboroto sakiTxs exeba da am mxriT didad
sagulisxmoa~ (al. miqaberiZis mixedviT). magram, samwuxarod, igive ar
SegviZlia vTqvaT danarCeni mwerlebis Sesaxebo. aseve afasebda igi giorgi
wereTlis Rvawls, romelic mas rogorc `kvalis~ redaqtori sul
ekamaTeboda.
erTi sityviT, pirovnuli `me~ ki ara, `swavla-ganaTleba, `dedaena~,
erovneba, samSoblosadmi siyvaruli, mamuliSviloba, yvela es misTvis iyo
ara ubralo idealuri principebi, aramed sulieri arsebobis principebi,
romlebiTac igi sunTqavda da romelTa gareSe mas piradi cxovreba ar
hqonda. am sferoSi iyo mudam misi azri da goneba garTuli. masTan iyo
mTeli misi arseba Sezrdili da Sesisxlxorcebuli imgvarad, rom Tavisi
piradi me TiTqos ar hqonda iqidan gamocalkevebuli. es iyo misi simdidrec
da... laparaki, msjeloba, azrovneba mxolod am sagnebze exerxeboda
siyvaruliT, xalisiTa da gatacebiT. es iyo misTvis col-Svilic, ojaxic,
garTobac, piradi cxovrebac~ (f. gogiCaiSvili).
didad afasebdnen iakobis pirovnebas, mis Rvawls da amags ilia
WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, misi pativismcemelni iyvnen. didad er-
idebodnen mis gulistkenas.
ase icxovra qarTveli bavSvebis, axalgazrdobis didma moZRvarma. ase
gaanaTa maTi gulebi, aamaRla, gaafarTova maTi sulieri samyaro. iakobma
icxovra, iRvawa im rwmeniT da mizniT, rom misi wignebi `RaRadebs
erovnuli principis gamefebas yovels sferoSi, RaRadebs, rac Zali da
Rone aqvs mis avtors da am ukanasknels unda, rom uSiSrad daadges
qarTveloba misi erovnuli azrebis ganxorcielebas~.
sul samocdaTormeti weli icxovra iakob gogebaSvilma, dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan es araa Rrma sibere, magram me-19 saukunisaTvis arc Tu cota
droa. es iyo internsiuri cxovrebis wlebi. didi SinaarsiT, madliT da
sinaTliT savse.
gardaicvala iakob gogebaSvili 1912 wlis pirvel ivniss. didi
mwuxarebiT daitira igi mTelma saqarTvelom. brwyinvaled brZana
sulmnaTma akakim misi kubos winaSe: `...iRaRadeben Senni naSromni da darCeba
samaradisod Sengan gatkepnili gza, da vinc im gzas ar gaivlis, is arc
qarTvelad ixsenieba~.
`ganisvena... saukunod daexuWa moxucs Tvali,
ciT daeSva angelosi, eambora gulmtirali,
subuq frTebiT lurj eTerSi waritaca misi suli
dedamiwas dautova usicocxlo civi guli...
aRar aris, mZime kvnesiT uceb Caswyda mkerdSi simi,
mis RvTaebriv metyvel bages ganeSora wrfeli Rimi...
wminda cxedars wminda dasni dahgaloben himnsa ciurs,
kacTa Zeni uerTeben Tvis glovis xmas, zars qveyniurs... 297
296
netav mas, vinc daimkvidrebs cis da qveynis sasufevels,
vinc sikvdiliT sTrgunavs sikvdils, cremls SeuSrobs cremlis
mfrqvevels...
netavi Sen sulmarTalo, rom hpovevi ukvdaveba,
da Tan migdevs eris gulis kurTxeva da qebaT-qeba~.
(giorgi quCiSvili)
daasaflaves iakobi Tavisi survilis Tanaxmad didubeSi.
1940 wels dabadebidan 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT misi neSti
gadmosvenebuli iqna mTawmindis mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa
panTeonSi, sadac pova saboloo savane did qarTvel mamuliSvilTa gverdiT.
* * *
iakob gogebaSvili iyo ara marto didi pedagogi, aRmzrdeli, ara
marto SesaniSnavi saxelmZRvaneloebis avtori, aramed mas qarTul
sinamdvileSi samarTlianad Tvlian sabavSvo mwerlobis fuZemdeblad.
marTalia, ZiriTadad bavSvebisTvis gamiznuli nawarmoebebi CvenSi adrec
iwereboda, magram mwerlobis es sfero mecnierul safuZvlebs iakob
gogebaSvilma daayrdno. gamiznulad fiqri sabavSvo mwerlobaze, masze
sagangebo zrunva, misi safuZvlebis damuSaveba swored mis saxels
ukavSirdeba.
didi xnidan arsebobda azri, garkveuli avtorebi fiqrobdnen, rom
sakuTriv sabavSvo literaturis arsebobas safuZveli ara aqvs. volteris
azriT, mxolod is wignebia ymawvilebisTvis sasargeblo, romlebic
didebisTvisac kargia. `Tu ginda wero bavSvisaTvis, Sen ar unda wero
specialurad `bavSvisTvis~ (Teodor Stormi), `mxolod WeSmariti Cveni
mwerlebi arian da unda iyvnen Cveni sabavSvo mwerlebic~ (henrix volgasti).
am azris argumentad imowmeben did adamianTa _ moazrovneTa, mweralTa
bavSvobas. bavSvobis dros goeTes, magaliTad, iseve rogorc sxva did
SemoqmedT, ar ukiTxavT sabavSvo wignebi, radganac, ubralod, arc
arsebobda aseTi wignebi. isini kiTxulobdnen imas, rac SeiZleba waekiTxa
didebs. es azri Cvens did klasokosebzec SeiZleba gavavrceloT. ras
kiTxulobdnen ilia, akaki, vaJa-fSavela... isini kiTxulobdnen biblias,
`vefxistyaosans~, ismendnen ambebs `qarTlis cxovrebidan~, bibliidan.
gansxvavebiT aseTi Sexedulebisagan TandaTan Camoyalibda sa-
pirispiro mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sabavSvo literaturas udidesi
aRmzrdelobiTi da SemecnebiT-esTetikuri mniSvneloba eniWeba. adre imitom
ar arsebobda sabavSvo literaturao, fiqroben, rom `Zveli kacobrioba ar
iCenda bavSvisadmi gansakuTrebul interess~, amdenad, `bavSvebisadmi
damokidebulebis istoria gviCvenebs kacobriobis fsiqologiur istorias~
(lev tolstoi).
CvenSi sabavSvo literaturis didi qomagi, mecnieruli ganmavi-
Tarebeli aris iakob gogebaSvili. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze igi
rainduli msaxuri iyo sabavSvo mwerlobisa. 298
297
sanamde iakob gogebaSvilis mxatvrul Semoqmedebas SevexebodeT,
bunebrivia dgeba saWiroeba, mokled mainc gavecnoT mis mosazrebebs
sabavSvo literaturis raobis, misi mizandasaxulebis, amocanebis Sesaxeb,
ramdenadac mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebas win uZRvis mwyobri Sexedulebebis
saxiT Camoyalibebuli sruliad gacnobierebuli midgoma amgvari
mwerlobis mimarT.. erTi sityviT, Tu erTi avtoris mosazrebis perifrazs
mivmarTavT, moazrovne yovelTvis badebda masSi xelovans, sabavSvo
mwerals (grigol kiknaZe).
iakob gogebaSvili im azriT suldgmulobda, misi Semoqmedebis paToss
is gansazRvravda, rom `sawymawvilo literaturas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
eris cxovrebaSi, mis warmatebaSi. es aris saukeTeso saZirkveli,
romelzedac Sendeba mTeli literatura da mecniereba xalxisa. gonebiTi
moZraoba erisa qviSazea aSenebuli, Tu igi Raribia sayrmo nawarmoebebiT,
saymawvilo literaturiT. igi magra adgams nabijebs win, mkvidrs
warmatebaSi Sedis mxolod maSin, rodesac miss mozard Taobas uxvad
eZleva gonebiTi sazrdo, rodesac misi yrmani garemoculni arian mravali
niWieri nawarmoebiTa~.
saymawvilo literaturis mniSvneloba gansazRvrulia eris momavlis
TvalsazrisiT. iakob gogebaSvili iSveliebs genialuri germaneli mwerlis
iohan volfgang goeTes azrs, romlis Tanaxmad, àravis SeuZlia
ganTavisufldes pataraobis drois STabeWdilebaTagan~. diax, swored es
STabeWdilebani qmnian saZirkvels adamianis midrekilebebisas,
mimarTulebisas. àm drois CabeWdilebebze didad arian damokidebulni
kacis miswrafebani, misi Tvisebani~. erTi sityviT, bavSvobis periodi
gansakuTrebuli, yvela sxva periodze ufro rTulia, ufro
sapasuxismgeblo. mTeli sazogadoeba unda iyos dainteresebuli, rom
momavali Taobis aRzrda Tavidanve unda iqnas damkvidrebuli mecnierul
safuZvlebze.
didi pedagogi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs imas, rom yrmas
miewodos mxolod maRalxarisxovani, niWierad dawerili maRalmxatvruli
nawarmoebebi, rom `gonebis mada gaexsnas~. sxvanairad mas ar gauCndeba
moTxovnileba, saWiroeba saukeTeso nawarmoebebis kiTxvisa _ ìgi gamova
imisTana gulgrili arseba, romelic bevriT arafriT gansxvavdeba
pirutyvisagan~. mxolod azriT da grZnobiT savse nawarmoebebi daTesaven
bevr sikeTes axalgazrdobaSi. bevr maRal azrs Caunergaven mas gonebaSi;
`bevr Rrma grZnobas Causaxavs da aRzrdis mis gulSi, bevri
keTilSobiluri humanuri miswrafebiT Seamkobs da sxva faqtorebTan erTad
samSoblos moumzadebs bevrs mxnes da gulwrfel mamuliSvilsa.
savsebiT gasagebia, rom yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sabavSvo
mwerloba Zneli saqmea. Znelia daiweros sabavSvo Txzuleba, did niWTan
erTad igi moiTxovs `safuZvlian mosazrebas, gulisyuris damyarebas kai
xnobiT da muyaiT Sromas~. sabavSvo literatura iseT moTxovnebs ayenebs,
romelTa dakmayofileba yvela mwerals 299
298
ar SeuZlia. jer erTi, TviTon mwerals unda axasiaTebdes iseTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romelnic Seeferebian da upasuxeben bavSvis
Taviseburebebs.
iakob gogebaSvilic mihyveba sayovelTaod cnobil azrs: adamiani `ki
ar unda Seiqmnas, aramed unda daibados sabavSvo mwerlad. aq saWiroa ara
mxolod talanti, aramed Taviseburi genia. diax, mravali, mravali pirobaa
saWiro sabavSvo mwerlis Camosayalibeblad: amisTvis saWiroa suli
madliani, moyvaruli, uwyinari, mSvidi, bavSvurad gulubryvilo, goneba-
amaRlebuli, ganaTlebuli, Sexeduleba sagnebze gasxivosnebuli da ara
marto cxoveli warmodgena, aramed cxoveli poeturi fantaziac, romelsac
SeuZlia yvelaferi warmoadginos gasulierebul, nairfer saxeebSi~. sapir-
ispirod gavrcelebuli damokidebulebisa sabavSvo literaturis, rogorc
literaturuli muSaobis ioli sferos Sesaxeb, rogorc sxva saqmeSi
xelmocarulis samoRvaweo asparezis Sesaxeb, iakob gogebaSvilma didad
azida CvenSi Rirseba sabavSvo mwerlisa. did niWierebasTan erTad didi
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da, rac mTavaria, Sromis siyvaruli unda
axasiaTebdes sabavSvo mwerals _ `safuZvlian mosazrebas, gulisyuris
damyarebas kai xnobiT da muyaiT Sromas~. didi Sromis siyvarulis
magaliTad iakob gogebaSvili usaxavs msoflio mniSvnelobis rus mwerals
nikoloz gogols, romelsac kanonad hqonda, rvajer gadaesworebina yoveli
Tavisi naweri da rvajer Tavisi xeliT gadaewera da mxolod amis Semdeg
gaegzavna stambaSi dasabeWdad, agreTve gamoCenil frang mwerals emil zo-
las, romelic ise `guldadebiT da yuradRebiT epyroboda Tavis nawers,
rom Turme dReSi sam gverds werda~.
sabavSvo mwerals unda uyvardes adamiani, xalxi, is, viszec wers,
iseTi, rogoric is aris, misi RirsebebiTa da naklovanebebiT da uyvardes
isini, visTvisac wers. uyvardes ara `Teoriuli siyvaruliT, romelic
xSirad zewariviT efareba realur siZulvils, aramed namdvili, WeSmariti
siyvaruliT~. mwerali gulwrfeli unda iyos Tavis grZnobebSi,
aragulwrfelobas bavSvi grZnobs da amgvari nawarmoebi mis guls ar
aRelvebs. iakob gogebaSvilis azriT, sabavSvo Txzuleba ver guobs
gaWianurebul, grZel aRwerebs. aseTi aRwerebi didebisTvisac ki Zneli
wasakiTxia, ris gamoc aseT adgilebs araerTi mkiTxveli ubralod, tovebs,
gadaaxteba: sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad aris aseTi mkiTxveli WeSmariti
mkiTxveli, magram faqtia, rom bavSvis moZravi buneba srulad `ver Svenobs
didxans SeCerebas, grZels, gaWianerebul, plastikuri suraTebis kiTxvasa~.
iakob gogebaSvili am SeniSvnebs aZlevs did qarTvel mwerals aleqsandre
yazbegs, roca `nobaTSi~ dabeWdil mis sabavSvo moTxrobas `mtreds~
ganixilavs. sabavSvo TxzulebaSi pirveli adgili unda eWiros moqmedebis
daxatvas, dramatizms. Tu maincdamainc plastikuri aRwera aucilebelia,
igi unda iyos mokle da Seesabamebodes mxolod sagnis umTavres nawilebs.
danarCeni nawilebis dazusteba TviTon mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas unda
miendos. 300
299
sabavSvo Txzuleba sasurvelia Sedgebodes mokle-mokle calkeuli
erTgvarad dasrulebuli, damTavrebulobis STabeWdilebis mqone
monakveTebisagan. amgvari nawarmoebi aadvilebs mis aRqmas da
dasamaxsovrebladac ufro mosaxerxebelia.
Txzuleba bavSvis gonebasac unda aZlevdes sazrdos da gulsac unda
uRelvebdes WeSmariti grZnobebiT. erTi sityviT, aseTi Txzuleba
Sinaarsobrivadac unda amdidrebdes bavSvis gonebas, SemecnebiTi
TvalsazrisiTac, keTilSobilur azrebs da grZnobebs aziarebdes norC
mkiTxvels da eTikur-esTetikuri TvalsazrisiTac amaRlebdes, WeSmariti
xelovnebiT miniWebul tkbobasac unda aziaros.
Txzulebis SemecnebiT mxares iakob gogebaSvili gadamwyvet mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs. mozardis mexsiereba Rrmad aRbeWdavs yovelives da
Semdeg imis Secvla, rac erTxel CaiWeda cnobierebaSi, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli
xdeba. amdenad gasagebia, rom sabavSvo TxzulebaSi azris damaxinjeba
keTilxmovanebisTvis Tundac, miuRebelia _ àzris damaxinjeba
keTilxmovanebisTvis yovelTvis mavnebelia, metadre sabavSvo nawarmoebSi~.
iakob gogebaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas saymawvilo
literaturis enobriv mxareze. sazogadod, saymawvilo literaturas is
udidesi amocana akisria, rom, upirveles yovlisa, swored misiT eziareba
norCi mkiTxveli Tavisi enis simdidres, mis enobriv SesaZleblobebs,
Tavisi xalxis kulturas, mis warmodgenebs, miseuli samyaros aRqmas.
literaturiT imdidrebs mozardi leqsikur marags, eCveva swor, gamarTul
metyvelebas. bavSvs esaWiroeba enis Seswavla, swori metyvelebis daufleba.
ukiTxeT mas kargi sabavSvo wignebi, es iqneba erTi saukeTeso maswavlebeli.
mxatvruli nawarmoebi mxolod maSin aRwevs Tavis mizans, rodesac
igi àdvili, friad advili SesaTvisebelia bavSvisaTvis rogorc SinaarsiT,
ise formiT~.
iakob gogebaSvili Tavis saxelmZRvaneloebisTvisac irCevda iseT
moTxrobebs, leqsebs, romlebic dawerilia namdvili da wminda qarTuliT,
savseni arian maRali miswrafebebiT, mxatvruli suraTebiT da ymawvilebSi
mowodebuli arian aRzardon qarTulis codnis garda Rirseuli adamianisa
da mxurvale mamuliSvilis Tvisebebi.
gasagebia, rom sabavSvo literaturis ena iakob gogebaSvilis mudmivi
zrunvis sagani iyo. iakob gogebaSvili, pirvel yovlisa, moiTxovs namdvil
xalxur, sasaubro enas, cocxals da ara gaqvavebuli formebiT
damZimebuls, advilad aRsaqmels da asaTvisebels mozardis mier.
didi pedagogisa da mwerlis mier konkretuli qarTveli mwerlis
konkretuli Txzulebis analizi, miseuli Sefasebis kriteriumebi ufro
gvaaxloveben, cxadad gvagrZnobineben iakob gogebaSvilis rogorc
kritikosisa da rogorc mwerlis pozicias.
iakob gogebaSvilis pozicia Cans rafiel erisTavis, aleqsandre
yazbegis, ekaterine gabaSvilis, gansakuTrebiT akaki wereTlis sabavSvo
Txzulebebis Sefasebisas. 301
300
iakob gogebaSvilis daufarav aRtacebas iwvevs akakis leqsi `ymawvili
da pepela~. es leqsi `namdvili margalitiao~, _ ambobs iakobi. upirvlesi
Rirseba isaa, rom igi advilad SesaTvisebelia~, rogorc SinaarsiT, aseve
formiT. akakis mier daxatuli suraTi sazrdos aZlevs rogorc norCi
mkiTxvelis guls, romelSiac hbadavs sibraluls~, aseve gonebas (acnobs
pepelas cxovrebas). Seudarebelia Tavi da bolo am leqsisa. iakob
gogebaSvilis aRtacebis sagani yovelTvis iyo da rCeba akakis ena, namdvili
xalxurobiT aRbeWdili, sada, dauZabavi, romelsac bunebrivad miaqvs
saTqmeli norC mkiTxvelamde. sazogadod, rogorc cnobilia, iakob gogebaS-
vils Tavis saxelmZRvaneloebSi yvelaze meti swored akakis nawarmoebebi
Sehqonda. xolo enobriv-stilisturad Tavis Tavsac ki ver endoboda da
akakis Txovda daxmarebas. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom akakis bevri
leqsi, Targmani iakobis TxovniTaa Sesrulebuli misi
saxelmZRvaneloebisaTvis.
* * *
iakob gogebaSvilis talantma ara marto praqtikuli da Teoriul
pedagogir moRvaweobaSi pova gamoxatuleba, aramed sruliad dauZabavad
SeZlo ganviTareba sabavSvo mwerlobaSi.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi qarTveli ymawvilebis sayvarel
prozas warmoadgenda da warmoadgens amJamadac maTTvis, visac saamisod
aqvs mzaoba da guli gaxsnili. misi moTxrobebi did interess iwveven
mimzidveli siuJetiT, saintereso personaJebiT, Txrobis maneriT, enobrivi
sisadaviT.
iakob gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebis Tematika gansazRvrulia ZiriTadad
pedagogiuri amocanebiT. amdenad gasagebic unda iyos, rom misi moTxrobebi
mkafiod didaqtikuri Sinaarsisaa, Seicavs mecnierulad gamarTul codnas
da atarebs SemecnebiT xasiaTs.
ramdenadac mxatvruli nawarmoebi konkretuli Sinaarsis Semcvelia,
amdenad mas praqtikul-pedagogiuri Rirebuleba aqvs; pedagogiuri
TvalsazrisiT es mxare gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa. amitomaa, rom ase
mizanmimarTulad eZiebs i. gogebaSvili sxva qarTvel mweralTa sabavSvo
Txzulebebs da TviTonac xalisiT qmnis sabavSvo moTxrobebs. erTi
sityviT, Tavi da Tavi, yvelafris ganmsazRvreli isaa, rom pedagogiuri
miznebis realizeba gacilebiT ufro efeqturad xdeba mxatvruli sityviT,
esTetikuri tkbobis niSniT. SemecnebiTi, eTikuri da esTetikuri aq
urTierTSerwymulia, sxvagvarad amocana efeqturad ver ganxorcieldeboda.
rogorc didi pedagogis, didi moRvawis saqmianoba, iakob goge-
baSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebac efuZneba mis erovnul koncefcias.
iakob gogebaSvilis erovnuli koncefcia iTvaliswinebs, misi
amosavalia mozardis yovelmxriv ganviTareba da misi moTxrobebic amis
gamoxatulebaa.
gansakuTrebiT umcrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis gamiznuli i. go302
301
gebaSvilis moTxrobebi SemecnebiT funqciasTan erTad mkafiod
gamoxatuli eTikuri mizandasaxulobis Semcvelia. bavSvebisaTvis
gamiznuli moTxrobebi mowodebulia gamoiwvios mkiTxvelSi sibralulis,
TanagrZnobis, siyvarulis, sikeTis qmnis zneobrivi Sinaarsis grZnobebi; ar
iqurdo, qadagebs erTi moTxroba (`sandro da vaSli~), sakuTari ofliT
moipove puri Seni arsobisa, mxolod isaa gemrieli, is Segergeba, _
RaRadebs moTxroba `patiosani da upatiosnesi~. nu moepyrobi avad Senze
umweos, nu awvaleb, daacxre Seni sibraze, gamousworebeli qmedeba rom ar
Caidino. iakob gogebaSvilis eTikur-SemecnebiT interesebSi is damoZRvrac
ASemodis, rom daganaxos, Seni sulwasulobiT, mouTmenlobiT ra ziani
SegiZilia moutano jer Sen Tavs da mere sxvebsac (`mouTmenlobis msxver-
pli~). òrkeci fasi swavlisa~ _ es moTxroba patarebs arigebs, rom
ybedoba, uazro laparaki sazianoa. moTxroba `sikeTe borotisaTvis~
mozards afrTxilebs, rom aravis unda daxedo zemodan, ar unda dascino
naklis gamo, rom kargia sulgrZeloba, is ar unda gaukeTo sxvas, rac Sen
guls gatkens, dagamcirebs. susti ar unda daCagro (`spilo da WianWvela~).
moTxroba `Tavis gawirva mtrisaTvis~, mozards aswavlis, rom giyvardes
ara mxolod moyvasi Seni, aramed mteric Seni, mis mimarT iyavi sulgrZeli,
Tu ginda sikeTiT mogibrundes yvelaferi. aseTia is zneobrivi normebi,
rasac moubezreblad da mouqancavad qadagebs Cveni mwerali Tavis
moTxrobebSi.
iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogikuri TvalazrisiT, mozardis Sinagani
interesis gacxoveleba iseT masalas SeuZlia, romelic Sinaarseulad
axlos aris mis gamocdilebasTan, gasagebia, rom gamocdilebis ubralo
gameorebas ki ar unda hqondes adgili, nacnobze dayrdnobiT, mis
safuZvelze unda moxdes axlis mowodebac. erTi sityviT, Tu gvinda rom
ymawvils gonebis gaxsnaSi davexmaroT da swavlaSi swori mimarTulebiT
gavuZRveT, ganaTlebis miReba gavuadviloT, mas usaTuod swavla im
sagnebidan, im garemos Seswavlidan unda davawyebinoT, romlebic
mozardTan ufro axlos arian, mis grZnoba-gonebas izidaven da xalisiT da
interesiT SeiTvisebian. amdenad, misTvis sainteresoa nacnobi buneba,
mcenareebi, cxovelebi, frinvelebi.
xSirad, Zalian xSirad mwerali zneobis gakveTilebs ymawvilebs
frinvelTa da cxovelTa magaliTebiT aZlevs. didi pedagogis dak-
virvebiTac, bavSvebisaTvis aseTi gakveTilebi Zalze efeqturia, ramdenadac
cxovelTa da frinvelTa magaliTebi sakuTriv bavSvebis bunebasTan ufro
miaxloebuli Cans.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebis erTi nawili cxovelebze,
frinvelebze igavis xasiaTsac atareben. es igavuri Txrobani mozardebs
TandaTan imasac aCveven, rom azris gadatana moaxerxon erTi rigis
faqtebidan da movlenebidan sxva rigis movlenebze adamianTa cxovrebidan,
urTierTobidan, sazogadod zneobriv Rirebulebebze, TandaTan aCveven
mxatvrul ganzogadebas da xelovnebis nimuSiT namdvili tkbobis
esTetikur sibrtyeze ayeneben TandaTan. 303
302
iakob gogebaSvils miaCnia, rom am uzogades princips _ gamoc-
dilebasTan axlos myofis SeswavliT mozardis bunebrivi interesebis
gamowveva-gaRvivebas pirdapir mivyavarT yvelaze umal samSoblos
SeswavlasTan.
elementaruli WeSmariteba, mozardi maSin ufro Seiyvarebs Tavis
samSoblos, roca igi kargad eqneba gacnobili. rogorc didi pedagogi
miuTiTebs, es kargad esmodaT yvela qveynis dawinaurebul pedagogebs da
skolis mTavar amocanad saxavdnen samSoblo qveynis Seswavlas. unda
daxatuliyo konkretuli kerZo movlenebi, sagnebi, cxovelebi, frinvelebi,
mcenareebi. moTxrobis forma yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino iyo aseTi
miznebisaTvis. mwerali fiqrobs, rom erTi mTavari mizezi Cvens miwa-wyals
rom sxvebi epatronebian, Cveni qveynis bunebis ucodinarobaa.
ara da TviT mozardSi imTaviTvea Cadebuli es interesi. TiTqmis
yoveli kiTxva bavSvebisa Seexeba bunebas, mis calkeul warmonaqmns,
mcenares, cxovels, Cvenc swored am interess unda daveyrdnoT. iakob
gogebaSvilis sityvebiT, `ganaTlebul qveynebSi kargad aqvT Segnebuli, rom
bunebis codna da mis ZalTa damorCileba Seadgens erTs umTavress burjs
erisa da kacobriobis mecnierebisas. amis gamo iq bunebis Seswavlas dids
adgils uTmoben bavSvebis ganviTarebaSi, rogorc ojaxebSi, aseve
skolebSi~. CvenSi ki amas ar eqceva yuradReba. Cveni usulgulo
biurokratiuli skola ise uZlurad da mkvdrad aswavlis
bunebismetyvelebas, anu ukeT rom vTqvaT, mis ConCxs, rom Cvens bavSvebs da
ymawvilebs `sruliad ucruvdebaT masze guli. saqarTvelos buneba iseTi
mdidaria da mravalferovani, rom evropis buneba masTan narcxadac ar mova,
magram Cven am mdidari bunebisa araferi gagvegeba ukuRmarTad aRzrdis
wyalobiT. amis gamo Cvens bunebas epatronebian ucxoelni, SeiaraRebulni
realuri codniT, iZenen auarebel qonebas da Cven ki xaxamSralebi vrCebiT~.
iakob gogebaSvili am didi naklis, didi xarvezis erTgvar gasworebas
isaxavs miznad, roca qmnis uamrav saintereso moTxrobas mcenareebze,
Sinaur cxovelebze, frinvelebze, rogorc Sinaurze, ise gareulze. iakobis
moTxrobebiT gaigebs ymawvili, rogor TavganwirviT icavs deda kruxi
Tavis pawiebs qorisagan, kvernisagan, rogor wiravs Tavs maTTvis. am
moTxrobebiTve gaigebs, rogor daRonebulni toveben SemodgomiT
gadamfreni frinvelebi Cvens da maT samSoblos, Turme àrc erTi Cveneburi
frinveli zamTrobiT Tbils qveynebSi sruls mxiarulobas ara grZnobs.
frinvelebs agondebaT TavianTi samSoblo, sadac dros mxiarulad da
bednierad atarebdnen, sadac sayvareli bartyebi dazardes, da naRvlianad
arian~. rogorc mgzavrobis dros, ise Tbils qveynebSi arc erTi Cveneburi
frinveli Tavis saamurs leqsebs ar galobs, arc erTi budes ar ikeTebs,
arc erTi Svilebs ar sCeks. rada? imitom, rom im sazamTro adgilebs ucxo
qveynebad sTvlian da ara samSoblod~. frinvelebis gamococxleba iwyeba,
roca axlovdeba samSobloSi dabrunebis dro. `TavianT Zvels leqsebs
igoneben da iqaurs mind304
303
vrebs mxiaruli galobiT aRviZeben. ra uxariaT frinvelebsa? is, rom
TavianT samSobloSi gazafxulis moaxloeba Seityves; ician, rom cota xans
ukan TavianTs sayvarelsa da sanatrels qveyanaSi wamosvla mouxdebaT~.
bunebrivia, yovelgvari moralizebis gareSe mozardebs aseTi ambis
gacnoba siyvaruliT ganawyobs frTosani megobrebis mimarT, maT
warmosaxvasac xom didad avsebs da afarTovebs.
iakob gogebaSvilma Tavisi moTxrobebis erT wyebaSi didi yuradReba
dauTmo, dagvixata cxovreba im nadirTa da frinvelTa, romlebic
adamianebs udides sikeTes ukeTeben imiT, rom Cveni Wirnaxulis, mosavlis
mtrebs Wia-matlebs, romlebsac advilad SeuZliaT sul gagviCanagon
mosavali, uwyalod anadgureben. xolo Cvenma ucodinarma xalxma,
gansakuTrebiT mozardebma, ar ician, Tu ra sikeTe moaqvT am Cvens
megobrebs da uwyalod anadgureben maT. iakobma didi adgili dauTmo Tavis
`bunebis karSi~, sakiTxav wignebSi moTxrobebs `mosavlis mcvelebze~.
mweralma Tavisi Txroba rom mimzidveli gaxados bunebis Sesaxeb
mozardebisaTvis, igi gverds uvlis ìmisTana mSrals mxareebs sagnebisas,
rogoric aris klasifikacia mcenareebisa da cxovelebisa da maTi
anatomiuri agebuleba~. yovelive es bunebismetyvelebis saxelmZRvanelos
saqmea, xolo mwerlis saqmea yuradReba dauTmos imas, Tu ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs adamiansa da mcenares, adamiansa da cxovelebs,
Tu frinvelebs Soris, rogor cxovreben cxovelebi, frinvelebi, rogor
ibrZvian isini arsebobisaTvis, ra adgili uWiravT bunebaSi, ra
damokidebuleba aqvT urTierTTan, garemosTan, samSoblosTan.
aq, am moTxrobebSi mwerlis mizanswrafva, misi Txroba, warmosaxva
mwerlisa savsebiT Seesatyviseba bavSvebis warmosaxvis unars, maT
fantazias. iakob gogebaSvili mecnierul codnaze dayrdnobiT, mis
safuZvelze ise aSinaarsebs cxovelTa da frinvelTa instinqtebs, maT
bunebriv unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs, maT qcevebsa da moqmedebebs, rogorc
bavSvebi bunebrivad warmoidgenen amas, rogorc isini asuldgmuleben ara
marto cocxal bunebas, rogorc isini ucqerian ara marto cxovelebsa da
frinvelebs maTTan daaxloebulad, danaTesavebulad, maT tolebad, aramed
rogorc isini asuldgmuleben TavianT saTamaSoebs, SesaZloa mozardisTvis
ucnaurad gamoiyurebodes gaxarebuli Tu daRonebuli frinvelebi, sam-
Sobloze dardiT Sewuxebulebi, mexsierebiT da mgrZnobiarobiT aR-
Wurvilebi, magram bavSvebisaTvis es yvelaferi savsebiT bunebrivia. Tu
vaJas brwyinvale moTxrobebSi fantaziis laRi sazRvardaudebeli TamaSi
itacebs mkiTxvels, sadac frinvelebi da cxovelebi qorwils, iubiles
ixdian, adamianebisdagvarad moilxenen, adamianebiviT reveransebs ukeTeben
erTmaneTs, sadRegrZeloebs svamen da saiubileo misalmebas warmoTqvamen,
`morcxvoben, ilxenen, erTimeores kacebs uwodeben, adamianTa adaTebs
icaven. `Semosaswrebs~ svamen da adamianur simReras mRerian~ (grigol
kiknaZe), iakob gogebaSvili ar 305
304
gadis mecnieruli monacemebis farglebidan, radgan misi moTxrobebis
erTi didi daniSnuleba maT SemecnebiT xasiaTSi mdgomareobs, da mwerali
swored am farglebSi darCeniT axerxebs bavSvebis interesebis, maTi
codnismoyvareobisa da cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebas. mwerlis mier
gansaxierebul cxovelTa da frinvelTa moqmedebebi da qcevebi aris
daaxlovebuli, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, adamianur qcevebsa da
moqmedebebTan da arc maTi bunebrivi SesaZleblobebia Secvlili, rac did
damajereblobasac apirobebs mis mier gadmocemulisas da amasTanave
mozardebis interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis mopasuxedac gamodis.
cxovelebi da frinvelebi TavianTi bunebiT, bunebrivi unarebiT,
romlebzec mwerali amaxvilebs yuradRebas, didad arian daaxloebulni
adamianebTan saerTod da ufro ki da, Cveulebriv, bavSvebTan, maT Sinagan
samyarosTan, riTac bavSvebis warmodgenebs, maT fantazias dauSretel
sazrdos awvdian. bavSvebs, rogorc es cnobilia da araerTgzis
miTiTebuli, gansakuTrebiT izidavT buneba, gansakuTrebiT ki cxovelTa da
frinvelTa samyaro, ramdenadac TviTonac bunebas asaxiereben. mwerlis
moTxrobebi ara marto didad sainteresoni arian ymawvilebisaTvis, aramed
didad uwyoben xels maT daaxlovebas da damegobrebas bunebis samyarosTan
da maTi grZnobebis gamafaqizeblad da gamakeTilSobilebladac gamodian.
iakob gogebaSvilis mier daxatuli bunebis Svilebi _ cxovelebi,
frinvelebi, TviTonve arian keTilSobil TvisebaTa matarebelni, adamianTa
uRalato megobrebi. ramdeni sikeTe moaqvT Turme adamianebisaTvis.
adamianebi ki, maTi Tvisebebis armcodneni maT sinamdvileSi mtroben,
dasaxocad erCian. didi pedagogisa da mwerlis moTxrobebis gacnobis
Semdeg SeuZlebelia mozardi ar aRivsos simpaTiis, siyvarulis grZnobiT
bunebis, mis binadarTa mimarT, ar iqces cxovelTa da frinvelTa megobrad.
esaa codnasTan Serwymuli sikeTisa da silamazis SegrZneba. erTi sityviT,
iakob gogebaSvili ara maincdamainc moralis garedan SetaniT, ara
mwerluri gamiznulobiT msWvalavs Tavis moTxrobebs sikeTiT, aramed TviT
Tavisi moTxrobebisTvis SerCeuli masaliT axdens zemoqmedebas norC
mkiTxvelebze, TviTon misi moTxrobebis masalas aqvs didi aRmzrdelobiTi
Rirebuleba. is arsebebi, romelTac eZRvneba iakob gogebaSvilis
moTxrobebis erTi didi cikli, ara marto sayuradReboni, sainteresoni
arian gasacnobad ymawvilTaTvis, ara marto amiT aris dapirobebuli maT
mimarT bavSvebis interesi da yuradReba, aramed maTSi keTilSobilur
grZnobebs iwveven. Tavad mwerlis mier asaxvisaTvis SerCeuli masalaa,
sagangebo moralizebis gareSe, didi aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis matarebeli.
asec did zemoqmedebas axdens i. gogebaSvilis Txzulebebi norC
mkiTxvelebze: `bavSvebs xom yvelaze metad uyvarT cxovelebi, frinvelebi,
mcenareebi, radgan TavianTi umankoebiT da siwmindiT Zalzed hgvanan
bunebas~ (iuza evgeniZe). 306
305
Cveni mwerali bunebis samyaros gansaxierebis dros, iseve rogorc
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, xSirad mimarTavs mkveTr dapirispirebas, rac
aucilebeli gzaa imisaTvis, rom jer kidev ganuviTarebelma gonebam
SeZlos urTierTisagan gamijnos mcenareTa, cxovelTa da frinvelTa,
mwerTa rolebi da maTTan sasurveli mimarTeba daamyaros. rogorc iTqva,
am xerxs xSirad mimarTavs Cveni mwerali, rac norCebs saSualebas aZlevs
pirdapiri mimarTeba daamyaron maTTan. erTi ZiriTadi mizezi esecaa, rom
misi Txzulebebis personaJebi, rogorc adamianebi, ise araadamianebi,
mkafiod warmoCndebian TavianTi aseTi Tu iseTi TvisebebiT da maTTan
bavSvebisaTvis advilad misawvdomi damokidebuleba dauZabavad xerxdeba.
iakob gogebaSvilis mxatvrul prozaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba gamoiyos
erTi jgufi moTxrobebisa, romlebic ara marto bavSvebisaTvis,
ymawvilebisaTvis arian gamiznuli, aramed uSualod bavSvis samyaros
acocxleben, mis xalisian, uRrublo dReebs, Tu mis did bavSvur dardsa da
tkivils, romelmac SeiZleba sikvdilis piramde miiyvanos igi.
es moTxrobebi gansakuTrebiT im mxrivaa Zalze sayuradRebo, rom
sakuTriv mwerlis bavSvobis xanas exeba, eyrdnoba mis naxulsa da
gancdils. es moTxrobebia: `Cveni sofeli~, `xatis mizezi~, `cofiani ZaRli~,
`Tevzaoba~ da a. S. am moTxrobebs mkiTxvelis guli, rogorc mozardis, ise
didisa, SeuZliaT daipyron didi gulwrfelobiTi, uSualobiT, SigadaSig
Tbili iumoriT, imis siyvaruliT, rasac ukavSirdeba mwerlis mogonebebi
da, rac mTavaria, TviTon norCi Taobis, visac eZRvneba es moTxrobebi, didi
siyvaruliT.
Cveni mwerali ara marto saerTod bavSvis zne-xasiaTs icnobs kargad,
ara marto sazogadod aris bavSvis gulis mesaidumle, aramed igi kargad
grZnobs asakobriv faqtors, asakobriv niuansebs. amis ara erTi magaliTis
moyvana SeiZleba misi moTxrobebidan, rac qvemoT kidec iqneba warmoCenili.
kargad Cans es ymawvilebis sulieri samyaros amsaxvel moTxrobebSic,
romlebic uSualod mwerlis mogonebebs efuZneba. erTi aseTi moTxrobaa
`Tevzaoba~. roca avtori Tavis TevzaobiT gatacebaze gviyveba, aRniSnavs:
`me maSin jered patara viyavi da Tevzis sibraluli iotis odenadac ar
mqonda. me ar dagidevdiT maSin, rom Tevzic qveyanaze RmerTs gaeCina misi
siamisa da bednierebisaTvis da ara Cvens sawvaleblad da saWmelad.
amitomac Seubraleblad vasalmebdi wuTisofels axlad gaCenil Tevzebs,
WiWyinebs, romelTac jered sicocxliT ar gaexarnaT~. savsebiT gasagebia;
mwerali miuTiTebs, rom bavSvisTvis jer kidev ucxoa STagrZnoba, anu
sxvaSi, adamianSi, bunebis warmonaqmnebSi, frinvelebSi, cxovelebSi
`subieqtis grZnobaTa proecireba... sxvaSi nagrZnobi `me~ (vaxtang goguaZe).
iakob gogebaSvili kargad icnobda da Tvalyurs adevnebda didi rusi
mwerlis, lev tolstois pedagogiur saqmianobas, mis garjas saymawvilo
mwerlobaSi. erTi moTxroba lev tolstoisa `RmerTi marTals xedavs,
magram male ar amJRavnebs~, man Tavis mozrdil 307
306
yrmaTaTvis sakiTxav wignSic, `kunwula~ Seitana. iakob gogebaSvils
moewona lev tolstois idea _ andazebze moTxrobebis agebisa da manac
Seqmna amgvari moTxrobebi. kerZod, aseTebia `mercxali da mecxvare~,
`Tavneba Tagvi~, `kuda xari da buzebi~, `vano da qvevri~, `melias kudi
mowmed~, `mCxavana kata~ da a. S.
iakob gogebaSvili moTxrobebis werisasac da ymawvilTaTvis
sakiTxavi wignebis Sedgenisasac im azriT xelmZRvanelobda, rom rac
SeiZleba meti mimzidveli Zala mieniWebina saTxrobi masalisaTvis, rom
erTi mxriv, igi yofiliyo savse interesis Semcveli da, meore mxriv,
mdidari yofiliyo es masala bavSvis gonebis gaxsnisaTvis da
ganviTarebisaTvis. erTi sityviT, mwerali cdilobda, SeeerTebina
`sasargeblo sasiamovnosTan~.
iakob gogebaSvilis Tematikurad mdidar prozaSi gansakuTrebuli
RirsebiTY da mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeva istoriul Temaze Seqmnili
moTxrobebi.
istoriuli moTxrobebis Seqmnasac mwerali im erovnul princips
udebda safuZvlad, romlis Tanaxmad, `visac surs, rom ymawvili gonebis
gaxsnasa da swavlaSi swor gzaze daayenos da ganaTlebis miReba
gauadvilos, is uTuod unda ecados, swavla im sagnebidan daawyebinos,
romlebic ufro axlos arian, mis grZnoba-gonebas izidaven da advilad
SeiTvisebian~.
kacobriobis istoriis Seswavlis safuZveli SeiZleba mxolod da
mxolod iyos Seni mSobliuri qveynis istoriis swavla. `ymawvilma jer
Tavisi qveynis warsulis cxovreba unda gaicnos da merme advilad
ASeiswavlis kacobriobis uwindel Tavgadasavalsa~. sazogadod, ymawvilebs
Zalian uyvarT istoriuli moTxrobebis smena da malec ixsomeben. aq ar
SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT ilia WavWavaZis brwyinvale statia, ioana
meunargias momaval leqciebs rom exeba grigol orbelianze. adamianias
Tandayolili Tviseba ariso, wers ilia, rom cnobiswadiliT daakvirdes
gamoCenil adamians, riTime gamorCeuls. gmirTa pativiscema TviT adamianis
bunebis wyurvilia. ratomo, _ svams kiTxvas; imisTviso, rom gamoCenili
kacis Rvawli `sasaxeloa, samagaliToa, nayofieria, TanamedroveTaTvis,
STamomavlebisaTvis da saukunoebisaTvis~. amitomac eZieT da aRmoaCineT
didbunebovanni kacni, Tu SeiZlebTo. mSoblebma, saerTod ufrosebma
mozardebis es saerTo midrekileba, interesi kargad unda gamoiyenon da
saintereso moTxrobebiT gaacnon Tavisi samSoblo qveynis uwindeli bedi
da ubedoba. ara da, rogorc erTi rusi avtoris naTqvamis damowmeba uyvars
iakob gogebaSvils, saqarTvelos istorias asi Seqspiric ver amowuravs.
iakob gogebaSvili qarTvel mwerlebs mouwodebda Cveni qveynis
umdidresi istoriidan miemarTaT saxelovani furclebisaTvis _ cotne
dadianis zneobrivi saqcielis, ioTam zedginiZis Tavdadebis, Tevdore
mRvdlis Tavganwirvis magaliTebisaTvis da eqciaT isini masalad
mozardTaTvis gamiznuli moTxrobebisaTvis, xolo mogvianebiT, roca
dainaxa, rom es amocana mainc gadauWreli rCeboda, TviTon Seqmna maTi
gmirobis Sesaxeb moTxrobebi. 308
307
iakob gogebaSvili Tavisi moTxrobebisaTvis masalad irCevs
saqarTvelos istoriis umTavres momentebs, gamorCeul istoriul pirebs,
maT gamorCeul moqmedebas, saqciels, romlebic sagangebod Semoinaxa
istoriis Tu xalxis xsovnam, maT vaJkacobas, zrunvas eris
keTildReobisaTvis, misi ganaTlebisaTvis. iakob gogebaSvilis mizani
istoriis gacnobis dros, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs ubralod
cnobismoyvareobis, ufro ukeT, codnismoyvareobis wyurvilis
dakmayofilebas. istoria moZRvaria erisa. istoriis xsovnas rom udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs erisTvis, es adrec icodnen CvenSi, magram yvelaze
TvalsaCinod istoriis mniSvneloba qarTvelma samocianelebma
gaucnobieres qveyanas, da swored maT Soris iyo iakob gogebaSvili,
romelmac am didi misiis aRsasruleblad eris yvelaze mgrZnobiare, faqiz
nawils _ mozard Taobas mimarTa. didi mwerlis azriT, eris,
axalgazrdobis damoZRvras istoriuli moTxrobebi mxolod maSin
gaswevdnen, Tu isini naTlad agrZnobinebdnen `Tu ra umarTavda xels, an
uSlida Cvens ers warsulSi. risgan sustdeboda da ecemoda igi Zirsa da
risgan Zlierdeboda, Zal-RoniT magrdeboda, ivseboda. mxolod amisTana
moTxrobebs SeuZlian miscen nacionaluri gakveTilebi moswaleT da
Caagonon maT, Tu ras unda eridos Cveni eri awmyoSi da ras unda
eswrafodes, saiTken unda miiswrafodes, rom gaZlierdes~. iakob
gogebaSvli Tavis istoriul TxzulebebSi xsnis, arkvevs, Tu ra asustebda
warsulSi Cvens ers, ra ayenebda mas ayvavebis gzaze. mag., `gancalkeveba
saqarTvelos kuTxeebisa namdvilad Sxami iyo Cveni erisaTvis, erToba ki
uebari wamali. yvelaferTan erTad mwerali sagangebod iTvaliswinebda,
rom adamians da miT umetes, mozards gamoarCevs mibaZva sxvaTa. da saWiro
iyo maTTvis WeSmariti misabaZi magaliTebis, sanaqebo magaliTebis dasaxva
istoriidan.
iakob gogebaSvilis TxzulebebSi, maT Soris, bunebrivia, istoriul
moTxrobebSi, igrZnoba is, riTac moxibluli iyo iseTi mcodne da
obieqturi ganmsjeli yovelivesi, rogoric iyo `Soreuli Cveniani~ artur
laisti _ esaa didi alRo cxovrebisa, misi Rrma codna da damajerebloba
monaTxrobisa.
gansakuTrebuli Rvawli iakob gogebaSvilisa, rogorc mwerlisa
mozardi TaobebisaTvis saqarTvelos warsulis gacnobis, misiT Rrmad
ganmsWvalvis, sisxlsa da xorcSi gajdomis saSviliSvilo saqmea... da es im
dros, roca yvelaferi erovnuli idevneboda, roca TviT iakobi Sewuxebuli
iyo... saqarTvelos egzarqosis Tanamdebobis gauqmebiT... radgan kidev erTi
SesaZlebloba moispoboda saqarTvelos saxelis xmarebisa.
Tu rogoria didi pedagogisa da mwerlis midgoma istoriisadmi,
istoriulis damajereblad asaxvisadmi, amas Zalzed TvalsaCinod mowmobs
SesaniSnavi moTxroba `mefe erekle da ingilo qali~ da misi Seqmnis
istoria. iakob gogebaSvilis polemikur werilSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo
`kvalis~ mesveurTa da kerZod ki, giorgi wereTlis kritikis winaaRmdeg.
mweralma `kvalis~ xelmZRvanelebs 309
308
upasuxa sruliad daumsaxurebel SeniSvnebze da sayvedurebze. praq-
tikulad, g, wereTlis sapolemiko statias, mis subieqtur azrebs,
gamoTqmuls am moTxrobis misamarTiT unda erTgvarad vumadlodeT, rom
daiwera iakob gogebaSvilis brwyinvale werili ùZluri boroteba~, sadac
avtori vrclad da argumentirebulad msjelobs moTxrobis Seqmnis
motivebze da misi daweris istoriaze, moTxrobis personaJebze.
iakob gogebaSvili Tavdapirvelad sagangebod saubrobs qarTveli
mwerlis misiaze, mis valze mZime droSi; im dros, rocas Cvens ers uwevs
`gacxarebuli brZola arsebobisaTvis, roca qveyanas realurad emuqreba
safrTxe `saboloo dacemis, miwasTan gasworebis; sruliad ugulo egoisti
unda iyves qarTveli, rom Tavi gancxromas misces, xolo qarTveli mwerali
qveynis mteri, rom misdevdes principsa: `kacia da gunebao, xelovneba
xelovnebisaTviso~. am princips SeiZleba adgili mieces mxolod maSin,
rodesac mSvidobiT gavaxwevT awindelis metad saSiSars xanas Cvenis
cxovrebisas. iqamdin ki yoveli poeti da literatori unda swerdes mas,
rac qarTvelis gonebas unaTlebs da umdidrebs cxoveli codniT, suls
umagrebs, uspetakebs, umxnevebs da uvsebs sasoebiT momavalzed, znes da
xasiaTs uCvenebs saxelmZRvanelo principebs da hxdis kargad SeiaraRebul
da marjve meomrad sastik saarsebo brZolaSi. arc erTi sityva
saxelisaTvis, yoveli striqoni qveynis sikeTisa da qarTvelTa
gaukeTesebisaTvis. ai principi, romelic unda Tvalwin edgas CvenSi yvelas,
vinc ki sazogadoebas emsaxureba Tavisi kalmiT~. es Rrmad moqalaqeobrivi
pozicia iakob gogebaSvilis, es misi mwerluri mrwamsi pirdapir exmaureba
ilias, sazogadod samocianelTa princips, romelic ase gamoxata Wabukma
ilia WavWavaZem.
èris wyluli maCndes wylulad,
mewodes mis tanjviT suli,
mis bediT da ubedobiT
damedagos mtkiced guli...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
maSin vimRer, mxolod maSin
movswmend ersac tanjvis cremlsa!~
iakob gogebaSvili am werilSi sagangebod saubrobs Txzulebis
Seqmnis mizezebze da mizandasaxulobaze; umTavresi sagani fiqrisa da
ocnebis mwerlisaTvis qveynis erTianobaze fiqri da ocnebaa. mwerals
aSfoTebs aSordiebis arseboba, romlebic megrelebs CasCiCineben, Tqven
qarTvelebi ara xarT, ganze gadeqiT, gancalkevdiT, gaswyviteT
qarTvelebTan ZvelTagan Zveli kavSiri. bunebisagan Seqmnili da RvTisgan
nakurTxi daarRvieTo. swored amisTanave keTilismyofelni aRmouCndnen
bolo wlebSi Cvens aRmosavlel Zmebs _ ingiloebs, romlebic CasZaxian,
rom Tqven CamomavlobiT TaTrebi xarTo da ara qarTvelebio, wirva-locva
TqvenSi unda warmoebdes TaTrul enaze, imave enaze unda ibeWdebodes
TqvenTvis wignebi... da sxv. iakob gogebaSvils aSfoTebs is, rom `Cveni
literatura 310
309
_ ki yurs ar ibertyavs, ase gasinjeT, rusuli gazeTebidanac ver
gadmobeWdavs xolme imisTana samarTlians msjelobas saingilos Sesaxeb,
romelic Zlier sasargebloa am mxrisaTvis da CvenTvisac. magaliTad,
zafxulis damdegSi dabeWdili iyo saingilos Sesaxeb `Неделя~-Si werili,
romelSic avtori dids gulis wuxils acxadebda _ ingiloebs
CamomavlobiT da rwmeniT wminda qarTvelebs, qarTuls ar aswavlian
skolebSi, marto rusul enas andomeben drosao, da radgan am ukanasknels
enas siZnelis gamo ver swavloben bavSvebi, skola gamodis imdenad
unayofo, rom arc erTi qarTulis wera-kiTxvis da arc rusulis mcodne aq
ar moipovebao. amis gamo mcxovrebTa aRweris dros TviTon policia iyo
iZulebuli siebSi Tavisi xeliT Caewera cnobani yvela ingilozed, ramac
saqme Zlier gaaZnela da daagvianao~.
rogorc mwerali acxadebs, aman, am yovlad usamarTlo tendenciam
aiZula igi, moTxroba daewera. Cemi mizani iyoo, _ acxadebs i. gogebaSvili,
_ `xmamaRla Tanaxmad saingilos warsulisa meRiarebina ingiloTa namdvili
qarTveloba, maTi qarTvelebis RviZli Zmoba, siyvaruli saqarTvelosi da
erTguleba saerTo mefisadmi~.
mwerlis winaSe bunebrivad dadga moTxovnileba, daewera pub-
licisturi werili, magram mainc moTxroba vamjobineo, ramdenadac, misi
azriT, gacilebiT didia moTxrobis saxiT, mxatvruli formiT mowodebuli
istoriis zemoqmedebiTi Zala. mkiTxvels, rogorc didi frangi mwerali
viqtor hougo ambobs, istorikosis mier mowodebul istorias mwerlis mier
gacocxlebuli istoria urCevnia. cocxali sityva, gacocxlebul warsulSi
moqmedi adamianebi ufro did zemoqmedebas axdenen mkiTxvelze, miT umetes
mozardze, vidre istoriul naSromSi warmodgenili SedarebiT mkrTali,
usicocxlo sqemebi. mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi moTxrobiT mowodebuli
istoriebi did xans rCeba.
udidesia istorikosis roli da amocana. man unda daadginos, ikvlios
is, rac moxda, ikvlios faqtebi. sruliad gansxvavebulia mwerlis amocana,
man unda daxatos, unda gaacocxlos, suli STaberos imas, rac SesaZlebeli
iyo momxdariyo winaT an axla ama Tu im garemoSi. mwerlis moTxrobili
istoriuli Janris TxzulebaSi imiT Zlierdeba, imiT iZens gansakuTrebiT
mimzidvel Zalas, rom `moTxroba aris aSenebuli istoriuls Temazed,
faqtzed~. ingilo gogonas ambavi `namdvil, istoriul faqtad unda iqmnas
aRiarebuli. jer erTi, es Tqmuleba Zlier gavrcelebulia qiziySi da ara
erTs qarTvel inteligents gaugonia da, meorec, ìgi rogorc momxdari
faqti, mohyavs aleqsandre orbelians erT Tavis werilSi al. orbelians es
ambavi Tavisi dedisagan _ Tekle batoniSvilisagan unda gaegona. Tekle ki
iyo usayvarlesi asuli mefe ereklesi... roca xalxis Tqmuleba da samefo
gvareulobis gadmocema erTxmiv emowmebian romelime ambavsa, ar SeiZleba
ar virwmunoT igi Cven da ar miviCnioT namdvil istoriul faqtad~. 311
310
Zalze sayuradReboa, argumentirebuli iakob gogebaSvilis msjeloba
ingilo gogonas SemTxvevis mniSvnelobis, misi moTxrobis masalad qcevis
kanonierebis Sesaxeb.
mwerlis TqmiT, rasakvirvelia, ùbralo, Cveulebrivi kalapotis
gogosTvis eseTi gabeduleba da unari SeuZlebelia. magram
gansakuTrebulis xasiaTisagan _ ki sruliad mosalodnelia. yvela
garemoebisagan sCans, rom ingilo gogo iyo dajildoebuli bunebiT swored
am gambedaobiT da misi moqmedeba ar ganizomeba yoveldRiuri tipiT... rac
Jana darkma uSiSroeba da gambedaoba gamoiCina, yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo
yvela sxva frang qalebisaTvis. xolo sxvebisaTvis SeuZlebeli man
sisruleSi moiyvana, radganac bunebas misTvis mieniWebina maRali xasiaTi,
Zlieri iSviaTi unari da Seupovroba~.
iakob gogebaSvils savsebiT damajerebeli dakvirvebiT, `xalxis
Tvals, gonebas, fantazias Cveulebrivs kalapotze Camosxmuli adamiani ver
izidavs, raTa Tqmulebis sagnad gaxdes vaJi Tu qali, igi unda iyos
araCveulebrivi xasiaTisa, maRali sulis patroni da Camdeni iSviaTis
saqmisa, Rvawlisa. es anbanuri WeSmaritebaa. ingilo gogom Tavisi
gabeduleba pirveli nabijiT dagvanaxa, roca mTeli bRuja qliavi daazila
mefe erekles xidan, radgan igi Tavisi Calmis gamo yizilbaSi egona. gogona
xedavs TaviT fexebamde SeiaraRebul mters, romelsac SeuZlia Tofi xelSi
moigdos da tyvia esrolos, `magram igi imdenad gatacebulia Tavisi gulis
Zlieri moZraobiT, rom uSiSrad azels TavSi qliavebsa~. es ambavi
istoriuli faqtia, dadasturebuli xalxuri gadmocemiT da aleqsandre
orbelianis mierac. bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom mefis mxlebelTa Seteva
àmis naxevradac ver SeaSinebda patara qalsa. mxlebelni iyvnen Cacmulni
qarTulad, qudebic qarTuli exuraT da qals elaparakebodnen mis
dedaenazed~. maTSi gogona Tavisianebs xedavda. Tu TaTars ar SeuSinda,
rogor SeuSindeboda qarTvelebis sityvier muqaras. `gana mis gonebaSi ar
gauelvebda is azri, rom es Cveneburebi ise yasidad memuqrebian, Torem
TaTris wyenisaTvis rogor gamomimetebeno~.
mwerals giorgi wereTeli SeniSvnas aZlevs, Tormeti wlis gogona
rogor gamoiCenda amisTana gabedulebas, es ararealuriao. bavSvis samyaros
Cinebulma mcodnem iakob gogebaSvilma rogorc winac iTqva, kargad icis
xasiaTis asakobrivi Taviseburebebic, cvlilebebic. iakob gogebaSvili
`kvalis~ redaqtoris SeniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT wers: àmis pasuxad erTma
Cemma kargma nacnobma gadmomca Semdegi msjeloba mkiTxvelTa: ramdenime
qalma erTad Turme waikiTxa jer moTxroba da mere gakilva misi `kvalSi~
da am SeniSvnis Sesaxeb aseTi azri warmosTqva Turme: imazed patara rom
yofiliyo, SeeSindeboda, imazed dids Sercxvebodao da swored TerTmet-
Tormetis wlis gogos SeuZlian gamoiCinos aseTi unari da uSiSroeba, Tu
dabadebidan mas dahyolia kerpi, uSiSari xasiaTio, radgan am xnis gogo
ganTavisuflebulia bavSvuri simxdalisagan, 312
311
jer Camdgari ar aris qalwulebriv morcxvobaSio. Cvenis mxriv am
msjelobas arafers davumatebT, radganac igi savsebiT gamoxatavs Cvens
sakuTar mosazrebas, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdiT, roca am adgils
moTxrobisas vswerdiT~.
roca garemoeba iTxovda, qali iCenda uSiSrobas, vaJkacur unars.
mwerali CamoTvlis cnobil magaliTebs qarTvel qalTa simamacisa da
Seupovrobisas.
`gavixsenoT jer mefe erekles Zlier uSiSari qali, Tekla _ biWad
wodebuli, mere andronikaSvilis rZali, romelsac warsulis saukunis
damlevs, roca Tbilisidgan muxrans midioda, mcxeTis zeviT, RarTiskarSi,
win gadaeRoba lekTa gundi, _ magram man mamacad Tavisi jariT ieriSi
miitana da gafanta da es gamarjveba qarTvelis qalisa mTelma Tbilisma
idResaswaula CiraRdnebiT da saerTo lxiniT. mesamed, mariam dedofali,
mefe giorgis meuRle, romelmac xanjliT mohkla lazarevi da meoTxed,
kaxeTis ajanyeba am saukunis meTerTmete welSi. es ajanyeba vin moaxdina?
qarTvelma glexis qalma, qarTvelma qalebma~. erT kaxel qalze rusis
saldaTma Zala miitana. Seuracxyofilma da gaalmasebulma qalma CamoiRo
kedlidan Tof-iaraRi, aisxa tanze, miiWra kacebTan, moxada Tavis qmars
qudi, Tavisi leCaqi moaxvia, TviTon qudi daixura da gaeSva sal-
daTebisaken. mas mihyvnen sxva qalebic, mere kacebmac gamoiRes xeli da
ajanyebam mTeli kaxeTi moicva.
qarTveli qalebis amgvari gmirobiT savsea Cveni istoria da metadre
saingilos warsuli.
saingilo, rogorc ganapira kuTxe saqarTvelosi, xSirad iyo qceuli
brZolis velad. `mas etanebodnen, iCemebdnen, erTis mxriv lekebi, meores
mxriv sparselebi, yizilbaSebi. qarTvelebi, rasakvirvelia, ar anebebdnen,
brZola iyo TiTqmis ganuwyveteli~. ingiloebs xSirad, Zalze xSirad marto
TviTon, sakuTari ZalebiT unda moegeriebinaT mteri. Semosevis dros
mtarvalebi `xSirad itacebdnen qalebsa, metadre lamazebsa da tyved
mihyavdaT. qveyana aoxrdeboda da ganadgurdeboda mamakacTa Zalas rom ar
miSveleboda qalTa Zala... am sastik garemoebaSi izrdeboda ingilo qali
dabadebidgan da xasiaTic Sesaferisad ecvleboda. aman daakargvina
qarTvel qals sikekluce, magram samagierod, mianiWa TiTqmis vaJkacuri
Zal-Rone da gambedaoba. axlac ingilo qalis uSiSroeba bevrad ufro
maRla dgas aramc Tu qarTvel qalebzed, aramed lekis qalebzedac.
amisTana niadagzed aRmoceneba da gazrda imisTana gambedavis qalisa,
rogoric aris Cveni ingilo gogona, aramc Tu SesaZlebelia, aucilebelic
aris~.
giorgi wereTlis SeniSvniT, arc erekles saxea damajerebeli iakob
gogebaSvilis moTxrobaSi. kritikosisadmi mimarTul pasuxSi mwerali ase
xsnis erekles moqmedebas da ase axasiaTebs Tavis gmirs: moulodnelad
qliavis dayram Tavze risxva ki ar gamoiwvia, `mxolod gaaoca mefe da ara
ganarisxa. an iqneb mefe erekles ar SeSvenis is aRtaceba, romelic man
gamoiCina, roca darwmunda, rom 313
312
patara gogos Turme misi mtroba ki ar amoZravebda, aramed didi
patriotuli grZnoba da siyvaruli mefisadmi. ai, swored maSin ar
egvaneboda igi namdvil erekles, Tu aRtacebas ar gamoiCenda. marTla da
ra unda iyos imaze sasiamovno gmiri mefisaTvis, rodesac igi Tavisi
samefos ganapira kuTxeSi, romlis moglejas yovel dRes cdilobdnen
mterni, xedavs Tormeti wlis gogoSi Zliers siyvaruls mamulisas da es
siyvaruli ixateba metad Tavxedurs bavSvur gabedulebaSi? gana mefes ar
gaurbenda azri am SemTxvevis gamo: im kuTxes, romelic Sobavs da zrdis
amisTana uSiSars Svilebsa, vera mteri ver moglejs saqarTvelosao. an
iqneba mefe erekles amcirebs is garemoeba, rom patara gogom ukiJina da
dauwuna TaTruli Calmis tareba?..~ gana es xerxi sayovelTaod cnobili ar
aris msoflio literaturaSi, da Tanac Zalze damajerebeli?! umanko
bavSvis piriT gulubryvilo formiT amxilos is, rasac didebi ver bedaven.
daamcirebda maSin, Tu es dawuneba swyenoda mefesa. samagierod, qals es
saqcieli Zlier mouwona mefema da kidevac daasaCuqra... xalxis TvalSi da
yvela Segnebuli mkiTxvelis TvalSi es saqcieli did pativsa sdebs mefe
erekles da amaRlebs mas, miT umetes, rom srulad Seesabameba im mamobrivs
siyvaruls glexTa mimarT, romliTac iyvnen Semkulni warCinebulni mefeni
saqarTvelosni~.
giorgi wereTlis kritikulma, subieqturma werilma, usamarTlo
SeniSvnebma kritikosis mier gamoiwvia is, rom mweralma gulwrfelad
gagvimJRavna is motivebi, is savsebiT damarwmunebeli argumentacia,
romelic iakob gogebaSvilis am SesaniSnav moTxrobas aqcevs ymawvilebis
sayvarel qmnilebad.
isic unda garkveviT iTqvas, rom iakob gogebaSvilis mier moTxrobaSi
da kritikosis mimarT daweril sapasuso werilSi dasmul problemas
politikuri TvalsazrisiT ara Tu ar mohklebia simZafre, aramed Cvens
droSi kidev ufro mwvaved da mtkivneulad dgas _ rac dro gadis, kidev
ufro vSordebiT Cvens ZirZvel ulamazes saingilos, kidev ufro
upatronod arian mitovebulni dedasaqarTvelodan Cveni sisxli
sisxlTagani da RviZli RviZlTagani ingiloebi.
rac am erTi moTxrobis mimarT iTqva, SeiZleba gameordes, oRond
bunebrivia, saTanado argumentaciiT, iakob gogebaSvilis sxva istoriul
moTxrobebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa mTavari personaJebi Cveni istoriidan
kargad cnobili gmirebi arian maTTan dakavSirebuli kargad cnobili
istoriuli faqtebiT, iqneba es `Tavdadebuli qarTveli ejibi~, `cotne
dadiani~, ìoTam zedginiZe~, `saSineli sasjeli moRalatisa~, `cxra Zmani
xerxeuliZeni~, àspinZis brZola~, `samasi Tavdadebuli glexi~ Tu sxv.
qarTvelma ymawvilebma `qarTlis cxovrebis~ didi gakveTilebi jer
kidev iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebiT Seisisxlxorces da ase modioda
aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze, iqamde mainc, sanam axalma drom, axalma
saeWvo garemoebebma iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri principebis reviziis
gunebaze ar daayena axali skolis mesveurni. 314
313
vin ar auRelvebia iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobas `Tavdadebuli
mRvdeli Tevdore~, romeli ymawvilis sulSi ar CaWrila Rrmad Tevdore
mRvdlis Tavganwirvis ambavi! am istoriul faqts adgili me-17 saukunis
dasawyisSi hqonia, kerZod, 1709 wels. mwerali irCevs mosaTxrob formas,
rom ymawvilis yuradReba imTaviTve daipyros. samasi wlis winandel ambavs
mogviTxrobs; qveyanaSi sanatreli, iSviaTi sagulvebeli mSvidobianoba
sufevda. `SiSi arsaidan iyo. arc sparseTs, arc osmaleTs imJamad
saqarTvelosTan sadao ara hqondaT ra. amitom qarTvelebi mtris Semosevas
arsaidan ar moelodnen da guldamSvidebulni adgnen Tavis Sinaurs
saqmeebs~.
am simSvides daarRvevs javaxeTis da TrialeTis mxriv saSineli
CoCqoli, kontrastis xerxis momarjvebiT mwerali Zabavs mozardis
yuradRebas da am fonze gvamcnobs sruliad moulodnel Semosevas TaTris
jarisas samxreTidan. osmalebTan erTad sparselebze gamarjvebuli
yirimeli TaTrebi didZali laSqriT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. mteri
miiswrafvis cxireTisaken, sadac qarTvelTa axalgazrda mefe luarsab II
sazafxulod imyofeboda mcire amaliT da fiqrad ar mosdioda, Tu ra
gansacdeli emuqreboda jer mas da mere mis qveyanas. mters undoda jer
mefe Seepyro, rom mere advilad daeWira saqarTvelos soflebi da
qalaqebi. mteri Cqarobda, rom swrafad da moulodnelad dacemoda Tavs
mefes. gzaSi mtrebma Seipyres Tevdore mRvdeli, romelsac eklesiis
saganZuris gadamalvaSi gaxizvna dagvianeboda. Tevdores TaTrebma
mosTxoves, win gaZRoloda da umoklesi gziT etarebina mteri cxireTamde,
Tu ara da wamebiT sikvdili ar ascdeboda. `mRvdeli swored jojoxeTis
cecxlSi Cavarda. Tu TaTrebis nebas dahyveboda, mefes daatyvevebdnen,
saqarTvelos aaoxrebdnen, sisxliT da cremliT aavsebdnen. qveynis
ubedurebas gaaorkecebda is garemoeba, rom mefe jered sul ymawvili iyo,
meuRle ar hyavda da memkvidre ar darCeboda. amis gamo urjuloni ufro
magra moikidebdnen fexs saqarTveloSi da monobis uRels daadgamdnen Cvens
ersa. Tu Tevdore uars etyoda, samSoblos ver gamoimetebda, mas moeloda
gamouTqmeli tanjva-wamebiT sikvdili, yvav-yornebisagan SeWma da daobleba
col-Svilisa, mesame gza yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. an Tavi unda Seewira
qveynisaTvis, an samSoblo enacvalebina Tavisi TavisaTvis~. mweralma
mRvlis sulSi mimdinare drama, Sinagani Widili unda gadmosces, magram ise
ki, rom es yrmisTvis iyos gasagebi da igi amas SesaniSnavad akeTebs.
mRvdlis saxeze gamoxatuli niSnebiT da moZraobebiT, Tanac
SekumSulad, ise rom Txrobis dinamizmi, esoden saWiro yrmis moZravi
bunebisTvis ar dairRves: `pirvel xanebSi mRvdeli yoymanobam Seipyro da
ver gadaeWra, romel gzas dasdgomoda. am yoymanobis dros mas sacodavi,
Sesabralisi saxe hqonda, magram uceb igi welSi gasworda, saxe gaunaTda,
mamacuri gamometyvelebiT aevso. aSkarad etyoboda, rom gmirul
gadawyvetilebas daadga~. Tevdorem sruliad sapirispiro mxriT waiyvana
mteri da sul daaSora cxireTs. TaTrebma awvales, stanjes Tevdore,
bolos mokles, daCexes da erT 315
314
did xramSi gadaagdes. amasobaSi cxireTSic gaiges mtris Semoseva.
axalgazrda mefes giorgi saakaZec Tan axlda, romelmac saswrafod
Sekriba jari. axla mterma gorisken aiRo gezi mis dasarbevad. magram aq
imarjva somexma terteram (mRvdelma) saakaSvilma, romelmac, sofel
doesisaken arxeinad mimavalma, uricxvi mtris danaxvaze cxeni Semoabruna.
xidisTaveli glexebi moiSvelia da goris xidi CaSala. sabolood
TaTrebma giorgi saakaZisagan sastiki marcxi iwvnies da ambis mimtanma
Zlivs gaaswro qarTvelebs.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi qarTvel gmirTa vaJkacobaze, maT
Tavdadebaze, qveynis samsaxurSi daxarjvaze Cveni axalgazrdebis suls
keTilad aCndeba da maTac iwvevs savaJkaco saqmeebisaken.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobaTagan gamoirCeva sruliad gan-
sakuTrebuli zemoqmedebiTi Zalis moTxroba ìavnanam ra hqmna?~ moTxroba
Tavisi xasiaTiT axlosaa iakob gogebaSvilis istoriul moTxrobebTan,
ramdenadac, rogorc avtori miuTiTebs, garkveul istoriul dros exeba,
magram verc savsebiT istoriulad CaiTvleba, ramdenadac masSi arc
garkveuli istoriuli faqtia asaxuli da arc istoriuli pirebi
moqmedeben. moTxroba gansakuTrebiT uyvarda TviT mis avtors da misi
bediT sagangebod iyo dainteresebuli. moTxroba 1890 wels gamoica wignad.
mwerals Zalian ainteresebda, Tu rogor miiRebda mas mozrdili Taoba.
iakob gogebaSvilma Tavisi wigni saCuqrad gaugzavna cnobil quTaisel
pedagogs silovan xundaZes da Tan werilic miswera. iakobi swerda, rom
moTxroba mozrdilebisTvis iyo gamiznuli, daaxloebiT `cameti wlidan
dawyebuli. me Zalian msurs Sevityo, ra gagebiT, interesiT da SegnebiT
waikiTxaven saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi mozrdilni qalni Tu vaJni
da amitom gTxovT, waukiTxoT mesame, meoTxe klasis mowafeebs da
macnoboT, ra STabeWdilebas moaxdens es Cemi pirveli moTxroba maTzed,
visTvisac dawerilia... mozrdil qalebzed, ufrosi klasis gimnazielebzed
da sxvebzed~.
moTxrobam male moipova aRiareba ara marto saqarTveloSi, TviT
ruseTis centrSi. peterburgidan gamogzavnili weriliT akaki wereTeli
ivane maCabels sTxovda: ìakob gogebaSvils hkiTxe, momcems nebas, rom
gadaTargmnili iqnes magis ìavnanam ra hqmna?~, romelic aq ostrogorskis
Zalian moswons, Tu ara?~ gazeTi ìveria~ mkiTxvelebs auwyebda: `...ruseTis
pedagogs ostrogorskis uTxovnia b-ni i. gogebaSvilisaTvis nebarTva misi
moTxrobis ìavnanam ra hqmna?~ gadaTargmnisa rusulad da b-ns
gogebaSvilsac miucia es nebarTva~.
moTxroba yvela TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia. mkiTxvels xiblavs
avtoriseuli uCveulo grZnoba siuJetisa, ambis Txrobis ostatoba, ara
marto dramatizmi, rac iakobis TqmiT, Zalze ainteresebs mozrdil
mkiTxvels, visTvisac gaTvlilia ZiriTadad es moTxroba, aramed
moTxrobaSi Seqmnili viTarebis tragizmi _ ded-mama xedaven, rom maT
Tvalwin qreba, ekargebaT erTaderTi usayvarlesi Svili da verafers
Svelian, aRarafris Secvla ar SeuZliaT. tragizmi 316
315
sakuTriv qeTos mdgomareobisa, romelic xedavs, rom Tavs evlebian
misTvis ucxo adamianebi (mSoblebi), rac kidev ufro umZafrebs leki
`mSoblebis~ ndomas... da Semdeg, dedis simReraze Svils unda raRac
gaixsenos da ver ixsenebs... itanjeba... yvelaferma aman SeuZlebelia
gulgrili datovos nebismieri mkiTxveli. aq, am moTxrobaSi didi
simdidrea grZnobebisa, romlebic pirdapir adamianis guls umizneben, iqneba
es samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba, mSobliuri grZnoba, ucxotomelis
Rirsebis danaxvisa da aRiarebis, sxvadasxva tomis adamianTa daaxloeba-
damegobrebis da a. S.
isini, vinc am Sedevrs ganixilaven, _ iqneba es fsiqologi, peda-
gogikis specialisti Tu literaturismcodne, sagangebod Cerdebian,
yuradRebas amaxvileben TxzulebaSi asaxuli grZnobebis `fsiqologiur
sisworeze~. es bunebrivia da savsebiT mosalodneli iseTi didi pedagogisa
da mwerlisagan, rogorc iakob gogebaSvilia, romelmac SesaniSnavad icis
adamianis sazogadod, kerZod, bavSvis samyaro, sulis yoveli moZraoba,
romlis Semoqmedebis mTavari niSania simarTle da gulwrfeloba.
literaturis istorikosisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa, mniSvnelovania, Tu
rogor axerxebs mwerali amis gadmocemas, rom ase itacebs da aRelvebs
mkiTxvels, mwerlis Txrobis ostatobaze qvemoT kidev calkec iqneba
saubari, axla, pirvel yovlisa, is unda iTqvas, rom mwerali amas akeTebs
ZiriTadad personaJebis gancdebis, sulieri moZraobis garegamoxatuli
niSnebis mixedviT. mwerali ki ar mogviTxrobs, Tu ras ganicdis misi
gmirebi, aramed gviCvenebs maT gancdebs garegamotanili qcevebiT,
moqmedebebiT, personaJebis saxeze aRbeWdili grZnobebis aRweriT, xSirad
mwerali grZnobaTa dasaxasiaTeblad mimarTavs gaSlil Sedarebebs, romlis
drosac grZnobaTa dasaxasiaTeblad aRebulia iseTi movlenebi da sagnebi,
romlebic mozardisTvis maxlobelia da gasagebi. Tan yvelaferi es xdeba
gaWianurebis, vrceli aRwera-daxasiaTebis gareSe dinamiurad, rac kargad
pasuxobs jer kidev gauwafavi mkiTxvelis interesebs.
rogorc adrec iyo miTiTebuli, mwerali aqac sagangebod iT-
valiswinebs, mxedvelobidan erTi wamiT ar rCeba Tavisi personaJi gogonas
asakobrivi Taviseburebebi; qeTo sami wlisac ar iyo, roca lekebma igi
moitaces. am asakis bavSvisaTvis, rogorc avtori miuTiTebs, ZiriTadia
awmyo. ìs Seuwyvetliv, yovel dRe izrdeba, suliTa da xorciT win midis,
matulobs, grZnobs am Tavis zrdas, winsvlas da bednieria am grZnobiT~...
bavSvi ar fiqrobs, àrc warsulze da arc momavalze. amis gamo warsulis
naSTi, xsovna mogoneba mis gulsa da gonebaSi male sustdeba, mkrTaldeba
da TiTqos sruliad iSleba~, marTalia, `pirvel xanebSi mainc qeTo
yvelaferze gulcivad iyo da xSirad stiroda, roca Tavis ded-mamas, sxva
Sinaurebs da Tavis sofels moigonebda~, magram naibis coli da imis qmari
iseTi siyvaruliT, moferebiT da alersiT eqceodnen qeTos, rom male
daaviwyebines winandeli yvelaferi, TandaTan Caaqres mis xsovnaSi `RviZli
ded-mamis siyvaruli, mogoneba, saxe. ori-sami 317
316
wlis Semdeg~ qeTos naibi da misi coli miaCnda namdvil ded-mamad.
`RviZli ded-mamis kvali TiTqmis mTlad waiSala mis bunebaSi. lekurma enam
cot-cotaobiTYdRiTi-dRe Seasusta qarTuli ena qeToSi, daiWira misi
adgili da Caaqro igi. qeTom yvelaze gvian daiviwya dedis `mSvenieri xma,
damatkbobeli simRera~. amas sagangebod gaxazavs mwerali, rom dedis
tkbili simRera yvelaze gvian daiviwya, magram daiviwya isic da `qarTveli
qali gadaiqca lek qalad~.
qarTveli qalis lek qalad gadaqcevis process mweralma TiTqosda
SedarebiT mcire dro dauTmo, Tumca ZiriTad momentebze, rogorc
davinaxeT, zusti mokle miTiTebebiT.
Txzulebis centria ukve gazrdili, cameti wlis qeTos, mamis mier
Sin dabrunebulis, sulieri drama da kvlav qarTvel qalad gadaqceva. aq
Txroba miimarTeba qeTos da misi mSoblebis tanjvis da qeTos mier
warsulis aRdgenis dramatuli ambebis TxrobiT. mwerali sagangebo
miTiTebebiT, sulieri dramis CvenebiT gadmogvcems am process. qali axla
ukve didia. misTvis ukve warsuli, mogonebebi mZlavria da cxoveli.
qeTo `saSinlad itanjeba~... `qeTos saxeze gamouTqmeli tanjva
ixateboda~... `qeTo yinuliviT civi, qvasaviT ugrZnobeli iyo da araviTari
gavlena ar iqonia magdanis mxiarulma, dedobrivma migebebam da alersma,
iqonia sruliad winaaRmdegi mosalodnelisa. magdanas alersma cocxlad
Tvalwin warmoudgina qeTos misi dedobilis, naibis colis saxe da alersi,
varami kidev ufro gauZlierda da mduRare cremlis nakaduli gadmoskda
Tvalebidan. magdani imeds ar hkargavda, rom qeTos dRes Tu xval
moagonebda Tavis pataraobas, icnobda mSoblebs da daubrundeboda maT~.
magram TviTon qeTo ki `Camoxma, gayviTlda da momakvdavs daemsgavsa.
is ijda taxtze Cumad umeteswilad TvalebdaxuWuli da misi goneba
frinavda iq daRestanSi naibTan da imis colTan~. saSvel ar Cans. `ymawvili
qali ded-mamas xelidan ecleboda, uavadmyofod Wkneboda, dneboda da
sikvdilamde patara manZili edo~.
am momentSi mwerali erT saintereso fsiqologiur detals imarjvebs,
riTac TvalnaTliv gamokveTs cal-calke mamisa da dedis xasiaTebs, maTi
dramis niuansebs: mama, Svilis tanjvis Semxedvare, ambobs: àra, me veRar
vucqeri am bavSvis amden tanjvas da wvalebas, Tu ramdensame dRis
ganmavlobaSi piri Cvensken ar ibruna, Sevsvam cxenze da Cemis xeliT
avuyvan naibsa da imis colsa. etyoba Rirseuli adamianebi yofilan, rom
agre SeuyvarebiaT Tavi Cemi RviZli SvilisaTvis, _ uTxra zurabma Tavis
cols, magdansa, xolo magdani ese advilad ver dasTmobda qeTosa da mzad
iyo isev Tavis axlo daemarxa Tavisi erTaderTi Svili, vidre gaegzavna
xelmeored da samudamod daRestanSi~.
utyuari fsiqologiuri detalia.
mwerali sagangebo motivirebas akeTebs moTxrobis kulminaciisaTvis.
gazafxulis umSvenieresi dilaa. buneba did zemoqmedebas axdens yvelaze.
maT Soris qeToze da mis tanjul dedazec. `buneba 318
317
Seudarebeli mkurnalia kacis varamisa da dardisa. Sveba misca man
qeTos naRvlian gulsaca da saxeze mas aSkarad daetyo Semcireba im
saSinelis mwuxarebisa, romelic aqamde majlajunasaviT awva mis gulsa da
gonebas~... amasTanave, qeTom pirvelad daiwyo fiqri imaze, risTvis da rad
miCveneben amden siyvaruls ucxo adamianebi da rada swuxan Cems
mwuxarebazedao~.
dedac aseTma amindma ramdenadme moabruna da qeTos es sanugeSo
cvlilebac ar darCa SeumCneveli. es iyo erTgvari mizezi, rom aTi wlis
dumilis mere magdanma `TavisTvis daiwyo RiRini iavnanisa. mere ki Tavisi
xmis simSvenierem gaitaca da Taviseburad damRera, maRla auwia xmas,
uneblied Svilisaken gaixeda da gaocda. qeTos saxeze aSkarad etyoboda
aRelveba, cxadi iyo, rom raRacas igonebda da ver ki moegonebina
garkveviT~. didi damajereblobiT aRwers mwerali, Tu rogor iRviZebs
qeToSi `damarxuli xsovna~. es urTulesi fsiqologiuri momenti mwerals
ise TvalsaCinod, plastikurad aqvs aRwerili, rom mozardi mkiTxveli
namdvili esTetikuri aRqmis gzaze dgeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi mwerali iseT
Sedarebas imarjvebs romelic Rrma grZnobas TvalsaCinod warmoudgens
mkiTxvels misTvis nacnobi movlenebiT: àRmoCnda, rom pirveli wlebis
CabeWdilebani da Casaxulebani ki ar gamqraliyvnen da ar waSliliyvnen,
qeTos gonebaSi, Turme Rrmad eZinaT, damarxuli iyvnen misi saxsovris
siRrmeSi, ZirSi, rogorc mcenaris Teslia damarxuli miwaSi da zevidan
maT efarebaT mTeli aTi wlis nanaxi da nacadi daRestanSi yofnis droisa.
am CasaxulebaTa daZvra da gamoRviZeba SeeZlo mxolod romelsame Zliersa
da Rrma CabeWdilebas, swored ise, rogorc mcenaris Tesls zeviT amoiyvans
xolme gamacocxlebeli mzis siTbo-sinaTle. amisTana mzeebrivi
CabeWdilebis moxdena qeTos gonebaSi SesZlo mxolod samSoblos xmam,
sabavSvo simReram ìavnanam~, romelic yvelaze ufro Rrmad hqonda qeTos
Zvalsa rbilSi gamjdari~... èrTma mogonebam meore gamoiwvia, meorem mesame,
mesamem meoTxe da qeTos sarkesaviT gadaeSala Tvalwin Tavisi sipataravis
dro~...
erTi sityviT, mweralma xelSesaxebad, TvalsaCinod warmoudgina
mkiTxvels sulSi mimdinare procesebi Tavis yvelaze mZafr, dramatul
momentSi da isic garkveviT gviTxra, rom adamianis sulis siRrmeSi
yvelaze mZlavrad, Rrmad musika, simRera iWreba da misi xsovnac yvelaze
Rrmaa da mZlavri.
am moTxrobaSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod, maRalmxatvrulad aris
warmodgenili Rrma adamianur grZnobaTa faqizi analizi. es SesaniSnavi
moTxroba swored imisTvisacaa mowodebuli, rom mozardebSi moamzados
didi xelovnebis ganmcdeli, WeSmariti mkiTxveli.
es Txzuleba imiTicaa gamorCeuli, rom nebismieri asakisa da donis
mkiTxvelis interesebs pasuxobs. erTis sityviT, namdvili xelovnebis
nimuSi, maRali nimuSi erTnairad saintereso da mniSvnelovania rogorc
mozardebisaTvis, aseve didebisaTvis, maRali gemovnebis mkiTxvelebisaTvis.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom Cvens droSi Seiqmna saintereso mxatvru319
318
li filmi iakob gogebaSvilis am moTxrobis mixedviT _ ìavnanam ra
hqmna?~ reJisorma nana janeliZem Sekriba msaxiobTa SesaniSnavi ansambli da
erT mizans dauqvemdebara maTi niWi da SesaZleblobani. gulSiCamwvdomia
jansuR kaxiZis mier damuSavebuli `nana~, romelsac momRerali Tamar
WoxoneliZe STambeWdavad mReris, rac iZleva srul STabeWdilebas am
simReris didi zemoqmedebiTi Zalisas. Zalian sainteresoa filmis
gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare. yoveli kadri xasiaTdeba TvalsaCino poeturobiT.
* * *
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi advilad aRsaqmelia da SesaT-
visebeli ymawvilTaTvis rogorc SinaarsiT, aseve formiT.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi lakonuri Txrobis iSviaTi nimuSebia,
aq cxadad aris daxatuli umTavresi mxareebi, danarCenis damateba da
suraTebis Sevseba TviTon norC mkiTxvelebzea mindobili. yvela
moTxrobaSi, TiToeul winadadebaSi gamosWvivis gulwrfeli, Tbili
grZnoba.
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebSi mTavaria moqmedeba, am mxriv isini
uaRresad dinamiurni, dramatizmiT savseni arian. iakob gogebaSvilis
moTxrobebSi aridebulia msjeloba da mtkiceba, isini cocxlad
warmogvidgenen suraTs, moqmedebas, radgan mweralma kargad icis, rom
bavSvs, mozards unda saxeebi, ferebi, mas ar unda ganyenebuli ideebi,
radgan konkretulad azrovnebs jer, mas unda ambebi, Txroba.
bavSvi mgrZnobiare arsebaa da mweralic aramarto upasuxebs mis am
Taviseburebas, aramed eyrdnoba mas. logikuri mtkicebis gzas ki ar irCevs
mwerali, aramed bavSvis emociur samyaroze zegavlenis gzas. SiSveli
msjelobis adgili iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebSi suraTovnebas ukavia.
rogorc iTqva, iakob gogebaSvilis TxzulebebSi aridebulia
gaWianurebuli Txroba. mis SedarebiT vrcel moTxrobebSi, rogorc wesi,
gamoiyofa calkeuli dasrulebuli monakveTebi, Tavebi, xSirad es Tavebi
dasaTaurebulia, rac mkiTxvels garkveulobis winaSec ayenebs da interesis
aRZvrasac, yuradRebis mobilizebasac emsaxureba, aseTebia, magaliTad,
`saarako Tavgadasavali taxtis memkvidrisa~, `cotne dadiani~,
`Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdore~, ìavnanam ra hqmna?~ da a. S. aseTi
dasrulebuli monakveTebis siuxve nawarmoebis aRqmasac aadvilebs da mis
aTvisebasac. mwerali irCevs mosaTxrobad ufro TvalnaTliv faqtebs,
mogviTxrobs TanmimdevrobiT, gadauWarbeblad, rotirikis gareSe,
dauZabavad, sadad. aridebulia masTan zogadi frazebi. iakob gogebaSvilis
moTxrobebi sazrdos aZleven rogorc mozardis guls, aseve mis gonebas.
ramdenadac bavSvi yuradRebis didxans erT saganze SeCerebas ver
axerxebs, pirveli adgili masTan moqmedebas uWiravs. suraTebis
monacvleobas.
iakob gogebaSvili zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs bavSvis fsiqikas, 320
319
misi moTxrobebi advilad aRweven Tavis mizans, ramdenadac maTSi
SesaniSnavadaa Serwymuli Sinaarsi da forma. mweralma moimarjva saTxrobi
forma, ramdenadac ase ufro xerxdeba bavSvis yuradRebis mobilizeba,
zogjer mwerali TxrobaSi CaurTavs SekiTxvas, rom gamoafxizlos
mkiTxveli, ar misces modunebis saSualeba, aiZulebs, ifiqros.
iakob gogebaSvili sxvaTaganac amas moiTxovda da misi moTxrobebic
sanimuSoni arian enobrivi TvalsazrisiT. misi Txroba ZiriTadad xalxuria.
mwerali aRiarebs, rom xSirad Tavis Tavsac ar endoboda da akakis Txovda
Tavisi wignebis qarTulis gasworebas, ramdenadac akaki wereTlis ena mas
miaCnda xalxuri, bunebrivi dauZabavi metyvelebis klasikur nimuSad.
iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebebi aRsavsea maRali miswrafebebiT. isini
mowodebulni arian, rom mozardi Taoba garda qarTuli enis codnisa,
misadmi faqizi damokidebulebisa, aRzardon Rirseul adamianebad,
mxurvale mamuliSvilebad.
marTalia, wavida is dro da is garemoc dagvSorda, Seicvala,
romelic iakob gogebaSvilis sayofacxovrebo moTxrobebSia asaxuli.
marTalia, es dro da es personaJebi axla mxolod imaT suls arxevs
Zalumad, vinc iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebze da sakiTxav
wignebze aRizarda, marTalia, Tanamedrove ymawvilebi daSordnen im bunebas
da bunebriobas, rasac i. gogebaSvilis wignebSi vxvdebodiT, vecnobodiT,
magram sakuTar fesvebTan dasabruneblad isini axlac udides samsaxurs
gauweven mozardebs. xolo is keTilSobiluri grZnobebi, miswrafebebi, is
zneobrivi idealebi, romelTa mozardebSi danergvas da aRzrdas didi
pedagogi da mwerali miznad isaxavda, marad gaucveTeli idealebia, rac
mxolod sikeTisaken mimarTavs mozardebs.
rac Sexeba iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebs istoriaze, mis Sedevrs
ìavnanam ra hqmna?!~ da kidev bevr sxvas, arasodes moakldebaT xibli,
mozardi Taobebi am moTxrobebiT eziarebian da bavSvobidanve
Seisisxlxorceben yvelaze mniSvneloven ambebs saqarTvelos istoriidan,
gaecnobian Cveni qveynis gamorCeul Svilebs. did da keTilSobil gmirebs,
romlebmac Rrma kvali gaavles Cveni qveynis istoriaSi da praqtikulad
bevriT gansazRvres qveynis zneoba, qveynis momavali. es moTxrobebi, maTSi
ganxorcielebuli ideebi gahyvebaT sagzlad cxovrebis did gzaze, rac
imisi pirobac iqneba, rom saqarTvelos momavalma Taobebmac icodnen, `visi
gorisani arian~ da ra unda iyos am ukeTilSobiles mizanze arsebiTi da
didebuli!.. ukvdavi akakis sityvebi amjeradac kidev erTxel unda
movimarjvoT da yvelas gasagonad da xmamaRla vTqvaT: vinc iakob
gogebaSvilis `gatkepnil gzas ar gaivlis, is arc qarTvelad ixsenieba~. 321
320
xalxosnoba cxovrebasa da mwerlobaSi
da qarTuli literatura
(xalxosnobis arsi: xalxosnoba cxovrebaSi da xalxosnoba
literaturaSi qarTuli sinamdvilis fonze)
xalxosnoba ar aris literaturuli mimarTuleba. xalxosnoba aris
nakadi iseTi sazogadoebriv-politikuri azrovnebisa, romelmac calke
Tematuri erTeulis ufleba moipova realistur literaturaSi1. calke
Tematur erTeulad gamoyofa imiT iqna miRweuli, rom xalxosani mwerlebi,
TavianT TxzulebebSi garkveuli socialuri TvalsazrisiT ganixilavdnen
sakiTxs da mxatvruli SesaZleblobebisa Tu miuxedavad poziciaTa
sxvaobisa, gare sinamdvilisadmi Tavisebur, socialur-politikur
msoflmxedvelobis doneze asul midgomas avlendnen.
xalxosnoba wminda rusul niadagze aRmocenebuli movlenaa. so-
cialuri da kulturul-literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, es specifikuri
rusuli viTarebis Svilia. garda ruseTisa, arc erTi evropuli qveynis
cxovrebaSi am movlenas ver vxvdebiT.
xalxosnobis warmoSoba literaturaSi TavisTavad gulisxmobs did
gansxvavebas sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenas Soris. aristokratiisa da
dabal fenas da, Sesabamisad, inteligenciasa da masas Soris2 interesebis
TvalsazrisiT aris didi gansxvaveba fenebSi, erTi mxriv, evropulad
ganaTlebuli adamiani dgas, meore mxriv, auareba adamiani, romelmac
wesierad qalamnis Cacmac ki ar icis, ver axerxebs. xalxosan moRvaweTa
mizania sazogadoebis fenaTa Soris am gansxvavebis moxsna da arsebuli
ufskrulis amovseba, romelic aSorebda adamianebs urTierTisgan; maT mier
amocanad iqna dasaxuli im manZilis Semcireba, romelic TiSavda
sazogadoebas da mSromel adamianebs umecreba-sibnelisaken miaqanebda.
ra iyo am sibnelis mizezi? am kiTxvis simwvave da masze pasuxis
gacemis mZafri wyurvili SeiniSneba jer kidev adre.
rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis ruseTSi Caisaxa
erovnuli `me~-s TviTgamorkvevisa da TviTdadginebis Zalumi swrafva. am
mimarTulebiT ruseTis mowinave inteligenciaSi, upiratesad
axalgazrdobis wreebSi warmoiSva ZiriTadi ori dajgufeba: `me-
dasavleTeebisa~ da `slavofilebisa~3. `medasavleTni~ (Caadaevi, belinski,
botkini, gerceni, ogarevi, granovski da sxv.) ruseTis xnis gzad saxavdnen
petre pirvelis mier aRebul evropul orientacias da dasavleT evropasTan
sulieri kavSiri miaCndaT rusuli sulis
1 asemagaliTad, aRniSnaven, rom
`Литературноенародничествопредставляетсобойодноизтеченийвнутриреалистическогонапра
вления~ ix. В. КулешовИсториярусскойкритики. М., 1972, ст. 353.
2 n. berdiaevi, eridakacobrioba, mTargmnelizurabkiknaZe. Tb., 1993, gv.
26-27.
3 aRniSnulisakiTxissaguldaguloganxilvaix. sergidanelia,
narkvevebiXIXs. rusuliliteraturisistoriidan. Tb., 1959, gv. 192-206.322
321
ayvavebispirobad. ufrosidaumcrosiTaobis `slavofilebi~ ki (k.
aqsakovi, i. aqsakovi, a. xomiakovi, i. kireevski, p. kireevski, s. aqsakovi, T.
tiutCevi, n. danileeski, n. straxovidasxv.) upirispirde-
bodnenamideasdaevropisagandamoukidebeliruseTisTavisTavadiganviTarebasg
zasicavdnen.
masSemdeg, racgermanelmahakstauzenma (1843 w.) aRmoaCinarusuliTemi
(Община),
slavianofilebmarusuliTavisTavadixasiaTisadasulisganviTarebissaimedosa
yrdeniTemSidainaxes. amitomaciyo, rom
`ZalianafasebdnenslavianofilebirusulTems~1,
magramamdajgufebaTaideuripoziciebisprincipulisxvaobismiuxedavad,
maTerTasaerToamosavaliinteresidamizaniamoZravebda2, esiyo `rusuliideis~
ganxorcieleba, rusixalxissulier-Semoq-
medebiTiunarisTavisTavadobisaRmoCenadagamoCena. rusulisu-
lisZiebisamrTulprocessgvidgenscnobilrusmoazrovneTadaxelovanTamemkvi
dreoba.
ruseTiscxovrebisdidigulSematkivrisadarusuliliteraturisfxizelikrit
ikosisbesarionbelinskisstatiaSi: `1846
wlisrusuliliteraturismimoxilva~, sworedrusulisulisZiebaaasaxuli.
misiTqmiT, rusuli `literaturisistoria, rogorcTviTruseTisistoria,
arcerTisxvaliteraturisistoria, rogorcTviTruseTisistoria,
arcerTisxvaliteraturisistoriasarahgavs.
amitomigiwarmoadgenserTaderTgansakuTrebulsanaxaobas,
romelicmaSinveucnauri, gaugebari, TiTqmisuazrixdeba,
rawamsmasyurebasdauwyeben, rogorcyovelsxvaevropulliteraturas~3.
garkveuliistoriulipirobebisgamo, sau-
kuneebisganmavlobaSiruseTsTavisisocialuricxovrebiswesigaaCnda.
evropelixalxebisagangansxvavebiT, isfaqti, romqris-
tianobiTbolomdevergaimsWvalarusiadamianissuli, warmar-
TulielementismoWarbebispirobagaxda.
amukanasknelmamomentmagansazRvrasworedisgaremoeba,
rompirovnulivergabatondagvarovnulze,
individualobismomentimiiCqmalagvarovnul-Temurifsiqologiisfonze,
ramacRirsebisadapirovnebisavtonomiisSezRudvisxarjzerainduli,
pirovnulisawyisisganviTarebasgzagadauRoba. rogorccnobilia,
pirovnulisSeqmniskenswrafvaraindulisulisTvisebaa, radgan
`raindobaWedspirovnuliRirsebisadapativisgrZnobas,
qmnispirovnulsimtkices~4,
romlisgareSeferxdebagamokveTiliindividualobismqonepolitikurisaxisCam
oyalibebadaerovnulifsiqikisgamomxatveliSedevrisSe-
qmnacliteraturasadaxelovnebaSi...
aseTigziTsvlaucxoiyopetredidiswinandeliruseTisaTvis.
darocaesgamorCeulisulieriZalebiTdajildoebulikacimoevlinaqveyanas,
evropisakenmiabrunaigi. ruseTisganviTarebamgezicicvala,
magramSedegiucbadvergamoCnda, ramacsagonebelSiCaagdoevropuladganaTle
1 s. danelia, dasax. wigni, gv. 202.
2 ix. В. Кулешов, Историярусскойкритики, 1972, ст. 202.
3 b. belinski, rC. Txzulebani, t. II, qarTuliTargmani, Tb., 1957, gv. 576.
4 Н. Бердяев, ДушаРоссии, 1915, ст. 9.323
322
buliruseTisinteligencia. aRmoCnda, romerTimxriv,
ruseTshyavsevropulkulturazeaRzrdiliaristokratia,
romelicukvefiqrobssakuTariqveynisav-kargze. dameoremxriv, arsebobensib-
neleSimyofimilionobiTadamianebi, glexoba, romelTanackon-
taqtisdamyarebauWirsinteligencias,
gansakuTrebiTmZimeSeiqnarusixalxiscxovrebanikolozI-ismefobisxanaSi.
TiTqmismTeli 41 wlismanZilzegagrZeldaautanelisimkacrisreJimi... 1812-14
w.w. samamuloomisSemdeg, rogorcamboben, `ruseTSihavackiSeicvala~,
`cxovrebismzardsaWiroebaTaaucilebeliSedegi~,
mZlavradwinwasulicivilizaciisniSani (belinski),
aSkaraddaetyorusulsuliercxovrebas. nikolozI-ismefobisxanaSi, roca 1825
wlis 14 dekembersurTierTsSeejaxnenTavisuflebismopovebisideiTSepy-
robiligmirulisulisadamianebidareaqciulikonservatiuliZalebi, m.
gorkissityvebiT, masSemdgom `CamoyalibdaukiduresobaTaadamiani,
romelicevropisaTvisgaugebariiyo~1. arada, amperiodSi, b.
belinskismoswrebuligamoTqmiT, TviTmowinave `russufroeadvilebafrangis,
ingliselisangermanelisSexedulebisSeTviseba, vidredamoukideblad,
rusuladazrovneba.
...imitommisTvismisisamSoblosmniSvnelobadabedijerkidevgamocanaa,
samSoblosi, sadacyvelaferiCanasaxs, dasawyisswar-
moadgensdaaraferiararisgarkveuli, ganviTarebuli, Camoyalibebuli2.
saSinelidilebiswinaSeaRmoCndaruseTi. batonymobisumkacresmareJimma,
memkvidreobiTmiRebulmacrurwmenebiTadauvicobiTdatvirTulmapatriarqalu
rmayofamsagonebelSiCaagdoimdroisTvisruseTisyvelazemkvircxladmoazrovn
epirovnebani. isevdaisevb. belinskiseyomoqalaqeobrivigambedaoba, raTaen-
ergiuladeZebnarusulisulisadarusixalxisniWissruladgamovlenisgzebidae
Tqvamwaresinamdvilezeamozrdili, SinaganioptimizmiTaRsavsesityvebi:
`CvenmowodebulnivarTvuTxraTmsofliosCvenisityva, Cveniazri~...
magramvidreruseTiTavisdidsaTqmelsityoda, saWiroiyoimmankierebisdaZleva,
racaCiavebda,
RrRnidadaganviTarebisSesaZleblobasuspobdarusixalxisunars.
ruseTismoazrovneinteligenciaSifaqtiuradisevdaisevb.
belinskiiyoisdidipirovneba,
romelmacmZafripublicisturipaTosiTamxilarusixalxisnakli,
moiwadinamasasTan, xalxTanmWidrokavSirisdamyarebadaTavisgaxmaurebul
`werilSin. v. gogols~, saqveynodganacxada: `ruseTsesaWiroebaaraqadagebani
(sakmaodmousmeniaisini!), aralocvani (sakmaoduzepirebiaisini!),
aramedxalxSiimadamianurigrZnobisgaRviZeba,
romelicamdenixanidakarguliasibinZuresadanagavSi...
igisazarelsanaxaobaswarmoadgens: esiseTiqveyanaa,
sadacadamianebiadamianebiTvaWroben~... daSemdeg: `qveyana,
sadacadamianebiTavianTTavsTviTonuwodebenaranamdvil,
aramedSerqmeulsaxelebs. `vankebs, vaskebs,
1 М. Горький, Историярусскойлитературы, 1929, ст. 201.
2 b. belinski, rCeuliTxzulebani, qarT. Targmani, II, TB., 1957, gv.
592.324
323
stioSkebs, palaSkebs, qveyana,
sadacararisaraTuraimegarantiapirovnebisa, RirsebisadasakuTrebisTvis,
aramedararispoliciuriwesrigicki~1.
magramaseTpirobebSic, rocaruseTisadamianebiwyvdiadiTiyvnenmoculni,
CanasaxisformiTukvearsebobdaxalxTansiaxlo-
visiseTigadaudebelimoTxovnileba, romelicjerkidev 1841 welsv. p.
botkinisadmigagzavnilwerilSib. belinskimasegamoxata: `socialuroba,
socialuroba _ ansikvdili! ai, Cemidevizi... rasvaqnevimas,
romdedamiwazegeniosizecaSicxovrobs,
rodesacxalxisibinZureSiaCafluli?~2. amdroidannel-nelamwifdebaruseTSi
`xalxSigamosvlisa~ daxalxiswyvdiadidangamoyvanissurvili.
amsasikeTosurvilebsdaganwyobilebebsrealuriganxorcielebisJamicdaudga.
imperatornikolozI-issikvdilisadayirimiskam-
paniisdasrulebisSemdegbolosdabolosdaiwyoSemobrunebasaSinaopolitikaS
i. SewydarusulicxovrebisSemboWavimZimereaqcia. aleqsandreII-
isgamefebispirvelwlebSive, TviTaxaliimperatorisxelSewyobiT,
daiwyobatonymobisgasauqmebladmimarTuliTavisufaliazrisqrolva.
amdrosmzaddebaudidesireforma. cxadia, cenzuraargauqmebula,
magramigigaxdaSeudarebladufroSemwynarebeli. literaturagamococxlda.
Tuadregogoli-
sadaturgenevisnawerebSivxedavTruseTiserovnuliubedurebiswarmomSobnakl
ovanebaTamxilebasdaglexisadmiTanagrZnobisadasibralulisgrZnobisgamoxat
vas, masSemdeg, racimperatormaaleqsandreII-
mTvaligausworamkacrrealobasdadarwmunda,
rombatonyomobasaxelmwifoebriviubedurebaa, qveynisdaRupvismizezia,
gamosavaliararsebobs, gardabatonymobisgauqmebisa.
amdroidanpraqtikuladdaiwyoxalxiszneobriv-fsiqologiuridasulier-
kulturulidonisamaRlebazezrunva; turgenevisadaaqsakovisTxzulebebSi,
marTalia, adrecSeiniSnebodaanti-batyonymuri (mag., turgenevis
`monadirisCanawerebi~, aqsakovis òrenburgisguberniismonadirisdRiurebi~)
ganwyobilebebidaideebi, magramaxlaukve (turgenevTan)
gansakuTrebulisimZafreSeiZinaamTemam.
glexisadmiTanagrZnobisadasibralulisgrZnobaSeicvalaufromniSvnelovani
T, glexisadmi, rogorcadamianisadmi, pativiscemisgrZnobiT (ovsianikov-
kulikovski)
literaturulicxovrebisdamaxasiaTebelisiTamamegadaedoesTetikasdapubli
cistikas, yofas... dobrolubovis,
pisarevisdaSemdegCerniSevskisnaazrevSimkafioddadgacxovrebissaxecvlilebi
saucileblobismoTxovnadaliteraturisdaxelovnebissferossazogadoebisga
rdamqmneli, xalxiswylulTadamaamebelierTaderTifunqciadaekisra.
rusixalxisyoveldRiurvaramzefiqrmaSeisrutalamazipoeturiidealebidamSv
enierebiTtkbobisSesaZleblobebierTobSeizRuda. 60-
ianiwlebisrusulisinamdvilisspecifikuriniSaniisic
1 b. belinski, dasax. wigni, gv. 735-736.
2 iqve, gv. 807.325
324
gaxldaT, romcnobilmamoazrovneebma,
turgenevisgaxmaurebyuliTxzulebis `mamebisadaSvilebis~ analogiiT,
aRniSnesrusulicxovrebisTvisamdroisTvisdamaxasiaTebelierTimniSvnelovan
imovlena: gansxvavebadamanZiliinteresTaSorisac. xalxTankon-
taqtisdamyarebisaucileblobamoiTxovdaamurTierTgaegbrobisjebirisgadal
axvasac, esecrusulimovlenaiyomxolod. amperi-
odSiarcerTrusmoazrovnesadamweralsarmouxdeniaTemuricxovrebisupirates
obisCveneba, maTimizaniargamxdaraTemis (Община) Sefaseba, misi,
rogorcadamianTaTanacxovrebisgarkveuliformis, Rirseba-
naklovanebaTaCveneba.
60-ianiwlebiscnobilmweralTanawerebSiarsadgamomJRavnebulaarc
`sagvareuloyofisa~ daarcimazeyuradRebisgadatana,
TusazogadoebrivicxovrebisramdenadmaRalsdaWeSmaritsawyisswarmoadgensTe
mi, ramxrivaaigimisaRebida `TviTamaRlebis~ ra-
nairsafexursSeiZlebamiaRwiosman. 60-
ianiwlebisrusmwerlebsadamoRvaweebseriscxovrebismomavalidaTvisebebiTemu
riwyobilebisupiratesobaTaaRiarebisprincipiTarganuWvretiaT, magram,
miswrafebebismixedviT, bevriramaqvTsaerToxalxosnebTan. rogorcaRniSnaven:
`60-ianiwlebisxalxosnobaariyo `moZRvreba~, doqtrina.
isiyoideuridaufrometadmoraluriganwyobileba1.
miuxedavadimisa, romturgenevismierSeqmnilbazarovsada
`bazarovCinaSi~
xedavenxalxosnebisadastraxovisvelikorusulinacionalurifsiqologiisnac
nobStrixebs, bazarovimaincpisarevispoziciisgamomxatvelia, pisarevisa,
romelsacekuTvnisgamoTqma: èsTetika~ _ eskoSmaria~,
ìgigonebriviprogresismteria~, `rafaeligaxvretilspilenZisgroSadarRirs~
(`realistebi~). bazarovicuaryofscesTetikas,
iZlevasabunebismetyvelodargebiskults.
60-ianwlebSiyvelaprogresuladmoazrovnegrZnobda,
rommisgarSemoaxaliruseTiiwyebdacxovrebas. iRviZebserisSemo-
qmedebiTiZalebidamanamdearnaxuliistoriaiqmneba. bevriramkeTdebaimisaTvis,
romgadailaxosissocialur-fsiqologiuribarieri,
racrusixalxisfenebsdaTaobebserTmaneTisaganTiSavda. amitomaccnobil 60-
ianelTanaazrevSibevriaiseTipunqti,
riTacisinixalxosnursuliskveTebasTanxvdebian. magramamismiuxedavad,
maTigzasxvaa. magaliTad, `turgenevi, rogorccnobilia,
xalxisadmiyvelasimpaTiismiuxedavad, ariziarebdanarodnikulgatacebebs,
romlebSicnamdviladbevriramiyonaocnebaridafabntastikuri~2.
amdroisrusuliinteligenciistragediadisaaCaTvlili,
romruseTiscxovrebispirobebSi,
warsulisZneladaRmosafxvrelisibnelisadasulierisiduxWirisarsebobispir
obebSi, evropi
1 Д. Н. Овсянико-Куликовский, Историярусскойинтеллигенции, Собр. соч., т. VIII,
ч. II, 1909, gv. 47.
rusuliinteligenciisTaviseburebaTadaxasiaTebisasyvelganveyrdnobiTdasax
elebuliavtorisSromas.
2 ix. d. ovsianiko-kulikovskisdasax. wigni, gv. 45.326
325
danmiRebuliumaRlesikulturisdemokratizaciadauZleveldab-
rkolebasxvdeboda.
rogorcaRniSnaven, `Tavdapirveladinteligencia (vidreismci-
rericxovania) laparakobs:
medairgvlivmyofisazogadoebadanayofieradgaazrebuladiRvwisdamuSaobssaz
ogadoebisinteresebisTvis, garemosgadasxvaferebisaTvis,
rameTuamsazogadoebasaqvsmoTxovnainteligenturiSromis `produqtze~.
rogorckiinteligenciagaizrdebadamasispirispirdgeba, ambobs:
medaxalxidamosalodnelia,
romisupirvelesadxalxismxrivelodebamoTxovnasTavisnaSromze.
elodebaTanagrZnobas, gagebasdagamoxmaurebasdarocaaRmoCndeba,
romxalxisganaraaarcmoTxovna, arcTanagrZnobadaarcgamoZaxili _ ai,
sworedmaSiniwyebarusuliinteligenciistragedia...
erTiyvelazeniSandoblivinayofiamtragediisaarismoTxovnisadaTanagrZnobl
obisukmarisobisniadagzeiluziebisSeqmna, iluziebisa,
romelTanacmWidrodaadakavSirebulimeore, glexisidealizacia,
xalxiscxovrebissafuZvlis,
glexuriSromisdaglexuriSromiseTikisumaRlesiromantikuliSefaseba~1.
esxanaruseTiscxovrebaSiaRiniSnebanihilizmisadautilita-
tizmisbatonobisniSniT.
esaaukiduresobaTaepoqadadidiakakiwereTlisTqmisamebr,
bevrmarTebulmosazrebasTanerTadmravali `SesaniSnavisisulelisakvanic~.
amdroseWvisqveSdadgaWeSmaritsulierRirebulebaTaesTetikurifaseulobissa
kiTxi, magramrogorcarundaiyos, esaadidiZiebiswyurviliTaRsavseepoqa.
rusuliinteligenciisistoriiscnobilimkvlevarisd. n. ovsianiko-
kulikovskisTqmiT,
`mowinaveinteligenciaamwlebSiaZlevdasakuTarTavskiTxvas: `ravakeToT?~
daZabuladeZebdarapasuxsamkiTxvaze, bolosipovakidecigi.
pasuxikiaseJRerda, `gadixalxSi, raTaiqipovoxalxisWkuisgamobrwyineba~2.
Tu 60-
ianwlebSiruseTisinteligenciisbirTvsmaincumaRlesiaristokratiiswridanga
mosuliadamianebiSeadgendnen, 70-ianwle-
bidanruseTsmoefinadamoazrovneruseTiscxovrebaSiaqtiuradCaerTvnenubral
owridangamosulimoRvaweni, upiratesadsasuli-
eriwridangamosuliinteligentebi, e. w. `diakvnisSvilebi~.
`magramarisdidigansxvavebamaRalganaTlebuliklasisinteligenciasadaxalxi
swridangamosulinteligenciasSoris. pirovnebisindi-
vidualizaciisprocesibevradufroZlieradgamoixatapirvelSi, vidremeoreSi,
miwismuSaglexTamasawarmoadgensindividual-
izaciisadaganviTarebisaTvisaraxelsayrelSualeds. amitomacaa,
romTviTessaxalxointeligenciagamoirCevaideaTasiRaribiTdaerTferovnebiT
~3. aserom, azrTa, ganwyobilebaTa,
miswrafebaTamravalferovnebiTgamorCeuliaruseTiscxovrebaSiXIXsaukunis
70-ianiwlebi. zogjeramepoqismoRvaweTamrwamsidiametralurad
1 iqve, gv. 95.
2 ix. d. ovsianiko-kulikovskisdasax. wigni, gv. 122.
3 iqve. gv. 163.327
326
gansxvavdebaurTierTisagan, magramisinimaincerTmizansemsaxurebian _
rusixalxiserovnuli `me~-sTviTdadginebis, misisulier-
inteleqtualuriprofilisgamokveTas. amdrosinteligenciismow-
inavenawilmaaramxolodxalxSigasvla, xalxisTvissamsaxuri `glexiskulti~
aqciaTavisisaqmianobisZiriTadSinaarsad,
aramedigiSepyrobiliaRmoCndapirovnebisideiTac. amdroisfilosofia-
Siamoizidadametadpopularuligaxda `kritikuladmoazrovne~
pirovnebiscneba, pirovnebisharmoniuliganviTarebisada ìndivid-
ualobisTvisbrZolis~ problemebi. esiyosubieqturimeTodismo-
marjvebisxanaistoriasadasociologiaSi. amistoriul-filoso-
fiurkoncefciismamamTavrebs (lavrovsadamixailovskis)
miznadhqondaTaraimdenadTeoriulisiaxledaemkvidrebinaTruseTSi,
aramedufropraqtikuli (moraluri), ideologiuridapublicis-
turigardaqmnamoexdinaTrusulsaazrovnoatmosferoSi. Tu 60-
ianwlebSierTgvarovaninakadissaxiTiyowarmodgenilixalxos-
nuriganwyobilebebi, 70-ianwlebSi, rusuliinteligenciis
`fiqrTampyrobelad~ miCneulilavrovisadamixailovskiswyalobiT, erT-
gvariSemobrunebadaiwyopublicistikasadasociologiaSi.
axlaukvesxvadasxvatipisdamimarTulebisdajgufebebiwarmoiSva, damainc,
racgansakuTrebiTsagulisxmoa, rogorcmiuTiTeben: `70-
ianiwlebismowinaveideologiasarSeiZlebaxalxosnuriewodosamsityviszusti
gagebiT. masSimxolodsxvadasxvapirTamiergan-
sxvavebuliformiTiyogamoxatulixalxosnuriganwyobilebebiselementebidaar
aideaTazogadisistema~1.
xalxijerkidevgauryvnelia `burJuaziulicivilizaciisagan~,
igiTavisTavSiuZvelesidroidanmoyolebuliinaxavszneobrivigrZnobisnatamal
sdamasTanziarebaarissworedukeTesimomavlissawindari.
yvelaferamaskisWirdebaxalxSigasvla, masTansiaxlove,
xalxissindisisgadasarCenad,
yovelgvarisijansaRisadaZlierebispirobadCaTvliliiqnaglexuriyofa. ai,
sworedesaaamosavaliTvalsazrisiyvelaamideaTadaganwyobileba-
Tanairsaxeobebisa, romelsacxalxosnobissaxeliTdidigasavalihqonda.
XIXsaukunisruseTissinamdvileSibatonymobisSemdegdroindelurTierTobaSi.
axalicxovrebisgadasxavaferebulpirobebSiistoriuladukvedRiswesrigSiid
gaara `calkeuliklasiswarmomadgenelTadaaxloeba-urTierTgagebissakiTxi,
aramedkulturul-
fsiqologiurikavSirebisdamyarebaxalxismasasadamowinaveinteligenciasSori
s.
esistoriuladgardauvaliiyodaxalxosnobisgansxvavebulformaTawarmoSoba
camdroisaTvissavsebiTkanonzomierimovlenaiyo~2. aserom,
gansxvavebulixalxosnuriganwyobilebebismatarebeliinteligenciisamocanae
rTiiyo _ xalxTandaaxloeba, xalxisamoyvanasibnelidan,
misiganxorcielebisgzakisxvadasxva. amiskvalobazexalxosnobis
1 ix. d. ovsianiko-kulikovskisdasax. wigni, gv. 167.
2 iqve, gv. 132.328
327
ramdenimeSto, anunakadigamoiyofa. maT, rasakvirvelia,
garkveuligavlenamoaxdinesliteraturulcxovrebaze, Tavisipropagandis-
tulixasiaTisgamo, rogorcaRniSnaven, `mTeliTavisi èvropeizmiTa~ da
`kosmopolitizmiT~ igiiyospecifikurirusulimoZraoba~. (ovsianiko-
kulikovski).
erTijgufi, anuStoxalxosnobisacnobililavrovistebissaxeliT.
isiniamsaxelwodebiTgamoiyvnenlideris, p. m. lavrovis (martovis, 1823-1900)
SexedulebebsadapolitikurganwyobilebebTansiaxlovisgamo. p. lavrovs,
romelicmaTematikisprofesoriiyo, Tavisienciklopediurierudiciis,
farTogonebrivihorizontis, naTeliWkuisgamo `WeSmaritfilosofoss~, n. k.
mixailovskisTanerTad, èpoqisideologiisSemqmnelebs~ uwodebdnen.
lavrovi, iseverogorcbevrimisiTanamedrove, xedavdarusixalxismZime,
gamouvalmdgomareobasdafiqrobda, romruseTsgardaqmnisxalx-
Taninteligenciisdaaxloeba. CvenSeiZlebaubraloxalxidanlo-
monosovebimiviRoT, fiqrobdais, amisTvissakmarisiamovamzadoTxalxi.
lavrovsaqvswigni ìstoriuliwerilebi~, romelSicgamoxatulebapova 70-
ianiwlebisimideebmadaxalxosnurmaganwyobilebebma, romelic
`kritikuladmoazrovneadamianTaTeoriis~ saxelwodebiTariscnobili.
aqgatarebuliaazri,
romxalxisbedzedafiqrebulyoveladamiansmaswavlebeliiqnebais, eqimidasxv.,
TuisSepyrobiliaxalxosnuriideiT, SeuZliawera-kiTxvaaswavlos,
saeqimosaqmeSiCaaxedos, vTqvaT, 30 adamiani.
amiTmaTematikuriprogresiiTSeiZlebaramdenimewlisganmavlobaSiruseTSimoi
sposwera-kiTxvisucodinarTadauvicTaricxvi. mTavaria, xalxismasa,
gulubryvilo,
saqmeSiCauxedaviadamianebiarmotyuvdnengaiZveraxelisufalTagan.
miRweulundaiqnespraqtikuladmoazrovneadamianTaaRzrda,
romelsacdafiqrebaSeuZlia. fiqrs, azrovnebas, gansjasadamianimaSineCveva,
rocamascodnagaaCnia, SemowmebisunariaqvsgamomuSavebuli. lavrovis `kriti-
kulimoazrovneadamianTaTeoria~, anue. w. maTematikuriTeoria, n. k.
mixailovskisnaazrevTanerTad,
winaplanzeswevdapirovnebisideasdamasutovebdaxalxismsoflWvretisadaidea
lisadmikritikulidamokidebulebisuflebas.
lavrovifiqrobda, rom `zneobriobissferosadamianigamoimuSavebs~,
àdamianSiTandayoliliamxolodtkbobisadmi, rogorcaseTisadmi, swrafva,
tkbobisamsaxeTaSorisganviTarebuliadamiani,
gamoimuSavebsrazneobrivicxovrebiTtkbobas,
ayenebsmastkbobisierarqiisumaRlessafexurze~1. amTvalsazrisidangamom-
dinare, adamiansSeuZliamoixsnaspasuxismgeblobasisxlismierganviTarebaze,
TukiigiTavisunarsmoaxmarsborotebisSemcirebasawmyosadamomavalSi.
amazrebsbevriramaqvTsaerTobudisturSegonebebTandamiuxedavadimisa,
romdaSorebuliasinamdvilesTavisiromantikulielferisgamo,
misgavlenasaraerTiTaobagan
1 П. Лавров, Историческиеписьма, gamoc. 3, 1906, gv. 93.329
328
icdida; esgamowveuliiyoimiTac,
romTavisidroisaTvislavrovisSexedulebani, rogorcamboben, WeSmaritad
`rusuliideologia~ iyo.
70-ianwlebSigavrcelebulimeoreTvalsazrisi,
romelsacasevexalxosnuriTeoriispretenziahqonda,
iyocnobilirusifilosofosis, sociologis, literaturisadapublicistisn.
k. mixailovskis (1842-1904) mierSemuSavebulie. w. `gmirisadabrbos~ Teoria. n.
mixailovskismixedviT, araviTarisafuZveliaragvaqvs,
romkritikuladmoazrovneadamianTaZalebiTgardavqmnaTcxovreba,
sazogadoeba. erTadSekrebiliadamianebi, TundacganaTlebulni, brboa.
amazrissailustraciodmasmohqondamag-
aliTebimecnierebissxvadasxvadargidan, cxovrebidan. martoromdarCeba,
adamianmaSeiZlebaprotestisniSnadarsebulTansapir-
ispirobevriazriSeimuSaos, sworadifiqrosda, saerTod, bevriramicodes,
magramsinamdvileSiadamianebiimasakeTeben, rasaceubnebian,
ukarnaxebenanubrZanebendaaraimas, rasacTviTonfiqroben. ai,
amniSnisgamobrboaadamianebi. rauSvelisambrbos? brbojogshgavs.
esjogimixailovskiskiarZuls, arameduyvars,
brbosTuamjogsayoliebasWirdeba, e. i. saWiroabeladi. rogorccx-
vrisfaraSiariswinamZRoli, aqac, adamianebSicgamoinaxebaiseTipirovneba,
romelsacbeladoba, ambrbosgaZRolaSeuZlia. sazoga-
doebaTavgamodebulwinamZRolsmoiTxovs, romelsacgayvebaxalxi.
mixailovskiorTodoqsalurixalxosaniaryofila, magramigiax-
losidgaxalxiskultTan. rogorcaRniSnaven, `n.
mixailovskisideebiwarmoadgenserTgvarikompromisissaxeobasancdasSeaTanx-
mosindividualizmixalxosnobasTan, pirovnebisideadaideali
`xalxiskultTan~. glexi, rogorcfsiqologiuritipi,
idgasxvatipebzemaRlaimitomac, romis `mravalmxrivia~,
glexisSromahqmnispirovnebisganviTarebisTvisaseTuiseyovelmxrivniadags,
damxolodmZimematerialuripirobebi,
romelSicglexsuxdebacxovrebadaSroma,
amyofebsmasganviTarebisdabalsafexurze~1.
n. mixailovskisamideebmanaTeligamoxatulebapovamistraqtatSi,
`raarisprogresi?~ (1869).
mxatvrulisityvissferoSiamideaTaanalogiasvpoulobTSes-
aniSnavixelovanisadapublicistisglebuspenskisnawarmoebebSi,
romlisanalizipirveladmogvcag. v. plexanovma (beltovma) statiaSi
`Cvenibeletristixalxosnebi~. g.
uspenskiserTdrosTviTxalxosnebisayvedurobdnenaraTanmimdevrulobasideaT
asferoSi.
magramganwyobilebebisadazogierTiSemoqmedebiTitendenciismixedviT,
igiazrovnebisxalxosnurimimdinareobisgamomsaxvelia. magaliTad, mis
`balaSovelmebatoneSi~ pirdapirarislaparaki,
romisfarisaganCamoSorebulicxvaria, xoloesfara _ xalxia. `ras
warmovidgen me? me ubralod cxvari var faris gareSe, an gamogdebuli var
Cemi faridan, Cemi xalxidan, romlisganac me Sinaganad
1 ix. ovsianiko-kulikovskis dasax. wigni, gv. 17.330
329
arafriT ganvsxvavdebio~. amitomaa, rom 70-iani wlebis xalxSi gasv-
lis propagandistuli ideebic, iseve rogorc mixailovskis `jogi~, `brbo
da gmiri~, iTvleba `cxvari faris gareSe~ Temis erTgvar Teoriul
eqsperimentad. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom lavrovisa da mixailovskis mier
dasmuli kiTxva: `Какнамжитьсвято?~ _ specialurad rusuli kiTxvaa da,
rogorc amboben, `masTan konkurencia SeuZlia mxolod l. n. tolstois
ideologias, aseve Zalze rusuls, magram upiratesoba yovelTvis pirvelis
mxaresaa, radgan meore Zalze rusulia~1.
mixailovskis mixedviT, gmirma, Tavkacma raRac nabiji unda gadadgas
xalxisaTvis, brbosaTvis. am ganwyobilebaTa batonobis xanaSi farTo
gasavali mieca terors. kaci, romelmac aleqsandre II mokla, swored
xalxosnuri miswrafebebiT iyo gamsWvaluli.
mesame jgufi inteligenciisa, romelic, faqtiurad, xalxosnad arian
miCneuli, amtkicebda, rom iq, sadac saxelmwifo mTavroba, kanoni da misi
aparati arsebobs, SeuZlebelia Cagvris gareSe cxovreba. amocana imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mieces adamians nebis sruli Tavisufleba. rogorc ki
moixseneba zrunva adamianTa saxelmwifoebrivi orgamizebis
aucileblobaze, amiT moixsneba Cagvris SesaZleblobac. adamiani
TavisuflebisTvisaa gaCenili. `me nu maiZuleb da arc me gaiZuleb~ _ ai,
esaa am Tvalsazrisis amosavali principi. Tu xalxis keTildReoba ginda,
mieci mas sruli Tavisufleba, romelic bednierebis pirobaa. am Teorias
rusul sinamdvileSi ganasaxierebdnen bakunini, kropotkini da sxv. misi
warmomadgenlebi ànarqistebis~ saxelwodebiT arian cnobilni. mogvianebiT
qarTul sinamdvileSic hyavdaT maT mimdevrebi: CerqeziSvili, gogelia da
sxv. ànarqistuli~, xalxosnuri Tvalsazrisi Tavis droze erTob
popularuli iyo ruseTis imperiaSi.
xalxosnobis meoTxe Teoria dakavSirebulia `ruseTis miwis udidesi
mwerlis~ (iv. turgenevi), lev tolstois saxelTan.
rogorc cnobilia, 70-ian wlebSi l. tolstoim ganicada cnobili
krizisi. 1879 wels man es procesi aRwera kidev Tavis àRsarebaSi~.
ramdenime xnis Semdeg gamoCnda misi traqtati `Вчеммоявера?~. am traqtatSi
ukve warmodgenili iyo saxarebis sxvadasxva adgilis is ganmartebani,
romelSic aisaxa e. w. tolstois ànarqizmi~, gamomuSavebul iqna misi
rjulis moZRvreba. Semdeg Seiqmna tolstovelTa seqtac da imdenad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda am moZRvrebis gavlenis wre, rom mis mimdevrobas
ver ascda imJamad studenti axalgazrda anton Cexovic. l. tolstois
TvalsazrisiT, Semcdaria is, vinc fiqrobs, rom aRzrdis gziT SeiZleba
gardaqmnas sazogadoeba, moawesrigos da samarTliani gaxados cxovreba.
yvelas rogorc unda, ise rom iyos, es areulobas, dezorganizacias,
cxovrebis wesis moSlas gamoiwvevda, saqme isaa, rom xalxis aRzrda
inteligenciam ki ar unda ikisros, aramed TviTon unda davides xalxamde.
1 ix. d. ovsianiko-kulikovski, dasax. wigni, gv. 187.331
330
brZeni is ki araa, visac Tavi ganaTlebulad moaqvs, aramed brZeni
xalxia. mizans rom mivaRwioT, unda gaviTqvifoT xalxSi. ratom
vkisrulobT did danaSauls, rom isini wavaxdinoT?! iseTad vaqcioT,
rogoric Cvena varT? damnaSaveni Cven varT, rom xalxis bunebrivi wminda
pirvelyofili cxovrebiT ar vcxovrobT. maTdagvari ara varT. jer kidev
adre (1863 w.), saxelganTqmul nawarmoebSi `kazakebi~ l. tolstoi qadageba,
am ideas.
msjelobis am principis mixedviT Slis igi pier bezuxovis winaSe
àxali mSvenierebiT~ savse sinamdviles, uZvelesi dResaswaulebiT _
floraTi da lavraTi; gansjis qristianul paTosTan Serwymuli bunebrivi
patriarqalobisaken swrafviT rCeba igi `Олицетворениемвсегорусского,
доброгоикруглого... олицетворениемдухапростотыиправды~ (ч. III, гл. XIII). òmsa da
mSvidobaSi~ gaxmianebuli azri _ `Гдесуд, таминеправда~ _ axal Zalas iZens
mwerlis Semdegdroindel nawerebSi.
l. tolstois gaxmaurebul traqtatSi: `Вчеммоявера?~ ufro mkafiod
aris warmodgenili pasuxi did rusul kiTxvaze: `Как��мож-
ножитьсвято?~ tolstois e. w. anarqizmi, misi mrwamsi saxarebis sxvadasxva
adgilis miseul interpretaciebSi gamoixata. didi mwerlis pasuxi aseTia:
unda icxovro saxarebis aRTqmaTa mixedviT, giyvardes moyvasi, viTarca
Tavi Seni, saWiroebisamebr daexmare mas (magram ara fuliT, aramed SromiT),
borotebas nu miageb borotebiT, moinanie codvebi, icxovre sakuTari
marjveniT da ofliT, ar Wamo xorci, ar moswio da a. S. rogorc Cans, aq
araferi araa wminda politikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli grZnoba da idea,
magram igi sabolood mainc gadaizarda arsebuli sinamdvilis mimarT
protestis grZnobaSi.
rusuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, l.
tolstois qadagebebSi warmodgenilia `qristes moZRvreba, saxareba, rusi
glexi, glexuri Sroma da yofa... am mxriv tolstois mTeli moZRvreba
warmoadgenda Zveli narodnikobis axlebur variacias da, bunebrivia, man
SeiZina imgvari mniSvneloba, rac Tavis droze hqonda sazogadoebrivi
azrovnebis sxvadasxva xalxosnur mimarTulebebs~... ufro metic: `zogierTi
TvalsazrisiT tolstois doqtrina gvevlineba rusuli xalxosnobis
ukidures gamoxatulebad, mis ukanasknel sityvad~, da Tavisi `sakacobrio
rolis gamo igi warmoadgens Zalze rusul movlenas1.
magram l. tolstois imitomac uwodebdnen `ruseTis miwis udides
mwerals~, rom WeSmariti esTeti da sicocxlis ulevi wyurviliT anTebuli
maZiebeli sulis xelovani gaxldaT. amitomac Zneli iyo misi moqceva, an
SeTanxmeba romelime TeoriasTan.
l. tolstois moZRvrebis safuZvelze, Semdeg, rogorc iTqva,
specialuri seqtac ki Seiqmna, romelTa mimdevrebi garkveuli
1 Д.Н. Овсянико-Куликовский, Историярусскойинтеллигенции. Собр. соч. т. IX, ч.
3-я, С-Пб, 1914, ст. 131-132.332
331
xalxosnuriprincipebiTxelmZRvanelobdnen. l. tolstoisTval-
sazrisismimdevrebitolstoianelTasaxeliTariancnobili. ase-
TiaxalxosnurnakadTaZiriTadinairsaxeobebi.
xalxosanTawreSiSediodnenliteraturiscnobilikritikosidaistorikosia. m.
skabiCevski (1838-1910), p. n. tkaCovi (1844-1885) dasxv.
gasagebia,
zemoaRniSnulxalxosnurmimdinareobaTaTeoriulplanSigakritikebaaxlaadvi
lisaqmea.
adre, TviT g. v. plexanovis (beltovis) mierac iqna dasabuTebuli
xalxosan moRvaweTa Sexedulebebis utopiuri Sinaarsi.
magram Tu Teoriul planSi uarsayofni arian xalxosnebi, ase sulac
ar gaxlavT literaturaSi. amitomacaa, rom urTierTisagan arCeven
xalxosnobas TeoriaSi da xalxosnobis mxatvrul literaturaSi. amasTan
dakavSirebiT miuTiTeben, rom `beletristi-xalxosnebis cneba ar unda
gavaigivoT xalxosnuri Teoriis momxre mwerlis cnebasTan... erTia
`beletristi-xalxosani~ da sxva xalxosnuri Teoriis momxre mwerali~1.
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba saTaves iRebs maqsim gorkis sagulisxmo
dakvirvebidan, romlis mixedviT, `beletrist-xalxosanTa nawarmoebebs
cota-Ra aqvT saerTo xalxosnobis TeoriasTan, am moZRvrebis politikur
da kulturul gamocanebTan. beletristma-xalxosnebma misces sazogadoebas
veeberTela masala Cveni qveynis (ruseTis _ i. e.) ekonomikuri yofis da misi
xalxis fsiqikis Sesaswavlad, asaxes am xalxis zne-Cveuleba, misi
suliskveTeba da survili, rac Seexeba xalxosnobis Teoretikosebs, maT
gamoiyenes es masala da aiRes iqidan mxolod is, rac maT daskvnebs
amagrebda, xolo ukuagdes da daviwyebas misces is, rac am daskvnebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda. CvenTvis ki swored es ukanaskneli aris Rirebuli~2.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavis mxriv xalxosnuri Teoriebic axdendnen
gavlenas `beletrist-xalxosanTa~ SemoqmedebT interesebze. rusi
xalxosani mwerlbi _ n. g. pomialevski (1835-1863), n. v. uspenski (1837-1889), i.
i. levitovi (1835-1877), T. m. reSetnikovi (1841-1871), v. i. slepcovi (1836-1878). n.
n. zlatovratski (1845-1910), n. v. karonini (1857-1892), n. i. naumova (1838-1901) da
yvelaze gamorCeuli niWisa g. i. uspenski (1843-1901) TavianTi mxatvruli
niWiT, socialuri simpaTiebiT da xalxosnuri Teoriebisadmi erTgulebiT
didad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan. zogierTi `xalxosani beletristi
daJinebiT cdilobda mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi xalxosnuri Teoriis
realizacias, aseTi iyo, magaliTad, n. n. zlatovratski, romelic xalxosan-
TeoretikosTa msgavsad~3, `xedavda glexSi raRac wmindans~ (s. danelia).
calkeul SemTxvevaSi xalxosnuri Teoriebis gavlenas Tavis narkvevebSi
ver ascda iseTi farTo mxatvruli xedvis mwerali, rogoric gleb uspenski
iyo (ix.
1 s. danelia, narkvevebi XIX saukunis rusuli literaturis
istoriidan, Tb., 1959, gv. 331.
2 m. gorkis azrs vimowmebT s. danelias dasax. wignidan, gv. 331, Sdr.
М. Горький, Историярусскойлитературы, 1939, ст. 219.
3 ix. В.Кулешов, Историярусскойкритики.333
332
misi `glexidaglexuriSroma~, `miwisZala~ dasxv.),
romelicukvemxatvrulSemoqmedebaSi
`TavisirealisturiTxzulebiTangrevdasentimantalur-
romantikulzRaparsglexisSesaxebdaromelsacamisgamoaraerTixalxosaniaumx
edrda (iuzovi, obolenskidasxv.). `SokoladisglexidagsizmrebiaT.
mekiaseTiglexiarminaxavso. aseTipasuxigascauspenskimTaviskritikosebs~.
saerTod, undaiTqvas,
rommxatvrulisityvissferoebSirusmabeletristmaxalxosnebmabevriramgaakeT
es, bevrimniSvnelovanikiTxvaaRZressazogadoebiswinaSe. iseTTemebsSeexnen,
romelTaRirebulebascildebaTeoriulinaazrevisfarglebsdapraqtikul-
sazogadoebrivimizandasaxulebiTSinaarssiZens.
amisgaxsenebasCvenismxrivaqvsTavisimizani:
TukiruseTSixalxosnebisamakvanSi,
mxatvrulisityvissferoSixalxosnuriideebissrulirealizaciavermoxerxda,
maSin, cxadia,
kidevufronaklebiSeiZlebaiyosxalxosnurideaTagavlenisZalasaqarTveloSi,
sadacxalxosnobapirobiTadTuSeiZlebaewodosimmoRvaweTasaqmianobas,
romlebiccdilobdnen 60-ianwlebisagangan-
sxvavebuliTavianTipoziciaSeemuSavebinaT,
magramsaboloodesmaTmaincverSesZles. daesgasagebicaa,
radganCvenSiararsebobsarcsocialuridaarckulturul-
fsiqologiuritarosiimisTvis, romxalxosnobasmyaridasayrdeniepovna.
rogorcsaTanadodaRiniSna, xalxosnobaspecifikuradrusuli,
erovnulimovlenagaxldaT, imitomac, romarsad,
arcerTikulturulievropulieriscxovre-
baSiaridgasazogadoebissxvadasxvafenaTadaaxloebissakiTxiimisgamo,
romesfenebi (inteligenciadamasa, aristokratiadaglexoba)
TavianTiinteresebisdoniTprincipuladgansxvavdebodnenurTierTisagan.
sulier-inteleqtualurimonacemebismixedviT,
saWiroiyoimgauvaliufskrulisamovsebadagansxvavebismospoba,
racrusixalxisgonebrivwinsvlasaferxebda.
esuaRresaddiderovnulproblemadiqcamowinaverusuliinteligenciisaTvis.
saqarTveloSiimTaviTveglexsadaTavads, maRalsadadabalfenasSoris,
Cveniqveynisistoriulibedisadasuliericxovrebiswesisgamo,
ganviTarebisdonismxriv, arwamoWrilaesproblema. xalxs,
sadacarsebobdaZiZiSvilTainstituti, sadacglexsSee-
ZloTavisicxovrebisnawiladeqcia `vefxistyaosnis~ brZnulisamyaro,
imdenad, romyofiTurTierTobaSimziTvis _
saukeTesosaCuqrisdonemdeaeyvanarusTvelisukvdaviqmnileba, arSeiZle-
baxalxosnuriTemis, rogorcsocialur-ekonomikurikategoriis,
idealizaciamoexdina.
qarTvelixalxisyofaSiSeWrilimravalinaklismiuxedavad,
qarTveliscxovrebiswesidabunebaimTaviTvepirovnulisawyisis,
rainduliqmedebisupiratesobasefuZnebodada, cxadia,
yovelTviswinayenebdaadamianis,
rogorcsocialurifenomenisindividualobisproblemas, vidreesmagaliTad,
gvarovnuliniSniTaRsavserusulgaremoSiiyogabatonebuli.
esimasrodiniSnavs,
romklasTabrZolissimZafreyofiliyosCvenSiSesustebuli, qarTvelixalxi,
aziisxalxebisagangansxvavebiT, ar334
333
sebulisocialuriusamarTlobismimarT,
mxolodjanyiTkiargamoxatavdaTavisprotests, aramed,
evropisxalxTamsgavsad, mashqonda `taqtikuribrZolisunari~1
damisiideuriSegneba; moce-
mulSemTxvevaSiurTierTisaganundagairCessocialurwodebaTaSorissocialu
ridamokidebulebisdafenaTakulturulidonissakiTxi.
didiruseTissaxlovaniSvilebis,
WeSmaritadsaxalxotipisinteligentebistragikuligancdakiisgaxldaT,
romruseTs, rakievropisdariTavisiSuasaukuneebiskulturaarhqonda,
TaviscxovrebaSierovnuliSinaarsiundagamoekveTadaambazazeaegokulturadas
ocialuricxovrebisforma, romelicmimetizmisfazasgacdeboda,
raTasakuTrivrusuli,
erovnuliniSniTdaRdasmulicxovrebiswesisadakulturismflobeligamxdariy
o. amitomacmTelimowinaveruseTisgonebrivimzeraiqiTkeniqnamiqceuli,
rogormexalxSigasuliyvnen, sazogadoebazezemoqmedebamoexdinaT,
romgardaeqmnaTyofa, cxovrebada, TugnebavT, axa-
lierovnulisaxisSeqmnisaTvismieRwiaT.
ammizanswrafviTarisaRsavsexalxosnobiszemoTganxilulnakadTanairsaxeobeb
ida, sworedamTvalsazrisebidangamomdinare, SeiZinasaerTo-saxalxo,
WeSmaritadrusulierovnulimovlenismniSvnelobaxalxosnobam.
TavisisayovelTaoTvisebisgamoiTvlebaigiruseTispirmSod,
misistoriuladgardauvalsocialuraucileblobad. albaT, amitomaciyo,
romxalxosnoba, rogorcaRniSnaven, `60-ianiwlebidandawyebuli, TiTqmisme-20
saukuniskaramdemZlavrilampariviTenTorusulliteraturaSi~ (mix.
zandukeli, Txz. t. III, Tb., 1978, gv. 8-64).
1 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, mamuliSvilobadameciereba, tf., 1904, gv. 15.335
334
nikolomouri
(1852-1915)
biografia
cnobiliqarTvelimwerlisnikolomourissamSoblo-kuTxeaqarTli.
sworedgorismaxloblad, sofelarboSi, 1852 wlis 19
Tebervalsdaibadanikolomouri. amsofelSiumetesad
`qarTulipatiosnebiTsavse~ mSromeliadamianebicxovrobdnen.
mwerlismamaiosebic _ miuxedavadimisa, rommRvdeliiyo,
TavismeuRleefemiagvimraZisqalTanerTad, mZime, glexkacurSromaseweoda.
ase, romglexkacuriSromissimkacrisadakeTilSobilebisSesaxebSexeduleba,
nikolomourisaTvismomenturadSeZeniliazrikiariyo, aramedimTaviTve,
momavalimwerlissasicocxloatmosferodaniRebdasaTavesda, rasakvirvelia,
saTanadointeleqtualurigawafvisniadagze.
mogvianebiTsxvaSTambeWdaobasadadamarwmunebelZalmosilebasiZendamisSemoqm
edebaSi.
1860 welspataranikogorissasulierosaswavlebelSimiabares.
SemdegkiTbilisissasulieroseminariaSiCairicxa. amdroidaniw-
yebanikolomourisgamorCeuladazriani, SinaarsiTsavsecxovreba.
cnobismoyvaredabejiTiymawvilisaTvispirdapirmacocxlebelimniSvnelobamoi
povasaswavlebelSiyofnam, radgan, sabednierod,
CvenierisdidimoamagedamoZRvariiakobgogebaSvilimoevlinan.
lomoursmfarvelad, `masvbaZavdiTyvelaferSi. xSiradwvrilmanebSicki; mag.
laparakiskiloSi, siarulSidasxva~ _ igonebsmwerali.
didiqarTvelipedagogismiergansakuTrebulitaqtiTdanergilmahumanurobisgr
Znobamasazrdovanikolomourisrogorcliteraturuli, asevepraqtikul-
sazogadoebrivimoRvaweobisSinaarsi.
TbilisissasulierosaswavlebelSiswavlisdros _ ì. WavWavaZec,
gavicaniT~ _ aRniSnavsn. lomouri. `gansakuTrebulizegavlenamoaxdinaCemze
`glaxisnaambobma~, romelSiciseTiaRta-
cebuligrZnobiTarisaRweriliglexkaci. Cveneburiglexebipa-
taraobidanvemiyvardnen, rogorcnaTesavebi...
moxsenebulmawignmaaxlapativiscemaaRZraCemsgulSiglexebisa~, _
ganagrZobsmwerali. amaveperiodSigaecnoiyoCerniSevkis, dobrolubovis,
glebespenskis, nekrasovisnawerebs. àmaT erTianad gaafarToves Cemi war-
modgena glexis Sesaxeb~ _ aRniSnavs n. lomouri. TbilisSi swavlis dros
gaeRviZa mas SemoqmedebiTi interesebic. 1871 wels `mnaTobSi~-c daibeWda n.
lomouris leqsi.
1875 wels niko lomouri kievSi miemgzavreba. misi didi survilis
miuxedavad, samedicino ganaTleba mieRo da bavSvTa eqimi gamxdariyo _ n.
lomourma nivTieri gaWirvebis gamo, ver moaxerxa survilis asruleba da
iZulebuli gaxda sasuliero akademiaSi Sesuliyo. am wlebSi n. lomouris
mxatvruli interesebi savsebiT momwifda. amaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis
ilia WavWavaZes, akaki wereTels da iakob gogebaSvils. 336
335
literaturul niWTan erTad, n. lomouri pedagogiuri alRoTic
aRmoCnda dajildoebuli. etyoba imdenad gansakuTrebuli iyo iakob
gogebaSvilisa da sxva qarTvel pedagogTa qceva-saqmianobis gavlenis Zala
axalgazrda n. lomourze, rom igi sakuTari moRvaweobis qvakuTxedad
aqcevs sxvis niWze zrunvas, mis movlasa da dafasebas. niko lomourisaTvis
STamagonebeli mniSvneloba moipova ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob
gogebaSvilis, niko cxvedaZis saqmianobam, maTma mamuliSvilurma
miswrafebebma. Tu ara am saTavidan nasazrdoebi didi grZnoba
mamuliSvilobisa, aba, sxva ra mizani amoZravebda qarTlidan kievSi Casul
sasuliero akademiis student niko lomours, rom cxovrebis megzuroba,
literaturuli maswavlebloba gaewia kievSi imereTidan Cayvanil,
mSobliur enadaviwyebul, samxedro gimnaziis moswavle daviT
kldiaSvilisaTvis _ daviT kldiaSvilisaTvis, romelic Semdeg qarTuli
literaturis mSvenebad da siamayed iqca.
niko lomouris pedagogiuri unari da mamuliSviluri gznebiT
anTebuli guli farTo samoqmedo asparezs eZebda. mwerlis cxovrebaSi es
xanac dadga. 1879 wels igi samSobloSi brundeba, muSaobas iwyebs Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariaSi, sadac rCeba 1883 wlis Semodgomamde, Semdeg ki n.
lomouri gadmodis mSobliur qalaq gorSi. samsaxuris adgils icvlis
mwerali ara materialuri, an kerZo interesiT, aramed wminda
moqalaqeobrivi motiviT: mas miaCnia, rom imxanad aucilebeli iyo swored q.
gors Semateboda sazogado moRvaweobis suliskveTebiT aRsavse Tundac
erTi pedagogi. aq, gorSi gardacvalebamde atara mweralma maswavleblis
sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo tvirTi.
bunebiT maswavlebeli iyo niko lomouri: niWis aRmoCena axarebda da
yvelafers akeTebda, raTa Cveni qveynisaTvis saimedo mamuliSvilebi
aRezarda. Tavad did sulier moZRvarTa _ ilias, akakis, iakob
gogebaSvilis Tayvanismcemeli n. lomouri, TviTonac samagaliTo
aRmzrdelad da moZRvrad iqca. misi mowafeebi da Tanamedroveni, Semdeg
cnobili mwerlebi da moRvaweebi: daviT kldiaSvili, baCana, Tedo
razikaSvilebi, ia ekalaZe (iakob cincaZe), anastasia erisTav-xoStaria,
natalia aziani, folkloristi grigol afSinaSvili, varlam burjanaZe,
cnobili eTnografi da maswavlebeli niko janaSia, Tedo saxokia, bolomde
mwerlis did Tayvanismcemlebad darCnen.
niko lomouri im adamianTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, romelTac savsebiT
gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi cxovrebis mizani: es iyo pirovneba, romelic
mxolod sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli movlenebiT cocxlobda da
suldgmulobda. man sxvisgan daTesili sikeTis fasi icoda da didi
energiis wviT axerxebda am Zvirad Rirebuli saunjis gadacemas mis
irgvliv myof adamianebSi. niko lomouri uaRresad inteligenturi,
gawonasworebuli pirovneba iyo. man kargad icoda, Tu ras niSnavda XIX
saukunis saqarTvelosaTvis sazogadoebrivi grZnobiT savse moqalaqe da
Tavisi SesaZleblobebis kvalobazed, yvelafers akeTebda sxvebisaTvis,
sazogadoebisaTvis. umwikvlo337
336
ba, uangaroba iyo misi xasiaTis niSandoblivi mxare da am Tvisebas
ayenebda igi sxvaSic yvelaze maRla. sisadave da ubraloeba n. lomours
adamianis sulier samkaulad miaCnia da es misi yofiTi cxovrebis ier-
saxeSic irekleboda. am upretenzio, tkbilad moqarTule inteligent kacs,
didi zneobrivi sagzali aRmoaCnda, radgan mravali Rirseuli
qarTvelisaTvis STamagoneblad da gzisgamkvlevad mogvevlina igi.
simarTliT, gulwrfelobiT, sazogado saqmisaTvis Tavdadebis didi
grZnobiT, pasuxismgeblobisa da movaleobis Rrma SegnebiT ipyrobda niko
lomouri TanamedroveTa yuradRebas da amitomac iyo, rom mis ubralo
sityvasac gansakuTrebuli fasi gaaCnda qarTveli inteligenciis TvalSi.
niko lomouri ar iyo gamorCeuli talanti, arc sagangebod
produqtiuli mwerali yofila is. zogierTi kritikosi usayvedurebda
kidec, rom mas xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi Seyovnebebi hqonda.
sxvadasxva dros `levan cavelis~, `gorelis~, àrboelis~, `sem-
inarielis~, `Tqveneburis~, `provincielis~, `n. l.-s~, `n. l-ri~-s.
fsevdonimebiTa da inicialebiTYniko lomouris Txzulebebi ibeWdeboda
Jur. `mnaTobSi~, gaz. `droebaSi~, ìveriaSi~, Jur. `TeatrSi~, `moambeSi~,
`ganaTlebaSi~ da sxv. niko lomouri literaturuli da sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweobis sidiadisa da maradiulobis Segnebas uviTarebda sxvebs da
amiTac maRldeboda igi TanamedroveTa TvalSi.
ukanasknelad, 1915 w. susxian zamTarSi (5.II) igi Tbili, amaRelvebeli,
swored `moyvasis siyvaruliT~ savse sityviT, TviTonac janmr-
TelobaSeryeuli, goris sadgurze gamoeTxova Cveni eris sulier moZRvars.
Tavis did literaturul maswavlebelsa da qomags, didebuli akaki
wereTlis neSts, amis Semdeg mwerali avadmyofobda da 1915 wlis aprilSi,
63 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. simboluria, rom Rvawlmosili maswavleblisa
da mwerlis xsovnas madlierebiT da tkiviliT savse leqsi miuZRvna misma
aRzrdilma genialurma vaJa-fSavelam (`niko lomouris xsovnas~), romelic
am leqsis gamoqveynebidam sul oriode TveSi aResrula kidec. niko
lomouri daasaflaves gorSi, wm. samebis eklesiis galavanSi, saidanac 1935
wels misi neSti qalaqis baRSi gadaasvenes.
niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi
niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswineba
arsebiTad misi moqalaqeobriv-literaturuli mrwamsisa da TxzulebaTa
Tematikis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs. am mwerlis literatyuruli debiuti
ki 1869 wels Sedga, roca man gaz. `droebaSi~ dastamba leqsi. amis Semdeg n.
lomouris leqsebi da poeturi Targmanebi erTxans kidev qveyndeboda
qarTuli presis furclebze, magram maT garda erTisa (`yinva da patara
mowafe~), ar miuqcevis mkiTxvelis yuradReba.
niko lomouris, rogorc mwerlis, mxatvruli individualobis
dadgenis xanad SeiZleba miviCnioT is periodi, roca man akaki wereT338
337
lis rCeviT Tavi daaneba leqsebis weras da qarTvel sazogadoebas
warudga rogorc garkveuli socialuri Tvalsazrisis mqone beletristi.
Tavisi socialuri poziciis masazrdoebel wyarosa da literaturul
simpaTiebze TviTon mwerali miuTiTebs, roca aRniSnavs: àvad Tu kargad
vemsaxurebodi glexkacis fexze wamoyenebas, xalxosnoba, saxalxo
mimarTuleba (Народничество) gardaiqca Cemi sicocxlis gzis maCvenebel
varskvlavado~.
mwerlis zemoaRniSnuli miTiTebebisa da misi SemoqmedebiTi masalis
ganxilvis safuZvelze, ganmtkicebuli tradiciiT, niko lomouri xalxosani
mweralia, im niSnebiT, riTac gamoirCeva sofrom mgalobliSvili, Saqro
(zaqaria gulisaSvili), zogierTi niSniT anton furcelaZe, ioseb
daviTaSvili da ekaterine gabaSvili.
saerTod, saqarTveloSi xalxosnur ideaTa gavrcelebis geografiuli
garemoc ki imTaviTve Zalze viwro iyo. ZiriTadad igi qarTliT da, kerZod,
goris mazriT Semoifargla. am mxriv, Zalian sayuradReboa is momenti, rom
dasavleTi saqarTvelo konkretuli masaliT xalxosnebTan araa
SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagnad qceuli. es erTob mniSvnelovani faqtia.
etyoba, xalxosnuri suliskveTebis gamJRavnebisaTvis qarTli, sadac
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT istoriuli avbediTobis gamo,
gamZafrebuli iyo aRmosavleTidan SemoWrili despotizmi, ufro met
safuZvels iZleoda maRali da dabali fenis doneTa dasaSoriSoreblad.
aq, erTgvarad SedarebiT ufro mkveTri iyo gansxvaveba mebatonesa da glexs
Soris. mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT yvelaze pirquSi saxiT batonymoba
swored qarTlSi mZvinvarebda. yvelaze beCav mdgomareobaSic xalxi am
kuTxeSi cxovrobda. amitomac, Tu ki odnavi sababi xalxosnuri
ganwyobilebebis dasayrdenad SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo CvenSi, es swored
niko lomouris samSoblo kuTxe, misi mwerluri interesis sagnad qceuli
saqarTvelos es saxelovani kuTxe iyo. Tuki saqarTveloSi xalxosnobis
idea da ganwyobileba arsebobda, bunebrivia, es qarTlSi SeiZleboda
arsebuliyo. yovelive zemoTqmulic swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom
xalxosnoba ar iyo sayovelTao movlena saqarTveloSi. e. i. is qarTveli
xalxis fsiqoeTnikuri, socialuri da kulturul-istoriuli
aucileblobiT dapirobebuli movlena ar gaxldaT; maSasadame, xalxosnoba
qarTuli niadagidan ar amozidula da arc qarTveli adamianis erovnul
moTxovnilebad qceula misi ideebis momarjveba cxovrebasa da
literaturaSi. TviT qarTvelma xalxma ar miiRo da iucxova xalxosnuri
ideebi, amitomac werda xalxosnad wodebuli mwerali sofrom mgalobliS-
vili: `xalxi Cven ar gvikarebda, gansakuTrebiT glexobao~.
qarTvel xalxosebsac, rogorc aRniSnaven, `Tavisi eris bunebis
Sesabamisad ar gadaumuSavebiaT is Teoriebi, romlebic qarTuli presis
furclebze gadmohqondaT... amitom saqarTveloSi `xalxosnurma ideebma ver
poves gavrceleba~ (S. vaSaymaZe). imis gamo, rom qarTveli xalxis
sayovelTao moTxovnilebebs ar Seadgenda Temis idealizacia, misi
upiratesobis aRiareba, TviTamaRlebisa da daxvewis 339
338
formaTa Zieba, amdenad, xalxosnobis Teoriuli ideebis qadagebas
meqanikuri xasiaTi hqonda da amitomac Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis did
mesveurebs: ilia WavWavaZesa da akaki wereTels ar gasWirvebiaT qarTvel
xalxosan moRvaweTa Teoriuli Sexedulebebis kritika. 1881 da 1883 wels
gamoqveynebul ilias `Sinaur mimoxilvebSi~, 1881 da 1883 wels daweril
akakis `pasuxsa~ da 1882 wels `droebaSi~ (#44) gamoqveynebul `cxel-cxel
ambebSi~, ufro adre (1881) misive `mcire ram SeniSvnaSi~, kargad aris
naTelyofili e. w. qarTvel xalxosanTa Teoriuli poziciis susti
mxareebi, maTi araerovnuli xasiaTi da iluziuri buneba. amitomac iyo, rom
literaturuli interesebis mqone xalxosnuri midrekilebebis
mwerlebisTvis Zneli ar yofila poziciebis daTmoba da isini sabolood
maTsave warmomSob budes, 60-ianelTa poziciebs daubrundnen. aseTi gza
airCia niko lomourma, sofrom mgalobliSvilma, ioseb daviTaSvilma da
TiTqmis yvelam _ vinc ki mxatvruli sityvis sferoSi scada bedi. am
mwerlebs da maT ideur mesveurebs, romlebic erTxans Jurn. ìmedSi~ iyvnen
Tavmoyrilni zogierTma moRvawem `tetiaTa motrfialenic~ uwoda, ramac
mogvianebiT niko lomouris mkacri pasuxi gamoiwvia. 1902 wels gaz. `cnobis
furcelSi~ (#1722, 10.11) `provincielis~ xelmoweriT daibeWda niko
lomouris werili `xma provinciidan~, romelSic mwerali ekamaTeba
`zangis~ fsevdonimiT moRvawe kritikoss, gr. rcxilaZes. aq mwerali
ganmartavs Tavis mrwamss da miuTiTebs rogorc garkveul siaxloveze
xalxosan moazrovneTa Tu mweralTa samyarosTan, aseve im arsebiTad
ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebze, rac mas da misdagvar mwerlebs mijnavs
xalxosnebisagan. niko lomouris TqmiT, `TviT saxelwodeba im pirTa,
romelnic igulisxmebian `tetiaTa motrfialebad~ uSno-ulamazoTa, kuda-
aznauruli dacinvaa da sxva araferi. ramdenadac rusuli sityva `Народник~-
i, moswrebuli da savsebiT damaxasiaTebelia im moRvaweTa, romelTac
ekuTvniT igi, imdenaTve qarTuli `tetiaTa motrfialeni~ Seuferebeli da
uazro sityvebia... aq erTi mxriv damcirebulia tetiaT wodebul glexi
kaci, da meore mxriv igini, romelnic am ubadruk sulel tetias etrfian,
vin dauwyebs sulel da ubadruks trfialebas Tu ar misive msgavsi?..
swored azriTa da WkuiT sacodavi unda iyos is kaci, romelic glexis
gulubryvilobaSi idealur umankoebas dainaxavs da mis tanjul arsebobas
idiliur gabednierebaT Caracxavs. gasaocaria, rogor da saidan gamoiyvana
b. zangma amgvari Seuferebeli daskvna?!~ rogorc Cans, `cnobis furclis~
kritikosi niko lomours xalxosnobis im nakadis warmomadgenlad Tvlis,
romelic glexis kults da yovelive glexuris idealizacias eweoda, da
romlis TvalsaCino debulebani l. tolstois moZRvrebaSia saZiebeli. niko
lomouris pasuxidan irkveva, rom is, sof. mgalobliSvilTan erTad,
sxvagvari simpaTiebis matarebeli mweralia. n. lomouris msjelobidan
gamomdinare, Tavisi azrovnebis wyobiTa da SemoqmedebiTi interesebiT, igi
emijneba kritikosis mier warmodgenil xalxosnobis nakads, roca wers:
`tetiaTa motrfiale mwerlebis tipur 340
339
warmomadgenlebad b. zangi racxavs s. mgalobliSvilsa da n. lo-
mours; vgoneb, es orive pirni glexkacs daaxloebiT icnoben, misi sisxl-
xorcni arian, mis cxovrebas dRevandlamde gverdze udganan da amis gamo,
vgoneb, rom cotaTi mainc unda icodnen maT am cxorebis namdvili
viTareba-Sinaarsi. maS, romelma tartarozma auria maT Wkua-goneba, azri
imdenad, rom glexkacis tanjul cxovrebaSi idealuri umankoeba da
idiliuri mSveniereba aRmoaCines? xolo me daWeSmaritebiT SemiZlian
vsTqva, rom arc erTs zemoT dasaxelebuls pirs sizmaraTac ar sCvenebiaT
is, rasac maT kritikosi awers~. sailustraciod mwerali rogorc
kritikoss, aseve mkiTxvels ase ganumartavs sakuTar TxzulebaTa Tematikur
Sedgenilobasa da ideur mizandasaxulobas: àlsa~ da `qajanaSi~ _ n. lo-
mouris TqmiT _ avtori gvixatavs im vaebas da mwuxarebas, romelTac
hbadavs glexkacis cxovrebaSi crumorwmuneoba. mesame moTxrobaSi,
romelsac saxelad `bedi ubedurTa~ hqvian, aRwerilia jer gvalvisagan da
Semdeg, saSinelis niaRvrisagan gaoxrebuli sofeli. `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~
gamoyvanilia ganaTlebuli, axalgazrda kaci, igi Semkulia mravalis
keTilis survilebiT, enatreba qveynis samsaxuri, davrdomilis fexze
dayeneba... magram mis arsebaSi aRfrTovanebuli ocneba-fantazia daSorebiTa
sWarbobs mecnierul swavla-codnas, da umTavresad, amis gamo verafers
axerxebs. `samfexa amirana~, `qristiani lekebi~, `yovelis mxridan~ da sxva
danarCeni misi moTxrobani xataven da asuraTeben imave glexkacis
gaWirvebul mdgomareobas, mwuxarebas, tanjvasa da vaebas, yvela aqedan
vgoneb, cxadia n. lomouris literaturuli moRvaweobis azri!.. mas unda
miaqcios mkiTxvelis yuradReba glexkacis tanjul arsebobas, raTa
ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam dasdos raime wamali am tanjul arsebobas,
riTime gaaumjobesos, gahkurnos igi~.
ase gadmoscems niko lomouri Tavis literaturul mrwamss da
bunebribvia, rom misi ideuri da mxatvruli poziciis daxasiaTebisas mas
saTanado angariSi unda gaewios. am msjelobis mixedviT, niko lomours
araferi aqvs saerTo im narodnikul moZRvrebebTan, romlebic glexis
kultsa da idealizacias, Temuri wyobis upiratesobis, rogorc adamianTa
socialuri da Tanasworobis utopiur da Tu gnebavT fantastikur-iluziur
warmosaxvas emyareboda.
niko lomouri, uaryofs ra kritikosis mier miTiTebul ze-
moaRniSnuli xalxosnuri tendenciis arsebobas sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi,
wers: `bolos b. zangi brZanebs: amgvarma mimarTulebam, Tavisi dro mosWama
da amJamad mas aRaraviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvso. ara, Cemo batono, is
mimarTuleba, romelsac sagnad aqvs tanjulTa sibraluli da siyvaruli
da maTi Semweoba da daxmareba, ase adre ar mosWams Tavis dros~.
tanjuli adamianisadmi sibraluli da siyvaruli aris niko lo-
mouris TxzulebaTa laitmotivi da faqtebze Zaldataneba iqneboda, rom
zogjer SiSvlad mocemuli ideuri Canafiqris gamo, isini romelime
xalxosnuri Teoriis zegavleniT Seqmnil qmnilebebad gveRi341
340
arebina. aq, Tu maincdamainc n. lomouris simpaTiebze midgeba saqme,
SeiZleba 70-iani wlebis is xalxosnuri ganwyobilebebi SevniSnoT,
romelsac arc sistemuroba axasiaTebs da arc doqtrinis pretenzia aqvT.
es imgvari ganwyobilebebia, romlebSic SeiZleba moTavsdes yvela im
mwerlis mizanswrafva, visi gulic tanjuli adamianis sibraluliT,
siyvaruliTa da daxmarebis surviliTaa savse. cxadia, aseTi
ganwyobilebiTa da Tundac ideiT Sepyrobili mwerlebi, mxolod
xalxosnebi ar iyvnen. erT dros Teoretikosi xalxosnebi TviT gleb
uspenskisac ki usayvedurebdnen, rom igi Tavisi ideuri mrwamsiT meryeobda
da ar iyo xalxosanTa principebis Tanmimdevruli damcveli. es savsebiT
gasagebia, radgan mwerali, Tu is namdvili mweralia, arc SeiZleba
Tanmimdevrulad misdevdes da icavdes romelime Teorias, mkacrad moxazul
programas, an ideologiur dakveTas... mwerlis xedvis are yovelTvis ufro
farToa, vidre romelic gnebavT Teoriuli sistema. am niadagze imis
moTxovna, rom ama Tu im Semoqmedma mxatvrul nawerSi zustad ver
gadmosca romelime politikuri, socialuri filosofiuri da a. S. Tval-
sazrisi, ver upasuxa mis principebs, savsebiT araliteraturuli moTxovnaa.
mwerali xedavs da man unda aCvenos sinamdvilis mravalferovneba, raoden
saWiro da sasurveli ideuri tendenciiT ar unda iyos dapyrobili misi
goneba. ase aris es yvela mwerlis da, rasakvivrelia, niko lomouris
SemTxvevaSic, romlis mimarT savsebiT samarTlianadaa aRniSnuli: `mwerals
xalxosnoba gagebuli aqvs ara rogorc ideologia, aramed SemoqmedebiTi
interesi mxolod, romelsac safuZvelSi mSobliuri qveynisa da mSromeli
adamianis siyvaruli udevs. niko lomouri ar yofila TanamSromeli
Jurnal ìmedisa~, romelSic qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi
gamomJRavnda e. w. `narodnikoba~1. saerTod ki, rogorc ger. qiqoZe
aRniSnavs: `rusulma xalxosnurma azrovnebam gansakuTrebiT Zlieri
zegavlena politikuri publicistikis dargSi moaxdina. SedarebiT sustia
2
misi zegavlena mxatvrul literaturaze~ . amitomacaa, rom am
TvalsazrisiT niko lomouri ufro 60-70-iani wlebis rus mweralTa da
moRvaweTa xalxosnur ganwyobilebebTan amJRavnebs siaxloves, vidre
mogvianebiT warmoSobil xalxosnobis ideologiur moZRvrebebTan.
amitomacaa, rom mis nawarmoebebSi araferia iseTi, rac mkveTrad
emijnebodes Cveni saxelovani 60-ianelebis _ iliasa da akakis mier arCeul
ideur gezs. literaturaSi, niko lomourTan, iseve rogorc xalxosnad
wodebul sxva qarTvel mwerlebTan, gare sinamdvilisadmi xalxosnuri
tendenciebi da midgoma upiratesad Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT
SemoqmedebiTi problematikis SerCeviT interesSi gamoixata. n. lomouri ar
aris iseTi tipis mwerali, romelsac gaaCndes polemikur aspeqtSi
warsulis did kulturul literaturul memkvidreobasTan dapirispirebis
survi.li,
1 solomon xuciSvili, `niko lomouri~, Sesavali werili _ n.
lomouris Txz. t. I, gv. 15.
2 geronti qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1965, gv. 315.342
341
romelsac mag., Jurn. ìmedis~ Teoriuli mesveurebi avlendnen. igi,
etyoba saTanado realisturi sifxizliT dajildoebuli moRvawe iyo, raki
kargad aqvs gasigrZeganebuli, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi Cveni didi
kulturuli memkvidreobis pirobebSi, ar arsebobs araviTari safuZveli
imisaTvis, rom qarTveli moRvawe da mwerali daupirispirdes Tavis
sulierad masazrdoebel warsuls... winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rus moRvaweTa
ususur epigonobasTan gveqneboda saqme. n. lomours kargad aqvs Segnebuli:
rani viyaviT, rani varT da momavlis perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT met-
naklebad ra sWirdeba qarTvel adamians. amitom xalxosnur tendenciaTa
gamovlenis are da farglebi, mis SemoqmedebaSi ganwyobilebiTi sferos ar
scildeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, masalisadmi Tematikuri interesi niko
lomourisaTvis is erTaderTi sferoa, sadac mJRavndeba misi xalxosnuri
midrekilebani. am mxriv, Tematikuris TvalsazrisiT SevexebiT niko
lomouris Semoqmedebas.
xalxosani moRvawis anu qadagis saxe
n. lomouris SemoqmedebaSi
niko lomouris mrwamsi yvelazed mkafiod gamovlinda moTxrobaSi
`gigo RrubelaSvili~. rogorc cnobilia, xalxosnebma sagangebod gaxazes
qadagis, moRvawis mniSvneloba xalxisaTvis. es sakiTxi bunebrivad
daukavSirda ganaTlebis sakiTxs. niko lomouris am moTxrobaSi naTladaa
warmodgenili xalxisaTvis ganaTlebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb msjeloba. gigo
RrubelaSvilis magaliTze aq naCvenebia ganaTlebuli pirovnebis fasi da
mniSvneloba adamianebisTvis. qarTul literaturaSi erTgan ilia
WavWvaZesTan (`glaxis naambobSi~) daxatuli mRvdeli-maswavleblis saxiT
gvaqvs aseTi nimuSi, magram niko lomourTan da sazogadod xalxosnebTan,
aseTi pirovnebis fasi da mniSvneloba gansakuTrebuli energiulobiTaa
xazgasmuli. `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ daxatuli ganaTlebuli qadagi anu
propagandisti xalxis interesebis sadarajoze mdgomi axalgazrda gigo,
Tavisi ùbralo, iaffasiani lurji bluziT~, `yviTeli Calis ganieri
qudiT~, `yelze gadagdebuli nacrisferi SaliT~ da `xelSi karga
mozrdili Zvirfasydiani wigniT~ garegnulad is dasamaxsovrebeli saxea,
romelic ase iyo gavrcelebuli xalxosnuri ideebiTY gamsWvaluli 70-80-
iani wlebis rusul sinamdvileSi. aq mwerali xatavs swored am periodSi
agrerigad modaSi myof xalxosnuri miswrafebebis axalgazda kacs,
romelic lamazi ocnebiT cxovrobs, aqvs mSvenierebis gancda, magram roca
misi ocneba `sacodavi qoxmaxebiT savse~ sofels, `glexkacis ganuzomel
siRaribesa, mis davrdomilebas, misi azrisa, grZnobisa da gonebis
dauZlurebas~ xedavs, suli tanjviT evseba. niko lomouris mier
warmodgenili xalxosani moRvawis ocnebiT, qveynis sargod momarTuli
praqtikuli ideebiT aRsavse pirovneba, unda ebrZolos soflis
ubadrukobas, mis talaxian orRobeebs, `sacodav qoxmaxebs~, savses
`saqonlis pativiT~, `sazizRari wumpeebis suniT~, xoleriTa 343
342
da aTasnairi avadmyofobiT; da, rac mTavaria, amgvari pirobebisagan
gaubedurebuli, sikeTisadmi grZnobadaClungebuli, gonebiTi gaxevebuli
adamianebiT, romlebsac arc araferi swamT da arc arafrisa sjeraT.
umaduroba aris amgvari ubadrukobis pirmSo.
mwerali `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ realisturad iZleva wminda
xalxosnuri ideebiT gamsWvaluli pirovnebis saxes. magram mis ide-
alizacias ki ar axdens, aramed aseTi moRvawis arapraqtikulobas, mis
SexedulebaTa iluziur xasiaTsa da uniadagobas aSiSvlebs. erTaderTi,
risi imedic SeiZleba hqondes adamians da rasac naTeli Seaqvs mis sulSi,
aris rwmena ganaTlebisa. ase, rom niko lomouris mier warmosaxuli
xalxosani moRvawis saxe ar SeiZleba gavaigivoTYsakuTriv mwerlis
mrwamsTan. am nawarmoebiT n. lomouri avlens xalxosnur mimdinareobaTa,
maTi amosavali Tvalsazrisebis safuZvlian codnas, magram ramdenadac es
mxatvruli nawarmoebis farglebSi SeiZleboda moxerxebuliyo, iqve iZleva
maT kritikas.
crumorwmuneobis Tema. erT-erTi Tema, romelic wamyvan adgils iWers
niko lomouris (iseve rogorc sxva e. w. xalxosani mwerlebis)
SemoqmedebaSi _ esaa crumorwmuneobis Tema. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo
isaa, rom masTan aRniSnuli Tema Taviseburi midgomiTaa warmodgenili. niko
lomouris TiTqmis yovel nawarmoebSi aris miniSneba crumorwmuneobis
rogorc sibnelis budis Sesaxeb, magram sagangebod mwerali am sakiTxs
mainc exeba moTxrobebSi _ àli~ da `qajana~. aq ara mxolod sakiTxisadmi
mwerlis midgomaa gamorCeuli, aramed sayuradReboa isic, rom es Tema
Taviseburi gagebiT gveZleva. niko lomouri miiCnevs, rom crumorwmuneoba,
romelic adamianis sibneleSi moqcevis pirobaa, saxalxo ubedurebaa. misi
arsebobis faqti, am mweralTan ganicdeba da aRiqmeba, rogorc tragedia.
adre Cvens literaturaSi, rasakvirvelia, sxva mwerlebic asaxavdnen
crumorwmuneobas, amxeldnen mis socialur mankierebas, magram maTTan es ar
ganicdeboda tragediad. mag. gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi~,
jados povnis scena, _ es detali aq aris darejanis inteleqtualuri
siClungis gamoxatuleba da luarsabis imave inteleqtualur simaRleze
dgomis dadasturebaa, magram aramc da aramc es araa miCneuli saxalxo
ubedurebad.
eqimbaSobis Tema. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli meore
Tema, romelsac niko lomouri exeba _ eqimbaSobis Tema. àlSi~ `pawia
megobrebsa~ da `qajanaSi~ gamovlenili es motivi xalxis sibneleSi yofnis
dadasturebad aris CaTvlili da amdenad, es movlenac mwerlis mer
saxalxo ubedurebis donezea gancdil-gaazrebuli. am ubedurebis
gamosasworeblad niko lomouri xazgasmiT miuTiTebs ganaTlebis
yovlisSemZleobasa da sinamdvilisadmi jansaRi damokidebulebis realur
Rirebulebaze (`qajana~, `pawia megobrebi~).
patriarqaluri ojaxis rRveva. `berua qristesiaSvilSi~, niko
lomouri gviCvenebs misi warmosaxvis niadagze Seqmnil patriarqalur
qarTul ojaxs, sadac idealuri wesrigi sufevs. am nawar344
343
moebSi kargad aris gamokveTili niko lomouris pozicia. mwerals
maxvilgonivrulad aqvs nagrZnobi da gaazrebuli Cveni istoriis sazrisi.
qarTveli xalxis istoriulma bedma da aucileblobam gverdigverd daayena,
Tavdacvisa da Tavis gadarCenis aucileblobam SeaduRa fenaTa interesebi...
am garemoebam kulturul-zneobrivi tradiciebis erTgvarovnebasTan erTad,
erTgvarad Seasusta eris SigniT socialuri urTiertobebis simZafre. eris
Cagvris pirobebSi Sina socialurze ki ara, gare socialuri konfliqtebis
gamomwvev faqtorebze iqna yuradReba gadatanili, riTac gamoiricxa
rusuli sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi xalxosnuri moZraobebis gadmo-
nergvis saWiroebani. niko lomouris `berua qristesiaSvilSi~, iseve,
rogorc mis sxva nawarmoebebSi Cven vamCnevT ara glexuri Temisaken
(Община) mibrunebis propagandas, aramed erovnuli mTlianobis darRveviT
gamowveul tkivils. qarTveli xalxis sxvadasxva fenaTa interesebisa Tu
ideologiis mixedviT erT muStad Sekvris da damoukidebeli arsebobis
moTxovna dgas aq, xalxosnebad wodebuli mwerlebis da pirvelyovlisa,
niko lomouris nawerebSi aSkarad Cans kriticistuli damokidebuleba
narodnikebisagan gaidealebuli patriarqaluri yofisadmi. niko lomouris
rogorc moazrovnisa da mwerlisaTvis, mxolod berua qristesiaSvilis
ojaxis magaliTze naTelia, rom CvenSi kapitalisturi cxovrebis
momZlavrebis pirobebSi ar arsebobs araviTari Sansi imisaTvis, rom ndoba
gamoecxados istoriulad moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls. sinamdvilisadmi
is gulubryvilo xedva, rac berua qristesiaSvils gaaCnia, warmavalia da
uniadago, Tumca romantikul elvarebas araa moklebuli, amitomacaa, rom
patriarqaluri yofa, romelic kunZuliviT gadarCeniliyo berua
qristesiaSvilis ojaxis saxiT, niko lomourma mkiTxvelis winaSe dasca.
mweralma am dacemis sababic gviCvena: es iyo daTika qristesiaSvili,
rogorc axali da Zlieri ekonomikuri faqtoris warmomadgeneli, qalaqis
kaci, romelmac icis, rom kanons kanoni unda daupirispirdes da statias
statia. mwerlis mkaci realizmi cxovrebis ganviTarebis namdvil
perspeqtivebze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels da mas arasodes tovebs yalbi
iluziebis amara.
niko lomouris mier gacocxlebuli qarTlis sofeli. yvela
SemTxvevaSi niko lomouri glexTa mosarCle da qomagi moralisti
mweralia.
niko lomouris TxzulebaTa personaJi _ glexebi: andria (`yovlis
mxridan~), babale, gigo simoniSvili, solomon farcxaZe (`bedi ubedurTa~)
gaWirvebasa da socialur usamarTlobasTan Widils aleven TavianT
ZalRonesa da sicocxlesac. svimona lukaSvili (`qristiani lekebi~) ki,
Tavisi miznebiTa da zneobrivi sibeCaviT, gonebrivi SezRudulobiT,
SeiZleba iseT glexis magaliTad miviCnioT, romelic saarsebo saSualebaTa
Ziebis moTxovnilebam garemos monad aqcia. materialuri siZlieris
mopovebis gadaudebelma moTxovnilebam n. lomouris mier daxatuli
glexebi sulieri momentisagan erTgvrad ganZarcva da isini xSir
SemTxvevaSi gulqva, 345
344
uxeS adamianebad aqcia. niko lomouric mouRlelad gvixasiaTebs
uxeS pirobebSi, zneobrivad dauxvewav garemoSi, patriarqalurad
SemozRudul fargalSi moqceul adamianTa ubedurebas. ubedurebaa am
adamianebisaTvis cxovreba ara mxolod imitom, rom isini miwur qoxebSi, da
WuWyian garemoSi cxovroben, ar gaaCniaT sakmarisad sakvebi, samosi, da
fuli, dReniadag xariviT Sromoben da mainc Raribebi arian, mwerlis
TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro didi ubedureba isaa, rom maTi Sroma Tavisi
xasiaTiT saTanado gaazrebuli Sroma araa. am alalmarTal, patiosan
adamianTa sulis gauxeSebis mizezi marto TavadaznaurTa wris
warmomadgenelTa Semoteva araa: isini mxolod xmamaRalSvilebis,
ylapiaSvilebis, badriZeebis da JamiaSvilebis usulgulo qcevis niadagze
gaubedurebuli fena ki araa, aramed sofelSi mimdinare rTuli socialuri
diferenciaciis safuZvelze Seqmnili viTarebis msxverpli arian. axali
cxovrebis pirobebSi maTive aRzevebuli TanamoZmeebi: mamasaxlisi beso
(`qristiani lekebi~), qristesia (`bedi ubedurTa~), sosika da ninika (`bedi
ubedurTa~), _ es is adamianebia, romlebic dros wamoutivtivebia, viTarebas
Casafrebian, rom gamorCena naxon, Tundac TanamoZme gahyidon da
gaanadguron. niko lomouris nawarmoebebSi gamokveTilad araa mocemuli
glexis fsiqikaSi Tu ranairad mwifdeba protestis grZnoba. aq, Cven iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda, verc vamCnevT, rom maT SegnebaSi, viTarebis mimarT
gaazrebuli dapirispirebis moTxovnileba idges. mxolod moTxroba
`wuTisofelSi~ Cans usamarTlo, tlanq da utifar ZalasTan saqmianad
dapirispirebis tendencia. niko lomouri, rogorc qarTveli mwerali,
mZafrad ganicdis qarTuli soflisaTvis damRupveli saqmianobis Sedegs.
mwerlis azriT, araerovnuli burJuaziis SeWras qarTlis sofelSi ormagi
ubedureba moaqvs Cveni xalxisaTvis: erTi mxriv, materialurad yvlefs
miwis muSa gulubryvilo glexobas. meore mxriv, maT xelSi TiTqmis muqTad
uvardeba _ erovnuli dovlaTi, _ qarTuli miwa-wyali.
niko lomouri fenaTa SigniT arsebul sxvaobebs aCvenebs da gaxazavs.
amitomacaa, rom mis mier daxatul TavadaznaurobaSi gvxvdeba, rogorc
uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi personaJebi.
saerTod, niko lomouris mier gacocxlebul qarTlis sofels
awuxebs, sisxlisgan clis sxvadasxva juris fuqsavati Tavadi, utifari
aznauri, ucxo tomis CarC-vaWari da soflis pirobebSi burJuaziuli
urTierTobis momZlavrebis xanaSi cxovrebis zedapirze amotivtivebuli
regveni, magram gazuluqebuli, moxeled qceuli glexi. mwerlis interesTa
gareSe arc religiis msaxurTa saxeebi rCeba. moTxrobebSi àlsa~ da
`yovelis mxridan~, naTladaa naCvenebi zaqaria diakvnisa da mRvdlis
moCvenebiTi sulieri mamoba, angarebiani, mtacebluri buneba, magram maT
gverdiT mwerali gvixatavs saTnoebiTa da WeSmaritad qristianuli
siwminde-uangarobiT mcxovrebi moxuci episkoposis saxes (`wuTisofeli~).
aqedan Cans, rom niko lomouri araa mxatvruli sityvis sferoSi `SiSveli
ten346
345
denciurobisa~ da xalxosnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ukiduresi
utilitarizmis momxre.
gansakuTrebiT siyvaruliT mwerali gamsWvalulia Cveni sazogadoebis
yvela fenidan gamosuli im inteligentebis mimarT, romelTa qceva da
saqmianoba niko lomours WeSmaritad saxalxo tipis inteligentis metrad
CauTvlia. aseTia gigo RrubelaSvili, vano mxiaruliZe, is RvTisnieri eqimi,
imedgawyvetil mixas (`samfexa amirana~) rom gankurnavs, Tu patara maros
mkurnali eqimis _ dauviwyari tarsaiZis saxe `pawia megobrebSi~.
niko lomouris patriotuli TvalTaxedva. niko lomouri Tavisi
drois Svili iyo. mZafr socialur interess arasodes miuCqmavalavs masSi
mRelvare patriotuli grZnoba da Segneba. niko lomouris mier daxatuli
mwvave socialuri wnexis qveS moqceul glexTa fsiqikaSi Rrmadaa
fesvgamdgari mSobliur miwis mimarT mamuliSvilobis maRali movaleobis
grZnoba. qarTveli glexis cxovrebis azrad, niko lomouris warmodgeniT,
gamocxadebulia misi nawarmoebis erTi glexi personaJis sityvebi, `sadac
dabadebulxar, iqve Cayare Seni Zvlebi~ (àli~). am principiT cxovrobs,
wvalobs, itanjeba, magram sicocxlis ulevi wyurviliT anTebuli, kvlav
sicocxles, mama-papis mSvenier tradiciebs, sakuTar enasa da teritorias
esarCleba, icavs da efereba am mwerlis mier daxatuli, cxovrebisagan
gatanjuli adamianebi. moTxrobaSi `winaparTa aCrdilni~, _ mkafiodaa
gamJRavnebuli niko lomouris erovnul-politikuri mrwamsi. niko
lomouris istoriuli koncefcia ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva qarTvel 60-
ianelTa Sexedulebebis arealSi SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli. Tavis ufros
TanamedroveTa msgavsad, n. lomoursac miaCnia, rom ena, rwmena da
istoriuli idealebi, teritoria, is faqtorebia, romelTanac mtkice
urTierTobaSi yalibdeba erovnuli fsiqologia. qarTvelTa gadarCenis
pirobad mwerals swored is miaCnia, rom Cvenma winaprebma saimedod daicves
eris arsebobis SemanarCunebeli es ucilobeli faqtorebi. `winaparTa
aCrdilnis~ garda, niko lomouris arc erT TxzulebaSi wina planze araa
wamoweuli patriotuli grZnoba, magram es kidev ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom am
mwerlis qmnilebebi Tavisufalni iyvnen patriotuli grZnobebisagan. saqme
imaSi gaxlavT, rom 80-iani wlebidan Cvens mwerlobaSi socialurma
sakiTxma ufro meti simZafre SeiZina, radgan TviT dabal fenaSi, sofelSi
gaCnda axali socialuri fena. am garemoebam, erovnuli TvalsazrisiT,
axali satkivari gaaCina Cveni inteligenciis winaSe, rasac misma erTma
nawilma da maT Soris, n. lomourma, imiT upasuxa, rom mwvave socialur
problemaTa Soris patriotul gulistkivils daqvemdebarebuli saxe
miuCina. amiT mweralma gaxaza ara am maRali grZnobis gaqrobis, an ukana
planze gadawevis saSiSroeba, aramed TviT socialuri grZnobis
aqtualizacia CaTvala patriotul aucileblobad.
siyvarulis Tema. qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa Soris
ganmtkicebulia azri, rom niko lomouri araa siyvarulis Zlieri 347
346
vnebis gamomxatveli mwerali (g. qiqoZe). es Sexeduleba ramdenadme
sworia, oRondac Tavis arsebiT nawilSi igi mainc saWiroebs garkveul
koreqtivs. niko lomours aqvs vrceli nawarmoebi `wuTisofeli~, sadac
mwerali avlens sakmaod seriozul interess aRniSnuli Temisadmi. am metad
rTuli grZnobis mxatvruli gansaxierebisas niko lomouri akvirdeba ara
TavisTavad siyvarulis fsiqologiur Sinaarss, aramed misi warmoSobis
socialur niadags. mwerlis yuradReba mipyrobilia im socialuri
garemosadmi, romelic saxes ucvlis am ukeTilSobilesi grZnobis
mimdinareobas da adamianTa cxovrebis tragediis mizezad iqceva. mkacr da
mtaceblur principebze agebuli garemo auxeSebs adamianis suls,
aborotebs nazsa da faqiz arsebas (eTeris saxiT) da adamianuri
bednierebis uflebas arTmevs yvela imas, visac siyvarulis grZnobis
sidiade swamda. aseTia is mZime yofa, romelsac gamokveTilad gvixatavs
mwerali.
bunebisadmi mimarTeba. niko lomouri Cveni e. w. xalxosani mwerlebis
darad, bunebis Temsac SeeWida. mis qmnilebebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili
saqarTvelos, kerZod qarTlis peizaJebi. mwerali gatacebiT xatavs
mSobliuri kuTxis mdinareebs, mTebs, .vel-mindvrebs, yvelafers, rasac misi
Tvali swvdeba. magram gamorCeuli interesi mipyrobilia iseTi bunebisadmi,
romelsac mis TxzulebaTa mTavari personaJebis _ glexebisaTvis
sargebloba da dovlaTi moaqvs. sul sxva energiiT acocxlebs igi
TavTavebiT damZimebul puris yanebs, yurZniT datvirTul venaxebs,
TuraSauli vaSlebiT, Tafla msxlebiTa da qarTlisTvis-bunebisagan
momadlebuli xileuliTYdaxunZlul xeebs. am SemTxvevaSi mwerlis
interesi mizandaqvemdebarebulia, radgan amgvari buneba glexis cxovrebis
materialuri keTildReobis wyaroa da safuZveli. SfoTavs da kvnesis
mwerali, roca Savi Rrubeli (`yovelis mxridan~) anadgurebs da spobs
glexis imedad gadaSalil am mSvenier vel-mindvrebs. gamorCeuli esTe-
tikuri tkbobis obieqts niko lomourisTvis buneba ar warmoadgens, igi
erTvis im gaRrmavebul socialur miznebs, rac misi nawarmoebebis
amosavali principia. roca sicxisgan gadaxrukul bunebas warmogvidgens n.
lomouri (mag. `bedi ubedurTa~), aqac wamyvani tendencia isaa, rom
TvalnaTlivi gaxados mkiTxvelisTvis swored am bunebriv pirobebSi
mcxovrebi mSromeli adamianis duxWiri bedi. ase, rom bunebis suraTebi n.
lomouris nawerebSi im mizniTaa gadmocemuli, raTa mweralma saTanado
foni Seuqmnas Tavis socialursa da patriotul miznebs. mwerali bunebis
simSvenieres TavdaviwyebiT ar eZleva, raTa mis fonze ar STainTqas
uSualod TxzulebaTa socialuri Sinaarsi. amitomac tkbobiT momentisadmi
interesi aq erTob Semofarglulia da SezRuduli.
niko lomouri, rogorc sabavSvo mwerali. rogorc cnobilia, niko
lomouri Tavisi praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli aRzrdis sferosTan. mTeli 35 wlis manZilze igi eweoda
maswavleblis sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobas. amitomac, bunebrivia,
n. lonmourisaTvis ymawvilTaT348
347
vis gamiznuli Txzulebebis Seqmnas savsebiT gamokveTili mizan-
dasaxuloba edo safuZvlad. niko lomouris sabavSvo qmnilebebma imTaviTve
miipyro mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradReba. TviT mwerlis sayvarelma
maswavlebelma, iakob gogebaSvilma `bunebis karSi~ Seitana niko lomouris
leqsi _ `yinva da patara mowafe~, xolo Secvlili saTauriT nawyvetebi
moTxrobebidan: `Zma da da~, moTxrobidan `patara qajana~, `mosavali~
(moTxrobidan `yoveli mxridan) da `mwyris bude~ (imave moTxrobidan).
Semdeg da Semdeg saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi bavSvTa sayvarel sakiTxav
masalad iqca àli~ da `pawia megobrebi~. ramdenadac XIX saukunis rusuli
sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi sabavSvo literaturis winaSe wayenebuli
moTxovnebi arc qarTvel mweralTaTvis yofila ucnobi, amdenad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom n. lomouris is Txzulebebi, romlebic bavSvTa sayvarel
nawarmoebebad iqcnen, ZiriTadad akmayofileben am moTxovnebs.
marTalia, warmodgenaTa feradovnebiT da maTi swrafi monacvleobiT
n. lomouris sabavSvo qmnilebebi ar gamoirCevian, magram mwerlis poeturi
aRmafrena mainc iCens Tavs am moTxrobaTa calkeul pasaJebSi. b. belinskis
sityvis perifraziT rom iTqvas: ar SeiZleba ar vigrZnoT gulis `raRac
damatkbobeli SekumSva~, roca gansakuTrebiT mainc, àlsa~ da `qajanaSi~
aRwerili tyis idumalebas, Tu wminda giorgis eklesiis e. w.
saswaulmoqmedebas eziareba bavSvi, aq, n. lomouri aRwevs iseT simaRles,
rodesac gancdebi wrfelad gamoxataven zneobriv ideals da Txzulebac
ganTavisuflebulia sqematizmisa da ganyenebuli sentenciebisagan.
niko lomouris TxzulebaTa mxatvruli mxare. niko lomouris
TxzulebaTa Soris Tavisi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zala dRemde aqvs
SenarCunebuli swored im moTxrobebs, romlebic imTaviTve ymawvilTa
sakiTxav masalad iqna miCneuli. àli~, `qajana~, `yovelis mxridan~ da
`pawia megobrebi~ is nawarmoebebia, romlebSic Cans n. lomouris mwerluri
SesaZleblobebi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia dauZabavi da bunebrivi Txroba.
qarTuli enis (upiratesad qarTluri dialeqtis) sinoyiere.
ver vityviT, rom n. lomouri portretis Seqmnis gamorCeuli ostatia,
magram calkeul situaciebSi, igi qmnis mxatvruli simarTliT savse
saxeebs. ase, magaliTad, STambeWdavadaa gacocxlebuli mwerlis mier SiSiT
enaCavardnili bavSvis portreti. moTxrobaSi `qajana~ vkiTxulobT: `qajanam
uceb dainaxa raRac banjgvliani da uTavo, did ketze dabjenili. SeinZra
da is butbutiT wamovida qajanasaken. qajana wamoxta, undoda daeyvira,
piri daaRo, magram yelidan susti xavilis meti aRara amouvida ra. mainc
gamotrialda ukan, gadmodga ramdenime nabiji da uceb mowyvetili
yvaviliviT daeca dedamiwazed~.
maros, babucasa da tarsaiZis daxasiaTebisas, aseve dasamaxsovrebeli
saxeebia Seqmnili moTxrobaSi `pawia megobrebi~. 349
348
imis Tqma, rom niko lomouris moTxrobebi gamoirCeva `mxatvruli,
mSvenieri, mZlavri poeturi SedarebebiT, mkveTri epiTetebiT (mix.
zandukeli), faqtiur viTarebas SeiZleba naklebad gamoxatavdes. misTvis
ufro martivi, mudmivi mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebaa damaxasiaTebeli.
mag., kato (moTxroba `qajana~) èsaa saSineli eSmaki da gudiani gogona~,
romelsac `kunapetiviT Savi Tvalebi aqvs~. mSvenieri qali (`gigo
RrubelaSvili~) mwerlis TqmiT, `mowyvetil varskvlavs~ hgavs, mas `kalmiT
naxati saxe aqvs~, `lamazi loyebi TuraSaul vaSliviT aqvs dabrawuli~ da
a. S. magram vimeorebT, rom am sada, martivi epiTetebisa da SedarebaTa
gamoyenebis gziTac mwerali garkveul SemTxvevaSi aRwevs saTanado
mxatvrul efeqts.
`qajanaSi~ katos oinbazobani garkveul iumorul donezea ayvanili. n.
lomouri araiSviaTad mimarTavs kontrastuli daxasiaTebis gzas, raTa
kidev ufro muq ferebSi warmoaCinos ubedureba-bednierebis, siRaribe-
simdidris arsi (mag., moTxroba `tanjuli~). saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom niko
lomouri, rogorc mwerali, SedarebiT srulyofil dones iq aRwevs, sadac
igi Sordeba xalxosnuri Teoriis sqemas... da aseTia swored moxrobebis _
`pawia megobrebi~, `qajana~, àli~, `yoveli mxridan~... zogierTi pasaJi.
niko lomouris sxva Txzulebebs, iqneba es `bedi ubedurTa~, `gigo
RrubelaSvili~, àRara eSveleba ra~, `qristiani lekebi~ da sxv.,
xalxosnebad wodebuli danarCeni qarTveli mwerlis mraval nawarmoebTa
msgavsad, ufro mxatvruli narkvevebis forma aqvT, narkvevisa im azriT, rom
isini garkveuli momentiT arian gansazRvrulni da garkveuli adgiliT
Semofarglulni. adgilisa da drois es erTgvari lokalizeba,
Sinaarsoblivi TvalsazrisiT maT SemozRudvas da, maSasadadame, erTgvar
erTferovnebasac iwvevs.
am moTxrobebSi niko lomouri cdilobs socialurad dapirispirebul
ZalTa Widilis Tema ideuri TvalsazrisiT aqtualuri gaxados. sagangebo
daZabva kidev sqematizms warmoSobs da garkveulad zRudavs maTi
zemoqmedebis Zalas. yvela zemoaRniSnul nawarmoebSi mxatvruli efeqtis
Sesustebas xels uwyobs publicisturi elementis moWarbeba. Txrobis
procesSi publicisturi paTosi SeiniSneba mxatvrulad SedarebiT
srulyofil iseT moTxrobaSic ki, rogorc `qajanaa~, roca mwerali
gadmogvcems kikolas ojaxis istorias.
is garemoeba, rom mwerali literaturas utilitaruli Tval-
sazrisiT afasebs, gavlenas axdens imaze, rom am sqematizmis niSniT
aRbeWdil qmnilebebSi (`bedi ubedurTa~, `tanjulni~, gigo RrubelaSvili~,
`qristiani lekebi~) niko lomouri ar zrunavs nawarmoebis daxvewisaTvis.
magaliTad, mxatvruli dauxvewaobis STabeWdilebas iwvevs aseTi adgilebi:
`gaCumebulis mindors zemodam dascqeroda gaSterebuli haeri~ (`bedi
ubedurTa~). babale ìbdRvnida gaTeTrebuls Tmasa; ikawravda Zvlebzec
Savad mimxmar loyebs, iglejda pawawkina mimWknar ZuZuebs~...
sentimentalobis elferi gadahkravs bavSvis aseTnair ametyvelebasac:
`Cveno dedo cocqalia sida, alaa? hode, dililme, cocqalia 350
349
Cveni dedoi. sida, pili lo agal gaago eqla gaagemec~... da sxv. (`bedi
ubedurTa~).
mxolod yalb paTetikad SeiZleba aRiqvas mkiTxvelma socialuri
ideebiT Sepyrobili axalgazrda moRvawis mimarTva mSvenieri asulisadmi.
`rogorc Sena xar mefe Cemis gulisa, amieridgan me viqnebi aCrdili
yovelis Senis moZraobisa~.... (`gigo RrubelaSvili~), anda aseTi sazeimo
SeZaxilebiT savse gancxadebebi: `me var mfarveli yoveli davrdomilisa, me
var deda yoveli gaWirvebulisa!~ (`gigo RrubelaSvili~).
saerTod, rogorc aRniSnaven: `xalxosnebi, rogorc mxatvrebi,
TavianTi xelovnebis erT-erT gamarTlebas xalxur metyvelebaze
dayrdnobaSi xedavdnen. xalxosnebi gaitaca xalxurma metyvelebam, gaitaca
iqamde, rom ganurCevloba daetyoT da am enobriv masalaSi ise CaiZirnen,
rom rogorc ostatebi, TiTqos originalurobisa da sakuTari poeturi xmis
dakargvamdec ki mividnen. Rirseba xalxosnebisa _ xalxuri enis
gabatonebaSi rom iCina Tavi, udides safrTxesac Seicavda xelovnebisaTvis:
individualuri mxatvruli saSualebebisadmi ugulvelmyofeli
damokidebulebis gabatonebas... xalxosnebma ver SesZles dauxvewelisagan
Sedevrebis gansxvaveba xalxuri Semoqmedebis did salaroSi da
mxatvrisaTvis esoden arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone grZnoba _ sityvisa da
gamoTqmebis esTetikuri Zalis grZnoba _ ver gamoiCines. xalxosnebi
Seityua da CaiTria xalxuri metyvelebis uZirto morevma~ (grigol kiknaZe).
cxadia, mwerlis niWierebis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba isicaa, Tu
ramdenad flobs igi ens mxatvruli qmnilebis am saSen masalas TavisTavad
is faqti, rom n. lomouris moTxrobebi, TavianTi Tematikuri
yavlgasulobis miuxedavad, dRemde SemorCa Cvens saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebs da sabavSvo-popularuli literaturis saganZurs,
miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini kvlav ganagrZoben mxatvrul sicocxles.
garda naTeli humanuri grZnobebisa da ideebisa, riTac TavisTavadaa
gamsWvaluli niko lomouris qmnilebebi, isini Seicaven sayuradRebo da
sando masalas XIX saukunis qarTuli soflis yofiTi mxaris, am periodis
qarTveli glexis materialurad saarsebo wyarosa da niadagis
gasaTvaliswineblad.
am niSniTac niko lomouri yovelTvis darCeba Cveni cxovrebis
garkveul etapze mainc, qarTuli garemos sando mweral-mematianed. 351
350
sofrom mgalobliSvili
(1851-1925)
sofrom mgalobliSvili qarTvel mweralTa im jgufis erTi
TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia, romelic xalxosnebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
qarTul sofelSi gazrdilma, glexkacobis cxovrebis kargad mcodnem,
60-ianelTa atmosferoSi erovnul tradiciebze momwifebulma, garkveuli
simpaTiebi gamoavlina qarTveli glexkacobis bedisadmi, amanve gansazRvra
gorSi moRvawe sofromis xalxosnur moZraobasTan dakavSireba,
xalxosnebTan TanamSromloba da moRvaweoba, rac umTavresad
kulturtregerul saqmianobaSi gamoixata.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis Semoqmedeba cxadad warmogvidgens qarTuli
soflis yofas, qarTvel mSromelTa siduxWires da cxovrebis sibneles.
ufro mogvianebiT daweril TxzulebebSi maT brZolas Selaxuli Rirsebisa
da uflebebis dacvisaTvis.
sofrom mgalobliSvilma yvelaze konkretulad, `sakmaod cxoveli
feradebiT~ (geronti qiqoZe) dagvixata goris sasuliero saswavlebelsa da
Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi gamefebuli ganukiTxaoba, maswavlebelTa
sivelure, sisastike da siyeyeCe... da is didi naTelic, rac iakob
gogebaSvilisa da cota mogvianebiT misi Tanamoazreebis mosvlas mohyva.
gadmocemiT, mgalobliSvilebis winaprebi yofilan gvarad balaZeebi
da cxovrobdnen mesxeTSi. balaZeTa erTi ojaxi, simReriTa da galobiT
cnobili, mesxeTidan guriaSi gadasula. TiTqos mgalobliSvilebi swored
guriels uwodebia maTTvis. sofrom mglobliSvilis winapari kaTalikos
anton meores gadmouyvania qarTlSi da sof. dirbSi Causaxlebia. sofromis
papa ganaTlebuli kaci yofila. masve uzrunia Svilisa da SviliSvilis
ganaTlebaze.
sofrom mglobliSvili daibada 1851 wels sof. dirbSi, qarelis
maxloblad.
mwerlis mama, zaqaria, sasuliero seminariis kursdamTavrebuli, jer
maswavleblobda, Semdeg mRvdlad gauwesebiaT osebSi, sof. narSi. 1856 wels
ki Tavis sofel dirbSi gadmouyvaniaT. zaqaria wignis moyvaruli kaci iyo.
jer kidev maSin, roca qarTuli wignebis beWdva ganviTarebuli ar iyo,
mglobliSvilebis ojaxSi, garda saeklesio wignebisa, naxavdiT
`vefxistyaosans~, sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisas~, Jurnalebs:
`ciskars~, `saqarTvelos moambes~.
deda, mariami, bibiluris qali iyo, wignieri. papa da deda ukiTxavdnen
yrmas `vefxistyaosans~, ayvarebdnen kiTxvas.
wera-kiTxva momaval mwerals ded-mamam Seaswavles, rogorc xucuri,
ise mxedruli. uzrunvelad gaiara bavSvobis wlebma soflis gogo-biWebTan.
roca cxra wlisa Seiqna sofromi, goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi
Seiyvanes. aqedan daiwyo misi tanjva-wameba. 352
351
rogorc mwerali gadmogvcems Tavis avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi
`warsulidan~, saswavlebeli grZel, erTsarTulian SenobaSi iyo
ganTavsebuli, romelic maRali qviTkiris galavniT iyo SemozRuduli.
oTaxebSi bneloda. pirveli klasidan unda gasuliyaviT meore klasSi. erT
klasSi rom wamoaqcevdnen mowafes gasarozgad da atydeboda gniasi, meore
klasidan gamorbodnen bavSvebi seiris sayureblad. Senobis bans `kramiti
exura, magram droTa viTarebaSi ise dafucunebuli, rogorc futuro xe,
wvimas ver imagrebda da oTaxebSic ise wvimda, rogorc gareT~.
ezoSi saxrCobelasaviT idga erTi boZi, romelzec zari iyo
Camokidebuli. ezo savse iyo frinveliT, goWebiT, xboebiT, romlebic
ekuTvnoda saswavleblis ufrosebs. erTi saxedaric iyo, romelsac wyals
azidvinebdnen. ise gaeSmakebuli iyo, rogorc ki romelime klasSi
daiwyebdnen galobas, esec ahyveboda yroyiniT. daraji cdilobda, magram
ver aCerebda, sanam yroyiniTa da kuntruS-cekviT guls ar ijerebda.
saswavlebelSi `pedagogikuri sibrZnis safuZvels warmoadgenda garozgva~
(geronti qiqoZe), cxvir-pirSi cema, yurebis axeva, Tavze Tmebis gleja da
uazro zuTxva. zogi yeyeCi maswavlebeli didad iyo gaSinaurebuli
`pilates cremlTan~ _ arayTan. erTma zedamxedvelma maRalklaselebi
daiaxlova da maTTan erTad loTobda qalaqSi.
rusulis armcodne, naxevrad uswavleli sofromi TbilisSi Camovida
seminariaSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad.
provinciebidan Camosul moswavleTagan didad gamoirCeodnen
Tbilisis sasuliero saswavleblis moswavleebi, isini mSvenivrad
laparakobdnen qarTuladac da rusuladac. Camosulebma pirvelad maTgan
gaiges did rus mweralTa gogolis, turgenevis, dostoevskis saxelebi.
adre es saswavlebelic iseTive bneli yofila, rogorc yvela sxva, magram
aq adre SeaSuqa ganaTlebis sxivma da es lampari Semoitana iakob
gogebaSvilma.
ra Tqma unda, seminariaSic iyvnen aryis, rozgis, cema-tyepis
moyvaruli ugunuri maswavleblebi, magram aq SedarebiT mainc asatani iyo.
`gonebrivad fxizeli~ (g. qiqoZe) sofrom mgalobliSvili gamoirCa
Tavisi interesebiT. seminariaSi mas daxvda mdidari biblioTeka. oRond
mrCeveli aravin hyavdaT moswavleebs, Tu ra da rogori TanmimdevrobiT
ekiTxaT. zogi filosofiur wignebs mietana, zogi istoriuls, sxvebi
mxatvruls: Seqspirs, Silers, bairons. Wabuki sofromi reformatorobis
ideam gaitaca. igi sokrates mieZala, imdenad filosofia ar itacebda,
xSirad misTvis gaugebari, bundovani msjelobebiT, mas ufro filosofosTa
da saerTod gamoCenil adamianTa cxovreba izidavda.
Camosxmuli, mxarbeWiani, warmosadegi sofromi amxanagebisTvis
avtoritets warmoadgenda. mas uyurebdnen, mimarTavdnen rCevisaTvis,
ukmayofilebis, protestis gamoxatvis dros moTave sofromi iyo. 353
352
samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi axali xana daudga seminarias. iakob
gogebaSvils sxva maswavleblebic mohyvnen da `mis gakaful biliks
Seudgnen~.
maswavleblebma, yuradReba miaqcies moswavleTa erT did nakls _
kerZod, moswavleebs araviTari codna da cnoba ar hqondaT Tavisi qveynisa,
misi warsulisa da misi awmyosi da yuradReba swored aqeT mimarTes. axla
gaiges pirvelad moswavleebma, rom maTac hyoliaT mwerlebi, hqoniaT
sasaxelo warsuli, didi kultura.
zeda klaselma mowinave seminarielebma Camoayalibes wre, romelic
Seudga samSoblo istoriisa da literaturis Seswavlas. isini axla
pirvelad eziarnen ilias, akakis nawarmoebebs. aq gaiges, rom garda
`vefxistyaosnis~, `sibrZne sicruisa~ da `daviTianis~ saxelovani
avtorebisa, Cven kidev gvyvanan didebuli mwerlebi, publicistebi,
istorikosebi.
moswavleebi Seudgnen qarTuli wignebis Segrovebas. iakob goge-
baSvilis daxmarebiT seminariis moswavleebma daaarses xelnaweri Jurnali
`Sroma~. aq moaTavsa sofrom mgalobliSvilma Tavisi pirveli moTxroba
`ra mizezia~, romelic mokle variantia misi cnobili `deda maiasi~.
iakob gogebaSvils seminariis zeda sarTulze hqonda bina. masTan
modiodnen sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, giorgi
ioseliani. mowinave seminarielebi ecnobodnen da uaxlovdebodnen maT.
am droisTvis gamosvlas iwyebs Jurnali `mnaTobi~, romlis da-
beWdvasa da awyobaSi seminarielebic, maT Soris sofrom mglobliSvilic,
Rebulobs monawileobas; Svelodnen redaqtors koreqturis gasworebaSic.
mere moswavleebma JurnalSi da gaz. `droebaSi~ TanamSromlobac daiwyes.
kerZod, `mnaTobSi~ xelmouwerlad daibeWda s. mgalobliSvilis Targmani
gamoCenili komunaris, roselis, `sikvdiliT dasasjelis ukanaskneli
dReebi~. gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeWda man statia `Zveli axali ambebi~, rac
seminariis cxovrebas exeboda. amis Semdgom, rogorc wers s.
mgalobliSvli, _ igi gaxda `samudamo korespondenti `droebisa~.
seminariaSi yofnisas sofrom mgalobliSvilma sxva seminarielebTan
erTad monawileoba miiRo scenismoyvareTa wris warmodgenebSi. seminariis
moswavleebma saidumlod daiwyes warmodgenebis gamarTva seminariaSic.
zafxulobiT soflad Casuli sofromi ecnoboda glexTa cxovrebas,
akvirdeboda maT yofas, zne-Cveulebebs, ramac gansazRvra kidec sofrom
mgalobliSvilis Semoqmedebisa da moRvaweobis xasiaTi.
seminariaSi swavlis bolo wlebSi momaval mwerals TandaTan gauCnda
konkretuli miznebi, daisaxa samoqmedo gegma. sofromi ocnebobda _ `gaval
cxovrebaSi, kvalSi Cavudgebi yovelgvar cudkacobas. avayeneb dacemuls da
gzadabneul xalxs, vuCveneb swor saval gzas, davixsni gaWirvebisagan. me
gavxdebi xalxis maswavleblad~.354
353
am miznis aRsasruleblad mRvdlad kurTxeva CaTvala swor arCevnad;
tyuilad ufrTxis axlandeli axalgazrdoba mRvdlobas, imaT ar esmiT
moZRvris mniSvneloba. TviTon qriste pirveli didi moZRvari iyo, pirveli
mwyemsi. Cven unda mivsdioT mis kvals, Cven unda SevswiroT Tavi xalxs misi
keTildReobisaTvis.
Wabuki im fiqrze dadga, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili
_ glexoba _ axla ganTavisuflda, rac imas niSnavda, rom igi Tavis Tavs
mianebes, _ Sen TviTon mouare Sens Tavsao. glexi umiwod da umweodaa
darCenili. dabneul glexobas swored axla unda patroni, rom ar
daiqsaqson. mTel sofelSi swored mRvdelia swavluli. mxolod mas
SeuZlia cotad Tu bevrad aamoZraos goneba. mxolod mas SeuZlia wauZRves
win ers. swored Cven unda mivideT xalxTan moZRvrebad, davaarsoT skolebi
gansaviTareblad xalxis Wkua-gonebisa... gavacnoT xalxs Tavisi Tavi,
gavacnoT Cveni warsuli. xalxi marto meurneobis erT dargs misdevs, imas,
rac Tavis gamosakvebad unda. Cven unda vaswavloT sxvadasxva mosavlis
moyvana, mefutkreobas, meabreSumeobas mihyvnen.
erT xans seminariaSi moswavleebs aravin uSlida sxvadasxva wignebis
wakiTxvas. garda amisa, studentebma gansakuTrebuli wignTsacavi Seqmnes
Tavisi groSebiT. gauCndaT qarTuli wignebi, gazeTi `droeba~, Jurnalebi
`mnaTobi~ da `krebuli~.
am dros seminariaSi zedamxedvelad daniSnes erTi ùcnauri adamiani~,
pirobiTad, iustine polikarpiCi, `maRali... fiCxis konasaviT awowvili,
Txeli Taflisferi wveri TxasaviT ucancarebda~, amnairive Tma kiserSi
hqonda Cafenili, beWebze da mkerdze fqviliviT eyara Tmisa da wveris
qertli... igi suliTac WuWyiani iyo. rogorc wesi, gaiCina moeneebi,
dambezReblebi da dauwyo devna mowinave moswavleebs, Tavisufal azrs,
yovelive qarTuls. aman kidev ufro gaamZafra seminarielTa patriotuli
Segneba. iustine polikarpiCi sul darboda sarTulebze, sadac ar elodnen,
iq amohyofda Tavs. amitom moswavleebma mas `cancara~ Searqves.
zedamxedvelma qarTuli wignebi da qarTuli laparaki akrZala. rogorc
xdeba, seminarielebic akrZaluls ufro mietanen. zedamxedvelic gaxelda.
seminarielebi Sekriba da datuqsa: Tqven uaryofT SeerTebas im xalxTan,
romelmac mSvidoba moganiWaT da monobisgan dagixsnaT. Turme Tqven
mxolod qarTuls misdevT da sxvas yvelafers uyuradRebod stovebT,
dReis Semdeg qarTul wigns veRar ixilavT. Tqven unda gadarjuldeT da
sxva xalxs SeuerTdeT, sisxli SeicvaloT, rom amiT TqvenSi avazakoba
moispos. vacxadeb, visac qarTul wignebs SevniSnav, imas umal
saswavleblidan gavaZeveb.
am dRidan TiTqos moswavleebis Tvalebs farda aexsna... maT mtkiced
gadawyvites, rom daecvaT qarTuli enis, saerTod erovnuli Rirseba.
seminarielebma jaSuSi moswavleebi zneobrivad dasajes.
zedamxedveli ki cemes. momCivani zedamxedveli nacvlad waxalisebi355
354
sa gaaTavisufles samsaxuridan im motiviT, rom man erTi dakvriT
moindoma imis gakeTeba, rac nel-nela da TandaTanobiT iyo gansax-
orcielebeli.
1873 wels seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg s. mgalobliSvili gorSi
dabrunda da muSaoba daiwyo sasuliero saswavlebelSi. igi aswavlida
rusul enas. amasTanave sofromma aiRo qarTuli enis gakveTilebi, romelic
savaldebuli ar iyo da amisTvis xelfassac aravin uxdida; amdenad maT
Catarebaze arc vinme itkivebda Tavs. axalgazrda pedagogma moswavleebi
didad daainteresa qarTuli enis gakveTilebiT, maRal doneze daayena misi
swavleba da Tavis uflebebSi aRadgina igi. sofromi kerZo gakveTilebsac
iRebda.
am droidanve sofrom mgalobliSvili Caeba xalxosnur moZraobaSi,
romlisTvisac igi, rogorc davinaxeT, garkveulad mzad iyo seminariis
moswavleobidan. gorSi Seiqmna pirveli xalxosnuri organizacia, romelsac
sofromic male SeuerTda.
xalxosnebi Seecadnen glexoba gamoefxizlebinaT da maTSi uk-
mayofileba gamoewviaT, gaegebinebinaT, rom mefis xelisuflebam isini
mwared moatyua, TiTqos ymobisagan gaaTavisufla, sinamdvileSi kidev ufro
damokidebuli gaxada yofil mebatoneebze, radgan miwa ar misca. sofrom
mglobliSvilma TanamoazreebTan erTad soflebSi daiwyo siaruli,
glexoba rom daerazmaT. magram, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, `xalxi Cven ar
gvikarebda, gansakuTrebiT glexoba. qarTl-kaxeTSi glexi erTob
gulCaTxrobilia, batonymobis uRelma mTlad daukarga xalxs yvelafris
imedi. sasoeba aRaravisze ar hqonda. rogorc kedels cercvi, ise xvdeboda
xalxs Cveni sityva~.
1876 wels sof. mereSi xalxosnebma konferenciis Catarebac moaxerxes.
es konferencia gaica da yvelgan moxda Cxreka da dapatimreba. gorSi
gaCxrikes sofromis bina. TviTon sofromi Jandarmeriis unteroficerma
gakveTilidan waiyvana. mTeli klasi ukan gamoedevna da sayvareli
maswavleblis daxsna moindoma, Jandarms kalTaze ekidebodnen, ar
iSlebodnen, sanam isini TviTon maswavlebelma ar daamSvida, rom sruliad
udanaSaulo iyo da male dabrundeboda. dakiTxva didxans grZeldeboda,
magram xelCasaWidebeli veraferi naxes sofromis faruli organizaciis
wevrobis Sesaxeb da gamouSves.
Jandarmeria Zalian frTxilobda. moxdeboda raime teroristuli aqti
imperiis centrSi, peterburgSi, an moskovSi da Cxreka-dapatimreba mTel
imperiaSi vrceldeboda. erTi aseTi morigi aqtis gamo mwerali meored
daapatimres 1878 wels da erT xans goris cixeSi yofna mouwia.
sofromma da misma megobrebma am droidan brZolis taqtika mTlianad
Secvales. pedagogebma gadawyvites, rom isev maRali klasebis moswavleebSi,
14-15 wlis axalgazrdebSi, agreTve xelosnebSi gaeRvivebinaT sabrZolo
ganwyobileba da erovnuli TviTSegneba. am droidan gansakuTrebiT s.
mgalobliSvilis moRvaweobam wminda aRmzrdelobiT-ganmanaTlebluri
Sinaarsi SeiZina. 356
355
am mxriv sofrom mgalobliSvilis mdgomareoba erTob xelsayreli
iyo. rogorc qarTuli enis maswavlebelma, man bavSvebs Seayvara
saqarTvelos istoria, samSoblo, dedaena, qarTuli mwerloba. ukiTxavda
moswavleebs ilias, akakis nawarmoebebs, uxsnida nawarmoebebis azrs,
aswavlida zepirad maT leqsebs.
meoTxe klasSi SemoiRo xelnaweri Jurnali, sadac awerinebda
zRaprebs, leqsebs, andazebs, gamocanebs. moswavleebi ise gaiwafnen, rom
moTxrobebis werac daiwyes.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis mowafe iyo iakob cincaZe (ia ekalaZe),
cnobili mwerali da publicisti, romelmac Tavisi moTxrobebis pirveli
krebuli maswavlebels miuZRvna. sofrom mgalobliSvili siamayiT
CamoTvlis im mwerlebs, sazogado moRvaweebs, revolucionerebs, vinc misi
xelmZRvanelobiT an saerTod saswavleblis atmosferoSi gaizardnen.
`CaesaxaT siyvaruli Zmobisa da erTobisa, siyvaruli simarTlisa~. eseni
arian: ia ekalaZe, daviT kariWaSvili, aleqsandre yifSiZe (froneli), Sio
CitaZe, misi Zma gola CitaZe, Zmani kecxovelebi _ sandro, niko da lado,
soso juRaSvili, ioseb laRiaSvili, miSa daviTaSvili (Sio daviTaSvilis
ZmisSvili), korneli kasraZe da sxv. sofrom mgalobliSvili aqve ixsenebs,
xalxosnuri moZraobis meTaurs mixeil yifians, romelic goris saostato
seminariaSi aristo quTaTelaZis Semdeg aswavlida qarTul enas, da
axalgazrdebis wres, romlebic swored goris garemoSi, saerTo garemoSi
dafrTiandnen: Zmebs, luka da niko razikaSvilebs (vaJa-fSavelasa da
baCanas), Teofile xuskivaZes, aleqsandre naTaZes, niko leoniZes da sxv.
amgvari STabeWdilebebic kvebavda did akakis, roca man dawera:
`goro, qarTlis Suagulo,
meTauro qarTlisao,
adre Rirsad wamebulo,
dResac mTqmelo marTlisao!~
saswavlebelSi muSaobis paralelurad xalxze rac SeiZleba meti
zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniTac Tbilisis mere gorSic daarsda scenis
moyvarulTa wre. scenismoyvareebi ara marto qalaqSi, aramed soflebSic,
saerTod mTel Sida qarTlSi marTavdnen warmodgenebs. s. mgalobliSvili
did dros andomebda am wreSi moRvaweobas. man gansakuTrebiT moirgo
scenebi. kerZod, glexebis rolebi rogorc Tavis teqstebze, ise ZiriTadad
rafiel erisTavis teqstebze. rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs siamayiT, glexuri
scenebis kiTxva pirvelad me Semovitane TeatrSio. zogjer igi reJisorobda
kidec.
80-iani wlebidan xalxosnuri moZraoba TandaTan Sesustda. aqamdec da
gansakuTrebiT am droidan sofrom mgalobliSvili aqtiurad
TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva periodul organoebSi. roca 1883 wels
qarTvel xalxosanTa organo ìmedi~ daarsda, sofrom mgalobliSvili misi
aqtiuri TanamSromeli gaxda.
sofromi ìveriaSi~ adrec TanamSromlobda, misi pirveli moTxroba
`deda maia~ swored Jurnal ìveriaSi~ daibeWda 1881 wels. 357
356
xolo 1886 wels, roca ìveria~ yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda, misma
redaqtorma sxva qarTvel mamuliSvilebTan da mwerlebTan erTad sofrom
mgalobliSvilic miiwvia saTanamSromlod. didma iliam masac gaugzavna im
Sinaarsis werili, rac aleqsandre yazbegs, niko lomours, daviT
kariWaSvils, egnate ioselians da sxvebs aaxla.
ilia sofrom mgalobliSvils atyobinebda, rom igi ver ikisrebda
yoveldRiuri gazeTis ìveriis~ redaqtorobas, `Tu saxeSi ar mqonoda
daxmareba da Semweoba TqvenisTana pativcemul moRvaweTagan. me
darwmunebuli var, rom eg imedi, romelmac aseTi Zneli saqme gamabedvina,
ar gamimtyundeba. Tqveni warsuli, Tqveni yofili moRvaweoba CemTvis
utyuari sabuTia misi, rom saca saerTo, sazogado saqmea, iq TviTon Tqveni
guli iZulebul gyofT mxurvale monawileoba miiRoT. maSasadame, aq
Txovna Cemgan metia. me marto saWirod vracx mogaxsenoT, rom Tqvenis
kalmis nawarmoebisaTvis Cvenis redaqciis kari yovelTvis Ria iqneba da
Tqveni TanamSromloba yovelTvis sasiamovno da sasurveli. Tqveni
TanamSromlobis moimede, Tqveni guliTadi pativismcemeli ilia WavWavaZe~.
sofrom mgalobliSvilma sixaruliT miiRo ìveriis~ redaqtoris
winadadeba, magram zafxulamde TbilisSi Camosvla ver moaxerxa,
saswavlebels Tavi ver daaneba. zafxulSi Camovida da mTeli zafxuli
imuSava kidec redaqciaSi, magram Semodgomaze, iliasave rCeviT, isev gorSi
dabrunda _ ilias erCivna adgilze yofna sofromisa da goridan
TanamSromloba gazeTSi.
1893 wels mwerali mainc gaerida qarTlSi, kerZod, gorSi, mo-
salodnel represiebs da qalaq foTSi daiwyo muSaoba guria-samegrelos
eparqiis mdivnad. oTxi wlis Semdeg, 1897 wels, TbilisSi gadmovida
sinodis kantoris mdivnad, sadac man 1910 wlamde dahyo, roca igi
samsaxuridan gaaTavisufles, rogorc politikurad arakeTilsaimedo.
TbilisSi sofrom mgalobliSvili agrZelebda aqtiur literaturul
saqmianobas sicocxlis bolomde, TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva gazeTebsa da
JurnalebSi.
gardaicvala sofrom mgalobliSvili 1925 wels, dasaflavebulia
didubis panTeonSi.
sofrom mgalobliSvili weras 70-iani wlebidan iwyebs. magram misi
mwerluri moRvaweoba aqtiurad mainc 80-iani wlebidan gaiSala.
rogorc iTqva, sofelSi glexTa Soris aRzrdilma momavalma
mweralma imTaviTve Seisisxlxorca mSromelTa siyvaruli, maTdami
TanagrZnobiT ganewyo, xolo seminariaSi swavlis bolo wlebSi gamoikveTa
misi xalxosnuri miznebi da miswrafebebi, `romlebsac arc sistemuroba
axasiaTebT da arc doqtrinis pretenzia aqvT. es imgvari ganwyobilebebia,
romlebSic SeiZleba moTavsdes yvela im mwerlis mizanswrafva, visi gulic
tanjuli adamianis sibraluliT, siyvaruliT da daxmarebis surviliTaa
savse. cxadia, aseTi ganwyobilebiTa da Tundac ideiT Sepyrobili mwerlebi
mxolod xalxosnebi ar iyvnen~ (iuza evgeniZe). 358
357
sofrom mgalobliSvilTanac sxva qarTveli xalxosnebis darad
xalxosnuri tendenciebi ZiriTadad masalis SerCevasa da SemoqmedebiTi
Tematikisadmi midgomis TaviseburebaSi gamoixata.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis adreul moTxrobebSi, iseTebSi, rogoricaa
`deda maia~, `Ramis mexre ceco~, `cvrevaze~ da a. S. aisaxa qarTlis soflis
ukiduresad duxWiri cxovreba, gausaZlisi ekonomikuri yofa. s.
mgalobliSvilis moTxrobebic, iseve rogorc sxva xalxosanTa Txzulebebi,
erTgvari dokumentis rolsac ki asruleben qarTveli glexkacobis
imdroindeli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaTvaliswineblad da am mxriv
maTi socialuri Rirebulebac udavoa.
siRaribe da sibeCave damTrgunvelad moqmedebs mSromel glexobaze.
glexi adre dilidan gvian saRamomde Sromobs da mis Sromas araviTari
fasi ara aqvs, yvelaferi miwis mflobelTa gadasaxadebSi midis,
gvalvisagan damzrali, gamofituli miwac arafer mosavals iZleva. mTeli
azri glexis pirutyviviT Sromisa mxolod isaa, rom dRiuri lukma mainc
gadaarCinos.
ukiduresi siRaribe, qancisgawyvetamde Sroma aris piroba im si-
saZaglisa, WuWyisa da sibinZurisa, raSiac glexkacs cxovreba uwevs.
moTxrobaSi `Ramis mexre ceco~ ase xatavs mwerali qarTlis soflis
suraTs _ `saxlebi ZaRlisxevelebs mometebul nawilad daTvis sorosaviT
miwaSi aqvT. minam mgzavri zed ar waadgeba... manam ver warmoidgens, Tu aq
adamiani cxovrobs. arsad xe, arsad wyali, mxolod cariel-tarieli nagavi,
nexvis mTebi. bakebis SesazizRi wumpeebi geCxirebaT aqeT-iqidan TvalebSi~.
aq pirutyvi da adamiani gverdi-gverd cxovroben, praqtikulad erT WerqveS,
aqedan ki saSineli suni, yovelgvari avadmyofoba da siave.
qarTlis soflis siduxWiris, umweobis im zogad suraTs, rasac
`Ramis mexre cecoSi~ gavecaniT win uswrebs kidev ufro sulis
damamZimebeli konkretuli suraTi moTxrobaSi `deda maia~. maias umcrosi
Svili, oblobaSi simwriT gamozrdili, 16-17 wlis sandala Ramis
mexreobaSi wyalSi Cavarda da gacivda, sicxe misca. igi uZaliandeba
avadmyofobas, `TavSi Jruanteli uvlis da Sublze simwriT Wiris ofls
asxavs, rom am avadmyofobiT imas erTi dRis alo daakldeba~... es uwuxebs
guls, esa stanjavs sandalas~. bolos iZulebuli gaxda da saxlisken
gamoeSura. Zlivs molaslasda. aq aravinaa. igi imedgadawyvetili `mzis
gulze, romelic derefnis banSi svetad Camomdgara, waegdeba. gdia sandala
cariel miwaze, uqveSagebod, mazaraSi gaxveuli... am derefanSi Sinauri
pirutyvis bakis karia gamoRebuli, saidanac gamodis saSineli
damaxrCobeli suni. derefanSive, aqa-iq, TiTqo gangeb amouTxriaTo,
saqonlis fexisagan amoCiCqnilia ormoebi, Sig Cagubebulia saqonlis Sardi
da qaTmebisagan nexvia Cayrili; es ormoebi bayayis budis feria; mTels
derefanSi qaTmebisa da goWebisagan gaqeqili da moRavebulia nexvi da am
nexvs zed zafxulis mwvavi mzis sxivebi adgia, aduRebs gubeebs, ayrolebs
nexvs da adens Sesazars suns; am simyrales sixaruliT 359
358
exvevian, dastrialeben celqi buzebi, daberilan wumpis wovniT da
firuzis feri dasdebiaT, swored is feri, ra ferisac TiTon wumpea~. s.
mgalobliSvili mouqancavad, didi energiulobiTY aRwers am sibinZures,
mkiTxveli rom SeZras da SeaZrwunos.
erTi sityviT, qarTuli soflis, qarTveli glexkacobis ukiduresi
ekonomikuri siduxWiris, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela savalalo SedegiT
sagangebo gaxazva, winwamoweva da nairnairi suraTebiT amis Cveneba iyo
qarTvel xalxosanTa da maT Soris sofrom mgalobliSvilis erTi
damsaxureba.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis moTxrobebSi, iseve rogorc sxva xalxosan
mweralTa TxzulebebSi, garkveuli adgili uWiravs crumorwmuneobisa da
masTan uSualod dakavSirebul eqimbaSobis Temebs. rogorc zemoT iTqva
literaturaSi am Temebis SemotanaSi ki araa s. mgalobliSvilisa da sxva
xalxosanTa Tematikuri siaxle, aramed am Temebisadmi garkveul midgomaSi
maTTvis, am TemebisTvis, garkveuli mniSvnelobis miniWebaSi, radgan es
Temebi adrec iyo Cvens mwerlobaSi gansaxierebuli da maRalmxatvruladac.
s. mgalobliSvilic Tvlis, rom xalxis ubedurebis, misi sibneleSi yofnis
erTi ZiriTadi mizezi crumorwmuneoba da eqimbaSobaa. praqtikulad
mwerali crumorwmuneobas, eqimbaSobas glexobis ubedurebisa da tragediis
mizezadac ki Tvlis.
Zalze TvalsaCinod es Temebi Tavs iCenen sofrom mgalobliSvilis
pirvelsave moTxrobaSi `deda maia~, qvriv maia RaribaSvils didi wviTa da
dagviTYori vaJkaci gamouzrdia _ solomana, ocdaSvidi wlisa da sandala
_ 16-17 wlisa. sandala Ramis mexreobaSi wyalSi Cavarda da gacivda. sicxe
misca. sandala uZaliandeba avadmyofobas, radgan lukma puris dakargvis
SiSi Tan dasdevs sandalas.
roca glexs gauWirdeba, maSin erTaderT mxsnelad da Wir-varamis
Sesamsubuqeblad mkiTxavi da Selocva Cndeba.
maias ver upovnia mizezi, Tu ram Seawuxa, ram miiyvana misi Svili
sikvdilis pirze. pasuxi SeiZleba man mxolod da mxolod gaigos
`fTilebis dasxmiT da mkiTxaviT~, usaTuod romelime xatia gamwyrali
maias ojaxze, sandalaze.
`Tavis sicocxleSi wmindanebi rom aras sTxovdnen xalxsa, ar
awuxebdnen da, piriqiT, rac ebadaT, xalxs axmarebdnen, _ amis mosazreba
ara aqvs Cvens glexsa da amxsnelic aravina hyavs. mRvdeli? mRvdelma rom
auxsnas, xom sarfa aRar eqneba. am kiTxvebze Cveni gaunaTlebeli glexi
mkvircxlad mogigebT: usaTuod mZimed awyenina i dalocvil xats: an imis
axlo mdgomare xis toti aiRo da daswva, an cudad moixsenia, an ded-mamis
danaSaulia rame~, _ ase ereva ambis TxrobaSi publicisti avtori.
maiam jer Sinauri mkiTxaviT da fTilebis dasxmiT moindoma
SvilisTvis eSvela, magram araferi gamouvida. sandalas mdgomareoba
TandaTan uaresdeboda. vin ras urCevda _ mezoblebi: dos perangSi Cawvenas,
Tu Sabtilos dafarebas, RvinoSi Cayrili gaxurebuli aguris namtvrevebis
loginqveS dadebas da a. S. 360
359
raxan adgilobrivi, Tavisi soflis mkiTxavisgan araferi eSvela, maia
axla ris vai-vaglaxiT, nasesxebi fuliT mezobelTan xarSi Seziarebuli
zertel mkiTxavTan wavida; Sin dabrunebul maias sandala marto myofi,
ueqimo, upatrono, mouvleli mkvdari daxvda. aseTi umZimesi,
gamousworebeli Sedegebi axlavs glexobis sibneles, umecrebas da
siduxWires.
sofrom mgalobliSvilic, iseve rogorc sxva xalxosnebi, am ube-
durebis, tragediis Tavidan asacileblad `xazgasmiT miuTiTebs ganaTlebis
yovlisSemZleobaze da sinamdvilisadmi jansaRi damokidebulebis
socialur Rirebulebaze~ (i. evgeniZe).
garda sakuTriv xalxosnuri Temebisadmi interesisa, sofrom
mgalobliSvilma 80-ian wlebSi erT-erTma pirvelma aCvena CarCuli
kapitalizmis gzaze damdgari qalaqis damRupveli gavlena martivi bunebis
gauryvnel soflelze, romelic qalaqisken miiswrafvis, gaWirvebas rom
Tavi daaRwios.
qalaqSi soflelis bedis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
moTxroba `gmiriseulis qali~ da gansakuTrebiT ki moTxroba `demetres
saxloba~. mweralma aq erTi ojaxis istoriis magaliTze gviCvena, CarCuli
qalaquri yofa rogor iTrevs soflels Tavis obobas qselSi da rogor
TandaTan swovs mas sasicocxlo Zalebs daRupvamde. adrindelma `qecianma
yazuam~, awindelma `yazar stepaniCma~ sisxli gauSro demetres, romelmac
didi sargebliT misgan xuTi Tumani isesxa cxovrebis pirobebis ramdenadme
gaumjobesebisaTvis; magram ara Tu pirobebi ver gaiumjobesa _ patara
duqani ver gazarda, _ aramed verafriT ver auvida CarCis sargeblis
gadaxdas.
soflis gauryvneli Svilebi demetre da misi sandomiani coli nene
verc qalaqis autanelma pirobebma da verc gulgrilobam da uzneobam
Secvales.
demetres iqamde `gauWirda, rom xandaxan TavSi elvasaviT gaurbenda
ubeduri, Semzaravi azri, gaeyidna namusi sacodavi nenesi, magram
warmoidgenda Tu ara am sazizRrobas, sircxvilis cecxli mTlad swvamda
da aJrJolebda. es ubeduri azri nenesac warmoudgeboda xolme~. demetre
siRaribem gatexa, udrood moabera. `Tvalebi Caeferfla~. sicivesa da
gaWirvebaSi muSaobiT demetres male amoxda suli.
yvela sxva uzneobasTan erTad yazaras `gayrvnili kacis saxeli
hqonda davardnili, mTel qalaqSi TiTiT saCvenebeli iyo, rogorc avxorci
adamiani, magram fulis gamo ki yvelgan miRebuli~...
ori obliT darCenili nene iZulebuli iyo yazaras moTxovnas
damorCileboda, masTan gadasuliyo da valis gastumrebis pirobiT
mojamagired daewyo muSaoba. yazaras ki miznad Tavisi pirutyvuli vnebis
dakmayofileba amoZravebda.
nenem praqtikulad arnaxuli msxverpli gaiRo Svilebis gadasarCenad
da qmris damarxvis valebis gasastumreblad, `make RoriviT~ gaberil
umsgavso yazaras danebda, riTac suli waiwymida. znedacemuli yazara ar
dakmayofilda nenes SercxveniT da roca misi qal361
360
iSvilis damorCilebac daapira, gaafTrebulma dedam xeli najaxs
wamoavlo da `ganaSora unamuso suli CarC yazarasa~.
` _ Citi ra aris, Citi! qveyanas Sehyris, qveyanas aatirebs, Tu imis
Svilebs Seexeba vinme, ZaRli Tavis ZuZuTa lekvs zed daakvdeba da aravis
ki ar anebebs. pirutyvi amas Svreba da me raRa unda meqna, ra, mibrZaneT
erTi. Svili gadavarCine! da ai, me rac gindaT, miyaviT~, _ mimarTavs nene
gamomZiebels.
aseTia mkacri realoba. aseTia bedi qalaqis bnel gareubanSi
moxvedrili umweo soflelisa, romelic sofels ki gamoerida, magram
qalaqma garyvna daupira da roca ar danebda, yvelaferi katastrofiT
damTavrda.
sofrom mgalobliSvili damajereblad asaxavs XIX saukunis 80-iani
wlebis mwerlobisaTvis mainc SedarebiT uCveulo Temas.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis sxva xalxosan mweralTagan mainc is
ganasxvavebs, rom mas aSkarad aqvs miTiTebuli revoluciuri brZolis
ideaze, anu, rogorc amboben, xalxosanTa revoluciuri frTis
warmomadgenelia.
adreul moTxrobaSi `Ramis mexre ceco~, naCvenebia glexobis brZolis
adreuli safexuri _ stiqiuri gamosvlebi mebatoneTa, memamuleTa
winaaRmdeg. moTxrobaSi asaxulia gamwvavebuli urTierToba glexebsa da
mCagvrelebs Soris, zogjer brZolis xasiaTsac rom Rebulobs.
glexoba Tavdapirvelad stiqiurad upirispirdeba glexobis wridanve
gamosul aRzevebul bobolebs, romlebsac uSualod eyrdnobian Tavadebi,
miwaTmflobelebi glexobis umowyalo Zarcvisas. soflis axalgazrdoba,
umetesad mexreebi, romelTac moTaveobs Ramis mexre ceco, dafiqrebulan
imaze, Tu `ramodena ixvnis da iTeseba am oxer sofelSi da... imdeni rCeba
mosavlidan, rom glexkaci `kuWs Zlivs iZRobs~. an ra gauZlebs, roca
meoTxedi sxvas miaqvs. aTasxuTasi kodi simindi da qeri Seuvida...
gamgebelsa... axla puri amdenive, xuTas kokamde Rvino! beRlebi sul
daaliclices; uremi uremze midis Rala-kuluxi~. axalgazrdebs ufro is
aSfoTebT, rom maTive mezoblebi, maTsaviTve glexebi fidua eSmakuraSvili
da isaka bRunZelaSvili _ meduqne vaWari _ da maTsaviT `sisxlis mwovel-
ni~ sxvebi, sul oTxi-xuTi kaci udgebian memamuleebs mouravebad,
Suamavlebad da `kurativiT suqdebian... imaT, e mamaZaRlis tiela ZvelaTac
gasdevT. kidevac hyidian, saqonels da saxl-kars moumates, _ es saidan,
iqidan, iqidan, rom TiTon gaTarxnebulebi arian batonebisagan,
ùpravliaiuCisTan~ SeZvrnen; Cvens dRiursa or dRiurad awerineben, kuluxs
or kokis alagas _ oTxs da xuTs awerineben; zogs TiTon zidven saxlSi
da zogs batons aZleven~.
cecos Segnebuli aqvs erTobis Zala, igi ambobs: `Cven samasi komli
kaci varT ZaRlisxevelebi. samas koml kacs Tu piri eqneba, rogor
gadaudgeba win aTi da oci kaci, aba erTi miTxariT! Cven Tu magaT kriWaSi
CavudgebiT, avlagmavT, Tavs vaCvenebT, SiSi da ridi miecemaT~. 362
361
mweralma, misma personaJma kargad ician glexkacis fsiqologia: `Cveni
glexkaci, Tu patara suli miidga, sul asea, sul daudevaria. gulSi
darwmunebulia. rom imas awuxeben, ejavreba es Sewuxeba, brazi mosdis, unda
saqmes mouaros saiTme da xmas ar iRebs, meores ucqeris, aca, daica, jer
iman amoiRos xmao, me raze mivece samarTls xelSio. meore kiden mesames
ucqeris, mesame meoTxesa, ase yvela gaCumebulia, yvela erTmaneTs
SesCerebia pirSi. swored cxvris fara varT; wyalze ro ar mireken
sabanaod, gaibotebian, uwin aravis gadaxtoma ar unda, Tumca ki gaagrilebs,
sasargebloa; erTmaneTis rqenaSi amosdiT suli, minam patroni ukan fexebSi
ar swvdeba erT-erTs da ar gadaagdebs, arian ise gaCumebulebi da
gabotilebi erT alagsa: Tu xma ar amoviReT, su kudamdin tyavs agvaZroben~.
cecos garda aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva misi megobari, Raribi aznauri
mixa gvaraZe.
axalgazrdebis aqtiuroba, dapirispireba mZarcvelebTan Rebulobs
SurisZiebis formas _ isini imaT `gasaxraven~, Tavebs dauxeTqen, vinc maTi
wridanve arian da yvelaze metad sZulT _ mamasaxliss da mis Semwe
glexebsa _ bRunZelaSvils da eSmakuraSvils... `romelnic xalxis xarjiT
cxovrobdnen da romelTac xalxisave Zarcva-glejiT SeiZines qoneba.
erTi sityviT, moTxroba `Ramis mexre ceco~ im mxrivaa mniSvnelovani,
rom aq naCvenebia revoluciuri Segnebis Casaxva-gaRvivebis momenti qarTvel
glexkacobaSi.
revoluciuri brZolis ufro maRali safexuris Cvenebis Tval-
sazrisiT sagangebod unda aRiniSnos vrceli moTxroba `jor-zaqara~,
romelic 1905 wlis revoluciis ganwyobilebebs exmaureba.
`moTxroba soflad mZafri stiqiuri moZraobis revoluciaSi
gadazrdis amsaxveli farTo tilos Seqmnis cdaa~ (akaki kenWoSvili).
unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom sofrom mgalobliSvilma 900-iani wlebis
mRelvarebaSi Tavisi 70-iani, 80-iani wlebis ideebis erTgvari aRsruleba
dainaxa.
aq, moTxrobaSi naTqvamia: aTas rvaas samocdaaTsa da oTxmocian
wlebSi sofel-sofel gamoCndebodnen xolme TiTo-orola èrTobis~
mqadagebelni, sTesavdnen `Teslsa keTilsa, Teslsa erTobisasa~. xalxis
guli sali kldesaviT Sexvda am erTobis mTesvelebsa, ar ikarebda TvisTa
moyvasTa sityvebsa da sdevnida kideca, magram TiTo-orola iseTic iyo
soflad, vis gulsac Rrmad Caswvda keTili sityva èrToba~
mqadageblebisa, ipova am zogierTebis gulSi keTili niadagi, Rrmad gaidga
fesvi, izarda igi, izarda da Sto gamoiRo. es Sto erTis gulidan meoreze
gadaimyno da nel-nela xalxis guli erTobis baRad _ walkotad gadaiqca~.
moTxrobaSi naCvenebia, Tu calkeuli glexis xmis amaRlebidan rogor
mivdivarT glexTa stiqiur amboxTan, xolo amis Semdeg brZola TandaTan
masobrivi revoluciuri brZolis xasiaTs rogor Rebulobs. glexTa
moZraobas saTaveSi udgeba glexi zaqara ji363
362
Rauri, metsaxelad Tavisi pirdapirobisa da sikerpis gamo jor-
zaqara. mwerali imasac TvalnaTliv uCvenebs, rom glexkacis brZolas
safuZvlad pirovnuli motivi edeba. konfliqti Tavad estate maruSiZesTan
da mis mourav sosikasTan piradad jor-zaqaras SeuracxyofiT, misi
SeviwroebiT iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad Surisgebis grZnobiT anTebuli glexi
zaqara TandaTan usamarTlobis winaRmdeg mebrZol glexTa Tavkacad
gvevlineba.
`jor-zaqaraSi~ avtorma uxvad Seitana samitingo agitaciisa da
mSrali publicistikis elementebi~ (geronti qiqoZe).
amboxebuli sofeli yazax-rusebis damsjeli razmis molodinSia.
xalxi Seikriba, rom raime gegma SeimuSaos moZaladeTa dasaxvedrad. jor-
zaqara, marTalia, ukve asakovania, magram xalxs isev is meTaurobs. Tavisi
mgznebare sityviT igi ase amxnevebs xalxs: `marTalia, didi gansacdeli
mogvelis: wva-dagva, darbeva-daqceva, namusis Sercxvena, xocva-Jleta; es
arasodes ar gvklebia, magram ar gavmwydarvarT. mZevali mainc darCenila
da ylorti amoutania... Zalas Zala vufaroT; xalxs ra gaumagrdeba, Tu
mTeli xalxi gadaibmis jaWviT, pirs miscems erTmaneTs da erTgulad
Seebmis gabatonebul borotebas... SevisxaT Cvenc iaraRi, aRviWurvoT, visac
riTi SegveZlos da mters medgrad SevxvdeT; momyeviT Zmebo, momyeviT, me
cudis gziT ar mivlia, arc Tqven gatarebT... dReidan vspobT yovelive
kavSirs batonTan, mRvdlebTan, moxeleebTan. dReidan sofeli tortla
Tavisufali qveyanaa. is TviT ganagebs Tavis saqmeebs... Zala erTobaSia. Tu
erTad viqnebiT, erT pirze vidgebiT, ise daimsxvreva Zala mTavrobisa,
rogorc kideze mixeTqebuli gemi~.
arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom adre, rogorc mwerali TviTon
aRniSnavs, igi fiqrobda mSvidobiani gziT xalxis pirdapir kapitalizmis
gauvlelad socializmSi gadayvanas. magram es `moZraoba, _ misi TqmiT, _
utopiuri gamodga, mSvidobiani gziT revolucia vis gaugonia~. yovelive
amis gamoc savsebiT gasagebia, rom Tu mwerali, erTi mxriv, revoluciis
mimarT `jor-zaqaraSi~ aSkarad simpaTiebs gamoxatavs, uTanagrZnobs,
aRfrTovanebiT xvdeba saxalxo moZraobas, revoluciuri brZolis
damangrevel Sinaarssac, adamianTa sulier degradirebas, zneobriv
gadagvarebasac ar faravs, gulistkiviliT miuTiTebs; kerZod, moTxrobaSi
isic naTqvamia, rom `xalxi saSinelma ukiduresma moZraobam, mTavrobisa da
batonebis gulqvaobam, sikerpem umaRles ukiduresobamde miiyvana, igic
gagulqvavda, gakerpda, ulmobelze ulmobeli gaxda, daimSa sofeli, Sim-
Sili yvelaze didi avazakia: damSeulma sofelma batonebis ormoebs
mimarTa, gaCnda qurdoba, avazakoba. mSromeli, mSvidobiani xalxi avazakTa
brbod gadaiqca~.
gautexel, qedmouxrel jor-zaqaraze Tavadi maruSiZe Surs imiT
iZiebs, rom daqiravebul mcvel CaCnebs zaqaras colsa da Svils
daaxocvinebs, Tavis mxriv zaqara Surisgebis gzaze didi xania Semdgari,
aRdgomis dRes Tavadsa da mis Svils sicocxles gamoasalmebs. salitaniod
gamosuli mRvdeli am dros `qriste aRdgao!~ _ ambobda. 364
363
`styui, mamao, jer xalxisTvis qriste ar aRmdgara, magram mwams igi
odesme aRsdgeba da mogvaniWebs Cven sasufevelsa~. es striqonebi 1907 wels
iwereboda, roca ruseTis imperiaSi reaqciis susxi Zalumad igrZnoboda.
qarTveli xalxosani mwerlebi 60-ianelTa atmosferoSi iwyeben
moRvaweobas, maT gverdiT, maT ideebzeve aRizardnen. gasagebia, rom maT
SemoqmedebaSi sruliadac araa ugulebelyofili erovnul-patriotuli
Tema, magram qarTvel 60-ianelTagan gansxvavebiT erovnuli aq araa
warmodgenili, rogorc ganmsazRvreli, Semkrebi fokusi. maTTvis
ekonomikuri problemis mogvareba, glexobis siduxWiridan da sibnelidan
amozidva aris upirvelesad mniSvnelovani.
erovnuli poziciis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa s.
mgalobliSvilis zogierTi moTxroba da maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa,
`wiTeli sarCuli~. inteligenciis Tema saerTod aris xalxosanTa interesis
sagani, ramdenadac, maTi fiqriT, swored inteligencias unda Seesrulebina
arsebiTi roli xalxis gaTviTcnobierebis, maTi aRzrdisa da darazmvis
saqmeSi. s. mgalobliSvilma Tavis vrcel, naxevrad avtobiografiul
moTxrobaSi `warsulidan~ da sxva moTxrobebSic daxata mSromelTa
interesebisaTvis mebrZol inteligentTa saxeebi.
magram, rogorc iTqva, erovnuli TvalsazrisiT mainc gamorCeulia
misi moTxroba `wiTeli sarCuli~.
mwerlis azriT, inteligencia unda edges saTaveSi qveyanas, xalxs. igi
uangarod unda iRvwodes eris keTildReobisaTvis; mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki
srulad sapirispirosTan gvaqvs saqme. moTxrobaSi daxatulia cru
patriotis, renegatis saxe. nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi iuda ReWiaSvili
qarTvelebs Tavs patriotad aCvenebs, istoriis mecnierebaSi iRvwis,
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebs swavlobs, sinamdvileSi karieristuli
vnebiT amoZravebuli fexqveS egeba dampyroblebs _ ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa,
gulisamrevad pirmoTneobs. misi mizania generlobas gamokras xeli,
generlis wiTelsarCuliani mundiri moirgos tanze.
marTalia, mas saxeli iuda kalendris erTguli mamis wyalobiT ergo
_ mociqul iudas xsenebis dRes daibada misi Svili. miuxedavad iudas
araerTigzis cdisa, rom rogorme Tavisi saxeli Sealamazos, xan irodid
gadaakeTa, xan iaSad, mTavari isaa, rom igi SesaniSnavad amarTlebs Tavis
saxels _ iuda.
samoqalaqo generlis mundirze meocnebe iuda Ralatobs sindiss, ers,
mSobliur enas. qarTvelTmoZule Tavis ufross rom aamos, mzad aris,
daamtkicos, rom megrelebi da qarTvelebi sxvadasxva xalxia,
popularizacia uyos im kacis biografias, vinc svanebis araqarTvelobas
amtkicebda da axla gancxromiT veris sasaflaoze ganisvenebs.
Tanamdebobriv kibeze dawinaurebuli iuda krZalavs Tavis sagamgeblo
skolebSi qarTul enas.
rogorc wesi, dampyrobelze ufro saSiSi xdeba renegati, ramdenadac
mis vnebebs marTavs ara didmpyrobelis zizRi, aramed Suri 365
364
da moZmeze angariSsworebis vneba. wiTelsarCuliani mundiris mom-
lodine iuda ocnebobs Zalauflebis mopovebisTanave ìm didi sepa-
ratistis~ saxelmZRvaneloebi sul Zirianad amoagdos, im saymawvilo
Jurnalis redaqtors, romelsac dasanaxad ejavreba iuda, `dRe mouspos~,
xolo qarTuli `marseliozis~ damweri akaki `cimbirs iqiT gaacilebinos~.
iudas qarTvelebis gulis mogebac unda. unda `xelukuRma cota ram~
qarTvelebisTvisac gaakeTos. `ras daaSavebs Cin-ordenebsac gamovkra xeli
da Cems qveyanasac gamovadge~. kerZod, iuda iRvwis istoriis mecnierebaSi.
Sromas amTavrebs wminda ninos Sesaxeb, sadac igi rixiT amtkicebs, rom 14
ianvars ki ar miuRiaT qarTvelebs qristianoba ninosgan, ra Seiyvanda
xalxs am dros yinuliviT civ mtkvarSi, aramed maisSi.
ra azri aqvs iudas damsaxurebas istoriis kvlevis saqmeSi. Tundac
mas aq ekliani gza gaekvlios da momavali TaobebisTvis saqme
gaeadvilebinos, rogorc am moTxrobis erTi personaJi, meore qarTveli
inteligenti, apolosi fiqrobs. istoriis kvleva sxva aris, kacuri kacoba
kidev sxva, Sua didi zRvari udevs. `rad minda Seni istorikosoba, Tu
dRevandel dRes pirnaTlad ar emsaxurebi. Tu Sen axal Taobas Caklav, enas
mohklav, enas mohglej da wmidaTa wmidas Seugineb~.
magram yvelas udgeba gankiTxvis Jami, veravin daaRwevs mas Tavs. ise
rogorc iuda iskariotels, daudga igi generlis mundirian iuda
ReWiaSvilsac, aw ukve ReWovs.
iuda ReWovis gankiTxvis Jami revoluciur aRtkinebas mohyva.
gamoRviZebulma xalxma moikiTxa moyvarec da mteric. rogorc sxvam,
iudamac unda agos pasuxi qveynis RalatisaTvis. yvela da yvelaferi mis
winaaRmdegaa amxedrebuli, yvelgan erTi sityva esmis, rom is moRalatea.
mbJutavi da daTrgunuli sindisi cdilobs iudaSic gaiRviZos.
Tavisi bibliuri mosaxelisagan gansxvavebiT iuda ReWovma verc Tavis
CamoxrCoba moaxerxa, igi, tye-velad gaWrili, mwyemsebma Camoxsnes. xalxis,
mTeli garemos risxvisagan SeSinebuli iuda Wkuidan Seirya da bolos
sagiJeTSi amoayofines Tavi. aseTia mwerlis azriT da surviliT,
renegatisa da gamyidvelis xvedri.
garda iuda ReWiaSvilisa mweralma moTxrobaSi daxata gavrcelebuli
saxe inteligentisa, romelic TiTqos erovnuli kacia, awuxebs qarTuli
mwerlobis, qarTuli kulturis bedi, TiTqos marTla Sewuxebulia
qarTuli enis devniT dampyroblis mier, magram Tavis umoqmedobiT da
uiniciativobiT verafers scvlis; mzadaa iudas orpirobaze da Ralatze
Tvali daxuWos, apatios da qarTvel sazogadoebaSi TavgamodebiT daicvas,
Tu es ukanaskneli masTan iTanamSromlebs da nivTierad daexmareba
Jurnalis gamocemis saqmeSi.
aseTi kacia apolos giviCi.
erTi sityviT, moTxroba `wiTel sarCulSi~ sofrom mgalobliSvili
erTob aqtualur mtkivneul Temas amuSavebs, TvalTmaqco366
365
ba, ormagoba, sindisTan Ralati, misi daTrgunva, wajeq-ukujeqoba,
rogorc Cans, arc meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis iyo ucxo, iseve rogorc,
arc SemdgomSi qceula igi mxolod istoriis sagnad. am azriTac iTqmis,
rom `wiTeli sarCuli~ problemis aqtualobiT gamorCeuli moTxrobaa s.
mgalobliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi.
rogorc TiTqmis yovelTvis xalxosani mwerlebis SemTxvevaSi,
sofrom mgalobliSvilis iuda ReWiaSvils (ReWovs) hyavda Tavisi realuri
prototipi. mwerals mxedvelobaSi hyavda èrTi maRali rangis qarTveli
inteligenti, romelic ruseTis mefis erTgul samsaxurs Tavisuflad
uTanxmebda qarTuli kulturis, Zveli istoriuli Zeglebis Seswavlas da
maTi gamovlinebis metad nayofier muSaobas~ (giorgi TavziSvili).
sofrom mgalobliSvilis mxatvruli interesebis, Semoqmedebis
Tematikis ufro srulad gasaTvaliswineblad isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mis
moTxrobebSi garkveuli yuradReba daeTmo qal-vaJis trfialis Temas. am
mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs, pirvel yovlisa, moTxroba `Ramis mexre ceco~.
geronti qiqoZis TqmiT, sofrom mgalobliSvilma Tavis moTxrobaSi
`damajereblad gadmosca cecosa da misi sacoles, Tamros, primitiuli
romani~. mweralma moaxerxa aRewera is grZnobebi, fiqrebi, rac qal-vaJs,
bunebis martiv Svilebs, Tavisi socialurobiT daRdasmulT urTierTis
mimarT aReZvriT urTierTTan miaxlebisas. axlad ulvaSakokrebuli ceco
cecxlis piras wamowolili, erTguli kameCis ferdze Tavmidebuli
ocnebobs: Tu sagaisod yanebi ar wauxdeba, cols SeirTavs da `ber dedas~
gaaxarebs; `warmoidgina, gadasinja gunebaSi sacoleebi da bolos Tavisi
guTnisdedis zalika axalkacis Tamroze dadga. `ra mayvaliviT Tvalebi
aqvs! axla mklavebi? Sen Tqvi, qalia da ise moidebs xuT-eqvs Tungian
doras, rogorc erT Careqiansa. madliania, madliani. imisi Cagoreba marTla
ro Rirs~. am gulubryvilo formiT, erTgvarad vaJis daulagebel fiqrebSi,
rac realurobis STabeWdilebas zrdis, warmmarTvelia, mowonebis ZiriTadi
safuZvelia praqtikuli interesebi. ìmisi Cagorebac~ ar aRiqmeba
uxerxulad, radgan masac gulubryvilobis daRi azis.
mezobeli glexi sosec cecos zalikas Tamros urCevs sacoled:
`kaco, e Seni guTnisdedis gogo SeirTe. ra gogoa, mdevi, mdevi! ra saWiroa,
Zmao, mTeli saxlia da isa~...
mwerali ZiriTadad axerxebs cecos qalTan pirveli Sexvedris scena
damajereblad gadmosces. warmmarTveli am SemTxvevaSic aris simartive da
sialale. cecom icis, rom Tamro WurWlis dasarecxad wyarosTan unda
Cavides. cecom saswrafod venaxSi ube msxliT aivso da msxlis WamiT
wyarosken gaswia. `ceco miwis mgelsaviT gauCnda Tamros, movida da wyaros
piras Camoujda. CaRuna Tavi, dauwyo msxals Wama... erTmaneTis gulis cema
orTaves esmodaT. Tamro gaSra, gabecda; rom ver moaxerxa ra, Tavze
mosaxvevs dauwyo sworeba. cecos undoda eTqva rame, magram guli uwuxda,
didis Relvisagan guneba gaebera, bolos ris vai-vaglaxiT miawoda muWiT
msxali da 367
366
uTxra: _ aha, Tamriko, msxali ar ginda? ramdenime wams hqonda xeli
gaSverili. Tamro gaSeSda, CabRuja nawnavi, TiTqo imisgan Svelas
moelodeso, miiRrica Tavi da bolos gverdze odnav wamoawvdina xeli da
CamoarTva msxali.
_ moeTrie, e qoTani aavse da droiT wavideT, _ uTxra Zmas
mTrTolavis xmiT Tamrom.
_ me ara vici ra, e msxali unda davayrevino.
_ jer Sin Camodi, yviciano!
imaT laparakSi ceco wamoxta, aavso qoTani da dadga.
_ Tamro, erTi Sen gazrdas, e jami maTxove, wyali unda davlio.
_ qoTani mand ara gqonda, Tu ara da muWiT davlevdi ra!
_ dasvrili xelebi maqvs. Tixis jamiT wyaros daleva, Tamro jan...
Tamro ganzrax inazeboda, gulSi ki sxvasa fiqrobda: fiqrSi uyvarda,
magram is ki ver warmoedgina, Tu rogor SeiZleboda ase laparaki ucxo
pirTan~.
am da amgvar scenebs erTgvarad damajerebloba ar aklia da ase Tu
ise TvalnaTliv gviTvaliswinebs sofleli qal-vaJis martiv da alal
bunebas.
aseTi scenebi sxvaganac gvxvdeba Cvens mweralTan (mag., moTxroba
`cvrevaze~), Tumca ver vityviT, rom am mxriv s. mgalobliSvili didi
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeodes.
aq isic unda gavixsenoT, rom sofrom mgalobliSvili scenidanac
kiTxulobda ara marto sxvis, aramed Tavis mier SeTxzul glexur scenebs
da, warmatebiTac sargeblobda, rac mis moTxrobebzec garkveulad aisaxa.
mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebisas isic sa-
gangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod xalxosnebma, da maT Soris sofrom
mgalobliSvilma, Seunelebeli interesi gamoavlines bunebis suraTebis
asaxvaSi. sofrom mgalobliSvili bejiTad aRwers qarTlis soflis
bunebas, mis Semogarens. Cvens mweralTan xSirad igrZnoba swrafva bunebis
poeturi aRqmisaken, saerTod poeturi xilvisken, magram isic saTqmelia,
rom WeSmariti esTetikuri tkbobisTvis misi moTxrobebis gacnobisas
mkiTxveli ver iclis da arc amis didi survili uCndeba. saqme isaa, rom
mkiTxveli aSkarad daTrgunulia im ubedurebiT, ukiduresi siduxWiriT da
Tundac, im simyraliTa da sibinZuriT, rac mwerlis asaxvis umTavres da
praqtikulad erTaderT mizans warmoadgens.
ai, magaliTad: mwerali TiTqos Sestrfis, Sehxaris Tavisi bavSvobisa
da yrmobis mdinares, romelic àm mSveniers sasiamovnod atexil Walebs,
simindebs, venaxebs SuaSi CamouTamaSebs... ankara wyals moaTamaSebs,
moaCxrialebs WalebSi. maRlidan es mdinare erT pitalo sarkes hgavs,
romelic, roca ecemian mzis sxivebi, aTasfrad brWyvialebs da cimcimebs,
mTeli is imodena Walebi, venaxebi Sig gadahyureben frones, Sig ixedebian
da ulamazeben Tavebs, rogorc koxta patarZali. amis mnaxveli uneblied
ityvis: òx, ra mSven368
367
ieri xar, fronev~. TiTqos mwerlis cda iqiTkenaa mimarTuli, rom
Cvenc gadmogvdos Tavisi siymawvilis grZnobebi da CvenSic saTanado
emociebi aSalos. magram ara, Turme aq mTavari es zeaRmtaci grZnoba ki
araa, Turme es mxolod xerxia, kontrastis mizniT rom mimarTavs avtori.
mTavari aq isaa, rom mweralma gviTxras _ mSvenieri iqnebodi, frone, rom...
erTi sisaZagle ar gWirdes. erTi iseTi siavazake, romliTac Sen guls
uklav ZaRlisxevelebs! es pawawina mdinare hglejs sawyalis glexis
venaxebis gverdebsa da isec Raribsa da daCagruls guls uwyalavs.
araerTxel damiwyevlia me es mdinare Cumad Cems gulSi, araerTxel
gamifiqria: ès usityvo, uxmo sagani TiTqos hbaZavs, ejibreba
borotmoqmedebaSi metyvel cxovelebs, im cxovelebs, romlebzec amboben:
viTomc `xatad da mzgavsad sruliad keTilisa arian gaCenilnio!~ (`Ramis
mexre ceco~).
meoregan s. mgalobliSvili xatavs sofel marmara-Reles serze gzis
piras mdgar tyup oles. ìse erTmaneTze gadaxlarTulebs, Cawmaxvnilebs,
TiTqos didi xnis moSorebuli mijnurebi erTmaneTs Sehxvedrian da
Cakonebiano~. es ori ole oblad dgas serze da swored samoTxea maT qveS
`gaoflianebuli Sublis gagrileba~. TiTqos axlac yvela piroba arsebobs
poeturi aRmafrenisaTvis, magram sofrom mgalobliSvili aqac xalxosania:
mas yelgadaWdobil mijnurTa asociaciidan male gamovyavarT, radgan misi
Txroba sruliad sapirispiro mimarTulebas iRebs. mwerali Txrobas ase
agrZelebs: `bevris mwuxarebis, vaebis mowame iyo is tyupi ole~. da ai,
axlac, am SemTxvevaSic, roca mindvrad muSaobaa gaSlili, `tyup oles qveS
wevs erTi axalgazrda biWi... sicxisagan sruliad SelanZuli~ da `saSinlad
gminavs~. am biWs guli ukvdeba, guli ujdeba TiTqmis satirlad, rom is
aqaa, wevs usaqmod~. es sabralo biWi sandalaa RaribaSvili, romelic
mixvda, rom `raRac ubedurebaa imis Tavs, diliT weli veRar aitana, tanSi
saSinlad Seazmora~. amis mere avtori da mkiTxvelic viviwyebT tyup oles,
mijnurebiviT gadajaWvulebs, romlebsac wamis win TiTqos SevxarodiT,
mivyvebiT sandalas mis ubedur aRsasrulamde. aseTia xalxosani mwerlis
poziciac da mxatvruli SesaZleblobebic.
erTi sityviT, xalxosani mwerlebi praqtikulad glexTa yofis, misi
yoveldRiurobis asaxvas gadahyvnen da aRmafrenisaTvis, bunebiT
tkbobisaTvis ver moicales, bunebis mSvenierebiT tkboba maT moTxrobebSi
miCqmalulia. asea es sofrom mgalobliSvilis SemTxvevaSiac.
sazogadod, qarTvel xalxosan mweralTa interesebSi, maT
kulturtregerul mizandasaxulebaSi bunebrivad Semodis bavSvebze,
gansakuTrebiT glexis bavSvebze fiqri, zrunva, maTi aRzrda,
gaTviTcnobiereba, amiTac unda aixsnas, rom TiTqmis yvela Cveni xalxosani
mwerali garkveul xarks uxdis sabavSvo mwerlobas, TavisTavad mainc axal
ubans Cvens mwerlobaSi, didi iakobis mere ase damkvidrebuls; miT umetes,
rom gaCnda sabavSvo Jurnalebic, romlebic sazrdos saWiroeben.369
368
sabavSvo mwerlobaSi sofrom mgalobliSvilmac iRvawa da arc Tu
warumateblad. zogierTi misi sabavSvo moTxroba garkveuli interesiT
sargeblobda da saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSiac SehqondaT. maTgan
garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs `Tinias giSera~, `yayitas qurdi~ da
ùkdavebis wyaro var~.
pirveli maTgani _ `Tinias giSera~ _ mozards saerTod cxovelis,
kerZod, Sinauri cxovelis siyvaruls aswavlis, masTan damegobrebis fass
ganacdevinebs. xolo Tinas sayvareli megobris _ dekeulis saqonlis
Wirisagan daRupva bavSvis mgrZnobiare guls sevdiT da tkiviliT aavsebs,
rac aucilebeli pirobaa, rom adamianSi cxoveluri daiZlios da
adamianuri, sulieri wamoiwios.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis moTxrobis, `yayitas qurdis~, personaJi,
moxuci glexkaci, Sromobs, Tavs evleba Tavisi xeliT daTesil, ramdenime
gzis gaToxnil, movlili simindis yanas. mis Tvals axarebs ukve
dataroebuli, laRad moRaRane simindebis cqera. kmayofilia, rom dRes
wyalic iSova da kargad morwyo kidec. icis, xedavs, rom bunebac ufasebs
da uxvad daajildoebs mis alal Sromas simindis mosavliT... magram es
sixaruli, kmayofileba mouwamles yayitas patara qurdebma, romlebic
yanaSi Seiparnen da ara marto taroebi daamtvries da waiRes, aramed
axalmorwyuli simindi sul miwaze daawvines. yayitam icis, vinc es
saqcieli Caidina da saRamos damtvreuli simindis ReroebiT miadga efremas
mSoblebs, patara qurdi da misi amxanagi amxila, magram amasTanave didi
sulgrZeloba gamoiCina, roca Tqva: ès erTi RvTisTvinac damivalebia da
magaTTvisac mipativebia naTelmironobis xaTriT~. moxucis saqcielma
patara efremas gulSi WeSmariti sinanulis grZnoba aRZra: àra, ziarebis
madlma, Cemi brali ar yofila. mixam gamabriyva. wasqda efremas TvalTagan
cremli, mohyva qviTins da yayitas win daemxo~.
es grZnoba ki, grZnoba sinanulisa maRaladamianuri qristianuli
grZnobaa, romelsac patara efrema eziara. igi momavalSi Cans, arasodes
Caidens ukadris saqciels.
sofrom mgalobliSvils ekuTvnis moTxroba ùkvdavebis wyaro var~,
romelic stilurad gansxvavdeba misi sxva nawarmoebebisagan. es
SeumCneveli ar darCenia did akakis da Ria weriliT mimarT umcros
megobars, sadac iwonebda moTxrobas da urCevda, rom swored ase
gaegrZelebina. Tumca werilSi akaki imasac miuTiTebda, rom Tavdapirvelad,
roca kiTxvas Seudga, CaTvala, rom Txzuleba Tedo razikaSvilis an vaJas
nawarmoebi iyo. marTlac, sofrom mgalobliSvilis am moTxrobas aSkarad
etyoba didi vaJas zemoqmedebis kvali, kerZod, `mTis wyaros~ gavlena.
Tumca CamorCeba mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT mibaZvis obieqts. am
moTxrobaSi, vaJasagan gansxvavebiT idea didad batonobs mxatvrul
masalaze _ igi SiSvladaa win wamoweuli, rac ase ucxoa vaJasaTvis.
s. mgalobliSvilis moTxrobis personaJi _ personificirebuli
nakaduli Tu patara mdinare amayobs, rom berZenTa filosofosni tyuilad
ar aRmerTebdnen mas. igi Sewuxebulia imiT, rom ulmo370
369
beli kacis xeli amtutebs, `yvelanair uwmindurebas mayris Tavze.
swavlulebma xom mTlad ilaji waiRes. am dRe Cems kicxvaSi arian,
afrTxileben xalxs, ar dalioT am mdinaris wyali, xoleris da yvelanairi
senis gamCeniao. ara, es sayveduri me ar mekuTvnis. TviT adamiani
mauwmindurebs, TviT adamianma Tavis Tavsac SeubRala zneoba, daimcira miT
Tavi da aba me ra keTils mizamda! brazi momdis adamianze! xandaxan
vuRalateb xolme Cems wminda bunebas. Cems wminda daniSnulebasa,
avborgdebi da mivageb xolme mas, im gulqva adamiansa, `kbilsa kbilis wil
da Tvalsa Tvalis wil~... ufalo, mapatie, rom gadavedi Sens mcnebasa: _
mxolod me getyvi Tqven: àra winaaRmdegobad borotisa, aramed romelman
hgces Sen yurmalsa Sensa marjvenasa, miupyar mas erTi kerZoca!~
im dRes guli sul erTianad gadamibrunda. miwaSi CaZroma momenatra.
rad? movida erTi viRac damaSvrali kaci. damewafa da xarbad damlia.
SuadRis guli iyo. yvela uwmindureba Tav-pirze meyara. Sevatye, rom
mgzavrs SeaZagZaga, zizRiT gadmomafurTxa da CamomZaxa:
_ `fui, ra myrali wyali yofila~...
TvalnaTlivia, rom es Txroba Sorsaa maRalmxatvrulobisagan.
mxatvrulobas aq cvlis SiSveli tendenciuroba... is rezonioroba, rac aq
nakaduls miewereba, Sorsaa bunebrivi Txrobisagan, daZabulia da
warmosaxvis muxruWadaa qceuli. gasagebia, rom s. mgalobliSvilis es
moTxroba Sorsaa vaJas am ciklis moTxrobaTa maRalmxatvrulobidan.
Cans, didi akakis mowonebas mainc is kvebavda, rom aq man xalxosnuri
agitaciurobis senisagan sofrom mgalobliSvilis gaTavisuflebis
survili dainaxa, ùcxoeTidgan rom Semogvepara, ese igi kazmuli sityviT
qadageba, romelic ase udgeba da uxdeba Cvens cxovrebas, znesa da
Cveulebas, rogorc vodka kaxurs da kvasi ojaleSs~.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis moTxrobebis mxatvruli Rirebulebis
daxasiaTebis mizniT, garda Tqmulisa, kidev unda aRiniSnos, rom misi
moTxrobebis didi nawili ufro mxatvruli narkvevis xasiaTs atarebs im
azriT, rom isini ufro garkveuli momentiT da adgiliT arian
SemosazRvrulni da moklebulni arian mxatvruli ganzogadebis Zalas,
bevria maTSi publicisturi, rezonioruli. Tavisi Semoqmedebis es mxare
TviTon mweralsac kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli; igi Tavadve aRniSnavda:
`me ufro dRis varamze mixdeboda wera xSirad da moTxrobasac
publicistur iers vaZlevdi. es garemoeba akakimac mikiJina CemTan werilSi~.
`dRis varamze~ weriT, yofisadmi sagangebo yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT
sofrom mgalobliSvili, iseve rogorc sxva xalxosnebi, miuaxlovda
Tanadroulobas; xolo Tanadrouloba xalxosnebma gaiges rogorc
yoveldRiurobis problema da amiT erTgvarad miejaWvnen yoveldRiurobas
da, faqtobrivad xSirad problemis gareTac darCnen, radgan
Tanadroulobis problema sulac araa is, rom es simindi ufro adre
Semodis da gvalvebs aswrebs, an es 371
370
lobio ufro advilad ìglijeba~ da male ixarSeba; ra Tqma unda, es
yoveldRiurobis sakiTxebia da amdenadac literaturulad maT araviTari
mniSvneloba ar SeiZleba hqondeT.
rac Seexeba publicistur mxares mxatvruli Txzulebisas, unda
iTqvas, rom TavisTavad publicisturi momarTuloba mxatvruli Tx-
zulebisa arc nakli SeiZleba iyos da arc Rirseba. saqme isaa, rom
xalxosanTa da maT Soris s. mgalobliSvilis nawarmoebebSi
publicistikiT xdeba mxatvruli naklis gadafarva, ufro sworad,
mxatvrul gansaxierebas enacvleba publicisturi gansja.
did xelovanTa SemTxvevaSi maRalmxatvruli gansaxierebis mxardamxar
publicisturi momarTuloba nawarmoebis zemoqmedebis Zalas kidev ufro
aZlierebs da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens maRalmoqalaqeobrivi
paTosiT gamsWvaluli nawarmoebebis aRqmisas.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis moTxrobebis TiTqmis yvela personaJs
cxovrebaSi hyavda prototipi. bunebrivia, aq axali da moulodneli
araferia; bevri didi mwerlis personaJebs, ukvdav tipebs hyavdaT
prototipebi, magram Txzvis procesSi ise dacildnen es personaJebi
TavianT pirvelsaxeebs, rom Znelad Tu icnobodnen.
rac Seexeba sofrom mgalobliSvilis personaJebs, isini mwerlis
SesaZleblobebis Tanaxmad pirdapir gadawerili arian realobidan,
mijaWvulni Canan prototipebze da maTi ganzogadeba Wirs, radgan cotaa
maTSi SemoqmedebiTad warmosaxuli, ganzogadebiTi potenciis mqone.
personaJis moqmedebaSi Semoyvanis, misi sulieri mdgomareobis
asaxvisas s. mgalobliSvilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavdapirvelad gmiris
vinaobis dafarva. Tumca, dakvirvebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis advilad
amosacnobia yvelaferi. es gza personaJis gamoyvanisa mwerlis sayvareli
xerxia da misi TxzulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiluri niSani.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom sofrom mgalobliSvilis moTxrobaTa
personaJebi Zalze xSirad àmetyvelebul~ gvarebs atareben. es am-
etyvelebuli gvarebi mxolod da mxolod socialuri Sinaarsis
matarebelni arian: RaribaSvilebi da puriWamiaSvilebi, eSmakuraSvilebi da
bRunZelaSvilebi... ver vityviT gadaWriT, rom TavisTavad aseTi gvarebis
momarjveba ukve niSnavdes mwerlis sisustes an Tundac ostatobas. roca
mwerali maRalmxatvrulad, damajereblad ganasaxierebs personaJs, roca
personaJis `suli da guli TavisiT moqmedobs, Tavisda bunebisamebr...
iSleba... ixsneba moqmedebaSi~ (ilia), aseT SemTxvevaSi moxdenilad
gamoZebnilma àmetyvelebulma~ gvarma da saxelma SesaZloa didi
esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zala SeiZinos. aseTia kerZod genialuri rusi
mwerlis n. gogolis mier Serqmeuli gvarebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivad
gveCveneba, SeveCvieT egnate ninoSvilis personaJTa gvarebs, isini Seerwynen
Cvens warmosaxvas gmirTa bunebaze da xasiaTze. daaxloebiT aseTsave
viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme giorgi wereTlis SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba
xalxosnebs, kerZod, sofrom mgalobliSvils, aq aSkarad vgrZnobT
xelovnuro372
371
bas, erTgvar Seuxorceblobas personaJebze warmodgenasTan iseTi
gvarebisas, rogoricaa eSmakuraSvili, bRunZelaSvili, puriWamiaSvili,
ReWiaSvili da sxv.
ramdenime sityva mwerlis enis Sesaxeb. unda pirdapir iTqvas, rom
sofrom mgalobliSvili zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs im garemos, im
socialur wres, romelsac asaxvis ZiriTad sagnad ixdis, icnobs Tavisi
personaJebis enas, maT metyvelebas. Tanac imdenad aris dakavebuli
sakuTriv maTi qceva-moqmedebis, metyvelebis pirdapir, erTgvarad
naturalisturad gadmocemiT, rom am mxriv sruli `ganurCevloba etyoba~
(gr. kiknaZe). praqtikulad mas arc ucdia sakuTari poeturi enis
gamomJRavneba. imdenad `Seityua da CaiTria xalxuri metyvelebis uZiro
morevma~ (gr. kiknaZe), rom sityvis, frazis grZnobac ver gamoamJRavna, ver
gaarCia erTmaneTisagan am mxriv saukeTeso, gamZle da mdabali, uxeSi.
amgvari STabeWdileba gvrCeba roca vkiTxulobT s. mgalobliSvilis
moTxrobebs, vakvirdebiT calkeul gamoTqmebs, Sesityvebebs. am mxriv
magaliTebis moxmoba misi moTxrobebidan ar Wirs.
magaliTad, mouravi soxika ase eubneba jor-zaqaras: ` _ maS es
ulvaSi amiwie da Sig CamafurTxe, Tu me Sen unari ar giyo~ (`jor-zaqara~).
`xom pirSi CaafurTxebdnen magdanasa, rom axlad daniSnuli Tamro venaxSi
etuntulebina~ (`Ramis mexre ceco~), `Zriel nu ikvexam Tavsa~. ambobs s.
mgalobliSvilis erTi personaJi: `ra Cem fexebs yviri~, _ mimarTavs erTi
gaqsuebuli glexi meores. (`Ramis mexre ceco~).
guTnisdeda, zalika axalkaci, Tavis cols ujavrdeba: `ras atrakuneb,
netavi erTi vicode~. es da sxva amgvari Sesityvebebi aSkarad enobrivi
naturalizmis nimuSebs warmoadgens.
erTgvarad bednieri dasasruli aqvs moTxroba `Ramis mexre cecos~.
ceco cixidan ukve ganTavisuflda da dabrunda. soflelebi erTobian.
calke axalgazrdebi TamaSoben d laRoben. maT Sorisaa ceco.
`moTamaSeebis cotaY moSorebiT xanSi Sesuli glexebi sxedan, gauCaRebiaT
Cibuxebi da win furTxis gube dauyenebiaT~. aseTi scenebi, frazebi,
romlebic yurs Wris mkiTxvels, Cvens mweralTan iSviaTi sulac araa.
rogorc vxedavT, enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac Cveni mwerali Cakargulia
xalxuri enis nedl masalaSi da praqtikulad misi individualobis danaxva
Wirs.
jer kidev didi grigol orbeliani, `meufe~ Cvenis sityvierebis Zal-
Ronisa da simdidrisa~ (ilia WavWavaZe) ambobda: `xalxis ena aris mxolod
masala SeumuSavebeli, vidre daxelovnebuli mwerali masalasa mas ar
gadaarCevs, kargsa uvargisisagan ar gahswmends, ar gaamSvenierebs da
didebulebiTa ar aRiyvans saliteraturos samflobeloSi, mere im
galamazebuls enasa gamSvenierebulis formiTa gadmoscems mosaxmareblad
isev imasve xalxsa, romelica aris patroni enisa, da romelica SeiTvisebs
imas, viTarca sakuTrebasa, da am saxiT umetes da umetes mSvenierdeba
xalxis ena da miTumetes, naTldeba-ca misi goneba~. 373
372
marTalia, sofrom mgalobliSvilis, saerTod xalxosanTa midgoma
enisadmi, samarTlianad, enis demokratizaciis gamovlenad iqna aRqmuli,
magram safuZvels moklebuli ar iyo is reaqciac, rac XX saukunis 10-20-ian
wlebSi am tendenciam gamoiwvia _ xalxosanTa ena qarTuli enis
ganviTarebisaTvis damRupveladac ki gamocxadda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
qarTvel simbolistTa damokidebuleba xalxosanTa enisadmi.
erTi sityviT, enobrivi masalis kargad codna, misadmi ganurCevlad
erTguleba jer kidev ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi piroba, garanti
maRalmxatvruli literaturis SeqmnisaTvis, rac dagvanaxa xalxosanTa da
kerZod ki s. mgalobliSvilis moRvaweobam.
sofrom mgalobliSvilis Rvawlis gaTvaliswinebisas calke aRniSvnis
Rirsia misi didi damsaxureba memuaruli literaturis JanrSi.
sofrom mgalobliSvils kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli am Janris
mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba literaturis istoriisaTvis.
man Tavisi cxovrebis bolo didi monakveTi _ mTeli TxuTmeti weli _
swored memuaruli nawerebiT Cveni literaturis gamdidrebas dauTmo.
XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sofrom mgalobliSvili Cveni
memuaruli literaturis siRaribeze miuTiTebda, roca aRniSnavda: àrc
erTma Cvenma didebulma mweralTaganma ar dagvitova Tavisi ganvlili
cxovrebis mogonebani. dRiuris wera xom wesad ara gvaqvs. erTaderTma
akakim gaixsena Tavisi warsuli da mSvenivrad, akakurad gadmogvca
mogonebani Tavisi didebuli cxovrebisa. yvela kacis cxovrebaSi,
rasakvirvelia, da gansakuTrebiT im kacisa, romelic Semdeg ase Tu ise,
gamxdara sazogado moRvawe, Tu mwerali, bevri ram sagulisxmo da
sayuradRebo moxdeboda. yoveli sazogado moRvawe Tu literatori rom
gagvacnobdes Tavis warsul cxovrebas, nanaxsa da gagonils, Cemis azriT,
es didi ganZi iqneba Cveni awmyosa da momavlisaTvis~.
sofrom mgalobliSvils savsebiT gacnobierebuli hqonda memuaristis
mZime sapasuxismgeblo amocana, roca werda: `me Tqvenma monam da
mosamsaxurem ganvizraxe friad mZime saqmis Sesruleba: movigono Cemi
warsuli da gadavce Cvens sazogadoebas~.
mogonebebis wera s. mgalobliSvilma 900-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo
da sicocxlis dasasrulamde agrZelebda.
CvenTvis sayuradReboa is mogonebebi, romlebic eZRvneba misi
ganswavlis wlebs jer goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi da mere Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariaSi. vrcel avtobiografiul moTxrobasTan
(`warsulidan~) erTad es mogonebebi qmnis erTian mTlian suraTs da
cocxal, konkretul warmodgenas gvaZlevs 60-70-iani wlebis swavlebis
usulgulo, maxinj formebze, rac im dros mefobda sasuliero
saswavlebelSi, im did rolze, rac iakob gogebaSvilisa da misi
GTanamebrZolebis Rvawls axlda momavali Taobebis aRzrdis saqmeSi. 374
373
gansakuTrebiT faseulia is mogonebebi, romlebic exeba qarTvel
mwerlebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs ilias, akakis, al. yazbegs, vaJas da
maTTan s. mgalobliSvilis urTierTobas.
amrigad, sofrom mgalobliSvili qarTvel xalxosan mweralTa Soris
gamoirCa interesTa erTgvari sifarToviT.
sofrom mgalobliSvilma sxva qarTvel xalxosnebTan erTad sa-
gangebo interesi gamoiCina qarTveli glexkacobis cxovrebis aRwera-
daxasiaTebisadmi. moqalaqeobrivi ufleba moupova qarTul mwerlobaSi
glexobis Temas, glexis cxovrebiT, misi safiqraliT da satkivariT
daainteresa mkiTxveli. es iyo namdvili demokratizmis gamovlena
mwerlobaSi. marTalia, es gza Cvens mwerlobaSi ukve 60-ian wlebSi iqna
aRmoCenili da gakafuli, magram faqti isaa, rom Cvenma xalxosnebma
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes glexobis Semoyvanas literaturaSi
da am mxrivaa didi s. mgalobliSvilis damsaxureba.
sxva xalxosnebTan erTad sofrom mgalobliSvilma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miapyro, win wamoswia, xazi gausva qarTveli glexobis
ekonomikur siduxWires, mis Seviwroebas, am mxriv, am TvalsazrisiT didia
sofrom mgalobliSvilis Semoqmedebis wminda socialuri Rirebuleba.
sxva xalxosan mweralTagan gamorCeviT, sofrom mgalobliSvili
revoluciuri ideis mqadagebelia. man daxata rogorc xalxosnuri ideis
matarebeli revolucioner inteligentTa saxeebi, aseve revoluciurad
ganwyobili dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic stiqiuri
dapirispirebidan TandaTan gadadian Segnebul brZolaze memamuleTa da im
TanamoZmeTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic gamoyofian xalxs da axal mCagvrelebad
movlenia mas.
mweralma wminda patriotuli mizanswrafvac gamoavlina da esec
saTanadod aisaxa mis TxzulebebSi.
yovelive aRniSnulma gansazRvra sofrom mgalobliSvilis rogorc
erTi TvalsaCino mwerlis adgili qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. 375
374
ekaterine gabaSvili
(1851_1938)
ekaterine gabaSvili erT-erTi pirvelTagania qarTvel mweral qalTa
Soris, romelic amSvenebs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas.
qarTvel 60-ianelTa ideebze da maT atmosferoSi aRzrdili, igi
sabolood Camoyalibda 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca qarTul
mwerlobaSi aqtiurobiT gamoirCnen e. w. `xalxosani~ mwerlebi,
romlebTanac dakavSirebuli iyo Cveni mwerali qali. ekaterine gabaSvilma
Tavi gamoiCina garkveuli Tematikisadmi interesiT da Taviseburi midgomiT.
ekaterine gabaSvils ar dahklebia yuradReba, arc siTbo da arc
Seqeba Cveni didi mwerlebis _ ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob
gogebaSvilisa da arc sxvaTagan. es yuradReba da interesi ìmiTac iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom avtori iyo qali, rac am dros SesamCnev iSviaTobas
warmoadgenda~ (ineza kiknaZe). imTaviTve aRiniSna, rom Cvens mwerlobas misi
saxiT moevlina qarTuli yofis niWieri damsuraTebeli, romelsac esmis
xalxis cxovreba, misi varami da gulis kvnesa; rom mas arc dakvirvebis
niWi aklia da arc fantazia, enac Cinebuli aqvs. mis moTxrobebs gamoarCevs
`msubuqi kilo da cocxali mimdinareoba azrebisa... gulmxurvaleba, Rrma
kacTmoyvareoba, fsiqologiuri alRo da erTferovani mxatvroba~ (iakob
gogebaSvili). isic iTqva, rom mweral qals axasiaTebs `siyvaruli, RvTiuri
siyvaruli xelovanis ostatisa im qveynis mimarT, romelsac gvisuraTebs,
Tvalwin gviyenebs~ (kita abaSiZe). aRiniSna, rom `zraxvaTa siwmindiT,
samSoblos interesebisadmi erTgulebiT, humanuri grZnobebiT igi
mkiTxvelis guls inadirebs da aRmzrdelobiT gavlenas axdens masze~
(aleqsandre xaxanaSvili).
erTi sityviT, ekaterine gabaSvilis Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas
èrTsulovnad miiCneven, rom misi saxiT XIX saukunis damlevisa da XX
saukunis dasawyisis qarTul literaturas hyavs Cveni xalxis yofis
Cinebuli amsaxveli d qarTuli mxatvruli sityvis ostati~ (ineza kiknaZe).
ekaterine revazis asuli TarxniSvili (Tarxan-mouravi) mwerlobaSi
cnobilia qmris gvariT _ gabaSvili. daibada igi 1851 wlis 16 ivniss q.
gorSi.
ekaterines mama revaz TarxniSvili `meTvramete saukunis mweralTa
Sedevrebze aRzrdili, nakiTxi Tavisufali moazrovne~ iyo (ekaterine
gabaSvili). igi damoukideblad eziara iuridiul mecnierebas, muSaobda
sasamarTloSi jer mdivnad, xolo Semdeg veqilis movaleobas asrulebda.
iyo ojaxze da Svilebze mzrunveli. man, rogorc Cans, didi zemoqmedeba
moaxdina momaval mweralze. mogvianebiT madlieri mwerali werda: `mamaCemma
gulSi kacTmoyvareobis lampari aminToo~. saintereso mTxrobeli iyo,
gatacebiT uyveboda Svilebs warsulis gmirebze, ayvarebda samSoblos, mis
istorias. 376
375
ekaterines deda _ sofio bagration-daviTaSvili gamoirCeoda rogorc
garegnuli silamaziT, aseve Sinagani RirsebebiT. Sinaurad kargad
aRzrdili, igi erTaderTi memkvidre iyo mSoblebisa, romlebmac
`samamaconi znenic~ Seaswavles. iyo `gasakvirveli mojiriTe da
Seudarebeli msroleli~ (e. gabaSvili). yvelas aocebda Tavisi
SeupovrobiT, cocxali, xalisiani bunebiT. rogorc Cans, Seupovroba,
principuloba qaliSvils memkvidreobiT unda mieRo dedisagan. sofio adre
gardaicvala, roca ekaterine mxolod xuTi wlisa iyo. `xuTi wlisa viyavi,
_ ixsenebs mwerali, _ rodesac sofel axalqalaqSi erTi Semodgomis dRes
me da Cemi umcrosi Zma sosiko saSinelma aliaqoTma gamogvaRviZa.
SeSinebulebma mTeli ojaxis wivil-kivils Cvenic mivumateT, dedaCemi
gardaicvala da saxlSi Cveulebrivi glovis zari idga~.
oblebis aRzrda didedam (dedis mxridan), barbarem iTava.
dideda gulkeTili, tradiciebis damcveli, magram sakmaod mkacri
qali iyo da bavSvebsac ase zrdida. bebiis aRzrdis tradiciebTan
winaaRmdegobaSi, WidilSi TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda momavali mwerlis
Seupovari xasiaTi. amas isic uwyobda xels, rom bavSvebis aRzrdaSi mamac
aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. didedisagan gansxvavebiT, mama bavSvebs
Tavisuflebas aCvevda. urCevda axlos yofiliyvnen glexebTan, eamxanagaT
maT bavSvebTan, gacnobodnen glexTa cxovrebas. rogorc mwerlis
mogonebidan viciT, _ isic bejiTad icavda mamis rCeva-darigebas,
gaepareboda didedas da dros sul glexis gogo-biWebTan atarebda, maTTan
megobrobda, rasac isinic siyvaruliTve pasuxobdnen. amanac gansazRvra misi
demokratizmi. rogorc mwerali gvacnobs, dedis sofelSi flevSi suramTan
axlos, `sadac zafxulobiT vcxovrobdiT... gavicani da Seviswavle soflis
cxovreba, glexTa avi da kargi... da es Seswavla da dakvirveba Semdeg
masalad da Cem moTxrobaTa Sinaarsad gamomadga _ `gabedniereba~, `romani
didxevaSi~, `kona~, òrena da quCe~ da sxv.~
eqvsi wlisa iqneboda ekaterine, roca mamis daxmarebiT Seiswavla
wera-kiTxva. swored mama zrunavda mis ganaTlebaze. ramdenadac didedas, im
drois kvalobaze, zedmetad miaCnda qalis ganaTleba. igi ufro imiT iyo
dainteresebuli, rogorc ki SviliSvili sruli asakisa gaxdeboda,
gaeTxovebina.
marTalia, jer gorSi, mere TbilisSi mamam qaliSvili ramdenime kerZo
maswavlebelTan ki miiyvana, magram arsebiTad TerTmet wlamde bavSvs
TiTqmis araviTari ganaTleba ar miuRia, radgan Sinaur saswavleblebs
ZiriTadad xsnidnen adamianebi, romelTac maswavleblobis pretenzia ki
hqondaT, magram araviTari codna ar gaaCndaT. keTilSobil qalTa
institutSi Caricxvac ocnebad darCa ekaterines, radgan rusuli enis
saTanado codnac, bunebrivia, ar aRmoaCnda.
momaval mwerals namdvilad gaumarTla, roca amdeni warumatebeli
cdis Semdeg mamam igi madam evgenia favris (mamiT niko maris ufrosi dis)
pansionSi miiyvana. es pansioni didad aRemate377
376
boda sxva saswavleblebs. aq aswavlidnen Tavisuflad moazrovne
maRalkvalificiuri maswavleblebi. eseni iyvnen `kavkasiaSi eqsoria qmnili
politikuri damnaSaveni. poloneli profesorebi da mecnierebi, ukraineli
devnili poetebi da literatorni~ (e. gabaSvili), madam favri cdilobda
skolaSi miezida rac SeiZleba mcodne da gamocdili pedagogebi, romlebic
mcire xelfasze dasTanxmdebodnen muSaobas. maTTvis, rogorc politikurad
arakeTilsaimedoTaTvis, saxelmwifo skolis karebi daketili iyo da
isinic siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen kerZo skolebSi aeRoT gakveTilebi da
emuSavaT nakleb xelfasze. madam favris pansions maswavleblebi imitomac
etanebodnen, rom pansionis mepatrone ar zRudavda maT politikur
Tavisuflebas. isinic `Tavisuflad qadagobdnen TavianT rwmenasa da
zogjer TavianT pirad gulis Relvasac aRSfoTebiT gadmogvcemdnen~ (e.
gabaSvili). favris pansionSi e. gabaSvilis maswavlebeli iyo cnobili
mecnieri da moRvawe, didad ganaTlebuli kaci ukraineli nikoloz gulaki,
romelmac Tavis droze leqciebi waikiTxa rusTavelze, qarTul enaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aq rusul enas aswavlida iuSkovi, Semdeg kievis
universitetis profesori. aq gaigo da SeiTvisa swavlas mowyurebulma
axalgazrda qalma puSkinis, lermontovis, turgenevis, belinskis,
CerniSevskis, gercenisa da sxvaTa saxelebi.
madam favris pansionSi, saxelmwifo saswavlebelTagan gansxvavebiT,
pativs scemdnen da safuZvlianad aswavlidnen qarTul enas. qaTuli enis
maswavleblebad mowveulni iyvnen im drois saukeTeso pedagogebi:
aleqsandre cagareli, niko dedabriSvili, niko inaSvili, romlebic
axalgazrdobas `didi patriotuli aRfrTovanebiT gatacebvulni~...
STaubeWdavdnen samSoblos siyvaruls da imis samsaxurs~ (e. gabaSvili).
gamocdebze modioda iakob gogebaSvili. ekaterine gabaSvili warCinebuli
moswavle iyo da amdenad SesamCnevi Tavisi maswavleblebisaTvis, aseve TviT
iakob gogebaSvilisTvisac.
ekaterines didi survili hqonda, rom swavla gaegrZelebina umaRles
saswavlebelSi. kerZod, misi ocneba iyo peterburgSi wasuliyo,
daufleboda medicinas, magram mis ocnebas, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri
usaxsrobis gamo. da kidev sxva xelisSemSlel mizezTa gamo ganxorcieleba
ar ewera. ekaterine gorSi dabrunda. marTalia, mas aqac bevri dabrkoleba
eloda, magram Tavisi didi maswavleblebiT STagonebuli pedagogiur
saqmianobas Seudga. ekaterine udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda xalxis swavla-
ganaTlebis saqmes. am mxriv igi erTgvarad axlos aRmoCnda xalxosanTa
kulturtregerul miznebTan.
ekaterine sruliad usasyidlod, kerZod aswavlida bavSvebs gorSi da
zafxulobiT sofelSi. misi xelmZRvanelobiT gorSi Seiqmna skola, sadac
qalebi swavlobdnen. am skolam, bunebrivia, didi metoqeoba gauwia `Sinaur
ostatebs~. yvela kargad xedavda axalgazrda maswavleblis swavlebis
meTodebis progresulobas da yvela misken moiswrafoda. 17-18 wlis qali
erTbaSad didad warmatebuli 378
377
maswavlebeli gaxda, ramac Tavisi Tavis rwmena ganumtkica. igi miza-
nmimarTuli iyo da dabrkolebebs ar uSindeboda.
Semdeg ekaterinem skola gaxsna sofel TxinvalSi, xolo mogvianebiT,
1895 wels, Tavis binaze (TbilisSi) gaxsna Wra-kervis skola, sadac
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagnebsac aswavlidnen TviTon da misi ufrosi
qali, Tamari. ekaterine gabaSvilis skolam mTeli ocdaxuTi weli iarseba.
skolam saxeli moixveWa mTel saqarTveloSi. aq Cveni qveynis Soreuli
kuTxeebidanac mohyavdaT bavSvebi. am skolis wabaZviT aseTi saswavleblebi
moewyo saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSic.
1871 wlidan, roca ekaterines mama meored daqorwinda Tbilisel
qalze, ekaterine praqtikulad TbilisSi gadmovida sacxovreblad. am
droidan mas meti saSualeba mieca Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
gacnobis da masSi CarTvisa. yovelive amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom 1870 da
1871 wels man gamoaqveyna ori narkvevis tipis moTxroba _ `glexkacebis
azri sasoflo skolaze~ da `gabedniereba~. axalgazrda mwerali qalis
erT-erT pirveli nacnobTagani qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris aRmoCnda petre
umikaSvili, romelmac mwerals Tavis droze saCuqrad gadasca ilia
WavWavaZis, aleqsandre sarajiSvilis da mis mier gamocemuli `visramiani~.
petre umikaSvilis mowveviT ekaterine gabaSvili daeswro giorgi
wereTlis binaze gamarTul literaturul Sekrebas, sadac ilia WavWavaZem
Tavisi `kacia-adamiani?!~ waikiTxa. es iyo ekaterines cxovrebaSi erTi
umniSvnelovanesi dRe. ilias naxvam, mis mier wakiTxulma moTxrobam suliT
xorcamde SeZra mwerali qali. am droidan man didi ilia Tavis kerpad
gaixada.
aqve Sexvda igi axalgazrda kacs aleqsandre gabaSvils, romelic
TviT mwerlis mowmobiT, àgreTve etrfoda samSoblos, Tan darwmunebuli
iyo, rom mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTareba aRadgenda Cvens davrdomil
qveyanas. amitom mTel Zal-Rones axmarda meurneobis Seswavlas da misi
ganviTarebis gadatanas xalxSi~. ekaterinesa da aleqsandres daaxloeba
gansazRvra saerTo idealebma da miswrafebebma da 1872 wels isini
daqorwindnen kidec. dawvrilSvilebam, ojaxze zrunvam, qmris ojaxSi
ganmtkicebulma tradiciebma ekaterine gabaSvili erTxans CamoaSora
mwerlobas da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, Tumca, rogorc irkveva, interesi
aseTi cxovrebisadmi mas ar ganelebia da fxizlad adevnebda Tval-yurs
qveynis kulturul da literaturul majiscemas. mowodebam da Jinma Tavisi
gaitana. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan igi sabolood gamoCnda da damkvidrda
mwerlobaSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
ekaterine gabaSvili im drois qalTagan yvelaze gamoCenili moRvawe
iyo. mxarSi edga ilias, akakis, giorgi wereTels, iakob gogebaSvils, niko
nikolaZes, niko lomours, anton furcelaZes, ivane maCabels da aqtiurad
monawileobda yovelgvar sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. ekaterine gabaSvili
ganuzomlad scemda pativs ilia WavWavaZes, mas mihyveboda, mis gareSe
nabijs ar gadadgamda sazogadoebriv sarbielze, igi iyo qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis 379
378
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis pirveli gamgeobis wevri, aqtiurad
monawileobda SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni
komisiis muSaobaSi.
ekaterine gabaSvils ganzraxuli hqonda sabavSvo Jurnal `xomlis~
daarseba, magram Txovnaze uari miiRo. igi iyo erT-erTi iniciatori
Jurnal `jejilis~ daarsebisa, iyo misi aqtiuri TanamSromeli. Jurnalis
redaqtori anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTlisa TiTqmis yvelafers mas
uTanxmebda. aseve aqtiurad TanamSromlobda igi JurnalebSi `nobaTsa~ da
`nakadulSi~.
unda iTqvas, rom ekaterine gabaSvilma Tavisi wvlili Seitana
qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis saqmeSi. igi iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,
romelmac gza gauxsna Tavisi piradi magaliTiT da waaqeza qarTveli
qalebi erovnuli Teatris fexze dasayeneblad da warmatebisaTvis. igi
xSirad gamodioda gorSi, suramSi, axalqalaqsa da sxva qarTul soflebSi
gamarTul warmodgenebSi, uTamaSnia Tbilisis scenazec.
marTalia, mowodebiT is ar iyo msaxiobi, magram mainc monawileobda
warmodgenebSi, raTa gaeTamamebina sxva qalebi. magram roca scenaze
`gamovidnen Cveni scenis varskvlavebi nato da mako, roca Teatrma
moqalaqeobrioba daimkvidra sazogadoebaSi da qaliSvilebs aRar
eTakilebodaT scenaze gamosvla, _ wers e. gabaSvili, _ me, rasakvirvelia,
Camovdeqi, Tumca arc rodisme mifiqria Cem profesiad artistoba gamexadna~.
ekaterine gabaSvils, iseve rogorc bevr sxva erovnuli xedvis
qarTvel mwerals, moRvawes 1905 wlis revoluciurma aRtkinebam
`samSoblos ganTavisuflebis imedi aRuZra~ (ieremia qareliSvili). mwerali
qali aRaSfoTa am dReebSi daRvrilma sisxlma. am dros man sof.
axalqalaqSi biblioTeka gaxsna, sadac soflelebs acnobda siaxleebs,
revoluciuri aRtkinebis Sinaarss. roca dapirispirebam mwvave xasiaTi
miiRo da adamianTa msxverpli moiTxova, mwerals qalurma instinqtma
mSvidobis Camogdebisaken ubiZga da Seecada glexobis daSoSminebas. igi
SeZrwunebuli Sehyurebda soflebis dawiokebisa da darbevis suraTebs.
reaqciis wlebSi e. gabaSvilis biblioTeka daketes. soflebs policia
Cauyenes. glexoba daarbies. marbielebs Soris qarTveli Tavadebic iyvnen.
mwerali qali aRSfoTebuli iyo amilaxvarTa TareSiT.
sofel axalqalaqSi samocdaTxuTmetkaciani cxenosani razmi Caayenes.
isini aq darCebian, Tqven mogiwevT maTi kveba, sanam gadasaxadebs ar
gadaixdiT da ar damorCildebiTo, iyo xelisuflebis moTxovna. `mas aqeT
kazakebi fexs ar icvlian, axalqalaqelebs sisxlsa swoven, _
gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs mwerali, _ guli ukvdeba kacs, boRma axrCobs,
rodesac xedavs soflis daqcevas da miwasTan gasworebas. miT ufro mwvavea
es mwuxareba, rom kacs Rone ara aqvs uSvelos rame dabeCavebul
adamianebs... rodis moeReba bolo am darbevasa da qvriv-oxris dawiokebas~...
1911 wels ekaterine gabaSvils iubile gadauxades dabadebidan 380
379
60 wlisTavisa da samwerlo moRvaweobidan 40 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad.
iubilari damswreT didma akakim warudgina. is gulmxurvaled miesalma
amagdar qals da Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi warmateba usurva. moxseneba
mwerlis cxovrebasa da Rvawlze gaakeTa niko lomourma.
prof. al. xaxanaSvilma saintereso werili moaTavsa Jurnal
`ganaTlebaSi~. saiubileod gamoica misi TxzulebaTa didi tomi, romlesac
kita abaSiZis narkvevi uZRvis.
ekaterine gabaSvilma xangrZlivad icxovra. man bolomde SeinarCuna
mxneoba, Sromis siyvaruli, cxovrebis interesi.
nino nakaSiZe ase axasiaTebs saxelovan mweral qals: `visac unaxavs
ekaterine, arasodes daaviwydeba misi Wkviani laparaki, misi moZravi,
sicocxliT savse saxe, misi Sinaarsiani laparaki. me... xSirad vxvdebodi da
yovelTvis makvirvebda misi mxneoba, yvelafrisadmi misi cxoveli yuradReba
da mzrunveloba. mas yvelaferi axali, is rac xels uwyobda axali
cxovrebis ganmtkicebas, ainteresebda, undoda yvelaferi axali Seetyo,
Seeswavla, Rrmad Caswvdomoda mis azrs, gaego ramdenad sasargeblo iyo is
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad, adamianTa bednierebisaTvis~.
Rrmad moxucma mweralma sicocxlis bolo wlebi, sazogadod mZimeze
mZime 30-iani wlebi, Tavis sofel axalqalaqSi gaatara. gardaicvala
ekaterine gabaSvili 1938 wlis 7 agvistos oTxmocdaSvidi wlis asakSi. misi
cxedari axalqalaqidan TbilisSi gadmoasvenes da didi pativiT dakrZales
didubis panTeonSi.
ekaterine gabaSvilis pirveli literaturuli eskizi 70-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Seiqmna da mkiTxvelTa garkveuli interesi gamoiwvia, 80-ian
wlebSi ki ukve TandaTan gamoCnda is moTxrobebi, romlebmac sabolood
gansazRvra kidec misi, rogorc mwerlis adgili qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi. ekaterine gabaSvili gamoirCeoda produqtiulobiT. man
bolomde, Rrma moxucebulobamde SeinarCuna energia da kalami xelidan ar
gaugdia.
ekaterine gabaSvils garkveulad qarTvel xalxosnebTan aaxloveben,
Tumca konkretuli xalxosnuri niSnebis dadastureba mis SemoqmedebaSi
Wirs (ineza kiknaZe).
xalxosnebTan mwerlis daaxloebis piroba, erTi mxriv aris is, rom
isic sagangebod interesdeba glexkacobis cxovrebis, misi ukiduresad
gaWirvebuli mdgomareobis asaxviT. es viTareba TvalnaTlivaa
warmodgenili moTxrobebSi `Rvinia gadaiCexa~, `magdanas lurja~, `Tinas
lekuri~, `xolera~ da sxv. aq, am moTxrobebSi, mwerali aRwers, Tu ra
ubedureba SeiZleba ewvios ojaxs, roca igi marCenals kargavs, ojaxi
ganwirulia. arsaidan Svela da arsaidan xsna. aba ra uSvelon unugeSo
mezoblebma unugeSod darCenil mezobels (`Tinas lekuri~, `magdanas
lurja~).
saaxalwlo molodinSia Raribi glexkacis ninikas ojaxi. ninikas erTi
patara uremi SeSa Seugrovebia da qalaqSi unda gayidos, vin ris yidvas ar
abarebs, rogori molodinia ojaxis ufrosis da381
380
brunebisa; magram saaxalwlo saCuqrebis nacvlad Sin gvian RamiT
dabrunebuli ninika uremze dadebul Rvinias moiyvans. Rvinias cali fexi
gaxeTqil yinulSi Cauvarda. meore fexi wausxlta da akokolavebuli
SeSiani uremi gadabrunda. ase gaqra saaxalwlo molodini da imedebi
(`Rvinia gadaiCexa~).
gaWirvebas gamoqceulma raWvelma glexma gigolam qarTlis erT
sofels Seafara Tavi, aq daido bina, ojaxi Seqmna, masaviT gaWirvebuli
oboli qali SeirTo da ris vai-vaglaxiT arCens ojaxs, magram avma senma
isic imsxverpla da misi colic, romelmac, SeSinebulma, bavSvebis
gadarCenis mizniT mkvdari qmaric miatova da saxlic. magram av senisgan
Sepyrobilma mindorSi dalia suli. diliT venaxSi gamosuli imereli
tetika, romelic imaze fiqrobs, isev gabrundes Tu ara Tavis mwir kuTxeSi,
zed miadgeba àmomavali mzis sxivebiT ganaTebul gaSeSebul ymawvil
dedakacs, romelsac ZuZuze ekida ususuri bavSvi, Tavs ujda pawawina gogo
da dedis civ loyebs uwkapunebda patara xelebs: àde, dedi, ade, Sin
wavideT, puri mSian...~ (`xolera~).
aseTi SemaZrwunebeli suraTebis aRwerasac ar erideba Cveni mwerali
qali.
CarC-vaWrebi usindisod atyueben da yvlefen glexobas (`suraTi~,
`soflis mevaxSeni~), xolo gaunaTlebloba crumorwmuneobisa da
eqimbaSebis tyveobaSi amyofebs maT.
mwerali qalis praqtikuli saqmianoba da mwerluri moRvaweoba
kulturtregaruli gziT warimarTa.
ekaterine gabaSvilma pirvelsave eskizSi `glexkacobis azri sasoflo
skolaze~ gviCvena, rom glexobis damokidebuleba swavlisadmi praqtikuli
da materialuri interesebiT ganisazRvreba. erTi glexi dedakacis
sityvebiT, bavSvi skolaSi misacemi araa, radgan skoladamTavrebuli
ymawvilebi glexobisaTvis gamousadegarni xdebian. Zlivs moveswari biWis
mexreobas, ambobs meore dedakaci, skolaSi rogor mivcemo. glexebs
Sorisac aRmoCndeba gonieri, gamocdili kaci, ninika; igi momxrea Svilis
skolaSi micemis, rom waiyvandnen Cems oTxive Svils mivcemo. glexebis
saubarSi Caerevian mTxrobeli da misi megobari, romelmac glexebs
damarwmuneblad dauwyo saubari swavlis mniSvnelobaze, mis sikeTeze.
swavlis sasargeblod Tavdapirvelad isic materialurs, ekonomikurs wamo-
swevs win da mere sulier mxares, glexebze meti zemoqmedeba rom
moaxdinos: `gana ver xedavT rogor yvelaSi gjobianT mswavlulni xalxi:
rogorc gonivrobaSi, isec cxovrebaSi, Tu WamiT da CacmiT. aqedgan sCans,
rom swavlas ufro advilad moaqvs keTili cxovreba. garda amisa gana
dRiuri lukma marto xvniTa da TesviT moipoveba? ara, TqvenisTana mxvnel-
mTesvels kargi cxovreba ver upovnia da verc Tqven ipovniT. imitom, xvna
da Tesvasac swavla unda. meorec esaa, rom arian kidev bevri sxva gzebi
cxovrebisa. magaliTad, vaWroba, xelosnoba, ostatoba, mxatvroba,
mwerloba, xenwifis samsaxuri da sxva. nu ifiqrebT, rom Tqvens Svilebs ar
SeeZloT asruleba 382
381
yvelafrisa, rac me CamovTvale. swavlas bevri ram SeuZlian. SeniS-
nulia, rom warCinebulni kacni xSiraT ufro TqvenisTana xalxidgan
gamodian~.
ra Tqma unda, damwyebi mwerlis es msjeloba swavlis mniSvnelobaze
mxatvruli RirsebiT da darwmunebis ZaliT axlosac ver miva savaraudod
mis literaturul winamorbedTan. ilia WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobis~
personaJis, mRvdlis, mier petres darwmunebasTan, magram ekaterine
gabaSvilis, rogorc mwerlisa da moqalaqis pozicias ki TvalnaTliv
warmoaCens.
rogorc mwerali gviCvenebs, glexebisadmi mimarTulma sityvebma
zemoqmedeba moaxdina maTze da garkveulad maT azric Seacvlevina. glexebs
`sruliad aRar ganucxadebiaT uari mRvdlis miwvevaze da TiTqo
mowadinebiT dahpirdnen Tavis drozed Svilebis SkolaSi gagzavnas~.
mweralma qalma xalxosan moRvaweTa saxeebic daxata, maTi saqmianobis
mniSvneloba gausva xazi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoarCeven mis moTxrobas
`gamarjvebuli niko~. `mxrebSi waxrils, gulCavardnils... gaubedavi mixvra-
moxvriT... da saTnoebiT savse pirisaxiT~ niko beriSvils `sakuTari
piradobis fiqri ainunSiac ar mosdioda. hfiqrobda mxolod im
movaleobisaTvis, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis asparezad airCia da romelic
Tavis qveyanaSi saukeTeso Sromad miaCnda. Tvalwin hyvanda mxolod is
patara mowafeebi, romlebisTvisac gonebis Tvalebi unda aexilna,
romlebisTvisac sinaTlis gza unda eswavlebina, romelTa gulSi swavla
da mecniereba unda daenerga~.
niko beriSvili soflis mRvdlis Svilia, siRaribeSi wviTa da dagviT
gamozrdili. àmitom Zalian kargad icoda soflis avi da kargi, misi mwvavi
da wylulni da hfiqrobda, rom erTaderTi sinaTlis momfeni soflis bnel
cxovrebaSi skola iyo da am sinaTlis mofena, am sibnelis gaSuqeba
sabedniero saqmed miaCnda da sxvagvari piradi bedniereba sruliad
miviwyebuli hqonda. Tavad iasons is aRizianebs, rom niko mTeli dReebi,
kviraobiTac ki ganuyrelad glexebSi zis, imaT elaparakeba.
erTob uzneo Tavadis, luarsabis mecadineobiT maswavleblobidan
gamoZevebuli niko gadawyvets mRvdlad ikurTxos. Tumca, sarwmunoebrivi
grZnoba xels ar uwyobda am didsa da wminda saqmes Sesdgomoda, magram
srulis gulwrfelobiT nugeSobda miT, rom samagierod religiuris
rwmenisa hqonda madli, zneobrivi Zala, Zala kacTa samsaxurisa, rom
Tamamad SeeZlo moZRvrebis jvari aeRo xelSi da Sesdgomoda am mZime
saqmes, friad vrcelsa da savaldebulo saqmes. sabolood niko Tavis
nafiqr-naocnebars saqmed aqcevs da TviT urwmuno Tavad iasonsac
erTgvarad moaqcevs.
miuxedavad yovelive aRniSnulisa, miuxedavad erTgvari siaxlovisa
qarTvel xalxosanTa miswrafebebTan, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mainc
isaa, rom ekaterine gabaSvili gamoirCa erTi sakiTxisadmi, kerZod, qalis
uflebebisa da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareo383
382
bisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesiT. ase rom, erT dros Cvens mweral
qals yovelive amis gamo qarTvelebis JorJ zandic ki Searqves.
im moTxrobebSi, romlebSic mweralma yvelaze ukeT gamoavlina Tavisi
mwerluri SesaZleblobebi da romlebmac gansazRvres kidec misi adgili
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, iqneba es `romani didxevaSi~, òrena da
quCe~, `kona~, `magdanas lurja~, `frTebdaglejili~ Tu sxva, swored es
sakiTxia ganxiluli, igi dgas yuradRebis centrSi.
Tu, magaliTad, moTxrobaSi `romani didxevaSi~ Tavdapirvelad saqme
isea warmodgenili, rom TiTqos yuradRebis centrSi aqac wminda
socialuri problema unda idges _ ostat tasias Svili, pavle, romelic
axlad Camosulia qalaqidan, sadac is batoniSvils axlda, gamoesarCleba
mouravisagan dabeCavebul glexebs, ar Seepueba mouravs, mis muqaras da
amiT glexebis did mowonebas daimsaxurebs, magram male am motivis
gadaviwyeba xdeba da konfliqti siyvarulis da CaSlili qorwilis
sibrtyeze gadainacvlebs.
erTi sityviT, aqac am moTxrobaSic mwerali TavisTvis mniSvnelovan
qalis sakiTxs wamoswevs. xolo sadac qalia, sadac umTavresi qalis
sakiTxia, iq usaTuod siyvarulis grZnobasTanac gvaqvs saqme; asea es
ekaterine gabaSvilTanac.
magram isic unda garkveviT iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli imas ar gu-
lisxmobs, mwerali sakuTriv am grZnobis ragvarobis, misi Sinaarsis,
mravalferovnebis gansaxierebiT, am grZnobis analiziT, misi gamovlenis
sirTulis CvenebiT iyos dainteresebuli. rogorc es marTebuladaa
aRniSnuli, Cvens sinamdvileSi. ès grZnoba siyvarulisa ek. gabaSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi sazogadoebaSi qalis adgilisa da rolis problemis
gaSuqebas ufro emsaxureba, vidre TviT grZnobis nairferovnebis Cvenebas,
amasTanave mwerals daCagruli, borkildadebuli grZnobis suraTebi aqvs
daxatuli da yvelafers grZnobiT _ emociuri TvaliT ucqeris da afasebs~
(ineza kiknaZe).
erTi sityviT, ganxilvis aspeqti mweral qalTan yovelTvis
zneobrivia.
ekaterine gabaSvili emxroba da aviTarebs im cnobil azrs, rom
siyvaruli aris udidesi grZnoba, romlis winaSe yvela qeds unda idrekdes.
qali am qveynad siyvarulisTvis aris movlenili. misi qaloba swored
am grZnobaSi mJRavndeba. igi gaCenilia siyvarulisaTvis, rom uyvardes da
STamomavloba amravlos. magram siyvarulis gzaze dabrkolebad
aRmarTulia usulgulo sazogadoeba, damaxinjebli adaT-tradiciebi,
ekonomikuri Tu wodebrivi barierebi, rom bednierebisTvis dabadebulni
ubedurebad aqcios, danaSaulic Caadeninos, romlis gamomwvev mizezs
aravin kiTxulobs, aravin ikvlevs, arc angarebaze, ama qveynis ZlierTa
nebaze dayrdnobili sasamarTlo da arc sazogadoeba.
pirvel moTxrobebSi swored Semaferxebeli, damaxinjebuli
tradiciebis, Cvevebis kritika, maT winaaRmdeg protesti iCens Tavs
mweralTan. 384
383
SesaZloa, zogi damabrkolebeli, SeyvarebulTaTvis ubedurebis
momtani tradicia axla ramdenadme xelovnuri, gangeb gamZafrebulic
eCvenos mkiTxvels; ase SeiZleba aixsnas, magaliTad, Seyvarebuli qal-vaJis
SeerTebis gzaze warmodgenili dabrkoleba moTxrobaSi `romani didxevaSi~;
moTxrobis mTavari personaJebi erTmaneTis moyvrebi arian _ pavles da
maros biZis colia, xolo moTxrobaSi `gurgenaulis babo~. aseTi viTarebaa
aRwerili _ qals, romelsac uyvars umcrosi Zma, jibo, aTxoveben ufros
Zmaze, maqsimeze, radgan wesiT jer igi unda daqorwindes da mxolod mere
eZleva umcros Zmas ufleba colis moyvanisa. yvelaferi ki ubedurebiT
mTavrdeba. axla mwerlis poziciis cxadsayofad amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba
ara aqvs, magram am tipis SemTxvevebi savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu
warmovidgenT, rom glexi axalgazrdobis saasparezo adgili Zalian
SemosazRvrulia, sicocxle ise gaivlis, rom Tavis soflis iqiT ver
gaixedavs da sofelSiac viwrovdeba arCevanis SesaZlebloba, aq xSirad
erTmaneTis naTesavebi Tu erTmaneTs damoyvrebuli soflelebis wre
ikvreba. bunebrivia, mweralic rom am tipis dabrkolebebze amaxvilebs, erTi
mxriv, yuradRebas, am tipis masalaa misi moTxrobebis masala.
rogorc iTqva, CvenTvis mTavaria pozicia mwerlisa da ara mainc-
damainc masalis xasiaTi, asaxuli faqtebis Sinaarsi. mwerlis pozicia ki
aseTia _ siyvaruli udidesi grZnobaa, didi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa
momavlisTvis gamiznuli, piroba bednierebisa, sixarulisa da mas win ara
ra dabrkoleba ar una gadaeRobos; danaSaulia, gamousworebeli danaSauli
misTvis, am umaRlesi grZnobisTvis winaRobebis, gamogonili dabrkolebebis
aRmarTva.
ekaterine gabaSvili gviCvenebs, rom sruliad ubralo glexis qals
SeuZlia faqizi grZnobebis, didi siyvarulis tareba, rom misi es grZnoba
didi uSualobiTa da gulwrfelobiTaa aRbeWdili da xSirad stiqiuri
Zalisaa. am mxriv iqceven, pirvel yovlisa yuradRebas e. gabaSvilis
moTxrobebi.
ekaterine gabaSvili xelSesaxebad agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels, Tu ra
ubedurebaa, rom qalad daibade, Tu ramdeni dabrkoleba eRobeba win qals,
mxolod imitom, rom igi qalia. mas aravin arafers ekiTxeba, ise wyveten mis
beds, TiTqos igi erTi ugrZnobeli nivTi iyos.
qalis siyvaruls, da ara marto qalisas, roca saqme siyvaruls exeba,
win uamravi xSirad gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba eRobeba.
mweralma qalma gviCvena, rom qals mxolod erTi ufleba aqvs
datovebuli _ dReniadag araadamianuri Sromis ufleba. erTi sityviT,
mTeli misi qaluri qaloba mZime qancgamwyvet SromaSi midis da qals
qaluri momxibvlelobac mxolod Sromis procesSi SeuZlia gamoamJRavnos.
es erTob mniSvnelovani problemaa da am problemas qarTul mwerlobaSi
iseTi TvalsaCinoebiT, rogorc ekaterine gabaSvili, arc erTi mwerali ar
uCvenebs; qali, romelic siyvarulisTvis iyo dabadebuli, am grZnobis
gamomJRavnebis pirobebs moklebulia da ai, SromaSi midis mTeli misi
qaloba da qalobac 385
384
Sromis procesSi vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT erTob mniSvnelovania e.
gabaSvilis zemoTCamoTvlili yvela moTxroba da gansakuTrebiT ki
`magdanas lurja~, `kona~.
qalis umaRlesi ufleba da movaleoba aris dedobis ufleba-
movaleoba. qalia kacobriobis momavlis pirobac da safuZvelic; masTanaa
dakavSirebuli kacTa modgmis gamravleba. ekaterine gabaSvili
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba am sakiTxs. mweralma Tavis
moTxrobebSi gviCvena, Tu ra gadaulaxav siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli
xSirad am uflebis mopoveba Tu am movaleobis aRsruleba.
moTxrobaSi òrena da quCe~ naCvenebia, Tu rogor uwamlavs
sazogadoeba qmris, mSoblebis, TanasoflelTa saxiT qals udidesi
siyvarulis nayofiT SviliT mogvril netarebis grZnobas. quCe
Tavdapirvelad deduri instinqtiT mSobliuri siyvaruliT gulSi ikravs
axlad movlenil pirmSos, xolo roca gamoerkveva, miwaze anarcxebs mas. am
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba mzadaa gakicxos, Caqolos igi ise, rom ar
Seiwuxos Tavi, ar dainteresdes mizezis gamoZiebiT, ratom moxda es, ram
miiyvana deda aqamde, ratom mogvevlina igi Svilis mkvlelad.
SesaniSnav moTxrobaSi `magdanas lurja~ ki maRalmxatvruladaa
daxatuli, Tu ra Znelia martoxela qvrivi qalisaTvis Svilebis aRzrda,
gzaze dayeneba, Tu ra araadamianuri Sroma, brZola sWirdeba qals amis
asrulebisaTvis.
ekaterine gabaSvilis mixedviT, qals ar ulxins sazogadoebis arc
sxva nawilSi. qalTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT e. gabaSvilis rolis
ufro sisruliT gasaTvaliswineblad usaTuod unda iqnas gaxsenebuli misi
moTxroba `frTebdaglejili~. am moTxrobas, rogorc fiqroben, safuZvlad
piradi cxovreba unda dasdeboda.
axalgazrda aRzrdili, ganaTlebuli qali, romelsac izidavs
mwerloba, Teatri, amzadebs moTxrobas JurnalisaTvis, ver aswrebs
zogierTi saojaxo wvrilmanis gakeTebas, Tumca amiT arc araferi fuWdeba.
ojaxis wevrebs aRizianebs misi interesebi. qmars ar miaCnia qalis
saqmianoba seriozulad. igi ayvedris cols: `me da Sen erTi varT? xuT-eqvs
saaTs orad mokakvuli rom vzivar da vwer, ocSi rom Srial-SrialiT axal
asignaciebs dagiTvli xolme. amas pativiscema ar unda?~
ojaxis wevrTagan gaTamamebuli mosamsaxure qalic uxeSad epyroba
qeTos xelnawerebs. uxeSia dedamTilis mopyrobac: `vis gaugonia, genacvale,
gaTxovili qali da gazeTebis werilebi~, _ ambobs igi.
Jurnalis redaqtoris moTxovnaze _ `Tqven movale xarT, rogorc
Segnebuli da niWieri arseba, Tavi daaxwioT ojaxis rutinas da mTlad
emsaxuroT sazogadoebas~, qeTos pasuxSi unda amovikiTxoT mwerlis
pozicia qalis sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis, mwerlobis Sesaxeb~: `mec
bevrjel momsvlia eg fiqri TavSi, magram Zala sad aris? Zala da ra Zala?
Zala iseTi, romelmac unda 386
385
daangrios rjulad qceuli wyobileba, Seqmnas axali gza, gadaitanos
devna ulmobeli, Seuracxyofa dausrulebeli, magram yvelaze udidesi,
TiTqmis gardauvali safexuri am SemTxvevaSi Svilebia, imaT momavalze
xelis aReba... me ki mgonia, adamianebi borotni da Surianni rom ar iyvnen,
SeiZleba ojaxis movlac da sazogado saqmec SeeerTebina dedakacs, aq
mxolod saWiro iqneboda cotaodeni daTmoba, pativiscema~.
erTi sityviT, am moTxrobis mixedviT, Cveulebriv qals ojaxSi
rogorc meuRlis Tanaswor megobars ki ar uyureben, aramed mxolod ise,
rogorc diasaxliss, Svilebis, ojaxis momvlels. qalis aseTi mdgomareoba,
miT umetes Tu is sulieri, sazogadoebrivi interesebiT cxovrobs, misTvis
ara marto damamcirebelia, aramed mtanjveli da damTrgunveli.
ekaterine gabaSvilis, rogorc mwerlis dasaxasiaTeblad isic unda
iTqvas, rom igi qaluria Tavis moTxrobebSi, rac, jer erTi, imaSi vlindeba,
rom gamZafrebiT da mudmivad fiqrobs umweo qals dacvaze, mis uflebebze
da amasTanave gadaxrilia sentimentalobisaken, ramdenadac misi interesebi
mimarTulia intimuri grZnobebis gamoxatvisaken. ra Tqma unda, marto es
interesi ar aris piroba mwerlis sentimentalobisaken gadaxrisa. garda
amisa, Cveni mwerali qali xSirad aWarbebs grZnobaTa gamoxatvis dros.
motivireba misi gmirebis moqmedebisa yovelTvis maincdamainc ar aris
sakmarisad sarwmuno. sazogadod uyvars Cvens mwerals uCveulo
situaciebis warmodgena, kontrastuli movlenebis paralelurad
warmodgena, saTqmeli rom mkafiod gamoixatos. sulis SemZvrel
saSinelebaTa gverdiT. mwerali zogjer sruliad moulodnel keTil
daboloebas gvTavazobs saTanado keTili zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad maTze,
visTvisac Tavidanve gamiznulia es nawarmoebebi (mag., `Tinas lekuri~,
`magdanas lurja~).
garkveulad aRniSnulTanaa dakavSirebuli isic, rom ekaterine
gabaSvils socialuri SinaarsiT gamZle tipebi ar Seuqmnia. Tu magaliTad,
sofrom mgalobliSvilma ase Tu ise mainc SeZlo glexTa tipebis Seqmna,
mkiTxvels mainc amaxsovrdeba Ramis mexre ceco, jor-zaqara, ekaterine
gabaSvilis mier gansaxierebuli personaJebis SemTxvevaSi es ar xdeba. mis
moTxrobebSi, swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom mainc calkeuli saxeebia
warmodgenili da ara tipebi.
portretizaciis TvalsazrisiTac ar gamoirCeva Cveni mwerali qali.
ai, rogoria mwerlis sayvareli qalis, maros portreti moTxrobidan
`romani didxevaSi~: `maro... maRali da warmosadegi gogo iyo. mis
xorblisfers gardaSlil pirisaxes amSvenebdnen ori mayvlisferi Tvalebi,
romelnic arasodes ar SeCerdebodnen. fonTo cxviri da msxvili alisferi
tuCebi lazaTs aZlevdnen, Tumca mSveniers ki ara, magram Zlier sasiamovno
da cocxal saxes. yovelive mixvra-moxvra marosi iyo marjve, yoveli imisi
sityva iyo tkbili da cocxali. Taviss amxanag gogoebSi maro, rogorc
margaliti, ise irCeoda. TamaSi, lxini, arakebi zamTarSi da arifanebi
zafxulSi 387
386
umarooT ar SeiZleboda. am SemTxvevaSi maro yovelives moTave iyo.
maros dairas, `buzikas~ da simReras visi Seedreboda. am dardimandobasTan
maro kai muSac iyo. vis SeeZlo amaze adre adgoma da saxlis movla, Znis
miwodeba, kalos gaSla da, Tu nebas miscemdnen, arc simindis moWraze
Camouvardeboda vaJkacebs. maro mTeli didxevas sayvareli iyo, Tumca bevrs
dedasa Surda imis silamaze, magram maros iseTi Tviseba hqonda, rom rawams
dainaxavda mas, mteric ki moyvared gadaeqceoda~.
faqtia, rom es portreti maincdamainc naTel, mwyobr warmodgenas ver
gvaZlevs mTavar personaJ qalze da arc maRalmxatvrulobiT gamoirCeva.
ekaterine gabaSvili, rogorc aRiniSna, sabavSvo mweralic iyo da
Zalian popularulic. mis moTxrobebs pirvelad saskolo sax-
elmZRvaneloebisaken gza iakob gogebaSvilma gauxsna. gansakuTrebuli
interesiT ikiTxeboda misi `Rvinia gadaiCexa~, `Tinas lekuri~ da
mometebulad `magdanas lurja~. isic aRiniSna, rom magdanas saxe
STagonebuli iyo ilia WavWavaZis Seudarebeli òTaraanT qvriviT~.
`magdanas lurjaSi~ maSin damwyebma Cveni drois orma didma qarTvelma
kinoreJisorma Tengiz abulaZem da rezo CxeiZem saintereso kinomasalac
dainaxes da maTi erToblivi debiuti mxatvrul kinoSi Sedga swored
filmiT `magdanas lurja~, romelsac ar daklebia popularoba da aRiareba.
filmi gadaRebuli iqna 1955 wels. 1956 wels jer kanis IX saerTaSoriso
kinofestivalis mTavari prizi òqros palmis rto~ daimsaxura, xolo
Semdeg amave wels edinburgis X saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze miiRo
pirveli premia.
ekaterine gabaSvilis sabavSvod gamiznuli moTxrobebi maRal-
zneobriobiT, Tbili grZnobebiT saTanado emociebs aRZravda da amJamadac
aRZravs mozardebSi.
ekaterine gabaSvilis moTxrobebi xels uwyobda norC mkiTxvelSi
CagrulTadmi, gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili Tanatolebisadmi TanagrZnobis,
samarTlianobis, mxardaWeris grZnobebis gaRvivebas, romelTa Casaxva-
aRzrda mozardebSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania. Y
rac Seexeba patara moTxrobas `Tinas lekuri~, situaciis grZnobiT es
moTxroba araa moklebuli fsiqologiur siRrmes da damajereblobas.
moxuci bebiis _ Tinas, saxe aRbeWdilia erTgvari tragizmiT; xolo bolo
am Txzulebisa, mozardebs aRavsebs TanagrZnobis da Tanalmobis, sikeTis
Tesvis surviliT, rac yoveli droisaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovani iyo da
rCeba samomavlodac.
enobrivi pozicia mwerlisa gansxvavebulia sxva xalxosanTagan,
kerZod, magaliTad, sofrom mgalobliSvilisagan. ekaterine gabaSvils ar
dausaxavs miznad gaurandavi glexkacuri metyveleba SemoeSva Tavis
nawarmoebebSi, ise rom am nedl masalaSi Cakarguliyo, ar moexdina
stilizeba am enisa. ekaterine gabaSvili mainc axdens distancirebas aseTi
metyvelebisagan, Tumca rogorc aRniSnaven, nakleb muSaobs Tavis Tavze
stilis daxvewis TvalsazrisiT (i. kiknaZe) da SedarebiT nakleb gamoirCeva
am TvalsazrisiT misi gviandeli Txzulebebi adreuli nawarmobebisagan.388
387
dasasruls, isic usaTuod saTqmelia, rom ekaterine gabaSvili
avtoria uaRresad sayuradRebo mogonebisa, sadac igi gulwrfelad,
dakvirvebiT, Zalze gonivrulad acocxlebs ilia WavWavaZesTan, akaki
wereTelTan da sxva qarTvel mwerlebTan da moRvaweebTan Sexvedrebis
STabeWdilebebs.
amrigad, ekaterine gabaSvili iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani, vinc
mecxramete saukunis mdidar da mravalferovan qarTul mwerlobaSi
Semoitana qaluri sxivi; gverdiT daudga did mwerlebs da mamuliSvilebs,
maTTan erTad iRvawa saliteraturo da sazogadoebriv asparezze, gza
gaukafa qarTul mwerlobaSi da kulturaSi ufro Tamamad rom
Semosuliyvnen qalebi da did erovnul saqmianobaSi Cabmuliyvnen.
ekaterine gabaSvilma erT-erTma pirvelma CvenSi mkafiod daayena
qalis uflebebis, misi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxi, anu qalis
emansipaciis sakiTxi, ase niSandoblivi mecxramete saukunis evropuli
literaturisa da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebisaTvis. man qaluri siTamamiT
da SeupovrobiT moiTxova qalis Rirsebis aRiareba da pativiscema, misi
uflebebis dacva. yvelaferma aman gansazRvra kidec misi sapatiob adgili
mecxramete saukunis qarTuli literaturisa da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis
istoriaSi. 389
388
ioseb daviTaSvili
(1850-1887)
ioseb daviTaSvili ìyo kaci, romelsac cotad Tu bevrad gan-
wmendili hqonda Tvalni glexTa gulis saidumloTa mnaxvelad. yurni
glexTa gulis ucnaurTa xmaTa msmenelad, xelni glexTa majiscemis
Sematyobrad da ena yovelive amis aRmomTqmelad da mTargmnelad~. es
sityvebi ekuTvnis im did pirovnebas, romlis ganuzomel avtoritetTan
didad aris dakavSirebuli, rom i. daviTaSvilis saxeli daviwyebas ar
mieca. iliam sityvac warmoTqva i. daviTaSvilis dasaflavebisas da statiac
dawera masze. ilias sityva da werili ara marto daCagrulis gamoqomagebis
mizniT iyo Tqmuli da dawerili. es iyo gulwrfeli da uSualo
pativiscema TviTnaswavli poetis mimarT gamoxatuli. ilia WavWavaZes
gansakuTrebiT faseulad imitom miaCnda i. daviTaSvilis Rvawli, rom
TviTnaswavli iyo, roca aravin arafers gaZalebs da Sen TviTon cdilob,
es Zalzed sayuradReboa. es faqti sakuTar fexze dadgomis miniSnebad
miiCnia iliam. mSromeli xalxi dgeba fexze. fasi literaturuli sityvisa,
mxatvruli sityvisa cnobili xdeba xalxisaTvis.
Cveni didi samocianelebis, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTliseuli
Sefaseba faqtobrivad xsnida gzas glexi poetis SemoqmedebiT farTo
sazogadoebis dainteresebisaken.
ioseb daviTaSvilis poeziis daxasiaTebisas ilia gansakuTrebiT
gamoyofda mis didsulovnebas, uborotobas, codnis SeZenis wyurvils.
im pirovnul niSnebs, romlebsac ilia WavWavaZe glexi poetis
leqsebSi xedavda, faseulad mometebulad swored imitom miiCnevda, rom
igi, i. daviTaSvili, TviTon iyo im fenis warmomadgeneli, uSualo
ganmcdeli im fenis yofisa, romlis interesebis gamoxatvasac miznad
isaxavda, romelTan daaxloeba, fsiqikuri Sinaarsis wvdoma da gadmoSlac
samocianelTa erovnuli koncefciiT erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda.
akaki wereTelic arsebiTad amave poziciidan afasebda ioseb
daviTaSvils. akaki ufro metad im azriT Tvlida i. daviTaSvilis
pirovnebas pativiscemis Rirsad, erTgvar nimuSad sxvaTaTvis, rom es
ukanaskneli miuxedavad cxovrebis pirquSi, mware pirobebisa, Rirseul
moqalaqed darCa. akakis TqmiT, i. daviTaSvili àr yofila arc gamoCenili
mecnieri, arc samagaliTod SesaniSnavi mwerali. Semcdaria is, visac hgonia,
rom marto moleqseobisaTvis vscemdiT mas pativs. dabal wodebaSi niWi
iSviaTi ar aris da arc moSairobaa gansakuTrebuli movlineba.
gansvenebuli imiT iyo SesaniSnavi ufro, rom Tavis piradobaze imdenad ara
hfiqrobda, ramdenadac sazogadoebaze~.
i. WavWavaZisa da a. wereTlis amgvari Sefaseba, rogorc iTqva, iyo
safuZveli da imisi pirobac, rom ioseb daviTaSvils mokrZalebuli adgili
daTmoboda mecxramete saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. 390
389
ioseb daviTaSvilis pirveli mokle biografia ilia WavWavaZem
Seadgina da iteresic misi cxovrebis amsaxveli masalebis Tavmoyrisa manve
gaaRviva.
ioseb simonis Ze daviTaSvili daibada 1850 wels sofel gardatenSi,
romelic qarTlSi, atenis xeobaSi mdebareobs.
mamamisi, simon daviTaSvili, glexi iyo, adre dafqviaSvilis, xolo
Semdeg ki ciciSvilis yma.
iosebis deda, mariami (maia), goreli qali iyo.
did gaWirvebaSi, usixarulod warimarTa iosebis bavSvoba da yrmoba.
mravali tanjva-wameba, abuCad agdeba, damcireba gamoscada man.
daviTaSvilebis mravalricxovani ojaxi (eqvs qal-vaJSi iosebi yvelaze
umcrosi iyo) Zalian xelmokled cxovrobda. TerTmet-Tormeti wlisa igi
daoblda. jer mama, xolo male, erTi wlis Tavze dedac gardaecvala.
mSoblebis mzrunvelobas da meTvalyureobas moklebuli bavSvi erT
xans TbilisSi iyo Tavis ufros ZmasTan, mere gorSi gaiqca da iq moewyo
Segirdad viRac durgalTan. iavadmyofa da isev TbilisSi daabrunes. cota
xans batonTanac mouwia Sinamosamsaxured yofna, sanamde ufrosi Zma
gamoisyidda. Zmis ojaxSi iosebs, Cans, aklda siTbo da mzrunveloba,
etyoba, mas kargi TvaliT ar uyurebda rZali. amis Sesaxeb TviTon
mogviTxrobs Tavis daumTavrebel moTxrobaSi. mere rus durgals uyeneben
Segirdad garkveuli vadiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ris vai-vaglaxiT
daTqmuli vada dahyo durgalTan, qarglobis mowmoba ver miiRo
gankuTvnili gadasaxadis Seutanlobis gamo.
bnelia misi yoveldRiuroba, yvelgan uxeSobas da usamarTlobas,
simdables da Zalmomreobas xedavs; SeiZleboda ase umeTvalyureod, Tavis
nebazed miSvebuli ymawvili gzas ascdenoda, dakarguliyo. magram iosebi
sxva bunebisa iyo. yoveldRiurobis, WuWyis, warmavalisa da macduneblis
iqiT bunebis jansaR da Rirebul movlenebs grZnobda, eltvoda da xarbad
aRbeWdavda misi goneba. Cans, swored bunebis amgvari mxareebiT ixibleboda
igi. amis Tqmis uflebas iZleva mis leqsebze dakvirveba, romelTa didi
umravlesoba sakuTar gancdils eyrdnoba, avtobiografiuli xasiaTisaa.
erT Tavis leqsSi poeti wers:
`garyvnili kacis qceva
axlos ar mivikare,
sadac cud saqmes Sevxvdi,
avdeq da gavipare;
davjeq, wigni vikiTxe,
miT guli gavixare~.
(`samSoblos siyvaruli~)
yofila erTi adamiani iosebis axlobelTa Soris, kerZod misi da
keke, romelsac mohqonda bavSvisaTvis sixaruli, roca ki mis gverdiT
aRmoCndeboda.
wera-kiTxva iosebisTvis swored mas uswavlebia;391
390
`qvabis muris monalesiT
momimzada melania,
xaris beWi dafad mqonda,
maswavlida melania~ _
ase agviwers poeti wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis process leqsSi `glexis
maswavlebeli~. Cveulebriv iseT mZime pirobebSi, rogorSic iosebs
uxdeboda cxovreba, ar iyo mosalodneli rame gansakuTrebuli interesis
gamomJRavneba swavlisadmi, magram iosebi didi wyurviliT Sedgomia am
saqmes. miuxedavad misi gulmodginebisa da aqtiurobisa misi swavleba wera-
kiTxvis dauflebaze SeCerebula.
arc damoukidebeli cxovrebis gzaze gamosuls eloda ioli yofa,
mudam samuSaos ZiebaSi iyo. rad da sad ar umuSavnia mas. eZebda ara marto
Tavisi xelobis Sesafer saqmes, sxva samuSaozec ar ambobda uars. erTxans
zeiceris qarxanaSi moewyo, gazeT ìveriis~ damtarebelic yofila da
scenis muSac.
samuSaos ZiebaSi man Semoiara Tbilisi da gori. dasavleT saqa-
rTveloSic iyo 80-ian wlebSi. bolo dros TelavSi vxedavT. bedi
nivTierad arsad ar uRimoda. samagierod, bevri naxa da ganicada.
cxovrebis simZimem, araadamianurma jafam adre gatexa. yovelive amas
Tan erTvoda xSiri avadmyofobac. Tavis asakTan SedarebiT, TanamedroveTa
gadmocemiT, moberebulad gamoiyureboda.
ioseb daviTaSvili gardaicvala 1887 wels. dasaflavebulia TelavSi.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas i. daviTaSvilis pirovnebis Sesaxeb? `sakvirveli,
Tavdabali, uwyinari, uboroto kaci iyo. imisagan wyena, avi sityva, avi saqme
aravis axsovs. didi moyvaruli iyo Tavis qveynisa, qarTulis literaturisa
da sityvierebisa~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
sazogadod erTi interesi iCens Tavs mis cxovrebaSi, erTi mudmivi
wyurvili-ganaTleba miiRos, codna SeiZinos. es interesi misi cxovrebis
adreul safexurze Cndeba da mudam axlavs. yvelaferi mis irgvliv _
garemo, romelSic is cxovrobs, yofa am survilis sawinaaRmdegodaa
momarTuli, magram mis Cakvlas mainc evr axerxebs. i. daviTaSvils ar
SeeZlo Tavis yofas gaqceoda. did winaaRmdegobebTan WidilSi amdenad mas
ar ZaluZda gamarjvebuli gamosuliyo, magram mainc ibrZoda bolomde,
mainc cdilobda da am brZolis gzaze bevri ram SeiZina.
arsebobis namdvil formad sulieri interesebiT cxovreba miaCnda.
Tumca yofa yovelTvis ajaWvavda yoveldRiur sazrunavs, wvrilmanebs.
magram sulieri moTxovnilebebiT cxovrebis wyurvils ara Tu ver uqrobda,
aramed uZlierebda kidec. mudam gaWirvebuli, ufulo oriode groSs
moigdebda Tu ara xelT, Jurnal-gazeTebs, wignebs da qaRalds yidulobda.
iosebis maxloblebisaTvis gaugebari iyo misi amgvari qceva da arc
mowonebas da waxalisebas imsaxurebda am mxriv maTgan. yovel SemTxvevaSi
faqti isaa, rom iosebs zogjer, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca fuli uWirda
da sesxeba uwevda, amgvari ganmartebebis micema uxdeboda naTesavebisaTvis:
èx392
391
lac gTxovT, Tu rom didad ar SewuxdebiT da SesaZlo iqneba, xeli
gamimarToT. amaze ki darwmunebuli var da Tqvenc kargad iciT, rom
Tqvengan nasesxeb fuls cud saqmezed ar movixmar. Tqven dajerebuli xarT,
viTom wignebzed da gazeTebzed vxarjavde, magram damerwmuenT, rom
bevrjer kapeiki ara maqvs, rom qaRaldi viyido da imazed gadavitano Cemi
gulis dardebi, an Tqven mogweroT rame~ (werili Tavisi dis,
elisabedisadmi).
ioseb daviTaSvili pirovnuli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze ki ara,
mometebulad saerTod dabali fenebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebaze fiqrobda bevrs, maT ganaTlebaze ocnebobda. ase
magaliTad, roca igi zeiceris qarxanaSi muSobda, aq sul male gaficuli
muSebis Tavkacebs Soris aRmoCnda. marTalia, es gaficva muSebis erTgvari
warmatebiT aRiniSna, magram misi moTaveebi da maT Soris i. daviTaSvili
qarxnis mepatroneebma samuSaodan daiTxoves. xelosanTa sakeTildReod igi
mudam ocnebobda maT gaerTianebaze da am ocnebas erTgvarad xorcic
Seasxa TelavSi yofnis dros _ xuTi kacisagan Semdgari xelosanTa
amxanagoba Seqmna, romlis oficialur cnobaze da wesdebis damtkicebaze
bevrs zrunavda. i. daviTaSvili didi gatacebiT Seudga qarTuli xalxuri
sityvierebis masalebis Segrovebis saqmes. aq igi xelmRvanelobda akaki
wereTlis uSualo davalebiT da misive instruqciiT.
àqeT-iqiT bevrs dadioda. monastrebsa da Zvels naSTebs sinjavda.
saca ki raime SesamCnevs an CuqurTmas an warwerils naxavda, gadmoiRebda
xolme. ara erTi da ori korespondencia mouweria gagonilisa da TvaliT
naxulis Taobazed~ (i. WavWavaZe).
yovelive es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom i. daviTaSvili ara marto
Tavisi leqsebiT, aramed praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis
TvalsazrisiTac Tavisi drois Rirseuli moqalaqe iyo.
* * *
ioseb daviTaSvilis poeturi Semoqmedeba sul aT wels grZeldeboda
(1877-1887). am drois manZilze man ramdenime aTeuli leqsi dawera,
romelTagan garkveuli nawili mowonebas imsaxurebda, zog maTgans
mRerodnen kidec.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebi, pirvel yovlisa, simartiviT gamoirCeva,
yvelasaTvis advilad misawvdomobiT. martivia da naTeli misi poezia im
azriT, rom aq ara gvaqvs saqme gabundovanebul gancdebTan, romelTa an
safuZveli da wyaro iqneba gaurkveveli, an maTi momdinareoba. i.
daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis Sinaarsi Zalian Cveulebrivi da yoveldRiuri
sagnebi da movlenebia. misi yoveli leqsis mixedviT advili gamosacnobia,
Tu ra awuxebs an ra axarebs mas yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
misi sawuxari Tu sasixarulo ki Zalian gansazRvrulia. amdenad i.
daviTaSvilis Semoqmedeba ar gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiTa da grZnobaTa
gamoxatvis sirTuliTa da siRrmiT, magram aRbeWdili kia gulwrfelobiTa
da uSualobiT. 393
392
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebis erTi nawili moqalaqeobrivi xasiaTisaa
da patriotuli grZnobebis gadmoSlas warmoadgens.
misi leqsebis umTavresi sagani glexia misi yoveldRiurobiT,
survilebiTa da miswrafebebiT.
poeti wvril-xelosanTa yofiTac interesdeba da esecaa gamoxatuli
mis leqsebSi.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebis TemaTa ubralo CamoTvliTac cxadi
xdeba maTi uaRresad socialuri Sinaarsi. es leqsebi arsebiTad garkveul
drosTan da socialur viTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da erTgvarad
mijaWvulic ki. amdenad misi Semoqmedeba axla ZiriTadad literaturis
istoriis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens.
rogorc aRiniSna, i. daviTaSvilis Semoqmedeba moqalaqeobrivi
Sinaarsis gamomxatvelia da es Cans mis bevr leqsSi. poeti pirdapirac
araerTgzis aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi saqmis samsaxurSi pirovnuli
interesebi msxverplad unda iqnas mitanili. poeti erTgan wers:
`me~ movspoT, `Cvena~ vixmaroT,
miT moZmes mivceT nugeSi.
(àxal moleqses~)
xolo sxvagan igi am azrs ufro Semtevi tonT acxadebs:
`rad aris kaci cocxali,
romelic qveynis bargia,
vinc rom moqmedebs TavisTvis,
sxvas ki arafers argia?~
(`wuTisofelSi cxovreba~)
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan afasebs igi sxvebis saqmianobasac. kargi
da mosawoni, samagaliTo misTvis isaa, vinc didi mamuliSvilia, didi
moqalaqe. i. daviTaSvilis miZRvniTi xasiaTis leqsebi (`mari broses~,
`mariams~, àxal moleqses~ da sxv.) milocvebi, saaxalwloebi am azris
dadasturebas warmoadgenen. poeti ar asxvavebs, Tu ra wodebas ekuTvnis
kaci. misTvis mTavaria mamuliSviloba. leqsSi `stviri~, romelsac miwis
muSebs uZRvnis da romelSiac erTgvar Suamavlobas kisrulobs dabal
fenebsa da cnobil mamuliSvilebs Soris, igi ambobs:
`visac CamovTvli, gaxsovdeT,
imas ugdeviT yurio,
ecadeT, yvelas icnobdeT,
maTzed ar gqondeT Surio.
bevria maTSi Tavadi
da zogi aznaurio,
Cveni sawyali glexisTvis
didaT SestkivaT gulio~.
moqalaqeobrivi grZnoba poetis leqsebs didaqtikur iers aZlevs: i.
daviTaSvili yvelgan an TiTqmis yvelgan amJRavnebs mzaobas Wkuis
dasarigeblad. darigeba gulubryvilo formiTaa warmodgenili im azriT,
rom poeti upretenzioa, ar cdilobs argumentirebas, raime niadagis
momzadebas damoZRvrisaTvis. Tavis simarTleSi darwmunebuli arc moelis
sawinaaRmdego azris arsebobas, pirdapir sagangebo 394
393
saSualebebis momarjvebis gareSe gamoTqvams Tavis rCevas. gulu-
bryvilobis niSniTaa, magaliTad, warmodgenili, Semdegi striqonebi:
`dRes gvatyueben vaWrebi,
ucxo da Sinaurio.
naxevar fasad rom miaqvT,
qeri gvaqvs, Tunda purio!
aRar movstyuvdeT imaTgan,
swavlas davugdoT yurio,
vinc rom swavlisTvis gagvkicxos,
cxvirze wausvaT murio!~
(`stviri~)
gulubryviloa es striqonebi imitomac, rom aq dasjis saSualebad
poetis mier rekomendirebulia iseTi forma, rogoricaa muris wasma
cxvirze. es striqonebi gulubryvilo komizmis gamovlenadac SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan i. daviTaSvili kicxavs, dascinis
qarTvels, romelsac aRar axsovs patiosneba da mamuli, qals romelic
modas gadahyolia da Tavisi namdvili movaleoba daviwyebia. am rigis
leqsebi akakis satiruli leqsebis gavleniTaa Seqmnili; poetis dacinvac
akakiseburia.
ioseb daviTaSvili zogierT leqsSi istorias mimarTavs. Tumca unda
iTqvas, rom es leqsebi Tqmuleba-gadmocemaTa niadagzea Seqmnili.
garkveulad zogierTi maTganis gaxalxurebis mizezi esec unda yofiliyo.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia `Tamar dedoflis leqsi~.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom i.daviTaSvilis zemoT warmodgenili
leqsebi ZiriTadad im rkalSia moqceuli, romelic Cvenma samocianelebma
moxazes. poeti maT did gavlenas ganicdis. Tuki maTSi, am leqsebSi, Cans
swrafva garkveuli poziciisaken, es samocianelebis poziciaa. am leqsebSi
patriotuli grZnoba pirdapir da Seuferxebladaa gadmocemuli. esaa
mowinave qarTvel poetTa moqalaqeobrivi gancdebis gadmoSlis
tradiciuli formis gavlenis kvali.
magram i.daviTaSvils aqvs sxvagvari leqsebic. leqsebi, romlebSic
gamoxatvis aseTi pirdapiri gza ar aris arCeuli, romlebsac Tematikuri
simyare ar axasiaTebs da Tavisi gulubryvilobiT xalxur leqsebs
uaxlovdeba leqsSi `mestviruli~. pirveli strofebi, romlebSic
imdroindeli yofaa daxasiaTebuli, maincdamainc ar amzadebs niadags
Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad patriotuli grZnobis gamoxatvisaTvis.
`qarTvelni SromiT ganTqmulan,
ibrZodnen Cveni Zvelebi,
mtris wina Seupovrebsa,
sisxliT mourwyavT velebi~.
amgvar ganwyobilebaSi sruliad moulodnelad Semodis vedreba
mosavlis gadarCenaze, rasac isev patriotuli Sinaarsis strofi enacvleba:
`RvTisa dedao, Senca gTxovT, _
ar agvarido piria:395
394
iversa mteri aSoro,
igi xom Seni wilia~.
leqsis dasasruls isev ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze vedreba cvlis.
`mestvirulTan~ siaxloves amJRavnebs am TvalsazrisiT leqsi `suraTi
mwyemsis cxovrebidan~. aq Tavidan bunebis suraTia gadmocemuli, romelic
male patriotuli SinaarsiT itvirTeba Semdeg strofSi:
`vici, mkiTxavT: `ra mxarea
agre turfa, lamazio?~
me mogigebT: ìveria,
Cveni cixe-darbazio~;
magram, rogorc Semdeg gairkveva, mTavari am leqsSi ubedureba iqneba,
rac erTi Raribi mwyemsis Tavze unda datrialdes. amgvarive tendencia
vlindeba leqsebSi `me qarTveli var, qarTveli~, `nino~ da sxva. es leqsebi
meti uSualobiT xasiaTdeba im azriTac, rom literaturulad
ganmtkicebul formaSi gadmoSlis tendencias nakleb amJRavnebs da
xalxurs uaxlovdeba.
ioseb daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tema, rogorc aRiniSna,
dabali fenis yofa-cxovrebaa. poeti gvixasiaTebs soflelTa tkivilebs Tu
sixaruls, maT fiqrsa da ocnebas. am rigis leqsebi ZiriTadad sakuTar
STabeWdilebebze, nanaxze da gancdilzea dafuZnebuli. vin ar aris aq
warmodgenili _ patara fexSiSvela soflis gogo-biWebi, Zilgatexili
mexreebi da guTnisdedebi, begaraze momuSave ojaxis mama da oblebis
momakvdavi deda.
glexis survilebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gansazRvrulia da erT sagans
dastrialebs _ unda ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofili iyos, mevale ar
awuxebdes da vaWari, janmrTeli iyos, rom Sroma SeiZlos:
`qveynisa gamCens SesTxoven:
`dagvice, Sen mogve janio~;
(`weliwadis oTxi dro~)
`gvqondes samyofi mamuli,
saxlebi gvqondes Tbilia~
(`sisawyle~)
glexi gangebas imas evedreba:
`mogvec Zal-Rone,
ar mogverios Zilia,
ar dagvisetyvo yanebi~
(`mestviruli~)
magram yoveldRiuroba winaaRmdegobaSi modis glexis survilebTan.
gauxarelia misi yofa:
`ram dagaSro, Se oxero,
Raribebis bedis wyaro,
amoduRdi, rom qveyana
erTianad gaaxaro~, _
ambobs erTgan Sewuxebuli poeti. vin ar monawileobs glexis
ZarcvaSi da damcirebaSi. Tavadi da aznauri, mamasaxlisi, mRvdeli da
vaWari. gaunaTlebloba, crumorwmuneoba glexkacis borkilebad 396
395
qceula. mkiTxavi dapatronebia uRono glexs da ukanasknel lukmas is
arTmevs. bevri mware leqsi aqvs i. daviTaSvils dawerili mSromelTa mZime
xvedrze, sazogadod siRaribeze, romelic poetis warmodgenaSi da Cvens
warmodgenaSic TavisTavadaa damTrgunveli, damamcirebeli. siRaribe
TavisTavad gCagravs, Sens kacobas Telavs, sxvac rom ar gTelavdes,
siRaribe aris TavisTavad Seni moralurad damTrgunveli. es
gagvisigrZregana i.daviTaSvilma. es erTob mniSvnelovani Temaa... bevri
qveynis literaturaSi amuSavebe am Temas da ai Cvens sinamdvileSi am
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ioseb daviTaSvilis poezia.
bevri leqsia am TvalsazrisiTac sayuradRebo Cvens poetTan.
siRaribis da siduxWiris suarTebia daxatuli leqsebSi `weliwadis oTxi
dro~, `mkiTxavi~ da sxva. adamianTagan daundobel glexkacs aRarc buneba
indobs:
`gvalvis zafxuli dagvidga,
fermixdilxar, mTa da baro,
tyeebi sul gadagvewva,
Senca Srebi, mTisa wyaro~.
(`gvalvis weliwads~)
poetisaTvis naTelia, rom usamarTloba da Zalmomreoba gaba-
tonebula qveynad, rom iTeleba mSromelis adamianuri Rirseba. es viTareba
mas bevr leqsSi aqvs warmodgenili iqneba es `muSis simRera~, `glexi da
Tavadi~, `glexis wunias~ Tu sxva. poeti kargad xedavs, rom
`muSis ofliTa irwyveba,
mindori, mTa da qedia.
is Sromobs sxvebi ZRebian,
dakarguli aqvs bedia.
Cascqeris dedamiwasa,
maRla ver auxedia~.
igi Sewuxebulia amgvari mdgomareobiT:
`me gulsa mwvavs es sofeli
ornairad gayofili,
bediT Cagruls uRvTod Cagravs
Tavis bediT kmayofili~.
(`bedis wyaro~)
ioseb daviTaSvils miT ufro aocebs es viTareba, ramdenadac mis
cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulia Segneba jer kidev 60-ianelebidan momdinare
azrisa, rom Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvnis miwis muSas.
i.daviTaSvilis sityvebiT,
`mTeli eris marCenali
glexkacia, miwis muSa~.
ioseb daviTaSvilis aRniSnuli leqsebi mometebulad sxvaTagan imiT
gamoirCevian, rom maTSi sibralulis grZnoba ki ar aris gamomJRavnebuli
da mkiTxvelSic saTanado grZnobis aRZvra ki ar aris 397
396
navaraudevi, aramed aq aSkarad igrZnoba siamaye da erTgvari Tavmo-
woneba. poeti amayobs, rom TviTonac am wodebis warmomadgenelia:
`muSa rom var, kidec vici
muSis gulis pasuxebi,
RmerTma muSas gaumarjos~, _
acxadebs igi da am poziciidan moiTxovs mSromelis uflebis dacvas,
misTvis angariSis gawevas uxeSi, magram xalxurisaTvis nisandoblivi
formiT:
`muSa var da muSis mklavi
vici da mwams nakurTxia,
da vinc muSas kacad ar cnobs
safurTxia, safurTxia~
(`muSis wunias~)
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebSi pirovnuli ganviTarebis garkveuli
safexuria warmodgenili, roca jer kidev ar aris gamovlenili mkafiod
protestis grZnoba, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. mis mier daxatuli glexebi
religiur miswrafebebs amJRavneben, Svebas locvaSi pouloben.
i.daviTaSvilis guli didi siyvaruliTaa savse, SurisZiebas aravis mimarT
ar grZnobs. aseTebive arian umravles SemTxvevaSi misi personaJebic.
ZiriTadi da damaxasiaTebeli misTvis amgvari midgomaa da amitomac mTeli
misi Semoqmedebis fonze maincdamainc ar Cans gaazrebuli, misi poeziis
Sinaarsad araa qceuli glexis, vTqvaT, aseTi mimarTva batonisadmi:
`dro mova, rom dagamtvrio
me uZlurma rogorc SuSa~.
poetis azriT, ase uwin daobdnen batoni da yma. axla ki Tavadi da
glexi urTierTdaaxlovebaze fiqroben.
i.daviTaSvilisTvis ufro niSandoblibvia striqonebi:
`Sromobs muSa, Tan RiRinebs,
agondeba macxovari,
agondeba da mxnevdeba,
pirjvris weriT Sromas aqrqobs
da vinc uSromlada hylapavs,
imis mtrobas mainc ar grZnobs~.
ioseb daviTaSvili momavals imediani TvaliT Sescqeris. momavlis
rwmena STaagonebs mas keTili saqmis samsaxurs:
`Tund vkvdebode SimSiliTa.
ara mqondes lukma-puri,
mainc kidev Tvalwin midga
keTil saqmis samsaxuri.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wirsa da lxins erTad viTmenT
me da Cemi Wreli stviri,
me vmReri da is bans maZlevs
`sikeTisken vqnaTo piri~.
(`Tund vkvdebode~)398
397
man icis, imis rwmeniT cocxlobs, rom
àxla Tu wyvdiadSi varT,
Semdgom gvinaTdes mTvaria,
dagvidges kai zafxuli,
amwvandes mTa da baria.
aRara darCes svav-yorans
mSromlisa monagaria,
agvSordes uswavleloba,
gagveRos sibrZnis karia~
(`qarTvel qalebs~)
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebis personaJebic miuxedavad maTi mZime da
autaneli yofisa, ar arian sasowarkveTilni. maT imedis sxivi udgaT gulSi.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom momavlis, rogorc aseTis, naTeli suraTi i.
daviTaSvilis leqsebSi warmodgenili araa. misTvis gaurkvevelia,
gaucnobierebelia momavali. bundovania mSromelTa daxsnisa da maTi
Rirsebis dacvis konkretuli gzebi. aseTi programa i.daviTaSvils,
rasakvirvelia, ar gaaCnia.
rogorc aRiniSna, poetis mTeli cxovrebis satkivari uswavlelobaa.
codnis miRebis survili TiTqmis yvela mis leqsSi iCens Tavs, igi
mJRavndeba TiTqmis yvela mis personaJSi. misi patara Ramis mexreebi,
ùqudo, qalamangacveTli~ sofleli gogo-biWebi daJinebiT iTxoven:
`gevedrebiT swavla momceT mcirea,
romelic rom glexisaTvis Zviria,
swavla minda, me ara gTxovT fulebsa~.
(`mexreTa var~)
ioseb daviTaSvili icnobda soflis bunebas da cdilobda kidec mis
gadmocemas Tavis leqsebSi, Tumca am mxriv misi leqsebi ar gamoirCeva
mravalferovnebiT. bunebis grZnobis TvalsazrisiT mis leqsebSi garkveuli
safexuria warmodgenili, romlis drosac buneba fasdeba sargeblianobis
niSniT, praqtikuli, yofasTan mijaWvuli adamianis praqtikul
moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad. es mSromelis poziciaa, pozicia, romlis
drosac wamyvani ekonomikuri interesebia. bunebis suraTebs aq TavisTavadi
fasi da Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia leqsebi _ `weliwadis
oTxi dro~, `gazafxuli~, `suraTi mwyemsis cxovrebidan~, `mkaTaTve~,
`gvalvis weliwads~ a. S. gazafxulis mosvla did sixaruls iwvevs poetSi:
àyvavdebian xe-vardni,
zamTrisgan daCagrulio,
WikWiks iwyeben mercxlebi
stumrad aq Camosulio.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mTa da mindori irTveba
viT koxta patarZalio~.
xolo es sixaruli imiTaa dapirobebuli, rom
`glexebsa, Sromis Svilebsa
axla WirdebaT janio~. 399
398
zafxuli imitomaa mosawoni, rom igi imedia glexisa;
`zafxulo, Sromis gvirgvino,
Senzed vin ityvis avsao,
glexis imedi Sena xar,
Sen uReb sazrdos karsao~;
zamTari SeCvenebulia, rogorc
`xelis mamcreli glexisa
xan Tovs da xanac gahyinavs,
momZvreli SiSvel fexisa~.
(`weliwadis oTxi dro~)
leqsSi `gazafxuli~ poeti weliwadis am monakveTis vrcel dax-
asiaTebas iZleva:
`Tebervali gavida,
marti dadga mziani,
dRes mofrinda mercxali,
moWikWike xmiani.
amwvanda mTa da veli,
yvavili hyo iama,
saamurad dahbera
gazafxulis niavma~ da a. S.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom poeti aq TavisTavad bunebis smSvenieres
gautacnia, TiTqos TviT bunebam SeiZina TavisTavadi fasi mis TvalSi,
magram leqsis dasasruls naTeli xdeba, rom es ase araa, rom yuradRebis
centrSi aq sofleli kacia, romelmac
`gamarTa guTneuli,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aprilsa elodeba.
Tu ar umtyuna darma
Tu ar mouwva kukuri
CrdiloeTis qarma~.
ioseb daviTaSvilis mier gansaxierebuli buneba _ es qarTuli
soflis yoveldRiuri suraTebia. rogorc iTqva bunebis grZnoba gamoxatvis
TvalsazrisiT masTan ar gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli simdidriTa da
mravalferovnebiT. aq ufro zogadi Sinaarsia warmodgenili bunebis
gancdis garkveuli safexurisa da araa igi datvirTuli konkretuli
emociebiT.
ioseb daviTaSvilma Tavis leqsebSi garda soflelTa cxovrebisa
qalaqis wvril xelosanTa mdgomareobac asaxa. leqsebSi _ `simRera
CuqurTmis mWrelisa~, `xelosnoba ar gadis~, `qarglis bedi~, `vuZRvni
durglebsa da kankelis xelosnebs~. _ avtori gvacnobs xelosanTa mZime
yofas.
rogorc es aRniSnulia samecniero literaturaSi, i. daviTaSvili im
leqsebiT, romlebSiac igi mSromelTa cxovrebas, maT tkivilebsa da
sixaruls gamoxatavs, sadac maT mCagvrelebze msjelobs, Tematikuris
TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT siaxloves xalxosan mwerlebTan amJRavnebs. 400
399
ioseb daviTaSvils aqvs ramdenime leqsi, romlebic sabavSvodaa
navaraudevi. am leqsebis personaJebi sofleli bavSvebi arian, maTi
gancdebis, fiqrebis gadmoSlaa aq nacadi. am leqsebidan mowone-
biTYsargeblobda da sargeblobs leqsi `jejili~. aq warmodgenili
sofleli biWis gancdebi damajereblobas araa moklebuli im azriTiac,
rom masSi bavSvuri miamitobiT aris danaxuli samyaro. Tavisufali
asociaciebis gziT mowodebulia bavSvuri STabeWdilebebi. ocnebas da
sixaruls aq bavSvuri tkivili da sevda enacvleba qalaqze, iq yofnaze:
`netavi aq ar mamyofa,
qalaqSi Camiyvanao,
maswavla rame xeloba,
maswavla ana-banao~.
magram es sevda male ifanteba da natvriT icvleba, bavSvs xom ar
SeuZlia didxans SeaCeros Tavisi fiqri erT saganze.
`namglebiT garsa gexvivnen
biWebi CemisTanao...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
jers umzadebdes Tinia
a, im ber kaklebTanao,
sosos xelada mohqondes,
civ-civi wyarodanao~.
unda iTqvas, rom am leqsSi i. daviTaSvilma moaxerxa bavSvis
samyarosTan miaxloeba.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebze sagangebo daZabvis gareSe dakvirvebac
cxads xdis, rom bevri maTgani gavleniTaa Seqmnili, rom am mxriv maTi
saTaveebis daZebna did siZneles ar warmoadgens. ioseb daviTaSvilis
biografiidan isic kia cnobilia, rom mas zogjer ar ubeWdavdnen leqsebs
sxva poetTan msgavsebis motiviT. ioseb daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis
mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben kidec misi zogierTi leqsis literaturul
wyaroze. marTlac, roca vkiTxulobT i. daviTaSvilis striqonebs:
`Zeglo Cvenis didebisav,
samlocvelo qarTlisao,
dRes rada xar ase uqmad
winamZRolo qarTlisao?~
vgrZnobT, rom es akakis cnobili striqonebis mibaZvaa. anda, roca
ioseb daviTaSvili leqsSi `moxucis sinanuli~ gvamcnobs:
`sibere momiaxlovda,
ver malxens dafi, naRara,
davdivar unugeSoda,
javrma gul-RviZli daRara~...
ar SeiZleba akakis `WaRara~ ar mogvagondes.
ilias cnobili poemis dasawyisiT aris davalebuli leqsi ùwindeli
ambavi~ da gansakuTrebiT misi Semdegi strofi:
`modiT, glexno, aq mogrovdiT
getyviT uwindels ambavsa,401
400
Tu rogora ucxovriaT
maSin Cven mama-papasa~.
im garemoebas, rom iliasa da akakis baZavda, poeti arc TviTon
faravda. akakis Tavis ostats uwodebda:
`kargi poeti brZandeba
akaki wereTelio.
. . . . . . . . . . .
is aris Cemi ostati
mas unda vuZRvna salami,
misi leqsebis kiTxviTa
xelSi aviRe kalami~.
(`Teatris moTamaSeebs~)
daviT guramiSvilis mibaZviT mas ara erTi leqsi dauweria da
aRuniSnavs kidec.
yovelive amis SemCneva, rogorc iTqva, Zneli araa, magram sagangebod
aq is unda iTqvas, rom i.daviTaSvili aris nimuSi Cveulebrivi
TviTnaswavli qarTveli glexisa, Seumcdari alRoTi, romlis uSualo
karnaxiTac igi agnebs namdvilsa da WeSmarits, rom mas ar Ralatobs
bunebrivi da ara sagangebod gawvrTnil-gafaqizebuli gemovneba. igi
sulier kavSirs d. guramiSvilTan grZnobs da ara vinme sxvasTan, mas akakis
uaRresad saxalxo leqsebi xiblavs, akakis baZavs, iliaa misTvis azris
meufe da ara sxva vinme.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebis saerTo daxasiaTebis mizniT kidev
Semdegi unda aRiniSnos:
es leqsebi, pirvel yovlisa, upretenziobiT gamoirCeva, sazogadod
uSualobaa damaxasiaTebeli Cveni poetisaTvis. zemoTac iTqva da axlac
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom gulubryvilobaa damaxasiaTebeli maTTvis,
am niSniT es leqsebi xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs uaxlovdebian.
ioseb daviTaSvili poeti movlenebTan uSualod dgas da Seufer-
xeblad iZleva Tavis reaqcias miRebul STabeWdilebebze. misTvis ucxoa
yovelgvari pirobiToba. poetis gulubryviloba mis miukibav gamoTqmebSic
iCens Tavs. mag., leqsSi `simRera~ poeti Tavis survils ase gvamcnobs:
`RamiT vnaxe Cemi nina,
mTvares Suqi moefina,
netavi imas Semyara,
imis gulTan momca bina.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ver maamebs da arc minda
gazafxulis vardis kona,
netav momkla da me erTxel
ninas TeTr mkerds Camakona~, _
àq adamianis ocnebas dasamatebeli TiTqos aRaraferi aqvs~ (gr.
kiknaZe). sagnebs pirdapir aqvs Tav-Tavisi saxeli darqmeuli. leqsis
Sinaarsi iseTi gulRia saxiTaa warmodgenili, rom es gulRiaoba 402
401
mogvwons Tavisi uSualobiT da erotikuli gagebisaTvis adgils aRar
tovebs. gulubryviloba aq sagnebis erTgvar Tavisufal, anu nebismier
dakavSirebaSic mJRavndeba. maincdamainc ar Cans aucilebeli kavSiri im
faqtisa, rom poets `vardis kona~ `ver aamebs~, im natvrasTan rac Semdeg
striqonebSia gadmocemuli. es azrebi faqtobrivad imiTa gaerTianebuli,
rom gasariTmavad saWiro sityvebia SerCeuli _ `kona~ _ `Camakona~. es
mxarec aaxloebs i. daviTaSvils am da amgvar leqsebs xalxur poeziasTan.
i.daviTaSvilis leqsebis gulubryvilo xasiaTi Tavs iCens enobrivadac. aq
igrZnoba, rom poets ara aqvs raime sagangebo kontroli dawesebuli
metyvelebisadmi. igi laparakobs ubralod, dauZabavad Tavis sasaubro
enaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia misi leqsebis kiTxviT, magaliTad, am
striqonebis kiTxviT, miRebuli STabeWdileba:
`mkaTaTve dadga, Camocxa,
xmelia yana samkali,
sicxisa leli trialebs
muSis mtanjveli, tiali.
muSebi mkian yanasa,
namglebs gaudis JRriali,
haeri aRar moZraobs
da ismis foTolT Sriali.
samklisa pirsa, pantis qveS,
darbian gogo-biWebi,
Ror-xbo dayrila Walis pirs,
sicxiT SehkvriaT kriWebi~.
ioseb daviTaSvilis ena ZiriTadad xalxis cocxali sametyvelo enaa.
literaturuli formebis moWarbeba igrZnoba ufro iseT leqsebSi,
romlebic mibaZviT Tu gavleniT Cans dawerili. mag., roca vkiTxulobT:
`droTa brunvisgan ars sneuli Cveni iveri!
magram moelis dro kacuri, dro mSvenieri.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
monaT namyofsa, keTil nayofsa, eZleva feri.
Sen macxovaro, Cven macxovaro,
gTxov daumarcxo aw misi mteri~, _
vgrZnobT, rom es i. daviTaSvilis bunebrivi metyveleba araa, rom is
aq sagangebodaa daZabuli da sxvas baZavs.
enobrivi daxasiaTebis mizniT isic unda iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvilTan
iSviaTad gvxvdeba moulodnelobis, gaucveTelis, erTi sityviT,
originalobis niSniT aRbeWdili poeturi xati, fraza, aseTi erTeulebis
mopovebisaken swrafva ar igrZnoba maincdamainc Cvens poetTan. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvils sagangebod ara aqvs sityvis gafaqizebuli
grZnoba.
imis aRniSvnac saWiro unda iyos, rom i. daviTaSvils dawerili aqvs
moTxroba `nato~ (ambavi namdvilidan), romelic dasrulebuli araa.
moTxroba avtobiografiuli xasiaTisaa. aq i. daviTaSvilis 403
402
cxovrebis is periodia asaxuli, roca igi Tavis ufros ZmasTan iyo
TbilisSi. natoSi mwerali rZals gulisxmobs.
moTxrobis Sesaxeb saerTod is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvili
masSi ver amaRlda yofiTi masalidan, ver moaxerxa misi mxatvruli
ganzogadeba. masala aq nedl masaladvea darCenili. aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, ver
aris gamokveTili mTavari da ufro Rirebuli nakleb Rirebulisagan.
detalebi gauazrebelia da maincdamainc arc isaa naTeli, Tu ra aris
mwerlis mTavari mizani.
erTi sityviT, ioseb daviTaSvilis xalasi buneba, misi uSualoba,
upretenzioba da gulubryvilo forma gamoxatvisa kargad gamoCnda mis
ukeTes leqsebSi, romelTac Tavisi droisaTvis ar aklda siyvaruli da
popularoba. ioseb daviTaSvilma moaxerxa gamoexata maTi tkivilebi,
miswrafebebi, ocnebebi, visi wiaRidanac iyo igi Tavad gamosuli, ramac
gansazRvra kidec misi dafaseba iseTi didi mamuliSvilebisa da
xelovanTagan, rogorebic iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli.404
403
XIX saukunis bolo ocwleuli qarTuli mwerlobaSi
me-19 saukunis ukanaskneli oci weli mravalmxriv sayuradRebo
monakveTia qarTveli eris gonebriv cxovrebasa da pirvel yovlisa
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi. saerTod, politikur uflebaayrili uZvelesi
civilizaciis mqone xalxis sulieri ganviTareba, rogorc amgvar
viTarebaSi xdeba xolme, gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa, ramac cnobil
qarTvel moazrovnesa da kritikoss kita abaSiZes misca erTgvari safuZveli
statiaSi ,,XIX saukune saqarTvelos literaturisaTvis~ eTqva: ,,qarTveli
eri am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebda ara savsebiT, aramed vai-vaglaxiT
miCanCalebda. mTeli misi moqmedeba, azri, fiqri, miswrafeba marto erT
rameSi ixateboda _ literaturaSi da isic literaturis erT dargSi,
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi. Ppolitikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi moxda
gareSe Cveni monawileobisa da gavlenisa... mecnierul-filosofiuri
msvlelobac ki sruliad gareSe mayureblad davrCiT... sityvakazmuli
mwerloba Seiqmna erTad-erTi mxare mwerlobisa, romelic am cxovrebis
utyuari gamomxatveli iyo. (k. abaSiZe, xelovneba da cxovreba, Tb., 1971,
gv.274). imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
imis gamo, rom Cveni qveynis, rogorc politikuri erTeulis statusi
darRveulia, bunebrivia movlenaTa iuridiuli da ekonomikuri gansjis
TviTmyofadi bazisic ar arsebobs, ramac imave avtoris SeniSvniT
ganapiroba is faqti, rom ,,publicisturi literatura, rogorc politikuri
da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis iaraRi CvenSi ar yofila am xanaSi~. (iqve).
sityvakazmuli literturis sferoSi yvelaze efeqturad xerxdeboda
eris sasicocxlo interesebis gamJRavneba. AalbaT amitomacaa ,,samSoblos
siyvarulis qarTveluri gancda~ (mose gogiberiZe) am saukuneSi,
politikuri damoukidebloba dakargul droSi, gamodis mxolod erovnuli
Segnebis Camoyalibebis faqtorad. Eeris Cagvris pirobebSi pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis problema nacionaluri Tavisuflebis problemasTan gaigivda.
Aarc erT saukuneSi patriotul motivs qarTul literaturaSi iseTi
simZafre da sistemuroba ar SeuZenia, rogorc XIX saukuneSi moxda.
rasakvirvelia, samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba yovelTvis Rvioda qarTvel
xelovanTa sulSi, misi tkivilis gamoxatvis umwvaves formebsac vxvdebiT
Cvens mravalsaukunovan mwerlobaSi, agiografiuli Zeglebidan moyolebuli
daviT guramiSvilis CaTvliT, magram Camoyalibebuli, sasicocxlo
erovnuli koncefciis niadagze gamarTuli saxe mas ar hqonia. erTiani
saqarTvelos, misi aRdgena-gamoxsnis idea xerxemlad swored am saukuneSi
gamoixata, radgan sxva dros es problema arc arsebobda; iyo dapyroba,
urTierTqiSpi, magram ase Tu ise politikuri sicocxlis ZarRvi feTqavda
saqarTveloSi. axal qarTul literaturaSi gamokveTili motivis formiT
warmosdgeba aTaseuli wlebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli istoriuli
qarTvelis qaraqterologiuri is Tavisebureba, roca siyvaruli mSobeli
miwisadmi, 405
404
sakuTari kerisa da saxlisadmi uaRresad dakavSirebulia modgmis
kultTan da mama-papis saflavisadmi adaTad qceul pativiscemasTan (m.
gogiberiZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txz. t IV, Tb., 1978, gv. 224).
am movlenebis gamoxatvaSi qarTvelma mwerlebma iseTi moralisturi
gzneba Caaqsoves, rom patriotuli grZnobis dinamikuri suraTi Seqmnes,
roca qarTuli miwa da ca, misi didebuli Tu agresorebisgan Seginebuli
warsuli gaacocxles. ,,awmyo Sobili warsulisagan aris mSobeli
momavlisa~ _ es cnobili istoriosofiuri Tvalsazrisi erTgvar
postulatad daedo me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTul sinamdvileSi
samoRvaweo asparezze gamosul Taobas, romelTac ukve, winamorbedTa mier
qarTvelTa gancdaSi damkvidrebuli patriotikis grZnoba, cnobierebis
zedapirze ise amoitanes da iseTnairi publicisturi vneba mianiWes, rom
gardauvali gaxades moazre saqarTvelosaTvis eris gadarCenis sasicocxlo
perspeqtiva. Mmesamoce wlebidan moyolebuli sazogado saqmianobaSi
CarTuli yoveli qarTvelisaTvis garkveulad saprogramo xasiaTi SeiZina
erovnuli meobis Sesaxeb gansjam. ruseTTan urTierTobam, ranairi
SemboWvelic unda yofiliyo is moazrovne qarTvelisaTvis, rasakvirvelia,
erTob SezRudulad, magram mainc, daawafa isini evropuli kulturis
miRwevebs... mowinave qarTvelis cxovrebis stilis Taviseburebad ki
miCneulia, rom ìs yovelive axlad aTvisebuls aZlevs qarTvelur elfers;
ase vTqvaT, naTlavs mas qarTvelurad~ (m. gogiberiZe, dasax. wigni, 234-235).
is faqti, rom erovnulad da socialurad gaRviZebuli qarTvelis
daumcxrali gonebrivi wyurvili daucxromlad iTvisebs erTob advilad,
xSirad ukritikodac (dasax.wigni, iqve), imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom
istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamo, arCil jorjaZis sityvebiT ,,XIX-e
saukunis meore naxevari rom dadga, Cven srulebiT moumzadebeli viyaviT
moqalaqeobriv cxovrebis erovnul niadagze gadmonergvisaTvis~ (arC.
jorjaZe, publicisti – ilia WavWavaZe, werilebi, Tb, 1989, gv. 50) da
mxolod rCeul qarTvelTa, pirvel yovlisa ki, ilia WavWavaZis titanur
unars unda vumadlodeT didi ZalisxmeviT miRweul warmatebas, raTa
Seqmniliyo saqmiani, publicisturi politikuri, sociologiuri,
literaturul-esTetikuri azrovnebis praqtikuli sayrdenebi da
dasaxuliyo samoqmedo programa. Aamitomac gadaWarbebulia qarTvel
sazogadoebriv-kritikuli azrovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis kita
abaSiZis skepsisi, roca is CvenSi publicisturi literaturis arsebobas
uaryofs. (dasax. wigni, gv.274). am Sexedulebis sapirispirod ilia
WavWavaZisa da vaJa-fSavelas publicisturi memkvidreobac kmara. Eerovnuli
praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi problemis gasaTvaliswineblad arCil jorjaZis
sityviT ,,ilia WavWavaZis nawerebi did daxmarebas aRmouCens imas, vinc ki
moisurvebs, Tanaxmad saqarTvelos politikuri pirobebisa, qarTvel xalxs
raime sargebloba moutanos~ (a. jorjaZe, dasax, wigni, gv. 102). Tu eris
politikuri cxovrebis gasamarTavad TavianTi didi mxatvruli niWis re-
alizacia Cvens saxelovan poetebsa da mwerlebs mouxdaT, Tu isini 406
405
am SemTxvevaSi mogvevlinen moralistebad, saprogramo mniSvnelobis
TxzulebaTa Sesaqmnelad, es swored saqarTvelos politikuri uuflebobis
mizeziT iyo gamowveuli. Ddamoukidebeli politikuri asparezi ar gaaCnda
qarTvel moRvawes, erTad-erTi moqmedi Zala CvenSi mxatvruli sityva iyo,
romelsac amoefara bunebiT niWieri qarTveli, gaaRviva gulis saoxi
sazogadoebrivi saTqmeli da Semdeg ukve gza gauxsna qmediTi paTosiT
savse publicistikas. Aamitomac CaTvala xalxma Cveni didi xelovanebi eris
sulier mociqulebad, moralistebad da winaswarmetyvelebad. Tu adreul
etapze, maT qarTuli sinamdvilis fsiqologiur-sociologiuri wyobis
mxatvruli suraTi Seqmnes, TandaTanobiT moamzades niadagi mis Teoriul
aspeqtSi gasaazreblad, Semdeg ukve Tavad ikisres sinamdvilis Sem-
mecneblis funqcia. gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia am TvalsazrisiT XIX
saukunis bolo ocwleuli, romlis erTi dadastureba isic gaxlavT, rom
1880-dan 1900 wlamde, urTierTisagan gansxvavebuli donis,
mizandasaxulobis, mimarTulebis, politikuri socialuri da
literaturuli orientaciis Jurnal-gazeTebi arsebobs, sadac TavianT
sapirispiro poziciebs amJRavneben qarTveli mwerlebi da publicistebi. Aam
drois qarTuli presis organoTa saxelwodebebis CamoTvlac ki cxadyofs
jansaRi azrovnuli cxovrebisadmi qarTvelTa gonebriv mzaobas. Ggaz.
,,droeba (1885 wlamde), gaz. ,,iveria~, J. ,,imedi~ (red. mix. gurgeniZe) ,,kvali~,
(1893-1904 ww.), J. ,,moambe~ (1894-1904 ww.) red. Al. Wyonia gaz. ,,Teatri~, (1885-
1891 ww. red. v. gunia, v. abaSiZe, a. nebieriZe. ,,mwyemsi~ red. d. RambaSiZe, J.
,,akakis Tviuri krebuli~ (1897-1900 ww). J. ,,nobaTi~ (1883-1885 ww. J. ,,jejili~
(1890 wlidan red. a. TumaniSvili-wereTlisa). Aam Jurnal-gazeTTa garSemo
jgufdebian idealistebi da materialistebi, romatikosebi da realistebi,
60-ianelebi da e.w. xalxosnebi, gamokveTili erovnuli poziciis mqone
moRvaweebi da marqsis ekonomikur moZRvrebas diletanturad naziarebi da
amis gamo, kosmopolitizmis fuyed gagebas ayolili, gzasacdenili e.w.
,,mesame daselebi~. rogorc aRniSnaven, ,,am azrovnebiT mravalferovnebaSi
aisaxeboda rogorc sxvadasxva TaobaTa, ise sxvadasxva socialur
struqturul erTeulTa interesebi da RirebulebaTa orientaciebi... es iyo
msoflmxedvelobrivi mravalferovneba publicisturi formiT. Aam
msoflmxedvelobrivi mravalferovnebis miRma yovelTvis SeimCneoda ama Tu
im filosofiuri sistemis gavlena~ (ed. Kkodua, ,,arCil jorjaZis
msoflmxedveloba~, ix. wigni, arC. jorjaZe, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba,
Tb., 1990 gv. 321).
Tuki poeziis sferoSi jer kidev elavs romantizmis TvalsaCino
poetTa saxelebi, aseve, TavianTi mxatvrul da azrovnuli Zalmosilebis
zenitSia am xanebSi ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, giorgi wereTlis,
niko nikolaZis da 60-ianelTa Taobis SesaniSnavi sxva warmomadgenlebi.
Aaqve Semodian literaturaSi didi mwerali aleqsandre yazbegi da
genialuri vaJa-fSavela. 80-iani wlebidan wminda mxatvrul- esTetikuri
midrekilebis mqone xelovanTa gver407
406
diT, Cvens sinamdvileSi Cndeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikuli
wyurviliT aRsavse wyeba moRvaweebisa, romelTa Teoriul pozicias
ramdenadme xalxosnur moZRvrebaTa gavlena etyoba. isini jer kidev J.
,,imedis~ garSemo iyrian Tavs, xolo Semdeg nawili gaz. ,,iveriaSi~ gadadian
saTanamSromlod (st. WrelaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, g. yifSiZe, n.
xizaniSvili da sxv.) am droidan iwyeba kamaTi CvenSi e.w. ,,soflis
kreditze~ ,,depoebsa~ da ,,kasebze~, TviT ,,metyeveTa sazogadoebis~
daarsebis aucileblobis Taobaze, tiersa da gizoze, spensersa da boklze,
hegelsa da marqsze, mixailovskisa da lavrovis Sesaxeb msjelobebi, xels
ar uSlis rom wminda erovnuli mniSvnelobis problematikazec gaiSalos
mwvave kamaTi. Amis naTel ilustracias warmoadgens ilias, akakis, vaJa-
fSavelas, niko nikolaZis da egnate ninoSvilis werilebi. 60-ianelTa pozi-
ciasTan dapirispirebis Zalumi survilic mJRavndeba qarTul presaSi.
gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben J. ,,imedis~ TanamSromlebi. Mmagram maTsave
wiaRSi Cndeba pirovneba, g. maiaSvilis saxiT, romelic Cvens didi
moRvaweTa saqmianobis dadebiT Sefasebas iZleva.
60-ianelTa gverdiT mdgomi zogierTi moRvawe (mag. giorgi wereTeli,
daviT miqelaZe (mevele), niko xizaniSvili da sxv.) calkeul SemTxvevaSi
mTlad naTlad ver erkveva arsebuli azrovnuli situaciis sirTuleSi da
zogjer naCqarev nabijsac dgams (mag. g. wreTeli, roca ,,III daselad~
acxadebs e. ninoSvils da am jgufis warmomadgenlebs uTmobs gaz. ,,kvals~),
zogi kidev, Seusabamo kvalifikaciebsac aZlevs calkeul gamoCenil
qarTvel mweral-moRvawes (mag. daviT miqelaZis damokidebuleba – vaJa-
fSavelasa da egnate ninoSvilisadmi, g. wereTlisa ilia WavWavaZisadmi).
giorgi wereTeli upirispirdeba ilia WavWavaZes. Mmwvave paeqrobaa
gaSlili bankis sakiTxebze ilia WavWvavaZesa da ivane maCabels Soris...
dapirispireba SeiniSneba wminda esTetikuri problematikis sferoSic.
Ggiorgi wereTeli aSkara simpaTias avlens naturalizmis Teoriisadmi (v.
vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, Tb., 1988,
gv.238-292). Aam poziciidan iwunebs is TviT ilias SemoqmedebiT midgomas.
Tavis mxriv ilia WavWvavaZec mwvave dacinvis sagnad aqcevs misi oponentis
nawarmoebebs (ix. ,,Cveni axlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~). qarTveli
inteligenciis SigniT Cndeba rigi publicist-litertorebisa, romelTac
mTlad rigianad ver aqvT gaazrebuli evropul-rusuli samyarodan
aRebuli rTuli filosofiuri, sociologiuri, esTetikuri, ekonomikuri
modelebi da zogjer ekleqtikurad cdiloben maT gadmonergvas
saqarTveloSi. sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa am ekleqtizms da saTanadod ver
gagebas vxdebiT ara mxolod e.w. ,,xalxosnebTan~, an ,,me-3 dasad~ wodebul
marqsizmis moyvarul axalgazrdebTan, aramed TviT iseTi fxizeli gonebis
moRvawesTanac ki, rogoric giorgi wereTelia, romlis Rvawlis dadebiT
Sinaarsad isaa miCneuli, rom is siaxlis grZnobiT dajildoebuli
moazrovnea da farTod uRebs kars evropuli gonebrivi cxovrebisaTvis
niSandobliv yovel axal movlenas. Mmagram 408
407
rogorc Cans, naCqareoba etyoba mas arCevanSi, roca gzas uTmobs arc
Tu myari inteleqtualuri monacemebisa da saeWvo politikuri sindisis
mqone axalgazrda moRvaweTa jgufs da pirveli naTlavs mas ,,mesame dasad~.
Aaseve garkveuli situaciis karnaxiT, mwerlis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
faqtebis gauTvaliswineblad acxadebs e. ninoSvils am dasis mesveurad...
tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, raki oficialurad misi gamocxadeba am
saxeliT egnate ninoSvilis dasaflavebamde momxdara, raki es mwerali
gadmocemis mixedviT, erT dros daswrebia marqsizmiT gatacebul
axalgazrdobis Sekrebas, aRiareben rom egnate ninoSvilic III daselia da
dapirispirebuli im erovnul moZraobasTan, romelsac saTave CvenSi didma
ilia WavWavaZem daudo. Mmagram am SemTxvevaSi angariSi ar eweva ara mx-
olod mwerlis literaturul-esTetikur mrwamss, mis mxatvrulsa da
publicistur memkvidreobas, aramed TviT misi sicocxlis bolo xans (1894
wlis Tebervali) sakuTriv giorgi wereTlis winaSe, erTgvari angariSis
formiT miweril baraTs, sadac aSkarad Cans, rom egnate ninoSvili
,,mimarTulebaSi ver ewyoba~ ,,kvals~, ,,kvalSi~ imitom ki ar TanamSromlobs,
rom is ,,axalgazrdobis organoa~, `SeiZleba bevr axalgazrdobasTan me
saerTo ara mqondes ra, me mxolod pativs vcem ,,kvalis~ meTaurT...
davalebuli var ara marto fuliT, zneobrivadac da... vcdilob samagiero
riTime vasiamovno~, es is periodia, roca ,,kvalSi~, saTanamSromlod
gadmodian didebuli mgosnebi: akaki da vaJa... male did Tanamoklameebis
xvedri gaiziara egnate ninoSvilma... esaa ara ideur, aramed wminda
pirovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli ganxeTqileba, romelic
msoflmxedvelobriv da miT ufro politikur konfrontaciaSi arasodes
gadazrdila. qarTuli inteligenciis amdroindeli moRvaweobis
gaTvaliswineba gvarwmunebs, rom Cvens did mweral-moazrovneebs
sazogadoebriv, erovnul grZnobaTa samsxverploze miaqvT pirovnuli...
amitomacaa, rom mcire xnis Semdeg ilias mier gaCaRebuli erovnul moZrao-
bis keras ,,iverias~, bolos mainc ubrundeba e.w. ,,xalxosnebi~ da ,,iveriis~
zogierT TanamSromelTagan ganawyenebuli vaJa... 90-ian wlebSi gaSlil
azrTa WidilSi vamCnevT SedarebiT susti gonebis moRvaweTa Soris
dabneulobas, azrovnebis sworxazovnebasa da sqematizms. zogs saTanadod
arca aqvs gaazrebuli TaobaTa urTierTobis namdvili Sinaarsi
saqarTveloSi da ara Tu ver gaurkvevia misi specifika, aramed verc
gaumijnavs is ruseTSi mimdinare procesebisagan (mag. d. miqelaZe (mevele),
zogs kidev saqarTvelos gamdidrebis pirobad eris winsvlis wyarod
,,depoebisa~ da ,,kasebis~ gaxsna da amiT gaRaribebul TavadaznaurTa
gamdidreba dausaxavs. 90-ian wlebSi ilias skolis warmomadgenels, ukve
,,kvalis~ TanamSromels, egnate ninoSvils, specialuri statiebis dawera
uxdeba, rom TaobaTa Soris urTierToba saqarTveloSi mkveTrad gamijnos
rusul sinamdvileSi arsebul ,,mamaTa~ da ,,SvilTa~ brZolisagan da is
CvenSi bunebriv, TandaTanobiT procesad CaTvalos, roca mas naTlavs
saxeliT _ ,,Zveli dava axal qerqSi~. Aaq is mSvenivrad 409
408
axerxebs e.w. Zveli Taobis saqmianobis dadebiTi Sinaarsi gausig-
rZeganos mkiTxvels, gaamarTlos ilias Taoba, roca axla epoqis sxva
pirobebSi movlenil axal Taobas ,,uidialobas~ ukiJineben da gaamtyunon
axalgazrdebi, roca bralmdeblis rolSi gamodian ilias winaaRmdeg. Eis
xels sruliad ar uSlis avtors mkacrad gaakritikos ekonomikur,
socialur-politikur sakiTxebSi ,,iveriis~ TanamSromlis mevelis (d.
miqelaZe) arakompetenturoba, dahgmos ,,didi~ da ,,patara~, mamuliSvilis
mixedviT erovnebaTa Tu fenaTa dapirispireba da aRiaros, rom
inteligencia unda cdilobdes eris simdidresa da warmatebaSi ,,wili edos
ara erT romelime nawils erisas, aramed mTels ers gamouklebliv da
Tanasworad~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, ilias poziciidan gamomdinare, akritikebs ra d.
maCxanelis da Plebs-is (n. xizaniSvili) da TviT iakob gogebaSvilis
midgomas qarTuli ekonomikuri cxovrebisadmi, egnate ninoSvili Tvlis,
rom aRniSnul moRvaweTa mier idealad dasaxuli ,,upretenzio,
mosvenebuli, maZRari qarTuli ojaxi~ igive luarsab TaTqariZis ojaxia,
romelic T.i. WavWavaZem dagvixata ,,kacia-adamianSi~. maT ,,kacia-adamianis~
avtorma ,,Zirgatexili qvevri~ uwoda. Mmwerlis azriT, axali saqarTvelos
mSeneblebad, axali samyaros Semoqmedad aseTi adamianebi ar gamodgebian.
Eeris warmatebis pirobad mas miaCnia, ara ,,ufrosTa~ da ,,umcrosTa~ anu
fenaTa mixedviT erze msjeloba, an mxolod saWiroebis kvalobazed
specialistTa momzadeba, aramed fenaTa Tanasworuflebianobis,
Tanafardobis principze damyarebuli socialuri wyoba, sadac mxolod
gegmis ki ara, niWis unaris gaSlis safuZvelze iqneba miRweuli eris
winsvla. Yyoveli siaxle, iqneba es kapitalizmi, Tu yovelgvari ,,izmi~, misi
TqmiT, ,,modis Cvens daukiTxavad~ da mxolod inteleqtualurad da
politikuri azrovnebis mxriv momwifebul ers SeuZlia warmatebiT Sexvdes
am siaxles. (,,uebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebisTvis~). Ees ki
mxolod ganaTlebis gziT miiRweva. Aam TvalsazrisiT es mweralic, iseve
rogorc imdroindeli mkvircxli azrovnebis sxva moRvaweebi, didi ilia
WavWavaZis sulieri memkvidreni arian, Tundac imitom, rom romelime
dajgufebas ki ara, mowinave, saR azrs, ragindara wiaRidan unda
momdinareobdes is, aZleven upiratesobas.
amitom imis aRniSvna, rom ,,III daselebi~ sakmao safuZvelze idgenen da
istoriuli procesi maT angariSs amarTlebda~ (v. kotetiSvili, qarT.
Lliteraturis istoria, rC. Nnawerebi, wigni I, Tb. 1965, gv. 623), verc realur
viTarebas gamoxatavs da verc momavalma gaamarTla. Mmravalgvar azrovnul,
filosofiur, sociologiur politikur, literaturul azrTa Widilis
regulatorad isev da isev ilia WavWavaZe da misi ,,iveria~ darCa, imitomac,
rom erovnuli cnobierebis aRmasvlis erTaderT garantad am didma
moazrovnem azrTa sxvadasvaobis anu axla rom pluralizms uwodeben,
pirobebSi dabadebuli WeSmariteba aRiara. Amis gamo, gauxsna man
samoRvaweo asparezi Tavisi ,,iveriis~ saxiT mowinaaRmdege Zalebs.
samarTlinad 410
409
aris miTiTebuli, rom ilia da misi Taoba ,,imdenad iyo dainterese-
buli Cveni qveynis winmsvlelobiT, rom yovel axals, TanagrZnobiT
egebeboda, Tund mis winaaRmdeg yofiliyos mimarTuli, oRond am siaxles
hqonoda safuZvlianoba da saqmis unari~ (v. kotetiSvili).
ilias, rogorc moRvawis amocana azris diqtatze ki ar yofila
damyarebuli, aramed saWiro da aucilebelis gagebisa da miRebis,
usafuZvlo da diletanturis uaryofaze. Aam poziciidan darCa is
daundobel polemistad im niWier axalgazrda moRvaweTa mimarTac,
romlebsac mTlad naTlad ver hqondaT warmodgenili qarTveli xalxis
momavali cxovreba.
saerTod, 80-ian 90-ian wlebSi saintereso literaturuli procesia
CvenSi gaSlili.
erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRviZebas rigi politikuri movlenebic
uwyobda xels. 1881 wels aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobam imperiul ZalTagan
eris Tavdaxsnaze ocnebas garkveuli realuri safuZvelic ki Seuqmna.
Mmxatvruli sityvis sferoSi amis naTel ilustracias warmoadgens am
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili, qarTuli lirikis ori Sedevri-akaki
wereTlis `gazafxuli~, romlis dabeWdva avtoris droebiTi patimrobis
mizezic Seiqmna da ilia WavWavaZis ,,bazaleTis tba~, romelic stambidan
amoiRes da mxolod 1890 wels ixila mzis sinaTle. 1887 wels dimitri
yifianis veragulad mkvlelobam erTxel kidev daanaxa gamoRviZebul
saqarTvelos, rom ar arsebobs xsnis sxva gza, Tu ara imperiis winaaRmdeg
Seupovari brZolisa. Aamitomac, qarTuli sazogadoebriv-literaturuli
azrovnebis ori gigantic, ilia WavWavavaZe da akaki wereTeli erovnul
wiaRSi gaCenili yoveli siaxlis mimarT Semwynareblobasa da gagebas iCenen
da ase amzadeben niadags qarTul sulSi axali Zalebis gasabrwyineblad.
faqtia, rom am droiT monakveTSi metad saintereso azrovnul-
literaturul mravalferovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme. 80-90-ian wlebSi
moRvaweoben romantikosi poetebi: grigol da vaxtang orbelianebi, mamia
gurieli, afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris Ze, Rrma romantikuli sulis da
mZafri erovnuli Segnebis poeti giorgi ServaSiZe, (1846-1918), giorgi
Waladideli, aqvea didi 60-ianelebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi
wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe. 80-90-ian wlebSi gaiSala s.
mgalobliSvilis, e. gabaSvilis, n. lomouris, i. daviTaSvilis da sxv. e.w.
xalxosan mweralTa SesaZleblobebi. 90-ian wlebSi gamobrwyinda daviT
kldiaSvilis didi beletristuli talanti, SesaniSnavi mwerlebis: egnate
ninoSvilis, Sio aragvispirelis, ir. evdoSvilis, dutu megrelis, Sio
mRvimelis, iv. zurabiSvilis, a. dekanoziSvilis niWi. dramaturgiaSi am
dros iqmneba avqsenti cagarelis Cinebuli komediebi: ,,xanuma~, ,,rac
ginaxavs veRar naxav~, Tu daviT erisTavis ,,samSoblo~, romelic didxans
amSvenebda qarTul scenas. Ppublicistikis sferoSi profesional
publicistebis: niko nikolaZis, giorgi maiaSvilis, stefane WrelaSvilis,
kita abaSiZis, noe Jordanias gverdiT, SesaniSnav 411
410
publicistur Txzulebebs qmnian: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,
giorgi wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, egnate ninoSvili da sxvebi. ilia WavWavaZe
da vaJa-fSavela CvenSi e.w. `filosofiuri publicistikis~ mesaZirkvleebad
gvevlinebian. Kkritikisa da literaturaTmcodneobis dargSi saetapo
mniSvnelobis nawarmoebebs aqveyneben isev da isev ilia WavWavaZe, akaki
wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, profesional kritikosTa da
literaturaTmcodneTagan: aleqsandre cagareli, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili,
kita abaSiZe, iona meunargia, ivane gomarTeli da sxvebi.
rogorc vxedavT, XIX saukunis ukanaskneli ori aTeuli weli erTob
saintereso monakveTia qarTul literaturaSi. Eesaa talantTa
mravalferovnebis, axlad movlenis, maTi gaSla-gafurCqvnis, azrTa
siaxleebiT aRbeWdili xana, sadac vxvdebiT urTierTisagan gansxvavebul
midgomis, Tematikis da mxatvruli stilis mwerlebsa da moazrovneebs,
romelTac hkvebavs, asazrdoebs da urTierTTan akavSirebs saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelis erovnul, socialur, zneobriv, pirovnul Tavisuflebaze fiqri.
afasebda ra XIX saukunis monapovars kacobriobisa da qarTveli
erisaTvis, didi ilia WavWavaZe brZanebda, rom man ,,bevri ram SesZina
qveynierebas... rac am saukuneSi mecnierebam saswauli moaxdina... mTels
danarCens Tvramet saukunes erTad ar unaxavs. Aam mecxramete saukunem
socialuris wyobilebis idealad gamosaxa ,,gauqmeba qonebisa da
Semosavlis met-naklebad ganawilebisa adamianTa Soris, gauqmeba yovelis
klasobrivi batonobisa da SeZlebisamebr yovelis klasobrivis
sxvadasxvaobisa, fexze wamoyeneba da xelSewyoba gamrjel da mSromel
klasebisa warsamateblad... dRes Raribsa da mdidars Soris, Zliersa da
uZlurs Soris ufro didi zRvari aris, vidre odesme yofila, da aq aris
igi simwvave im tkivilisa, romlis morCenac mecxramete saukunem uanderZa
aw momavals saukunes~ (,,mecxramete saukune~). XIX saukunis da kerZod, misi
bolo ocwleulis qarTul literaturaSi mravalferovnad aisaxa is
rTuli social-fsiqologiuri procesebi, rasac sakacobrio interesebTan
kavSirSi, Cveni eris cxovrebaSi hqonda adgili.
axali qarTuli literaturis dasasrulad, mis mijnad savsebiT
marTebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos da miiCneven kidec, udidesi poetis
galaktion tabiZis brZnuli gamonTqvamiT dasazRvrul xanas: ,,wiwamurTan
rom mohkles ilia, maSin epoqa dasrulda didi~. (ix. Aa. nikoleiSvili XX
saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1994, gv.14).
amieridan gagrZelda kvlavac saintereso gonebrivi SemoqmedebiTi
cxovreba, romlis gamwev Zalad ukve e.w. ,,kulturis krizisis~ epoqasa da
totalitarizmis wnexqveS myofi aranakleb mZime xvedris mqone XX-XXI
saukunis qarTveli iqca.412
411
aleqsandre yazbegi
(1848-1893)
aleqsandre yazbegi XIX s. 80-ian wlebSi gamoCnda qarTul mw-
erlobaSi da male moipova mkiTxvelis sruli ndoba da siyvaruli.
qarTvelma mkiTxvelma mis nawarmoebebSi maSinve dainaxa Tavisi gulis
satkivari, Tavisi miswrafebebisa da ocnebebis mxatvrul xorcSesxmad
miiCnia isini.
ukve saukuneze meti gavida am TxzulebaTa Seqmnidan, WeSmariti
mkiTxvelis interesi ki maTdami araTu neldeba, aramed kidev ufro izrdeba
da Rrmavdeba. al. yazbegis Semoqmedebas erTnairi gatacebiT ewafeboda da
amJamadac ewafeba sxvadasxva drois, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis, asakisa
da kulturuli donis mkiTxveli; yvelas interesebs pasuxobs mwerali,
yoveli maTgani poulobs mis TxzulebebSi sulier sazrdos. aRniSnuli
ukve metyvelebs imaze, rom al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba ganTavisuflebulia
droiTi SemosazRvrulobisagan, sicocxlisunariania. aq gamoxatuli
grZnobebi, idealebi ar arian mxolod erT konkretul drosTan, konkretul
sazogadoebriv viTarebasTan mijaWvuli, simyariTa da gamZleobiT
xasiaTdebian da amJamadac amdidreben da afarToeben Cveni sulieri
cxovrebis Sinaarss. didi galaktionis TqmiT, àrasodes ar dabadebula
ufro mxurvale wyurvili qalwulebrivi wminda haerisa, umwikvlo myinvaris
Tovlze ufro sufTa haeris, siTeTre, brwyinvale silaJvardis wyurvili,
rogorc ibadeba yazbegis nawerebis wakiTxvis Semdeg~.
qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi al. yazbegis saxeli samudamod
daukavSirda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas da aRimarTa am brZolis
didi medroSeebis ilias, akakisa da vaJas ukvdavi saxelebis gverdiT.
* * *
al. yazbegi daibada 1848 wels sof. stefanwmindaSi. `me var mTieli,
diax, mTieli, Sobili iq, sadac yma da moneba ZvelTaganve samarcxvinod
yofila xalxSi, sadac sityvas `batonymobas~ adgili arasodes ar hqonia da
sadac kacs pativiscema mxolod piradis RirsebiT SesZlebia. diax... iq
gavCndi, am xalxSi aRvizarde... vizrdebodi maT Soris da saneqtro niavTan
erTad smenasa mwvdeboda nana Cemis mSoblebisa, romelic iZaxda: vin
Tavisas vera sTvisobs, mas aRmzrdelis rZe cxviridgan wamouao~.
aleqsandres mama, mixeil yazbegi, xevis mmarTveli iyo. es Tanamdeboba
mas memkvidreobiT eboZa mwerlis papis gabrielis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
romelmac Tavis droze garkveuli roli Seasrula ruseTTan saqarTvelos
SeerTebis saqmeSi. mixeils raime specialuri ganaTleba ar hqonda
miRebuli, Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia generlobamde mieRwia. gadmocemiT,
igi iyo erTob mkacri, amave dros mdgomareobisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis
gamo xelgaSlili da stumriani. mTaSi garkveuli avtoritetiT
sargeblobda, rac gvian 413
412
mis Svilsac didad wadgomia daucveli mwyemsebis gamosarClebisa da
dacvis dros.
mwerlis deda, elisabed TarxniSvili (SinaurobaSi keke), meore coli
iyo mixeilisa. gadmocemiT, igi saTno qali yofila, amasTanave, gvarisa da
warmomavlobis Tanaxmad (mefeTa STamomavali iyo), amayi, uyvarda kiTxva,
kargad icoda saRvTo wignebi, `vefxistyaosani~, Tavis droze hqonda
saintereso biblioTeka, iyo ojaxze da Svilebze mzrunveli. mwerlis
TqmiT, mis mSoblebs `gansakuTrebiT Taviseburi xasiaTi hqondaT: uyvardaT
didkacoba da mdidrulad cxovrobdnen~.
erTaderT vaJiSvils mdidari mSoblebi fufunebaSi zrdidnen da
usazRvrod anebivrebdnen. `misTanas aras aiCemebda, rom mSoblebi, Tuki
moaxerxebdnen, ar aesrulebinaT misTvis~ (akaki). amgvarma aRzrdam momaval
mwerlis, didad mgrZnobiare bavSvis, xasiaTs garkveuli daRi daasva,
rogorc Cans, Wirveuloba da Jinianoba gaaRviva masSi; magram bunebiT
gulRia da gulwrfeli bolomde aseTad darCa. cota mogvianebiT sandro
dascinoda aRzrdis im formas, Tavis ojaxSi rom miiRo.
tradiciisamebr, sandro aRsazrdelad misces ZiZas, ubralo mTiel
qals. al. yazbegic didad afasebda imas, rom `wovda mTieli dedakacis
rZes, romelic mTlad iyo Semdgari mTis didebulebiT aRsavse bunebis
nawilebidan~. sandrosac yvelaze metad mosamsaxure gogo-biWebSi yofna
uyvarda, yvela mzrunvelsa da aRmzrdels (maTi ricxvi ki mcire ar iyo),
Tavisi ZiZa erCivna. ZiZis mier monaTxrobi zRaprebis personaJebi kvebavdnen
bavSvis warmosaxvas. gvian Tavisi gamzrdelis ninosadmi miweril werilSi
al. yazbegma didi siTboTi da sinaziT aRniSna es faqti: `Cemo sayvarelo
gamzrdelo nino!
CemisTana Rarib kacs ra eqneba, rom Sen dagigdos saxsovrad da an
mogiZRvnas?! amazed uZvirfasesi me ara mqonda ra da amis gamoisobiT Sen
giZRvni am ramdenime Cemi grZnobisa da sulis moZraobas, romlis
aRzrdaSic Sen iseTs monawileobas iRebdi. aba, moigone is droeba,
rodesac me bavSvobaSi mivlidnen ise, rogorc mefis Svils, manebivrebdnen
ukanasknel garyvnilebamdin. maswavlidnen Surs, ampartavnobas da
siZulvils. xelisxel amasTan moigone Seni zRaprebi `TaTris yvavili~,
`xalxis nugeSi~, `mekobreebi~ da sxvadasxva... romlebsac ufro vendobodi
da romlebis Sinaarsic ufro ibeWdeboda Cems TavSi, vidre darigeba sxva
pirebisa. gaxsovs, ra TanagrZnobiT miambobdi mosamsaxuris da ymebis
mdgomareobazed batonebis xelSi?.. gaxsovs Senma sityvebma ramdenjer
damaRvrevina mduRare cremlebi da TanamagrZnobina tanjuli xalxis
usamarTlobisagan, pirebisaTvis?
Seni sityvebi ar daikarga muqTad da aq daimarxa Cems gulSi. da exla
amdeni xnis ganmavlobis Semdeg, rodesac SemiZlian siamayiT giTxra, Sens
gazrdilSi Tu ipoveba rame rigiani bavSvobidanve Canergili, amis mizezi
Sena xar, romlisTvisac gmadlob warmouTqmelad~.414
413
al. yazbegi Tavis ojaxSi mSoblebisagan xedavda xeglaSlilobasa da
uangariSobas xarjvaSi. marTalia, ekonomikurad yazbegis ojaxs es didad
aqveiTebda, magram momavali mwerlis sulieri CamoyalibebisTvis amgvar
garemoebas is mniSvnelobac hqonda, rom masSi uangarobas aviTarebda.
aridebda wvrilman keTilmowyobiT sazrunavs, ar ajaWvavda yofiT-
praqtikul mxares cxovrebisas, isic cxadi iyo, rom saTanado xelSemwyobi
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi maRali sulieri interesebi daiWerdnen mis
cxovrebaSi mTavar adgils... sandroc uzrunvelad izrdeboda. `fulis
yadri patara rom iyo, maSinac ar icoda. gamoarTmevda xolme mamas
vercxlis fuls, Caiyrida jibeSi da gaudgeboda gzas, aedevnebodnen
soflis biWebi, isic iRebda xolme jibidan fulebs da gadauyrida biWebs,
isini daereoidnen erTmaneTs, iyo erTi wiwkna-gleja, yurTaziaoba da es
ambavi Zalian uxaroda patara sandros~ (akaki). aseTi darCa igi mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze, roca ekonomikurad uWirda ukve saxelian mwerals,
rac hqonda, sxvebsac uyofda; sazogadod arapraqtikuli, bavSvurad miamiti
darCa igi yofaSi bolomde.
al. yazbegs jer kidev saxlSi miuCines kerZo maswavleblebi,
aswavlidnen mas rusulsa da frangul enebs; xolo roca 11 wlis gaxda,
TbilisSi saukeTeso kerZo pansionSi Seiyvanes, xolo Semdeg gadahyavT
Tbilisis gimnaziaSi. mSoblebis metismeti mzrunvelobis gamo al. yazbegma
gimnazia ver daasrula. mSoblebi erTaderT vaJs dahkankalebdnen. Tvalidan
ver icilebdnen. misi TbilisSi saswavleblad wamosvla usaTuod mTeli
ojaxis TbilisSi gadmosvlas gulisxmobda. erT wels mixeilma droze
Tbilisisken daZvra ver moaxerxa da aRarc Svili gamouSva. bavSvi
gimnazias CamorCa, xolo Semdeg, roca misi gimnaziaSi aRdgena scades, im
programis Cabarebis gareSe, rac mis amxanagebs ukve gaevloT, sandro
saswavlebelSi aRar miiRes. èg aSkara iyo, rom rva Tve nadirobaSi da
usaqmo gatarebis Semdeg yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo egzamenebis daWera~, _
wers al. yazbegi avtobiogarfiul CanawerSi. mogvianebiT al. yazbegi did
sayvedursac gamoTqvams amis gamo mSoblebis misamarTiT.
1866 wels gardaicvala mixeil yazbegi. ojaxze mzrunveloba mis
erTaderT memkvidres Tvrameti wlis aleqsandres unda eTava. nebivrad
aRzrdili ymawvili realuri sinamdvilis pirispir rom aRmoCnda,
cxovrebisTvis moumzadebloba da sruli arapraqtikuloba gamoamJRavna.
erT dros mdidari ojaxi TandaTan daqveiTda. deda fiqrobda, rom
saqmisTvis sandros daojaxebiT eSvela. bunebrivia, mixeil yazbegis
erTaderTi vaJi sasurvel sasiZod iTvleboda, magram Tavisuflebas
SeCveul aleqsandres miswrafebebs sruliadac ar Seesabameboda saojaxo
uRelSi Sebma.
al. yazbegma gadawyvita gimnaziis daumTavreblad swavla gae-
grZelebina umaRles saswavlebelSi. rogorc al. yazbegi gadmogvcems, man
rCevisTvis mimarTa Tavis gimnaziel megobars al. baxutaSvils, romelic
moskovis universitetSi swavlobda. al. yazbegi atyobinebda, rom surda
ruseTs wamosvla da umaRles saswavlebelSi Sesvla. 415
414
al. baxutaSvilma Zalian sayuradRebo pasuxi gamougzavna, romelSic
igi pirdapir werda: ùkeTu Sen ginda wamoxvide, rom aq iqeifo, mdidari
sacole monaxo, rogorc zogierTi ymawvili kacebi modian, maSin Sen girCev,
rom ar wamoxvide. garda upatiosnebisa, maggvar moqmedebaSi uangariSobac
aris da es uangariSoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ruseTis mdidari qali
Cvens qarTul cxovrebas da Cveulebas ver moewyoba da, maSasadame, Seni
momavali mowamluli iqneba da Tu Sen ginda, namdvili swavlisTvis
wamoxvide, imedi gaqvs Senis Zalisa, rom aRsrulebaSi moiyvan Sens
survils, maSin wamodi, mxolod gaxsovdes, rom swavlis gagrZeleba
kacisTvis, vinc erTxel Seswyvita, ise advili ar aris, rogorc Sen
uyureb~. am werilma kidev ufro gaamZafra misi survili ruseTSi wasvlisa,
rom yvelasTvis daemtkicebina _ `Cemma winandelma nebivrad aRzrdam
imdenad ar gamryvna, rom swavlis gagrZeleba ar SemeZloso~.
Tumca deda eWvis TvaliT ucqerda Svilis am gadawyvetilebas. isic
zafravda, rom erTaderT vaJs gadasakargavSi istumrebda, magram icoda
Svilis xasiaTi, gadawyvetilebas rom ver Seacvlevinebda da isic
dasTanxmda. al. yazbegi gaemgzavra ruseTSi, sadac igi sabolood moskovis
sasoflo-sameurneo akademiaSi Cairicxa Tavisufal msmenelad. rogorc
iTqva, al. yazbegs undoda mieRo swavla-ganaTleba da `Semosuliyo
saqarTvelos karebSi didebiT~.
rogorc dedasTan miweril werilSi TviTonve irwmuneba, Tavda-
pirvelad bejiTad Sesdgomia swavlas: `me TiTon ar mqonda Cemi Tavis
imedi, rom amodena jdomas gauZlebdi da Cemi daudgomari fexebi siaruls
daiSlidnen. RmerTs geficebi da gaZlev patiosan sityvas, rom erTbaSad
laparakSi mnaxo, veRar micnob. ase gamovicvale, rom verc me da veRarc
Cemi amxanagebi veRara mcnoben~.
cxadia, sasoflo-sameurneo akademiam sruliad ver upasuxa al.
yazbegis interesebs, mis miswrafebebs. male aicrua masze guli. gatacebuli
Tu iyo, literaturiT. rogorc Tanamedroveni gadmogvcemen, moskovSi al.
yazbegs sakmaod mozrdili saintereso biblioTeka hqonda.
axalgazrda warmosadeg vaJkacs moskovSi male sxva gatacebebic
gauCnda. dedasTan gamogzavnil werilebSi igi xan xvewniT, xan daJinebiT,
xan muqariT, rom zRvis samsaxurSi Seva da aRar dabrundeba, iTxovs fuls,
fuls ki mainc bevrs xarjavs.
bolos al. yazbegma erTi vrceli, Zalian saintereso werili miswera
dedas, romelSic mkvlevarebi, savsebiT marTebulad, mis utyuar prozaul
niWs xedaven. am werilSi igi dedas Tavisi siyvarulis istorias uyveba da
momavali daqorwinebis ambavs atyobinebs mdidari generlis CerniSov-
kruglokovis erTaderT qaliSvilze _ ninoze. saqmis sabolood
dasrulebisaTvis, qalis daniSvnisaTvis dedas sTxovs aucileblad
gaugzavnos 100 Tumani, dedis Zvirfasi gulsabnevi da beWedi, romelic mas,
aleqsandres, Tavisma naTliam princma albertma aCuqa. 416
415
marTalia, deda didad gaaxara Svilis momavali daqorwinebis ambavma,
magram 100 Tumnis mogroveba verafriT SeZlo _ 70 Tumani, beWedi da
gulsabnevi gaugzavna Svils...
moskovSi or weliwad-naxevris yofnis Semdeg umaRlesi saswavleblis
daumTavreblad, dauqorwineblad janmrTelobaSeryeuli al. yazbegi
samSobloSi dabrunda. mas Camohyva siZe (naxevardis meuRle) furmani,
romelic meuRles mkacrad afrTxilebda, dedas raime sayveduri ar
dacdenoda SvilTan.
samSobloSi dabrunebulma aleqsandre yazbegma 1871 wels gadadga
Tavisi momavlis TvalsazrisiT ganmsazRvreli, xolo sxvebisTvis sruliad
moulodneli nabiji; akaki wereTlis TqmiT, bavSvobidanve uyvarda `mdabali
xalxi... suli biWebSi miudioda, gansakuTrebiT izidavda mwyemsebTan
cxvarSi wasvla... da, vgoneb, mizezic igive iyo, rom ruseTidan dabrunebis
Semdeg didi xniT samwyemsurSi gadavida~.
TviTon aleqsandre yazbegi Tavis brwyinvale moTxrobaSi `namw-
yemsaris mogonebani~, ase gviyveba: `rasakvirvelia, Cemi pirveli nabiji
yvelam, ganurCevlad yvelam masxrad aigdo, radganac ambobdnen, mebatones
da masTan saxelianis kacis Svils ubralo mecxvareoba ar ekadrebodao,
magram me Cemi mizani mqonda, Cemi survili da es iqamdis Zlieri iyo, rom
araviTar rCevas yuri ar vugde. me mindoda menaxa xalxi, msurda gamego
imaTi survili, mecxovra imaTi cxovrebiT, Cems Tavze gamomecada is
moTxovnileba da gaWirveba, romelic ukan devs muSa xalxs da raRa
damayenebda Sin. mivaRwie Cems mizans, davuaxlovdi, gavicani isini, visic
gacnoba da daaxloeba ase guliT msurda~.
mwyemsobaSi al. yazbegma Svidi weli gaatara. eniT auwereli
siZneleebiT aRsavse da amasTanave, erTgvarad, romantikulma mwyemsis
cxovrebam, ris Sesaxebac didi niWiT aRbeWdili sisadaviT gviambobs
TviTonve `namwyemsaris mogonebebSi~, xeli Seuwyo misi mwerluri mrwamsis
saboloo formirebas, gaafarTova misi xedva, mdidari STabeWdilebebiT
aavso igi. mwyemsobis wlebSi al. yazbegi Zalian axlos mivida Tavisi
kuTxis xalxTan, axlos gaicno isini, Rrmad Cawvda maT tkivilebsa da
miswrafebebs, sakuTari TvaliT naxa is usamarTloba, Zalmomreoba,
araadamianuri mopyroba, adamianuri uflebebis fexqveS gaTelva, rasac
mefis moxeleebi sCadiodnen. sakuTari TvaliT naxa, Tu ra gamxrwneli
zemoqmedeba hqonda adamianebze imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis
formebsa da kanonmdeblobas.
swored mwyemsobaSi gancdili, naxuli da gagonili iqca misi
Semoqmedebis masalad. erTob sagulisxmoa am mxriv al. yazbegis cxovrebisa
da Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa mier araerTgzis damowmebuli werili al.
yazbegis mecxvare svimona CekiaSvilisadmi.
`Zmao svimona, gaxsovs ramdeni Rameebi gagvitexia me da Sen erTad,
ramdeni avdriani dRe, Weqa, quxili, ramdeni Sari moukidiaT yazaxebs.
ramdenjer win aRvdgomivarT imaT usamarTlobas?.. 417
416
gaxsovs, rogor gakvirvebda Sen da danarCens Cvens amxanagebs, rom me,
nebierad aRzrdilma mebatonem, kacma, romelsac SeeZlo mosvenebiT
cxovreba, Sinaurs keras virCie mousvenari mindorSi da mTaSi xeteba savse
gansacdeliT da SemTxvevebiT. maSin bevrs ar esmoda mizezi Cemi amgvari
cxovrebisa. bevrni mZraxavdnen amisaTvis da migonebdnen aTas cilis
wamebas... magram Sen, Cemo megobari, maSinac gesmoda Cemi gulis mimarTuleba
da axlac kidev moigoneb. Tu Cems nawerebs kiTxulobs vinme, Tu hpoulobs
imaTSi rame gulis gasarTobs, Tu ara swyindeba da bolomdis Cadis, yvela
amis mizezi Cemi warsulia, Cemi mecxvareoba da TqvenTan cxovreba Svidi
wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelmac erTi da igive gvagrZnobina, erTi da igive
kvnesiT daakvneses Cveni guli, erTi da igive mizani dagvanaxva~.
al. yazbegis mwyemsobis periodidan erTi garemoeba iqcevs saganagebo
yuradRebas; TiTqos yvela al. yazbegis amxanagi mwyemsobaSi misi `namgala~
erTxmad adasturebs, rom mas mwyemsis abgaSi yovelTvis hqonda qaRaldi,
fanqari da sanTeli, roca SemTxveva miecemoda, igi gadacebiT werda. erTi
sityviT, mogvianebiT mwerlis nayofieri, produqtiuli SemoqmedebiTi
muSaoba eyrdnoboda ara mxolod mis saocar mexsierebasa da warmosaxvis
unars, aramed did mosamzadebel samuSaoebs, calkeuli scenebis, pasaJebis
CaniSvnas, SemoqmedebiT duRils.
mwyemsi Tedo goderZiSvili gadmogvcems: `sandros yaraulobis dro
movida. Cven yvelam vivaxSmeT, cxvari davabinaveT da daviZineT, diliT
binidan Semogvesma xmauri, Cxubis xma. SevediT sandrosTan da davinaxeT,
sanTeli mTlad danavlebuli, gamdnari, auareba naweri qaRaldebi,
romelic aqeT-iqiT iyo miyril-moyrili.
_ sandro, ha sandro, davuZaxeT Cvena, magram yuri ar gvigdo, mere
adga, lanZRviT fanqari patara sifroze daaxeTqa da Tqva: gagonila gana
amdeni usamarTloba, amdeni sisxlis Rvra, amdeni devna da Seviwroveba? sad
aris samarTali, sad aris kanoni! Cven gakvirvebulebi vuyurebdiT da ar
gvesmoda, raze iyo laparaki. mere, roca damSvidda, qaRaldebi akrifa,
daaxvia da skivrSi Seinaxa. zed patara xaliCa daafara, romelic cxvarSi
dahqonda, bolos mainc gamogvicxada, rom raRac moTxrobas werda da imis
gmiri Seewuxebina usamarTlobas. magisTvis vbrazobdio. mere svimonam
uTxra: kaco, Cven gvegona, Sen Teoze iyavi da Sen ki Turme swero.. rai
sakvirvelia, _ vuTxari me, _ naswavli kacia, Sin wera-kiTxvas daCveulia da
CvensaviT marto joxze xom ar daeyudeba mTeli Rame. rodesac
sawerqaRaldi gamoeleoda sandros, xeTagur gaxutas gagzavnida groznoSi
da imas Camoataninebda~.
petre gujaraSvilis naambobidan: ùcnauri kacia sandro, roca
yaraulSia xolme, farexSi Seitans kartoxais (kartofilis) sanTels,
aanTebs da swers~. mwyemsebi aseT suraTsac agviweren: sandros `farexSi
sanTeli SuaSi udgas, cxvari ki, rkaliviT gars Semortymuli, Suqs etaneba.
pirvel rigebSi cxvari wina fexebze aris dabjenili, ukanidanac cxvari
awveba. sandro SuaSi zis da swers~. 418
417
yvelaze adre aseT faqtebs sagangebo yuradReba miaqcia al. yazbegis
cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis gamorCeulma mkvlevarma vaxtang kotetiSvilma.
vaxtang kotetiSvili agreTve imowmebs mwyemsis, fido RuduSauris naambobs:
èrT zamTars namgalebad viyaviT senJSi (adgilia), Tergis olqSi. Cven
erTad xevSi mogvxida dabruneba. rodesac movediT saCvenoSi, cxvari
TavTavianT mTebSi waviyvaneT, aleqsandre yazbegi Tavisi cxvriT wavida
ToTis mTaze. davarCieT cxvari, davTvaleT da aRmoCnda, rom cxvari
gvaklda. mamaCemma, giorgi RuduSaurma, damavala wavsuliyavi ToTis mTaSi
da gamego, aleqsandres cxvarSi Tu ar iyo narevi. SuadRe TiTqmis
axlovdeboda, rom mivaRwie im adgils, sadac aleqsandres cxvari hyavda
saZovrad da ra davinaxe? cxvari qvemoTa sZovs. aleqsandre zemoT asula,
sdgas gancalkevebiT da gahyurebs Txebs, romelnic maRla asulan
kldianebSi, dahxtian kldidan kldeze. laRoben, ZaRlebi iyefebian, ar
miSveben. me mainc mivdivar da vuyviri: mecxore, mecxore... magram aleqsandre
imdenad gatacebulia, rom ar esmis arc Cemi Zaxili da arc ZaRlebis yefa.
me mainc ar Sevepue ZaRlebs da mivedi sandrosTan, is ucbad motrialda da
gaCerda. mimipatiJa, mkiTxa, visi xaro.
_ yarajeT giorgisao, _ vupasuxe. sandros wigni da zed bevri
dawerili qaRaldebi da naxatebi eWira. aiRo yvela erTad, dakeca da
Caawyo CanTaSi~`.
vaxtang kotetiSvili mwyemsis mier gadmocemul am suraTs udarebs
al. yazbegis mier `mamis mkvlelSi~ daxatul xarjixvTa Widils, romelic
gadmocemiT, gansakuTrebiT xiblavda grigol orbelians, da Semdeg askvnis:
àseTi detalebis aRwera zepirad, unaxavad, yovlad warmoudgenelia. am
suraTis damwers, rogorc mxatvars, Tvalwin unda hqonoda natura, rom
aseTi zedmiwevniT aRebeWda rogorc suraTis mTliani kompozicia, agreTve
is mniSvnelovani wvrilmanebi, romelnic am suraTs did plastiurobas
aZleven.
al. yazbegs es suraTi adgilobriv aqvs dawerili. amiT imis Tqma ki
ar minda, rom `mamis mkvlels~ iq mTlianad swerda, aramed is, rasac
dostoevski ambobs erT werilSi _ `me... scenas maSinve Caviwer xolme ise,
rogorc igi meCvena pirvelad, da mixarian. magram Semdeg mTeli Tveebi Tu
weli vimuSaveb, ramdenjerme STavigonebi (radgan miyvars es scena) da
ramdenjerme an mivumateb an gamovakleb rames~-o.
mwyemsobis drosac al. yazbegi zogjer gamoCndeboda TbilisSi, xolo
1878 wels man mwyemsobas Tavi daaneba da sabolood Camovida TbilisSi. al.
yazbegma muSaoba daiwyo gazeTY`droebaSi~ da male axlad aRdgenil
qarTul TeatrSi, rogorc am Teatris dramaturgma da msaxiobma.
scena mis sicocxled iqca. al. yazbegma bolomde SeinarCuna es
siyvaruli. mogvianebiT, avadmyofi da daZabunebuli, igi TeatrSi
gamococxldeboda, Teatrs dauSurveblad aZlevda Tavis sulier da
fizikur Zalebs, sazogadod yvelafers, ris gaRebac SeeZlo TeatrisaTvis,
rac gaaCnda. 419
418
1880 wels al. yazbegma dabeWda vrceli, erTob sagulisxmo eT-
nografiuli Sinaarsis publicisturi gznebiT savse werilebis seria
`moxeveebi da maTi cxovreba~. male amas pirveli da patara moTxrobac
mohyva. waxalisebulma mweralma TiTqos Tavis namdvil mowodebas axla
miagno, Tavisi saTqmeli ipova, TiTqos sadinari gaixsna da erTbaSad daiZra
yvelaferi stiqioniviT.
al. yazbegis cxovrebis faqtebis gacnoba TvalnaTliv gvarwmunebs,
rom mas hqonda xelovanis Tandayolili niWi, romelic xSirad
gaucnobiereblad, magram jiutad ikvlevda gzas. `namwyemsaris mogonebebSi~,
maxlobelTa da naTesavTa monaTxrobSi sandros yrmobisa da Wabukobis
droindeli bevri iseTi ASemTxvevaa gadmocemuli, romlebidanac aSkarad
Cans, rom sandros midrekileba hqonda gardasaxvisaken, mas izidavda
adamianebze dakvirveba, sxvaTa cxovrebiT cxovreba, Wabukobidanve avlenda
mdidar fantazias, hqonda dakvirvebuli Tvali, gamogonebis didi unari da
sazogadod Txzvis niWi. moskovSi yofnisas Sedgomia yazbegi nawarmoebis
Seqmnas qalaqis cxovrebidan, romelSic, rogorc Cans, avtobiografiuli
momontebiTac uxvad unda esargebla. aqve mas ucdia gadmoeTargmna
Seqspiris `romeo da julieta~, griboedovis `vai Wkuisagan~. rogorc
vTqviT, saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli literaturul saqmianobas ar wyvetda.
1874 wels TbilisSi yofnisas al. yazbegma gaigo, rom mudmivi qarTuli
Teatris ararsebobis erTi mizezi repertuaris uqonlobac iyo. `me wavedi
Sina, _ yveba mwerali, da moudeq piesebis weras, Targmnas da gadmokeTebas.
mokle xanSi Sevadgine ocdaerTi piesa da Tbilisisken gamovwie
darwmunebulma, rom qarTul Teatrze mzrunveli sazogadoeba siamovnebiT
miiRebda Cems Sromas, warmoidgineT Cemi gaoceba, rodesac madlobis magier
cxvirwin frutuni damiwyes da masxrad amigdes~. bevri aseT SemTxvevaSi
gatydeboda da danebdeboda. SesaZloa, saerTod aeRo weraze xeli, magram
igi ar danebda.
sabolood al. yazbegma Tavisi Tavi namdvilad maSin aRmoaCina, roca
vnebad eqca, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliad
ucnobi Tavisi kuTxe, Cveni qveynis RviZli RviZlTagani xevi gaecno Tavisi
dardiTa da satkivariT, wviTa da sixaruliT. `vin icnobs imaT, an visTvis
arian saintereso, rom Zalian Tavi Seiwuxon imaTTvis?! iqamdisin ar
vicnobT xevSi mcxovreb xalxs da imaT mdgomareobas, rom mometebuls
nawils mkiTxvel sazogadoebas xevi saoseTo hgoniaT da Sig mcxovrebni ki
osebi.
swored sakvirvelia eseTi umecreba Cveni moxeveebis Sesaxeb,
romelnic wminda qarTvelni arian da arc erTi sxva ena ar ician, garda
qarTulisa, Tumca sxva tomis xalxi TiTqmis garsa hyavs Semortymuli... ar
aris CvenSi iseTi mazra, ar aris iseTi adgili, iseTi kunWuli, TviTon
miyruebul adgilebSic, romelsac amdeni gaWirveba adges, ramdenic adgas
moxeveebs... imaTi wvalebisa da mwuxarebis aRweras rom SevudgeT, mTeli
tomebi gaimseboda da mainc kidev cota iqneboda naTqvami imaT
mdgomareobazed, _ ase werda al. 420
419
yazbegi da ukve Canda, rom saTqmeli mxolod eTnografiul-publi-
cistur werilebSi ver daeteoda.
al. yazbegis samwerlo moRvaweoba prozaikosisaTvis mainc Zalian
mcire droiT monakveTSia gaSlili. man sul raRac xuTiod wlis manZilze
(1881-1885 w.w.) Seqmna yvela is Txzuleba, romelTac ukvdaveba daumkvidres.
zedized mohyva erTmaneTs èlguja~, `mamis mkvleli~, èliso~, `xevisberi
goCa~, èleonora~, `moZRvari~.
TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, al. yazbegi gamalebuli werda. misi
mZlavri warmosaxvis unarisa da mexsierebisaTvis maincdamainc sagangebo
samuSao pirobebis Seqmna aucilebeli ar yofila. misi didi mexsiereba bevr
mogonebas itevda, romlebic gadmoSlas lamobdnen... niSandoblivia mwerlis
sityvebi, mimarTuli megobari mwyemsisadmi: `gaxsovs, ramdeni mSvenieri
suraTebi exateboda Cvens Tvalebs da ise akvirvebda bunebis simdidre? me
yvela es ise cxovlad mexateba Tvalwin, ise cxovlad magondeba, TiTqos
guSin iyos momxdari~. STagoneba maSinve ewveoda, roca saamisod moiclida.
galaktionis TqmiT, `saaRmafreno mdgomareobaSi didxans SeeZlo yofna~.
werda al. yazbegi TavdaviwyebiT, garemodan amorTuli, Tavis samyaroSi,
Tavis personaJebTan, gadasaxlebuli. mTeli arsebiT iyo micemuli
xelovnebis did Zalas. azrs mxolod SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi xedavda da
yofiT cxovrebas agrerigad aRar eqvemdebareboda, angariSs aRar uwevda.
mwerluri da msaxioburi muSaoba iyo misi arsebobis namdvili
Sinaarsi, sxva ram faqtobrivad misTvis aRar arsebobda. igi moCvenebasaviT
dadioda `viTarca aqtiori, romelmac ager axla moicila saxidan grimi~
(Tomas mani).
realuri cxovrebiT igi imdenad cxovrobda, ramdenadac es saWiro
iyo mxolod da mxolod SemoqmedebisTvis. .`mas ise uyvarda muSaoba,
rogorc aravis sxvas~ (galaktioni).
mgznebare patrioti, bunebiT Tavmdabali, gulkeTili, xelgaSlili,
damcirebulTa da SeuracxyofilTa mosarCle, erTguli megobari,
dausabuTebeli qebis armcnobi, Tavis ZalebSi TviTdarwmunebuli, sxvaTa
niWis pativismcemeli da sakuTari mwerluri Rirsebis mTrTolvare
damcveli, _ ase axasiaTeben al. yazbegs misi Tanamedroveni, misi mwerluri
niWis Tayvanismcemelni. aseTad moCans igi Tavis nawerebSic.
erT dros warmosadegi vaJkaci 80-iani wlebis miwurulSi Zalian
gamoicvala. misi Secvlili garegnoba da gareSe TvalisaTvis cxovrebis
erTob ucnauri, mouwesrigebeli forma ar miuTiTebda imaze, rom is didi
mwerli iyo. mxolod rCeulebma moaxerxes am garegnuli erTgvari
ucnaurobisa da daudevrobis iqiT didi talantis danaxva.
yvelasaTvis cnobilia is aRtaceba, rac moxucma grigol orbelianma
gamoxata al. yazbegis èlgujasa~ da `mamis mkvlelis~ wakiTxvisas. erTob
sayuradRebo Cans, rom mxcovani poetisaTvis al. yazbegis Txzulebebs didi
berZeni epikosi gauxsenebia. gazeT 421
420
`droebis~ furclebze, sadac ibeWdeboda al. yazbegis aRniSnuli
Txzulebebi, gr. orbelians aseTi minawerebi gaukeTebia: `Zalian kargia~;
`mSveniereba aris~; `didad meama~; `qarTvelT omiros ars, SabaS!~ `RmerTma
gakurTxos moCxubariZev im gulis datkbobisaTvis, romelic momeca am
moTxrobis wakiTxvis Jamsa. jer qarTuls enazed msgavsi ara dawerila ra~.
ùfalo moCxubariZev, gixarodes, Sen xar pirveli mwerali dramatiki
saqarTveloSi~... àm mokle minawerebidan Cans, rom mxcovan mwerals,
zogierT gacilebiT axalgazrda Tanamedroveze ukeT daunaxavs al.
yazbegis Semoqmedebis Tavisebureba da misi adgili XIX saukunis
literaturaSi~ (g. asaTiani).
maRali azrisa yofila al. yazbegze didi ilia. mas al. yazbegis
`mamis mkvlelze~ werilis dawerac ki ganuzraxavs, magram mizezTa gamo ver
ganuxorcielebia. Cvenamde am werilisaTvis gamiznulma konspeqturma
Canawerma moaRwia.
al. yazbegis nawarmoebebs gautacnia axalgazrda daviTY kldiaSvili,
romelsac moTxroba `gankicxulis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg aRtaceba ver
daufaravs da werili miuweria al. yazbegisaTvis.
didma daZabulma Sromam da sazogadod mouwesrigebelma yofiTma
cxovrebam adre gatexa mwerali. `TandaTan SesamCnevi gaxda, rom male misi
fizikuri SesaZleblobebi umtyunebda missave did mxatvrul monacemebs. es
asec moxda. fizikurma daZabulobam fsiqikac CaiTria da yvelasaTvis
SesamCnevi gaxda, rom Cvenma mweralma dakarga wonasworoba, masSi
pirovnebam rRveva daiwyo, rac ramdenime wlis Semdeg sabediswerod
damTavrda~ (gr. kiknaZe).
sazogadoebrivi gulgrilobiT Sewuxebuli akaki mogvianebiT werda:
`Cveni sazogadoeba cota pirSavad aris masTan. maSin, roca misi nawerebi
aTasobiT iyideboda da rogorc mwyurvali wyaros, ise ewafebodnen mis
nawerebs, is samxedro hoSpitalSi iwva avadmyofi, did gaWirvebaSi.
sikvdilis Semdeg ki Seinana sazogadoebam, mis kubos mzec da mTvarec
daaxala, magram raRa dros!.. misi sikvdilic ki ucnauri iyo: erTxel
varancovis xidTan videq me da SevniSne, rom sazogadoeba muStaidisken
mieswrafeboda, ekipaJi ekipaJze iyo gadabmuli da miaqanebdnen... iq Turme
warmodgena iyo, viri ahyavdaT maRla aerostatiT!.. swored im dros movida
CemTan danaRvlianebuli z. WiWinaZe da naRvlianad, Tavis qneviT damekiTxa:
`sad midis es sazogadoeba saseirnod? sul naxevari saaTi ar iqneba, rac
hoSpitalSi al. yazbegi gardaicvala da mec iqidan movdivaro!~ am ambavma
damaRona da davbrundi Sinisaken~ (`Cemi Tavgadasavali~). es moxda 1893 wlis
dekemberSi.
Segubebuli naRveliT savse leqsiT daitira qarTvelTa saTayvano
vaJam Tavisi TanamoZme:
`Svilo tanjulis qveynisav.
suli dahlie tanjviTa.
miuxval mama-papaTa
amoRebulis xanjriTa,
cremlad damdnaris guliTa,422
421
daRlili mtrisa javriTa!..
javri tans nabdad gexveva,
cremli migyveba sagZlada
da trfoba Senis qveynisa
uqms da xeluyrels abjrada.
Tavs dgmuli eklis gvirgvini
ferxT win daugde gmirebsa,
mamulisaTvis gamwydarTa
im saqarTvelos Svilebsa.
cocxlad imediT mcxovrebo,
gTxov, imaTac sce nugeSi!
piroba qarTvelebisa,
vgoneb migyveba ubeSi!..
uCvene Seni kalami
nawebi sisxlis gubeSi!~
al. yazbegi dasaflavebulia imave saxlis ezoSi, sadac man pirvelad
aaxila Tvali.
* * *
marTalia, al. yazbegis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi ZiriTadad axali
drois, kerZod XVIII s. miwurulsa da XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
movlenebia asaxuli, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mTis mkvidrTa
yofa-cxovreba garkveulad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos baris mcxovrebTa
yofisagan. amdenad, bunebrivia, al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa ukeT gansacdel-
gasaazreblad saWiroa erTgvari warmodgenis Seqmna im kuTxeze, romelic
Cveni mwerlis sasicocxlo garemos warmoadgens.
axla xevis Sesaxeb, marTalia ukve arsebobs garkveuli literatura1,
magram CvenTvis amJamad yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo meistorie am garemosi
mainc al. yazbegia, ramdenadac masaviT Rrmad aravin ziarebia, Tavisi
kuTxis bunebas, xalxis suls. amitomac xevis daxasiaTebisas, mis mxatvrul
samyaroSi Sesasvlelad, bunebrivia, rom ZiriTadad al. yazbegs mivmarTavT.
rodesac ukve saxelmoxveWil mwerals Tavisi drois TvalsaCino
mecnierma, maSin jer kidev studentma, al. xaxanaSvilma sTxova moxeveebis
Sesaxeb garkveuli cnobebi miewodebina referatis Sesasruleblad,
gulisxmierma mweralma students upasuxa, Tanac, pirvel yovlisa, miuTiTa
gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeWdili eTnografiul-publicisturi werili
`moxeveebi da maTi cxovreba~ enaxa. al. yazbegis es SesaniSnavi naSromi
marTlac uqmnis mkiTxvels sruliad garkveul warmodgenas xevisa da mis
mkvidrTa Sesaxeb.
axla stefanwmindis raionSi Sedis is ZvelTaganve cnobili sa-
sazRvro kuTxe saqarTvelosi, romelsac xevi ewodeba. samxreTiT
1 ix. mag., s. makalaTia, xevi, 1934 w., v. iToniSvili, xevi Zvelad da
axla, 1967 w. da. a. S.423
422
mas mTiuleTi esazRvreba jvris uReltexiliT (Zveli daraionebis
mixedviT, axlandeli duSeTis raionis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili), xolo
CrdiloeTiT darialis karibWis gavliT, erTi mxriv, oseTi, xolo meore
mxriv, CeCneT-inguSeTi.
xevi mdinare Tergis (romelsac `Cerqezamde ewodebis aragÂe~, _
vaxuSti) xeobaSia gaSlili da mTiuleTisagan gansxvavebiT, vaxuStis TqmiT,
àrs dabali da utyeo. zamTars vera vlis amas zeda cxeni Tovlis
sididiTa: zafxul ars balaxiani, yuaviliani~1.
xevi yuradRebas iqcevda rogorc Tavisi diadi, magram pirquSi
bunebiT. ase mosaxleobis eTnografiuli TaviseburebebiT, moxeveebi `wminda
qarTvelebi arian~ (al. yazbegi). isini, rogorc mTis sxva tomebi, mebrZoli
xalxi iyvnen. `mebrZolni Zlierni, axovanni, viTarca mTiulni, garna eseni
umjobesni yovliTa~2, _ ambobs Cveni saxelovani istorikosi.
moxeveebi, miuxedavad mahmadianuri mezobeli tomebis garemocvisa,
mtkiced inarCunebdnen erovnul saxes _ enas, sarwmunoebas, mama-papaTa
adaT-tradiciebs.
xevi yovelTvis iyo qarTvel mefeTa gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
sagani, rogorc Terg-darialis gzaze mdebare sasazRvro kuTxe. moxeveebi
mudam fxizlad idgnen saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis karTan da Cvens qveyanas
icavdnen Crdilo kavkasieli tomebis Tavdasxmebisagan. qveynisaTvis am
kuTxis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo igi Tavisufali iyo yovelgvari
saxelmwifo begarisa da xarjisagan.
moxeveebi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTis sxva kuTxis mcxovreblebi,
yovelTvis irCevdnen saqarTvelos mefeebTan kavSirs, maT erTgulebas,
vidre zviadi feodalebis ymobas. es rwmena saukuneobiTYmTis sasazRvro
kuTxeebsa da maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa, xevs samefo xelisuflebis mtkice
dasayrden Zalad warmoadgenda. `xevi, _ al. yazbegis TqmiT, _ qarTls
mowyvetili, Tavisufali nawili iyo. yoveli moxeve mefe qarTvelT
aRiarebda mSobels mamad. moRvaweni saqarTvelos wmindanaT, da TviT Tamar
mefe, CvenSi pirimzed xsenebuli, Tavmosanebels salocavad. xevi yovelTvis
morCils umcros Zmad Tavgadadebuli mxars aZlevda qarTls, rodesac mas
mteri Seawuxebda. gaWirvebis drosve moxeveTa saxli Ria iyo Semox-
iznebulis qarTlelebisaTvis da TviT erekles, mTaSi gaxiznebuls,
kalTiT uzidavdnen aragvis kalmaxs.
aragvis saerisTavos gaamayebuli feodalebi cdilobdnen Tavisufali
xevis damorCilebas, bevrs ecada nugzar erisTavi, magram am gautexeli
kuTxis mimarT veraferi gaawyo. mxolod zomaze metad gandidebulma
nugzaris Svilma, zurab aragvis erisTavma moaxerxa mefisaTvis `mcires
xniT, motyuebiT~ waeglija es mxare, `magram moxeveT gandevnes igi mokle
xanSi da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni ganTavisufldnen~, ase rom, `xevSi
arasodes ar yofila batonymoba,
1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenilia s. yauxCiSvilis mier, 1973 w. gv. 356.
2 iqve, gv. 359.424
423
Tavadaznauroba da kaci dafasebula mxolod piradi RirsebisaTvis~
(al. yazbegi).
moxeveTa yofa-cxovreba erTgvarad Zveli patriarqaluri wyobilebis
mixedviT mimdinareobda. rogorc mwerali gvamcnobs, `xevi imarTeboda
erTobiT (saero krebiT) da sadac saqme mTlad xevis saqmes Seexeboda, misi
gadawyveta mxolod Temobas SeeZlo. xalxis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis
meTvalyureni iyvnen erobis dekanozebi da maTi meufrose mTeli Temobis
ufrosi `xevisberi~: xevisberi miemsgavseboda respublikis prezidents,
Tumca brZolis dros sruli TviTmpyrobelobis ufleba eZleoda~ (al.
yazbegi).
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es forma
gulisxmobs erTob mdidar da gamZle adaT-tradiciebs, sarwmunoebriv wes-
Cveulebebs.
ase movida es kuTxe XIX saukunemde mainc, ruseTTan saqarTvelos
SeerTebis siZneleebi am kuTxemac erTob mtkivneulad gadaitana.
saqarTvelos mTis sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT ufro adre Tavisi
adgilmdebareobis gamo, axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis,
mmarTvelobisa da kanonmdeblobis formebma, sruliad ucxom moxeveTa
bunebisaTvis TandaTan Seaviwrova cxovrebis nacadi mamapapuri wesi. axali
formebi gulmarTal da amay mTielis guls arafers sanugeSos ar
eubneboda, xolo TanamoZmeTa im nawils, romelic ruseTis samsaxurSi
Camdgariyo, ryvnida da adamianur saxes ukargavda. TandaTan iwyo rRveva
xalxis saukeTeso tradiciebze dafuZnebulma cxovrebis wesma.
al. yazbegis nawarmoebebSi didi mxatvruli ZaliT aris naCvenebi es
procesi.
al. yazbegi Tavis eTnografiul naSromSi gatacebiT gviyveba moxeveTa
`qarTuli patiosnebiT~ savse xasiaTis, zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. am kuTxis
mkvidrTa xasiaTis did mcodnes ufleba ara gvaqvs ar vendoT, roca igi
wers: `moxeveze gulkeTili me arc erTi xalxi ar meguleba da erTi-ori
tkbili sityva rom uTxra, ise mogendoba, rogorc Zmas~. mwerali
gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom es TavisTavad sanaqebo Tvisebebi xalxisa
axal pirobebSi maT damRupvelad gadaqceula, radgan moxeleebi da CarC-
vaWrebi usindisod sargebloben maTi am Ria, mimndobi bunebiT.
moxeve, mwerlis dakvirvebiT, àmayia, Tavis dReSi nebas ar mogcemT,
rom daCagroT; magram awmyo mdgomareobam maTraxis ZaliT daaCvia, bevri
iseTi rame moiTminos, rasac sxva dros ar mogiTmendaTYda aRZruli wyena
gulSive Seinaxos.
garemo pirobebis simkacrem, `sul mudam bunebasTan brZolam isini
SeaCvia moTminebas da daudgromels muSaobas~; amasTan ùnda daumatoT
Wkua da Cqari moazreba gaWirvebaSi~. es Tvisebebic maTi cxovrebis
pirobebma gansazRvra.
moxeveebi iumoris grZnobiT arian dajildoebuli, moxeves uyvars
dacinva, magram ara RvarZliani. ìs icinis imitom, rom sasacilos xedavs,
Tumca ki mzad aris imave dros samasxaro mdgomareobaSi 425
424
myofs uSvelos da gamoiyvanos gaWirvebidan~. moxevem kargad icis
leqsis madli da misi zemoqmedebis Zalac. Tu xevSi vinmem raime saTakilo
da ukadrisi saqcieli Caidina, imas leqss gamouTqvamen, romelSic
gaamasxreben. `qveynad moxeves ise ara gadasaxadis ar eSinia, rogorc
saleqsod gaxdomisa~.
al. yazbegi Tavis werilebSi farTod Cerdeba moxeve qalis md-
gomareobasa da adgilze sazogadoebaSi. moxeve qalis mdgomareoba
gansxvavebulia mezobeli qalebis mdgomareobisagan. àq qali arc ise
damaluli da saqmeSi monawileoba miuRebeli rCeba, rogorc osebsa da
CerqezebSi da arc ise gamaqalbatonebeli mdgomareoba aqvs, rogorc
qarTlSi... moxeve qali kacebTan erTad xnavs, sTesavs, mkis, Tibavs, Camoaqvs
zurgiT Tiva mTebidgan, ezideba ekals zurgiTve da yvela amas Tu ar
kacebzed ukeTesad, uaresad ar asruleben. amis gareT imis movaleoba aris
Sina saqme, rogoricaa magaliTad, puris cxoba, saWmelebis keTeba da
taravalis kerva kacebisaTvis... sazogadod mTaSi Zalian lamazi qalebi
arian, mSvenivrad moyvanili, tanadi~. qalis qalwulebrivi patiosneba
xevSiac erTob Zvirad fasobs. .`patiosneba moxevis qalebisa marTlac
gasaSterebelia da Znelad moxdeba, rom unamusobiT saxeli vinmem
gaifuWos, saleqsod gaxdes da virzed Sesmuli mamis saxls daubrunon.
mardi moTamaSeni, momReralni kacs TiTqos raRac imeds aZlevs imaT damor-
Cilebazed, magram ra wams imaT patiosnebas Seexebi, isini gareul
jixvsaviT ganze gagixtebian da dagagdeben marto Sens ocnebasTan. magram
Tu rogorme iRbalma gagiWra, Seuyvardi moxevis qals, maSin imas uyvarxar
suliT da guliT, is aRarafers iSurvebs SenTvis da Tavis Tavs
msxverplad gaZlevs~. moxevis qalebs `svindisianad da erTgulad
SeunaxamsT ZveliTganve qarTveluri patiosneba~.
mwerlis eTnografiuli dakvirvebebi moxeveTa cxovrebaze, maT adaT-
Cvevebze, qalis mdgomareobaze mxatvrul ganzogadebas iZenen da ase
bunebrivad gadadian mis amaRelvebel mxatvrul TxzulebebSi.
* * *
al. yazbegis literaturuli moRvaweoba mcire droiT monakveTSia
gaSlili, magram aRbeWdilia produqtiuli siuxviT da Tematikur-
Janrobrivi nairferobiT. al. yazbegi werda leqsebsac, dramatul
Txzulebebsac, magram misi namdvili mwerluri dideba ZiriTadad mis
prozaul TxzulebebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
mainc raSi mdgomareobs al. yazbegis rogorc mwerlis damsaxureba
qarTuli literaturis winaSe. ra axali Temebi ukavSirdeba mis saxels, an
ra axleburi midgoma gamoavlina man adre gansaxierebuli Temebis mimarT,
ra mxatvruli saSualebebiT gaamdidra man Cveni mwerloba?
bunebrivia, literaturis istorikosis winaSe aseTi kiTxvebi daismis
al. yazbegis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc sxva
xelovanis Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas. 426
425
al. yazbegis saxels Cvens mwerlobaSi ukavSirdeba, pirvel yovlisa,
erTi didi Tema _ kerZod, mTis Tema. qarTul literaturaSi did vaJasTan
erTad swored man Semoitana es Tema _ gagvacno aRmosavleTY saqarTvelos
mTianeTis cxovreba, mTas moupova Cvens mwerlobaSi moqalaqeobrivi
ufleba. es aris al. yazbegis erTi upirvelesi da mniSvnelovani
damsaxureba. amiT al. yazbegma kidev ufro gaafarTova qarTveli
mkiTxvelis warmodgenebi Tavis samSobloze. mwerlis TvaliT SevxedeT
xevs, mTiuleTs. am TvaliT danaxuli sinamdvile ki uaRresad Zvirfasi da
momxiblavi aRmoCnda, ramdenadac aq, yazbegis TxzulebebSi, yvelafers
mwerlis siyvaruli mosdebia _ Tvaluwvdenel mTebsac da mquxare
mdinareebsac, lurjTvala cas da mwvane balaxiT axasxasebul mindvrebs,
Zlieri, gautexeli sulis adamianebs. nawarmoebTa saerTo qargaSi Caqso-
vili nairnairi adaT-tradiciebi, warmodgenebi am mxaris mkvidrTa maRal
suls gvacnobs da Tavmowonebis grZnobas gviCens.
al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis udidesi mniSvneloba am kuTxeebis daxatvis
TvalsazrisiT imaSiac mdgomareobs, rom mweralma Cveni mTis yofa,
interesebi mtkiced daukavSira qarTvelTa saerTo yofas, Cveni xalxis
saerTo idealebs. al. yazbegis Semoqmedebam TvalnaTliv cxadyo, rom mTac
saerTo qarTuli interesebiT cxovrobda, saerTo qarTuli dardiTa da
imediT.
es ki imasac niSnavs, rom Zalian didia al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxis erovnuli
erTianobis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT.
al. yazbegi didi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom am kuTxisaTvis
yuradReba aqamde aravis miuqcevia; `swored sakvirvelia eseTi umecreba
Cveni moxeveebis Sesaxeb... es garemoeba miT ufro sakvirvelia, rom xevi
Tavisi mdebareobiT, imyofeba imisTana adgilas, sadac soflebs zed Suazed
gauvlis didi saxelmwifo gza, romelic aerTebs Cvens qveyanas mTels
ruseTTan da, maSasadame, Znelad darCeba iseTi wera-kiTxvis mcodne kaci,
romelsac erTxel ar gaearos am adgilebze, magram yvelas iRbali unda! _
kidec gauvliaT, kidec gamouvliaT, bevrjelac gadauyvan-gadmouyvaniaT
moxeveebs gaxirebuls zamTarSi sxvadasxva mogzaurebi mTazed, magram imaT
Cqara daviwyebiaT amaTi samsaxuri da mTebzed imaTgan Svela~.
mxolod erTi mgzavri aRmoCnda gamonaklisi _ didi ilia, romelmac
`wminda qarTvelis~, moxeve lelT Runias gauxunari saxe daxata `mgzavris
werilebSi~.
STabeWdileba, romlis mixedviTac al. yazbegi mTas mimarTavs, radgan
am kuTxis Svilia, mwerals erTob zRudavs. rasakvirvelia, konkretuli
kuTxis asaxva jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom yazbegis Semoqmedebis
problematika SezRudulia, mxolod am kuTxiTaa Semofargluli da masze
ver maRldeba, ara sazogado, sayovelTao mniSvnelobisaa. aRniSnuli
viTareba mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom Cveulebriv WeSmarit mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi sazogado idealebi, saerTo miswrafebebi konkretuli masalis
asaxvaSi mJRavndeba. ase427
426
Tia bevri, Zalian cnobili mwerlis da, maT Soris, al. yazbegis
Semoqmedebac. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba
Tematikurad mxolod mTiT, misi warsuliTa da TanadroulobiT rom
SemosazRvruliyo, maSin misi problematika masalas ver gascdeboda, mis
Txzulebebs mxolod eTnografiuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCndeboda da
interesic maT mimarT karga xniT adre Seneldeboda. axla marto
warsulisa da kerZod, am kuTxis warsulis, misi adaT-Cvevebis gacnobis
surviliT-Ra Tu iqneboda nakarnaxevi, rac Zalian mcire safuZveli
aRmoCndeboda im ukvdavebisaTvis, rasac al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba eziara.
marTalia, al. yazbegi mTis masalas ganasaxierebs, magram ara viwro
TvalsazrisiT, mwerali axali TvalsazrisiT iazrebs am masalas, axal
simaRleze ahyavs, ufro sworad, mTa amosavalia, raTa didi da
zogaderovnuli, zogadsakacobrio Temebi ganixilos. marTalia, ZiriTadad,
mTielebi arian al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa personaJebi, magram isini saerTo
erovnul xasiaTs gamoxataven da saerTo adamianur grZnobebs atareben.
amitom aris maTi gulis yoveli moZraoba, maTi satkivari, miswrafeba
CvenTvisac gasagebi da maxlobeli, amitom vuTanagrZnobT, ganvicdiT maT
beds.
al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis Tematika uaRresad socialuria. erovnuli
da socialuria is ZiriTadi, razed dafuZnebulia misi nawarmoebebis
cocxali mTlianoba.
al. yazbegis nawarmoebebSi gansaxovnebulia idea erovnuli Ta-
visuflebisa. igi daucxromeli damcvelia patara erTa Rirsebis, maTi
Tavisuflebisa; es idea mTel mis Semoqmedebas mihyveba, gansakuTrebiT ki
Tavs iCens èlgujaSi~. am mxriv, al. yazbegi agrZelebs im tradiciebs,
romlebic iliam da akakim daamkvidres Cvens mwerlobaSi. al. yazbegi,
rasakvirvelia, ilia WavWavaZis realisturi skolis saxelovani
tradiciebis gamgrZeleblia da, am azriT, Rirseuli memkvidrec, magram
Tqmuli imas sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom igi ilias imeorebs. al. yazbegma
axleburi midgoma gamoamJRavna sinamdvilis asaxvisadmi da individualuri
saxiT warmodga qarTul mwerlobaSi.
ilia WavWavaZisaTvis is iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi
batonobda mkafio Tvalsazrisi. ilia WavWavaZisaTvis mniSvnelovania esa Tu
is problema, esa Tu is idea, romlis mxatvrul Cvenebas emsaxureba
siuJetic, personaJebic da gamosaxvis sxva saSualebebic. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom ilias TxzulebebSi batonobs erTi garkveuli Tema, romelic
iqvemdebarebs yvelafers. ilias TxzulebaTa personaJebi arsebiTad
mimTiTebelni arian garkveul Temaze, ideaze. aseTebi arian ìamSCiki~, rusi
oficeric, giorgic, arCilic, kesoc...
rogorc cnobilia, aseTia ilia WavWavaZis gansaxierebis gza da am
gzas sxva ar SeiZleba ewodos, Tu ara sinamdvilis gansaxierebis
inteleqtualuri gza, 428
427
ramdenadme sxvagvaria sinamdvilisadmi aleqsandre yazbegis, rogorc
mwerlis midgoma. mis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi sinamdvile mTlianobaSia
asaxuli, daunawevreblad. mwerlis winaswar SemuSavebuli azri, winaswar
dasaxuli problema ki ara, TviT sinamdvilis gansaxierebaa mTavari
moTxovna. swored sinamdvilis gansaxierebis procesSi ibadeba mxatvruli
azric. cxadia, potenciaSi mocemuli mizanswrafva al. yazbegis SemTxvevaSi
arsebobs, magram igi araa savsebiT gacnobierebuli, Segnebuli da
Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisis saxiT warmodgenili. rac SeiZleba
cxovrebasTan axlos, aseTia al. yazbegis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva didi
xelovanis mwerluri devizi. al. yazbegis TxzulebebSi yuradRebis
centrSi uSualod cxovreba, uSualod cocxali adamianebi dganan.
personaJis sulieri ragvaroba, misi bedi aris aq mkiTxvelis uSualo
interesis sagani. swored adamianTa bedTan aris dakavSirebuli socialuri
da erovnul-politikuri momentebi.
al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi socialur-politikuri xasiaTis grZnobebi
daxatulia sxva grZnobaTa gverdiT, maTTan kavSirSi da damokidebulebaSi,
maTTan tolfasad, TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis warmoCeniT. es ki imasac
gulisxmobs, rom misi nawarmoebebi xasiaTdebian mravalTemianobiT. erTsa
da imave nawarmoebSi erTmanTis gverdiT SeiZleba sxvadasxva Tema iCendes
Tavs da yvelaferi es adamianis sulieri samyaros siRrmeebis Cvenebis gziT
iyos gaSlili.
al. yazbegi adamianis cocxal grZnobebs wvda Tavis daunawevre-
blobaSi, mTlianobaSi, mweralma dagvanaxa, rom cocxali grZnobebi
udidesi sirTuliT da nairferobiT xasiaTdebian. marTalia, garegnulad
martivad gamoiyureba im xalxis cxovreba, visi gacnobac mkiTxvelisaTvis
al. yazbegs ganuzraxavs, magram Sinaganad erTob rTuli da
mravalferovani aRmoCnda igi da es dagvanaxa Cvenma mweralma. es Sinagani
sirTule xalxis sulieri cxovrebis simdidres mowmobs.
al. yazbegma Cvens literaturaSi aqamde arnaxuli mxatvruli ZaliT
gviCvena cocxal grZnobaTa sirTule, maTi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi.
mweralma dagvanaxa, rom Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi grZnobebi sufTa saxiT ar
arseboben, aumRvrevelni da Seuryvnelni. adamianis guli xSirad xdeba
asparezi nairnairi Seferilobis grZnobaTa Widilisa. pirovnuli da
socialuri, Rrmad intimuri da sazogado erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli da
adamianis sulier dramas apirobeben. al. yazbegi xatavs imgvar viTarebas,
roca adamianma kargad icis, rom rasac igi sCadis, ewinaaRmdegeba missave
rwmenas, ara Tu sazogadoebriv morals, magram mas ar SeuZlia, Zala ar
Seswevs sxvagvarad moiqces.
al. yazbegis personaJebi mometebulad axalgazrdebi arian, qalebi
TxuTmet-Teqvsmeti, vaJebi oci-ocdaxuTi wlisani. es grZnobaTa mozRvavebis
asakia, grZnobaTa uSualoba da mRelvareba, vnebianoba aris maTi bunebis
damaxasiaTebeli niSani, es aaxloebs maT erTmaneTTan, magram Tqmuli imas
ar gulisxmobs, rom mravalferovani ar 429
428
iyos al. yazbegis mier daxatuli personaJTa samyaro. erTmaneTisagan
mkafiod gansxvavebuli tipebic dagvixata mweralma da daaxloebiT erTi
tipis individebic, romelTac amouwuravi niuansebi ganarCevT
erTmaneTisagan. gansxvavebuli literaturuli tipebi arian elguja da
iago, onise da maTia, ZiZia da mzaRo... gansxvavebulia maTi qcevebi,
erTgvarad msgavs situaciebSi, xolo arsebiTad msgavsi qcevebis
SemTxvevaSi TviT am qcevaTa gancdiTi safuZvelia sxvadasxva. maT gverdiT
mwerali xatavs sruliad sxva grZnobebisa da inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis adamianebs _ xevisberi goCa da svimon CofikaSvili,
moZRvari da anzora, nugzar erisTavi da gagi CofikaSvili... es is
nairferobaa tipebisa, romelTa daxatva mxolod da mxolod didi
talantis mwerals ZaluZda.
personaJTa daxatvisas al. yazbegisaTvis amosavalia maTi zneobrivi
samyaro, swored am mxares aqcevs igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. al.
yazbegis gmirebi pirdapirni da Seudrekelni arian, sandoni da
keTilSobiluri zraxvebiT aRsavseni. yvelas erTi ram aaxlovebs
erTmaneTTan _ mkafiod gamovlenili grZnoba pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvisa.
isini fxizlad dganan TavianTi Rirsebis sadarajoze. maTi qcevebi
arsebiTad am grZnobazea dafuZnebuli. igi motoris rols asrulebs
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis moqmedebis dros. sruliad Cveulebrivi adamiani
SeiZleba gmirad iqces, roca saqme pirovnul Rirsebas Seexeba. es niSani
al. yazbegis gmirebs mkiTxvelisaTvis saocnebo adamianebad aqcevs. Cven
gvxiblaven isini, maTgvaroba gvenatreba, ramdenadac Segneba da dacva
pirovnuli Rirsebisa yovelTvis araa advilad mosaxerxebeli; adamianebi
Zalian xSirad Tvals xuWaven, roca maT pirovnul Rirsebas exebian, ufro
sworad, TviTve Telaven mas da TiTqmis yovel fexis nabijze.
pirovnuli Rirsebis gamaxvilebuli SegrZnebiT da misi dacvisaTvis
mzadyofniT al. yazbegis gmirebTan siaxloves amJRavneben vaJa-fSavelas
epikur qmnilebaTa gmirebi.
al. yazbegi xatavda zneobrivad rogorc Rirseul, aseve nak-
lebfasovan personaJebs, sulmdabal adamianebs, romelTac qvena zraxvani,
naTelisa da lamazis Semlaxveli instinqtebi amoZravebT, aseTebi
qarTvelebic arian da araqarTvelebic. mwerali mowinave Tvalsazrisze
dgas da maincdamainc romelime eris warmomadgenelTa damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebad ar miaCnia simaxinje, zneobrivi simdable, gaiZveroba, iseve
rogorc Rirseba. al. yazbegi adamianebSi mdabal zraxvaTa gaRvivebis,
sazogadod maTi gabatonebis umTavres mizezs socialur garemoSi xedavs.
igi garemos debs brals, Tumca aRniSnuli imas ar niSnavs, rom adamiani
Tavisufldebodes moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan.
al. yazbegis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi sevdianad mTavrdeba, faq-
tobrivad iRupeba yvela gmiri, magram es sevda xelCaqneulobas, pesimizms
jer kidev ar niSnavs. al. yazbegi sruliadac araa rwmenadakarguli
xelovani. piriqiT, swored adamianis sulier ZalTa rwmenaa mwerlis
STagonebis uSreti wyaro. marTalia, fizikurad iRu430
429
pebian yazbegis gmirebi, magram es araa mauwyebeli maTi zneobrivi
daSvebis, sulieri damarcxebis. isini fizikurad iRupebian, magarm suliT
gautexelni rCebian, rwmenaSeulaxavni, Sinaganad Tavisufalni. maTi daRupva
logikuri dasasrulia arsebul sinamdvileSi. erTob fxizeli mweralia
al. yazbegi, rom usafuZvlo, TavaReril optimizms ahyves. mis realizms
bevrad ufro Rrma fesvebi aqvs da aseTad rCeba igi bolomde. al. yazbegi
savsebiT ganTavisuflebulia ambavTa poeturi gaazrebisagan. realur
cxovrebaSi cotaa romantika. sakmaod sastikia cxovreba. mkacri da
Seubralebelia TiTqos Cveni mwerali, magram ras vizamT, TviTon cxovrebaa
mkacri, xolo al. yazbegi cxovrebas asaxavs.
daiRupnen elguja, maTia, vaJia, anzora, onofre, iago... magram
daiRupnen uTanasworo brZolaSi, samarTlianobisaTvis brZolaSi.
maSasadame am gmirTa bunebis uvargisoba ki araa maTi daRupvis mizezi,
aramed aseTad mwerali im socialur-politikur viTarebas miiCnevs,
romelSic arseboba uxdebaT mis personaJebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom al.
yazbegi momxrea socialuri gardaqmnisa. mas kargad esmis, rom elguja,
vaJia, anzora, iago... saukeTeso wevrebi iqnebian. samarTliani, axal
socialur urTierTobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebisa.
al. yazbegi Txrobis didi ostatia. misi nawarmoebebi metad sain-
tereso siuJetebze aris agebuli. mwerali saintereso, mRelvare ambebs
mogviTxrobs da mkiTxvelic Seunebeli interesiT mihyveba mas. magram
aRniSnuli imas ar niSnavs, rom igi mxolod ambavTa TxrobiT
ifarglebodes. sainteresod moyolili, daZabuli ambavi al. yazbegis
nawarmoebTa mxatvruli aRnagobis mxolod erTi mxarea. avtori daZabuli
siuJetis fonze iZleva grZnobebis faqiz analizs da mkiTxvelis interess
Tanabrad mimarTavs personaJTa sulieri viTarebis daxasiaTebisaken.
adamianis sulier siRrmeebs wvdeba mwerali da maT CvenTvisac saCinod
xdis. araerTgzis aRuniSnavT grZnobaTa al. yazbegiseuli analizis siRrme
da damajerebloba. al. yazbegi adamianTa grZnobebis dinebas mis
daunawevrebel mTlianobaSi Cawvda da SeZlo maTi aseTadve gadmocema.
erTi sityviT, al. yazbegi gansxvavdeba iseTi mwerlebisagan, romlebic
mxolod garegnul ambavTa gadmocemiT ifarglebian da imgvari
mwerlebisganac, romlebic sulieri siRrmeebis gadmocemiT arian
dainteresebulni da amas sulier viTarebaSi darCeniTve aRweven. al.
yazbegi Tanabrad mimarTavs Tavis yuradRebas orive mxareze. esecaa piroba
Cveni mwerlisadmi nairnairi SesaZleblobebis, kulturuli donis
mkiTxvelis interesisa.
konkretuli Txzulebebis ganxilvam kidev ufro unda migvaaxlovos
al. yazbegis SemoqmedebiT samyaros.
* * *
al. yazbegis SemoqmedebiT didebis dasawyisi èlgujas~ ukavSirdeba.
es misi pirveli didi da mniSvnelovani prozauli tiloa. 431
430
nawarmoebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT Zalzed sagulisxmo mogoneba
dagvitova daviT kldiaSvilma. am mogonebis Tanaxmad èlguja~
Tavdapirvelad patara moTxrobad yofila navaraudevi, magram stambis
muSebis daJinebuli TxovniT mwerals igi gaugrZelebia da patara
moTxrobis magivrad mozrdili romani Seuqmnia. mogoneba cxadad
adasturebs al. yazbegis warmosaxvis did unarsa da niWs.
pirvelad èlguja~ gazeT `droebaSi~ gamoqveynda 1881 wels, oRond
cenzuruli pirobebis gamo mTlad iseTi saxiT ara, rogorc mwerals
undoda. wignad gamocemuli mTlianad gaanadgures, ramdenadac masSi
dainaxes mZafri politikuri braldeba caristuli ruseTis mmarTvelobis
winaaRmdeg. gadarCa erTi egzemplari, romlidanac mogvianebiT gavrcelda
Txzulebis saboloo teqsti.
èlgujaSi~ asaxulia sruliad garkveuli istoriuli periodi. esaa
XIX s. dasawyisi, kerZod, ruseTTan saqarTvelos mierTebis, ufro sworad
saqarTvelos dapyrobis momenti, am drois Suq-Crdilebi. aq istoriulad
cnobili mTiuleTis ajanyebis suraTebicaa warmodgenili, magram
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, nawarmoebi savsebiT istoriul romanad mainc
ver CaiTvleba, ramdenadac al. yazbegis mxatvruli amocana imdenad
istoriis gacocxleba ki ar aris, istoriulad cnobili pirebis mxatvruli
warmosaxva, aramed xalxis erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis Cveneba,
adamianTa yofis, maTi zneobrivi samyaros daxatva. amdenad, igi socialuri
xasiaTis romanadac imdenadve SeiZleba CaiTvalos, ramdenadac istori-
ulad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom igi
tradiciul gansazRvrebaTa CarCoebSi ver Tavsdeba.
sazogadod, al. yazbegi gansasaxiereblad politikurad mZafr Temebs
irCevs. ukve èlgujaSi~ iCina mwerlis amgvarma interesebma Tavi.
èlgujas~ Tema aris adamianTa brZola pirovnuli da erovnuli
TavisuflebisaTvis axal istoriul da socialur viTarebaSi _
saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis pirobebSi. am Temis
gansaxierebisas al. yazbegi sruliad garkveul poziciaze dgas; igi gmobs
erTi eris mier meoris Cagvras, Zaladobas da Zalmomreobas.
mwerali viTarebas imgvarad xatavs, rom religiuri gansxvaveba
sruliad ar gamodis adamianTa dakavSirebis, daaxloebis dros raime
damabrkolebel Zalad. al. yazbegis nawarmoebSi qarTvelebi da mTis
mahmadiani xalxebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd, erTmaneTis mxardaWeriT
ibrZvian saerTo dammonebeli Zalis winaaRmdeg. al. yazbegi qarTveli
qalebisa da vaJkacebis gverdiT didi siyvaruliT xatavs araqarTvelebsac.
maTi siwmindiTa da gmirobiT aRtacebuli xotbas uZRvnis maT.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT Cveni mwerali uaRresad fxizeli
xelovania da mowinave poziciaze dgeba. usamarTlobasa da Zalmomreobas
igi romelime ers ki ar miawers, aramed kicxavs mmarTvelobis formebs
axal viTarebaSi da mis aRmsruleblebs _ es pozicia ki yoveli qveynis
mowinave moazrovnisa da xelovanis poziciaa. al. 432
431
yazbegi sruliadac ar aidealebs Tavisi eris warmomadgenlebs sxva
eris warmomadgenelTa dakninebisa da damcirebis xarjze. man kargad icis,
rom Rirseba ama Tu im eris privilegias ar warmoadgens, rom naklica da
Rirsebac yvela erSia. marTalia, rusia naCalniki, romelmac fexqveS
gaTela mzaRos qalwulebrivi patiosneba, magram misgan arafriT ar
gansxvavdeba qvena instinqtebiT amoqmedebuli medrove gagi CofikaSvili,
romelsac aseve pirutyvuli Jini amoZravebda mzaRos mimarT, rom
dascloda. marTalia, usamarTlobis aRmsrulebelni rusi jariskacebi
arian, romlebic èrTi mxriv... warmoadgenen mefis TviTmpyrobelobis brma
iaraRs, im uxeS Zalas, romelsac TviTmpyrobeloba eyrdnoba~ (g. asaTiani),
magram amgvar rolSi xom qarTveli Cafrebic xSirad gvevlinebian.
Tu rus mmarTvel-moxeleTa Soris mainc aravin Cans iseTi, vinc
adamianuri RirsebiT miiqcevda Cvens yuradRebas, ara imitom, rom mwerals
calmxrivad, mikerZoebiT ar surs dainaxos Rirseuli rusi adamiani, aramed
man SesaniSnavad icis, rom es moxeleebi is bedis maZiebeli xalxi iyo,
`romelTac xeli aeRoT sindisze, namusze da gamoqceuliyvnen
saqarTveloSi, raTa ascdenodnen TavianT qveyanaSi kanonier sasjels,
gamoqceuliyvnen saqarTveloSi, CaegdoT mmarTveloba xelSi da ise
Semagrebuliyvnen, rom TviT mmarTvelobisagan daniSnul moTavseebsac vera
gaewyoT ra imaTTan~ (èlguja~).
erTgan al. yazbegi ara Tu mikerZoebiT ganadidebs, aramed dau-
faravad kicxavs kidec qarTvelebs, radgan maT ver gamoiCines saTanadod
Tavi da swored maTi SemweobiT moaxerxes rusebma daumorCilebeli
kavkasiis mTis xalxebis damorCileba (igulisxmeba moTxroba èliso~).
al. yazbegi ganasaxierebs ideas kavkasieli xalxebis erTad brZolisa
ruseTis imperiis Zaladobis winaaRmdeg.
ZiriTadi Temis damuSavebis, misi gaSlis gzaze sruliad cxadi xdeba
èlgujas~ uaRresad patriotuli gamiznulobac, da es patriotizmi miT
ufro cxovelmyofel xasiaTs iZens, ramdenadac igi gamdidrebulia
konkretuli SinaarsiT, brZola erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis aq naCvenebia
qarTveli xalxis, kerZod, qarTvel mTielTa mdidari da gamZle adaT-
tradiciebis Cvenebis, konkretuli qarTuli garemos, qarTuli bunebis
fonze.
marTalia, erovnuli Rirsebis dacvisaTvis brZola aris am nawar-
moebis mTavari Tema da amiT al. yazbegi agrZelebs samocianelTa
tradicias, magram gansaxierebis mxriv igi imiT gamoirCa, rom masTan es
erTi Tema ki ar batonobs, sazogadod patriotuli gamiznuloba ki ar
iqvemdebarebs mTel masalas, aramed mwerali xSirad uxvevs am Cvens mier
ZiriTadad miCneuli Temidan da aranaklebi ZaliT da xelovnebiT
utrialebs sxva grZnobebs, adamianuri cxovrebis sxva mxareebs. amdenad, al.
yazbegis èlguja~, iseve rogorc misi sxva Txzulebebi, xasiaTdeba ara
erTTemianobiT, aramed mravalTemianobiT, rogorc ukve aRiniSna al.
yazbegTan yvelaferi pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis fonze ganixileba. al.
yazbegis elguja, iseve ro433
432
gorc misi sxva gmirebi, TavganwirviT ibrZvis, roca mis Tavisuflebas
vinme daemuqreba, roca misi pirovnuli Rirsebis gaTelvas vinme
moiwadinebs, xolo misi Rirsebis saqme erovnul saxesac iRebs da misi
brZolac erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis Sinaarss iZens da xSirad
esec pirovnul aspeqtSi ganicdeba. rogorc miuTiTeben, `CvenTvis, roca
istoriuli TvalTaxedviT vafasebT yazbegis damsaxurebas, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom man socialur grZnobaTa sferoSi Segviyvana,
intimuri grZnobebi socialur enaze gviTargmna, maTi socialuri
mniSvneloba gagvisigrZegana~1.
rusebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi elgujasa da gagis Soris
araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobda; aki gahyva kidec mas, roca am
ukanasknels mTiuleT-gudamayrelebis areulobis Sesaxeb acnobes. erovnul-
politikuri ki ara, pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis grZnoba iyo mizezi
gagisTan misi dapirispirebisa: elgujas mzaRo uyvarda, man jer kanonieri
gziT scada qalis SerTva, gagim arafris fasad ar daaneba, xolo roca
elgujam qali gaitaca, gagim warTmeva da Sercxvena moundoma. elgujas
pirovnuli Rirsebis saqmem erovnuli Sinaarsi mas Semdeg SeiZina, mas
Semdeg avida igi erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis simaRleze, roca
gagim mis Sesapyrobad da sagangebod dasasjel-dasamcireblad rus
moxeleebs da rusis jars mimarTa. aseTia meqanizmi elgujas moqmedebisa,
misi brZolisa.
al. yazbegi èlgujaSi~ Cvens mier mTavrad miCneuli Temis gverdiT
ganasaxierebs sayovelTao Sinaarsis, sakacobrio mniSvnelobis _
siyvarulisa da megobrobis Temebs. mweralma SeZlo SeemCnia da aesaxa am
grZnobaTa gamovlenis sxvadasxva Sinaarsi, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
safexuri; erTi sityviT, man am grZnobaTa mravalferovneba gadmogviSala.
al. yazbegi grZnobaTa niuansebs amCnevs da CvenTvisac TvalsaCinod aqcevs.
es ki didi niWis xvedria mxolod.
èlgujaSi~, erTi mxriv, siyvarulis grZnobas mTavari Temis ukeT
warmosaCeni, gasamZafrebeli funqcia akisria; aseTia is scenebi, sadac
urTierTTanaa dapirispirebuli naCalnikis pirutyvuli vnebianoba da
ubralo mTieli qalis sifaqize, medrove gagis bilwi zraxvebi da elgujas
myari, wminda grZnoba; magram es mxolod erTi mxarea am grZnobis gaSlisa,
riTac al. yazbegi siaxloves amJRavnebs qarTvel 60-ianelebTan da, pirvel
yovlisa, ilia WavWavaZesTan; meore mxriv, al. yazbegis èlgujaSi~, iseve
rogorc mis sxva TxzulebebSi trfialis grZnoba damoukidebeli analizis,
TviTRirebul grZnobad iqceva; mwerali didi gatacebiT, mouqancavad xatavs
mas; igi interesdeba am grZnobis Casaxvis, gaRvivebis, mimdinareobis,
Seneleba-gamZafrebis safexurebis CvenebiT, e. i. am grZnobis peripetiebis
asaxviT.
al. yazbegis mier asaxuli siyvaruli gamZlea, maSin, roca bevri
mwerali swored im dros, roca yazbegi qmnida, am grZnobis cvalebad,
warmaval Sinaarsze akeTebda aqcents, sxvadasxva masalis
1 gr. kiknaZe, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1978, gv.
330-331434
433
momarjvebiT am grZnobisadmi eWvsa da undoblobas, sazogadod ui-
medobas nergavda mkiTxvelSi, al. yazbegma daxata uSualo, gamZle,
Tavganwiruli siyvaruli. Cveni mwerlis mier asaxuli grZnoba Tavis Tavze
moRaRade, mWevrmetyveli grZnobaa, igi bolomde mihyveba gmirebs. am
siyvaruls ar ercxvineba Tavis Tavis gamJRavnebisa. axalgazrdebi
erTmaneTs pirdapir da gatacebiT eubnebian: `Cemo yvelav, `miyvarxar da rai
vqna!~ _ esaa maTi erTaderTi saTqmeli da am naTqvamSive aris gamarTleba
siyvarulis grZnobiT dapirobebuli yovelgvari moqmedebisa, zneobrivad
saCoTirosic ki. `mweralma siyvarulis sauflo TiTqos zneobrivi
gansazRvrulobis tradiciuli warmodgenebidan gaitana~ (v. goguaZe). al.
yazbegi ar amartivebs viTarebas am grZnobis gansaxierebis SemTxvevaSi,
iseve rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi. igi xatavs siyvarulis cocxal grZnobas
sxva grZnobebTan urTierTobaSi, maTTan WidilSi. al. yazbegis mixedviT,
siyvarulis grZnoba stiqionuri Zalis Rrma grZnobaa, romelic mZlavrad
iWreba adamianis sulSi da Cveulebriv gonebis kontrols Znelad
eqvamdebareba. al. yazbegma cxadad gviCvena am grZnobis sirTule,
winaaRmdegobrivi buneba, dagvanaxa, Tu ra did tanjvadac SeiZleba is iqces
da adamians Zala ar Seswevdes, survilic aRar hqondes am tanjvisagan
Tavdaxsnisa.
èlgujaSi~ mTielTa adaT-tradiciebis fonze mwerlis gansaxierebis
obieqtia megobrobis grZnoba, masSia Cawnuli vaJkacobis, Tavganwirvis,
gambedaobis niSniT warmodgenili Tvisebebi, ramdenadac maRali, faqizi
grZnobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac TiTqmis yovelTvis
gansacdeli sdevs Tan, saWiro xdeba maTi dacva. al. yazbegis mier
gansaxierebuli megobrobis grZnoba gamZlea, aRbeWdili Tavganwirulebis
niSniT. sainteresoa, mainc ra kvebavs am grZnobas, xdeba Tu ara uCveulo da
gansakuTrebuli al. yazbegis TxzulebebSi am mxriv?
pirvel yovlisa, unda gavixsenoT, rom al. yazbegis gmirebi, am
grZnobis gamomxatvelni, Wabukebi arian. swored axalgazrdobaa, siWabukea
saukeTeso xana am grZnobis warmoSoba-gaRvivebisaTvis da meufebisaTvis;
xana, roca adamianebi saerTo gaurkvevlobaSi cxovroben; ganusazRvreli
momavlis, daudgeneli pirovnuli miznebis SemTxvevaSi erTiandebian,
erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian axalgazrdebi erTi mizanswrafviT, nebiT, saerTo
moqmedebiT. am drosaa xolme, roca èrTis saqme umal iqceva meoris
saqmed~ (hegeli). unda iTqvas, rom megobrobis piroba da niadagi uaRresad
socialuri Sinaarsisaa da es dagvanaxa Cven mweralma. adamianebi erTmaneTs
umegobrdebian imitom, rom am megobrobas garkveuli socialuri pirobebi
asazrdoebs. adamianebs sazogadod umZimT cxovrebis siZneleebTan marto
Widili, es aRemateba maT Zalebs. cxovrebis pirobebis siZnele
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT swored mTaSi iCens Tavs, sadac ara marto sulieri
moTxovnebi, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, fizikuri arsebobis moTxovnebic
aiZuleben adamianebs erTmaneTs daukavSird435
434
nen. swored gamorCeuli siZneleebi garemosi gansazRvravs gansa-
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas meore adamianisas da droTa viTarebaSi es
urTierToba adaT-tradiciebiT mtkicdeba.
megobrobis grZnobis Zalmosileba pirovnuli Rirsebis grZnobiTacaa
nasazrdoebi. megobris Ralati pirovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvadac, pirovnul
Sercxvenadac ganicdeba. esec gamodis am grZnobis meqanizmis arsebiT
Semadgenel nawilad.
al. yazbegi uaRresad fxizeli da miudgomelia am grZnobis asaxvis
SemTxvevaSic. mwerali ar aidealurebs viTarebas da gviCvenebs, rom
megobrobis grZnobis simyare megobarTa interesebisa da miznebis
erTianobiT aris gansazRvruli. rogorc ki irRveva es erTianoba,
megobrobasac safuZveli eryeva. SeiZleba megobari mtradac iqces da
xanjal Tu Tofmomarjvebulma mosaklavadac ki gaimetos guSindeli
megobari. aseTi viTareba èlgujaSic~ daxata mweralma da `xevisber
goCaSic~. maTia, romelic elgujas didi megobaria, faqtobrivad, mis mtrad
iqca. misma sikvdilis ganzraxvamac ki gaielva mis gulSi, da amas igi
aRasrulebda kidec, saldaTebis magivrad karTan elguja rom Sexvedroda.
gugua, romelic axlo megobari iyo onisesi, rac qorwilSi misi
xelismomkideobiTac gaamyara, mosaklavad eZebs onises.
elgujas pirovnebiT, misi RirsebiT moxibvla ki ara, vaJkacobis,
Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvis, saqveynod Sercxvenis da saleqsod gaxdomis SiSi
iqca pirobad martias elgujasTan damegobrebisa. martia elgujas mdevari
_ romelic qalis gatacebiT Sercxvenili, mzad iyo aekuwa elguja, rom
dasweoda mas, swored elgujas gulisTvis gawiravs Tavs, ramdenadac gagis
aRmaSfoTebeli davaleba, wavides da elgujas Sesapyrobad rusi saldaTebi
amoiyvanos, kidev ufro Seulaxavs Rirsebas da saqveynod saleqsod gaxdis.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis uZiriTadesi Sinaarsi adamiania. nawarmoebis
ideur-Tematikuri simdidre. mwerlis dakvirvebis unari, sazogadod
mxatvruli SesaZleblobani personaJTa miseul gansaxierebaSi iCens umal
Tavs. mravalferovania al. yazbegis mier daxatuli personaJTa samyaro.
amaSi dagvarwmunebs am samyaros konkretuli analizi. bevri personaJi
moqmedebs elgujaSi _ 25-ze meti. amJamad amaTgan mxolod ZiriTad
personaJebze dakvirvebiT unda davkmayofildeT. aseTebad unda miviCnioT
elguja, svimon CofikaSvili, maTia, mzaRo, gagi CofikaSvili, naCalniki...
Tavi rom movuyaroT im niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebiTac isini Cvens winaSe
warmodgebian, saqme daaxloebiT Semdeg suraTTan gveqneba:
elguja fizikurad Zlieri axalgazrdaa, ganTqmuli mTel xevSi
vaJkacobiT, igi gulwrfeli da saimedo kacia, faqizi sulisa, itacebs
mSveniereba, miT datkboba SeuZlia. Tavisi asakisaTvis erTgvarad
gamorCeuli sidinje da dafiqrebuloba axasiaTebs, moxerxebulia,
dajildoebulia didi siyvarulis niWiT. SeuZlia bolomde ataros Rrma
siyvarulis grZnoba. satrfosTan nazia, misi pirovnebis pativismcemeli,
misTvis Tavganwiruli. qalisagan erTgulebas da 436
435
patiosnebas moiTxovs, magram Zalad Seuracxyofis patieba SeuZlia.
saWiro SemTxvevaSi piradi interesebis damTrgunvelia sazogado
interesebis sasargeblod. am mxriv, igi uaRresad socialuria da am
Tvisebis gamo megobarTa wreSic dafasebuli. mtris mimarT Seubralebelia,
magram misi damarcxebis Semdeg erTgvari sinanulic ipyrobs. elgujaSi
mZafradaa gamovlenili Tavis kuTxesTan, Tavis miwasTan siaxlovisa da
kavSiris grZnoba, es siyvaruli saerTod mTel Tavis qveyanaze vrceldeba.
samSoblos TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia.
uaRresad gafaqizebuli aqvs pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis grZnoba,
aqedan iRebs saTaves misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva Tvisebebi _
gansakuTrebiT stumris dacvis grZnoba, roca saqme stumris dacvas Seexeba,
igi, sazogadod dinji da windaxeduli, mosazrebulobasac ki kargavs,
wonasworobidan gamodis.
svimon CofikaSvili Tavisi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis gamo WeSmariti
winamZRolia Tavisi xalxisa. uaRresad dinji da dafiqrebuli, gamWriaxi
gonebis, brZnadmetyveli, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg Tanmimdevruli
mebrZoli, uaRresad mtkice da principuli, didad mosiyvarule Tavisi
xalxisa, misi adaT-tradiciebis pativismcemeli da misi Rirsebis damcveli,
xalxis mosarCle. xSirad Tavisi survilebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs
saerTo interesebis, qveynis mTlianobis sasargeblod. politikurad
fxizelia, qveynis momavlis ganmWvreti, sulgrZeli, gulkeTili, lmobieri
da Semwynare, didad mosiyvarule mama da meuRle. `svimoni friad
ganzogadebuli saxea Cveni istoriuli moRvaweebisa, svimoni gakveTilia,
romelsac uZvelesi droidan swavlobdnen, _ rogor SeiZleba ijde eris
samtro skamze da SeZlo Sens xalxs emsaxuro~ (v. goguaZe).
maTia nadibaiZe _ axalgazrdaa, vaJkaci, pirdapiri, ficxia, xSirad
afeqts ayolili da, amdenad windauxedavic, uaRresad dramatuli
xasiaTisaa. masSi didxans ibrZvis ori grZnoba. movaleobisa megobris
mimarT da siyvarulisa. imdenad mZlavrobs siyvaruli, rom miuxedavad
Tavgamodebuli brZolisa am grZnobis dasaTrgunavad, igi erT momentSi
kargavs kontrols sakuTar Tavze da vnebaSepyrobili mzadaa megobris
mosaklavad. Tumca mzaoba mZime danaSaulis Casadenad ar niSnavs imas, rom
zneobrivad mdabal adamianTan gvqondes saqme, maTia grZnobaTa
winaaRmdegobriobiTa da sirTuliT axali tipia qarTul literaturaSi.
mzaRos vecnobiT ymawvils 15-16 wlisas da miyvebiT misi cxovrebis
grZel gzaze. Zalian lamazia, yvelas xiblavs da itacebs. qaluria,
damoukideblobas moklebuli, mSvidad Tavs sxvisi mfarvelobis qveS
grZnobs. ar uyvars SfoTi da brZola, mSvidobiania. TviT zizRis Rirsi
adamianic SeuZlia Seibralos, oRond mSvidobianoba iyos. SeuZlia ataros
Rrma siyvaruli bolomde, darCes erTis erTguli, bolomde gamtania.
Tavdaucvelia siyvarulSi, moiTxovs sxvisgan dacvas, magram Tu saqme
qalur patiosnebas exeba, am dros Tavganwirulia da vaJkacur Tvisebebsac
avlens. 437
436
gagi CofikaSvili _ medrove kacia, znedacemuli, Suriani da egoisti,
gulqva da Seubralebeli; moqmedi mdabali instinqtebiT, Sepyrobili
pirutyvuli JiniT, gaiZvera, drois Sesaferisad icvleba, saiTkenac Zalasa
da sargebels xedavs, iqiT ixreba. ugulebelmyofelia xalxis adaT-
tradiciebis, yvelafers gamorCenis TvaliT uyurebs.
naCalniki caristuli mmarTvelobis ganmasaxierebelia. manerebi
cxovelisa aqvs, Sinaganad carielia, TviTkmayofili, ar icnobs adgilobriv
mkvidrTa istorias, zne-Cveulebebs da arc araviTari survili ara aqvs
amisa. angariSgauwevelia, adgilobriv mkvidrT ise uyurebs, rogorc
velurebs. Tavi kulturis warmomadgenlad miaCnia, sinamdvileSi
ukulturobis sruli gansaxierebaa.
mxolod warmodgenil personaJTa xasiaTebis gaTvaliswinebac unda
cxadad mowmobdes, Tu ra nairferi adamianebis cxovrebas, moqmedebas,
sadardebels da sixaruls gvacnobs mwerali, Tu ra didi SesaZleblobebis
xelovanTana gvaqvs saqme.
rogoria mkiTxvelze al. yazbegis mier daxatuli personaJebis
zemoqmedebis gza. ra niSan-Tvisebebi monawileoben mkiTxvelis mier
personaJis xatis SeqmnaSi? unda garkveviT aRiniSnos, rom teqstualuri
TvalsazrisiT araferi an TiTqmis araferi ar viciT am personaJTa
garegnobis Sesaxeb konkretulad. elgujas dasaxasiaTeblad avtori
Tavdapirvelad mxolod imas ambobs, rom èlguja iyo ymawvili ocdaori
wlisa, tanadi, warmosadegi. xevSi ganTqmuli Tavisi vaJkacobiT da
`qamandrobiT~ _ esaa da es, rac Cven elgujas Sesaxeb gavigeT. Znelia am
daxasiaTebis mixedviT raime konkretuli warmodgena Seiqmnas mkiTxvelma.
es aris zogadi miTiTeba imaze, rom elguja kargi Sesaxedavi kacia, magram
mainc rogori, es ukve CvenTvis cnobili araa.
maTias Sesaxeb kidev ufro Zunwi cnoba gvaqvs da isic nawarmoebis
SuaSi. maTia aq daxatulia rogorc `mgluri nabijiT momavali~. TuSuri
qudi rom `gverdze koxtad moqceoda da sicocxliT savse pirisaxes
umSvenebda, xolo ganieri Rvedis qamarSi Coxis kalTebi ise Caekeca,
rogorc siarulSi da omis dros ikeTeben xolme~...
mwerali gveubneba, rom mzaRo Zalian lamazia, magram mainc rogori,
ar viciT. irkveva, rom mzaRos JuJuna Tvalebi aqvs, magram konkretuli
garegnuli xatis Sesaqmnelad arc es niSania sakmarisi.
sruliad araferi viciT svimon CofikaSvilis garegnobaze.
aseTia suraTi, roca Cven konkretulad gvinda gaviTvaliswinoT is
masala, rac am personaJTa dasaxasiaTebladaa moxmobili. miuxedavad
aRniSnulisa Cven sruliadac ar vgrZnobT, rom araferi viciT maTi
garegnobis Sesaxeb, Cven gvgonia, rom naTlad vicnobT maT garegnuladac
da es mxolod da mxolod maTi TvalsaCino sulieri portretebis
mowodebis xarjze. Tanac, marTalia, Zunwia is garegnuli niSnebi
personaJebisa, romelTac mwerali gvawvdis, magram es niSnebi iseTi
mxatvruli Zalisaa, rom mZafrad iWreba mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi da
aqtiurad zemoqmedebs masze. es ki imiTacaa 438
437
ganpirobebuli, rom al. yazbegi iSviaTad mimarTavs personaJis aR-
weris gzas. igi personaJTa garegnul niSnebs moZraobiTi xatebis saxiT
iZleva, ki ar CamoTvlis maT, aramed moqmedebaSi gviCvenebs. aseTi
zemoqmedebisaa, magaliTad, svimonis datirebisas mowodebuli garegnuli
niSnebi elgujasi, _ `xalxi orad gaiyo da maT Sua gamoCnda lomebriv
vaJkaci, romelsac Tma gaswewoda, sakinZe Camoswyvetoda da guli
gadaReRoda, Sesazari iyo misi mxne da gmiruli, WmunviT moculi mRelvare,
cremlebiT dalorTxili saxe~.
datyvevebuli mzaRos aseTi uaRresad plastikuri xatia moTxrobaSi
warmodgenili: `qali misdevda gamarjvebulebs pirmokumuli da
gafiTrebulis saxiT, imis mimzidveli, JuJuna Tvalebi metis mwuxarebiT
gamSraliyvnen~.
sazogadod cnobilia, rom is rac moZraobaSi, moqmedebaSi gveZleva,
miT ufro cxovelia da zemoqmedebis Zalis mqone.
gmirTa portretebis daxatvisas mwerali ZiriTadad Tavis aRqmas
emyareba da es nawarmoebSi avtoriseuli daxasiaTebis saxiTaa mocemuli,
magram mwerali marto amiT rodi kmayofildeba. Zalian xSirad al. yazbegi
maT saxeebs sxva personaJTa aRqmis gziTac gvawvdis, rac imazec garkveviT
migviTiTebs, rom èlgujas~ personaJebi `fsiqologiuri siRrmiT
gveZlevian~. (gr. kiknaZe).
elgujas saxis gaxsnisas al. yazbegi tradiciul gzas mihyveba, igi
erTbaSad CamoTvlis gmiris mTel rig portretul niSnebs. aseTive gziTaa
Sesrulebuli zogierTi sxva personaJic, mag., axali naCalniki. xolo rac
Seexeba svimon CofikaSvils, igi ufro droSia gaSlili, e. i. svimonis
portreti Txrobis bolos aRwevs dasrulebul saxes.
aRniSnulis garda èlgujas~ mxatvruli Rirsebebis ufro srulad
gaTvaliswineba mTeli rigi sxva sakiTxebis garkvevas gulisxmobs,
romelTagan aq èlgujasaTvis~ niSandoblivi zogierTi mxare mainc unda
gamoiyos;
pirvel yovlisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogoria nawarmoebSi
gadmocemul suraTTa Tanmimdevroba? Tu am mxriv davakvirdebiT
Txzulebas, cxadad davrwmundebiT SemdegSi: èlgujaSi~ suraTebi iseTi
TanmimdevrobiT gveZleva, rom aq xSirad gvaqvs saqme urT-
ierTdapirispirebul mdgomareobaTa gadmocemasTan, rac imas niSnavs, rom
al. yazbegis sayvareli xerxia situaciuri kontrastis xerxi, rasac igi
Zalian xSirad mimarTavs. es ki nawarmoebis uaRresad dinamikuri
ganviTarebis pirobaa da wyaro mkiTxvelTa interesis mobilizebisa,
daZabvisa.
meore sakiTxi, uSualod dakavSirebuli pirvelTan, aris imis
garkveva, Tu rogoria motivTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebis wesi èlgujaSi~.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mwerlis umTavresi amocanaa xalxis brZolis Cveneba
ruseTis politikis, misi agresiis winaaRmdeg. garkveulad, danarCeni
motivebi am umTavresis TvalsaCino gamokveTas emsaxureba, magram isic unda
iTqvas, rom mwerlis mizanswrafva sruliadac araa Semofargluli mxolod
am viTarebis CvenebiT. 439
438
misi mizani Seudareblad ufro farToa. mwerals miznad dausaxavs
gviCvenos Cveni xalxis, kerZod, mTielTa vaJkacuri buneba, momxibvleloba
maTi adaT-tradiciebisa, maTi grZnobebis siRrme, sifaqize da zneobrivi
simaRle. sirTule da siWrele sazogadod adamianTa grZnobebisa...
dagvanaxos xalxis trfiali Tavisuflebisadmi, maTi siyvaruli, megobroba,
gamtanoba, gvagrZnobinos mTis bunebis sidiade da momxiblaoba... ase
usazRvroa is amocana, romlis gadawyveta mwerals miznad dausaxavs; am
mxriv unda iTqvas, rom èlgujaSi~ Cveni qveynis erovnuli sulia
mxatvrulad gansaxierebuli.
nawarmoebis kompoziciis daxasiaTebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
imis garkvevas, Tu ra adgili uWiravs bunebis suraTebs nawarmoebis saerTo
qargaSi. èlgujaSi~ bunebis suraTebi uxvadaa mowodebuli, rac TavisTavad
imis pirobaa, rom mwerali bunebis simSvenieres gvaziarebs, da bunebisas
ara rogorc aseTisas, aramed sruliad konkretuli bunebis, Cveni qveynis
bunebisas. romanSi Cveni qveynis konkretuli adgilebi, soflebi, mTebi,
mdinareebia daxatuli. al. yazbegis gmirebi sruliad garkveul konkretul
garemoSi moqmedeben. da es aris kidec erTi piroba maTi saxeebis
damajereblobisa, sicocxlisunarianobisa. buneba aq zogjer mwerlis Tu
personaJis tkbobis obieqtad gamodis. bunebis movlenaTa da warmonaqmnTa
daxasiaTebaSi nairferoba imiTacaa miRweuli, rom igi sxvadasxva guneba-
ganwyobilebaze myofi personaJebis TvaliTacaa danaxuli.
sazogadod buneba al. yazbegis TxzulebebSi da kerZod ki èl-
gujaSi~ warmodgenilia adamianTa cxovrebasTan kavSirSi. buneba araa
gulgrili nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli ambebisadmi. igi aqtiuri monawilea
moqmedebisa, rogorc misi ganmmartebeli, rogorc foni, asparezi
personaJTa sulieri Relvisa. es viTareba ki uSualod romanis ideuri
mizandasaxulobis samsaxurSi ayenebs am suraTebs da arsebiTad maT
daqvemdebarebul xasiaTs ganapirobebs. Tavi da Tavi mainc isaa, rom buneba
al. yazbegis TxzulebebSi marto garegnuli foni ki araa ambebisa, aramed
im adamianebis sulis nawilia, vinc aq cxovroben da moqmedeben, maT
arsebiT Sinaarsadaa qceuli, maTi Taviseburebebis ganmsazRvrelia: deda-
masazrdoebeli, masuldgmulebeli am xalxisa da maTi ocnebisa da fiqris
wyaroc.
al. yazbegi araa iseTi xelovani, romelic mSvidad, epikuri sidinjiT
udgeba movlenebs. mwerals ar ZaluZs movlenebsa da sagnebs amoefaros,
Tavi uCinaryos. igi Tanagancdis didi niWiT iyo dajildoebuli. yazbegi
TviTon boboqrobs ambebis gadmocemisas. igi mogviTxrobs da ganicdis imas,
rasac mogviTxrobs. mwerali Txrobis procesSi uSualod amJRavnebs Tavis
mimarTebas personaJebisadmi. srul kmayofilebas rogorc xelovani maSin
aRwevs, roca pirdapir gamoxatavs Tavis mimarTebas. personaJTa
dasaxasiaTeblad momarjvebuli epiTetebi Zalian xSirad TviT mwerlis
damokidebulebas gvimJRavnebs maTdami. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis
znedacemuli qarTvelis an rusuli mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlis
dasaxasiaTeblad moxmobil epiTetebze; ùpatiosno wadili~, `garyvnili
guli~, 440
439
`pirutyvuli grZnoba~, `TvalTmaqcuri qceva~, ùpatiosno Rimili~, _
aseTi epiTetebiTaa Semkuli gagi CofikaSvili. naCalnikis Sesaxeb aq
naTqvamia: `Semdeg aacmacuna msunag ZaRlsaviT piri, moiloka tuCebi~ da a.
S. mwerlis simpaTia-antipaTiebis gadmoSla ar gulisxmobs imas, SeiZleba
al. yazbegi cdunebas ahyves da calmxrivad dagvixatos romelime saxe, an
gangeb Caamuqos Tvisebebi, an miCqmalos saCoTiro Tviseba. mwerali saocari
obieqturobiT Sedis adamianTa sulis siRrmeSi da aseve obieqturobiT
gadmoSlis mas. mwerlis Relva, misi Semfasebluri epiTetebi mkiTxvels
swori gzidan ki ar acdens, aramed gadamdeb zemoqmedebas axdens masze,
gulgrils ar tovebs gadmocemulisadmi, mwerlis mizandasaxulobas
gvidgens naTlad da mkiTxvelsac garkveuli miznisaken mimarTavs.
èlgujas~ enaze dakvirveba cxads xdis, rom aq xSiria gadaxvevebi
saliteraturo formebidan, didia xvedriTi nawili dialeqtis, kerZod,
moxeuris.
al. yazbegis metyveleba realur cxovrebaSi gavrcelebuli me-
tyvelebaa da araferia masSi iseTi, rac uTuod mwerliseulad unda
miviCnioT. am gzaze idga mwerali da ar gadauxvevia am gzidan. gan-
sakuTrebiT sayuradRebo isaa, rom TviTon avtoriseuli Txroba ar
amJRavnebs tendencias gamoirCes personaJTa metyvelebidan. am mxriv
mwerali ar gamoyofs Tavis Tavs, ar upirispirdeba da ar maRldeba maTze.
tradiciuli SexedulebiT, al. yazbegis ena ar Seesabameba misi
Txzulebebis ideur-mxatvrul gamiznulobas, ramdenadac igi gaumarTavia,
gansakuTrebiT sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT. (gr. orbeliani, i. meunargia, k.
abaSiZe da a. S.). es da amgvari Sexeduleba erTmaneTisagan ver ganasxvavebs
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis Sefasebisas gramatikul da literaturul
poziciebs. saqme isaa, rom dadastureba saliteraturo enidan gadaxvevisa,
gramatikuli gaumarTaobisa, jer kidev arafers gveubneba ama Tu im
nawarmoebis mxatvruli av-kargis Sesaxeb, ufro sworad, jer kidev ar
iZleva sakmaris safuZvels usaTuod garkveuli msjavris gamotanisaTvis.
dasadgenia, aqvs Tu ara raime stilisturi funqcia garkveul enobriv
formebs, ganvicdiT Tu ara nawarmoebis aRqmis procesSi Seusabamobas
mwerlis mizandasaxulobasa da enobriv mxares Soris, e. i. gviCndeba Tu ara
moTxovna sxvagvarad gamoxatvisa.
sanamde am TvalsazrisiT saguldagulo analizi ar Catarebula,
STabeWdilebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom al. yazbegis èlgujas~, iseve
rogorc sxva nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas aseT Seusabamobas ver vgrZnobT.
swored al. yazbegis proza aris imis mkafio magaliTi, Tu rogor
mniSvnelovan masalas warmoadgens sityva, sazogadod mxatvruli
metyveleba nawarmoebisaTvis. al. yazbegTan dialeqts, sazogadod
gadaxvevas saliteraturo formebisgan garkveuli mxatvruli funqcia
akisria, funqcia yoveldRiurobaze amaRlebis, gmiroba-vaJkacobis gaxazvis,
trfialis grZnobis mRelvared warmosaxvis. swored aseTi metyvelebac aris
piroba im xatovanebis 441
440
damkvidrebisa, rac al. yazbegis TxzulebebSia miRweuli. erTi si-
tyviT, al. yazbegis nawarmoebebis mimzidveloba personaJebis Tu avtoris
metyvelebis amgvari formiTacaa gansazRvruli. al. yazbegis nawarmoebebis
enac apirobebs im ganumeorebel kolorits, rasac vgrZnobT Cven, roca
vexebiT mTis mcxovrebTa yofas. amgvari enis momarjvebiTac ukeT Cans
Tavisebureba moxevisa da mTiulisa, maTi grZnobebis simdidre, maTi
vnebebis yovliswamlekavi Zala.
al. yazbegi cocxal sinamdviles aRwers, namdvil cxovrebas, es
STabeWdileba enobrivadacaa Sepirobebuli. al. yazbegis metyveleba
literaturuli ki ara, cocxali metyvelebaa, SecdomebiTac savse, rogorc
amas Cveulebriv sinamdvileSi SeiZleba hqondes adgili.
al. yazbegis metyveleba mRelvarebiTaa savse, erTgvarad nawyvet-
nawyvet mimdinare. igrZnoba erTbaSad mravalgvari niuansiT datvirTuli
azrebis, grZnobebis gadmocemis survili, sulis SexuTva... èlgujaSi~, iseve
rogorc sxva nawarmoebebSi xSirad iqcevs yuradRebas gaucveTeli,
moulodneli SinaarsiT datvirTuli sityvebi da Sesityvebebi, rac imis
mkafio mauwyebelicaa, rom mwerals gafaqizebuli hqonda sityvis grZnoba.
al. yazbegis nawarmoebTa enobriv dinebaze dakvirveba mowmobs, rom
ara gvaqvs safuZveli vilaparakoT am mwerlis stilis evoluciaze. amgvari
cvlileba mis stils ar ganucdia. es stili mxolod sailustracio
masalis matebis saxiT Tu Rrmavdeba. STabeWdileba iseTia, TiTqos al.
yazbegi erT did nawarmoebs werda, oRondac nairnairi redaqciiT,
nairnairi epizodebis SerCeviT, magram erTi Sinagani kompoziciiT. es
Sinagani kompoziciuri erTianobis grZnoba, romelic gviCndeba misi
calkeuli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas, aris imis piroba, rom avtorTan erTad
namdvili esTetikuri xedvis gzaze davdgeT.
axla Tu yvelafers SevajamebT, rac èlgujas~ Sesaxeb iTqva,
SegviZlia davaskvnaT:
èlguja~ iyo pirveli maRalmxatvruli romani, romelmac qarTvel
sazogadoebas ara marto al. yazbegi gaacno, aramed warudgina Cveni mTa,
gaacno misi cxovreba, misi sazrunavi, tkivilebi da sixaruli.
èlguja~ iyo faqtobrivad didi mxatvruli tilo, sadac konkre-
tulad gamoCnda ruseTis imperiis politikis barbarosuli xasiaTi.
nawarmoebma naTelyo carizmis ruseTis warmomadgenelTa sruliad
mouTmeneli moqmedeba dapyrobil patara qveynebSi.
nawarmoebma naTlad daanaxa mkiTxvels, Tu ra TavganwirviT ibrZodnen
mTielebi TavianTi adamianuri uflebis, erovnuli Rirsebis dasacavad.
nawarmoebma dagvanaxa, rom saqarTvelos mTasac saerTo qarTuli
interesebi amoZravebda, rom mTasac baris tkivili stkioda. am mxriv,
Zalian didia èlgujas~ da, saerTodac, al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxis erovnuli
erTianobis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT. 442
441
pirvelad èlgujaSi~ iCina Tavi xalxebis gaerTianebis, erovnuli da
religiuri SuRlis ukugdebis, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erTiani brZolis
ideebma.
èlgujaSi~ erovnuli problematikis gverdiT gansaxierda Temebi
megobrobisa, gmiroba-vaJkacobisa da siyvarulisa. warmoCnda am grZnobaTa
simaRle, sirTule, maTi warmmarTveli Zala adamianis cxovrebaSi.
èlgujaSi~ mTeli sisruliT iCina Tavi al. yazbegis didma mx-
atvrulma SesaZleblobebma. am qmnilebam cxadyo, rom qarTul realistur
mwerlobas didi da saimedo memkvidre gamouCnda.
`xevisber goCas~ samarTlianad miiCneven al. yazbegis brwyinvale
niWis yvelaze saukeTeso gamovlenad. Tu al. yazbegis pirveli farTo
tilo mainc socialur-politikuri TvalsazrisiTaa erTob mniSvnelovani
Txzuleba, Tu iq personaJTa imgvari grZnobebi da moqmedebebi aris
ganxiluli, romelTa warmomSobi da ganmsazRvreli mizezebi personaJTa
gare Zevs, `xevisberi goCa~ ufro socialur movlenaTa fonze warmoCenili
grZnobebis fsiqologiuri siRrmiT, ufro sworad fsiqologizmis
TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas.
mas Semdeg, rac sagangebod iqna ganxiluli èlguja~, `xevisberi
goCas~ ganxilvisas arsebiTad mxolod im momentebis aRnusxviT unda
SemovifargloT, rac sakuTriv am Txzulebis gaazrebisTvis aris
mniSvnelovani.
tradiciulad `xevisberi goCa~ istoriuli moTxrobebis rigSia
CaTvlili. amis safuZvlad isaa miCneuli, rom `xevisber goCaSi~
istoriulad cnobili viTarebaa asaxuli _ aragvis erisTavis nugzaris
mier Tavisufal xevze laSqroba mis dasamorCileblad da aragvis
saerisTavosaTvis SemosaerTeblad. am faqts adgili hqonia XVI saukunis
dasasrulsa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom moTxrobaSi
marTlac aris es faqti mxatvrulad gansaxierebuli da nugzar erisTavic
aris Txzulebis erT-erTi personaJi, `xevisberi goCa~ mainc savsebiT
istoriul moTxrobad ver CaiTvleba. saqme isaa, rom am moTxrobis
mizandasaxuloba maincdamainc ar aris istoriis aRdgena _ istoriuli
viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. marTalia, nugzar erisTavi nawarmoebis
personaJia, magram ver vityviT, rom nawarmoebis problematikaSi mas
arsebiTi roli eniWebodes. am mxriv igi ufro daqvemdebarebuli saxea;
azrobrivi datvirTvis centri mainc ar modis nugzar erisTavze.
TviTon avtoris mokrZalebuli SeniSvnidan irkveva, rom Txzulebas
xalxSi gavrcelebuli gadmocema dasdebia safuZvlad. al. yazbegis
gardacvalebidan karga xnis gasvlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna Tqmuleba
`CaZinebulis~ saxelwodebiT. am Tqmulebis ramdenime varianti arsebobs.
mkvlevarTa azriT, swored igi unda iyos al. yazbegis moTxrobis
pirvelwyaro. Tu am azrs sarwmunod miviCnevT, axla mainc Znelia
vamtkicoT, rogori iyo am Tqmulebis is saxe, romelic mwerlisTvis unda
yofiliyo cnobili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, faqtia, TqmulebaSi ra saxiTac
unda yofiliyo igi, yuradReba gamaxvilebu443
442
lia ara uSualod nugzaris mtaceblur bunebaze, mis gaumaZRrobaze
da xalxis brZolaze mis winaaRmdeg, aramed im sabediswero SemTxvevaze,
rac am brZolis dros erT moxeves gadaxda da im sasjelze, rac man
danaSaulisaTvis miiRo. erTi sityviT, mTavari am gadmocemaSi, ramac
mwerlis warmosaxva gaaRiziana da SemoqmedebiT impulsad iqca, pirvel
yovlisa, ara moxeveTa Tavganwiruli brZolis Cvenebaa, aramed is
adamianuri saqcieli, romelic safuZveli gaxda bevri, erTi SexedviT,
moulodneli Sedegisa. am azriT iTqmis, rom moTxrobaSi al. yazbegi
istoriis aRdgena-gansaxierebas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed ufro
adamianuri grZnobebis, vnebebis Cvenebas.
es viTarebac iyo imis safuZveli, rom al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi
sazogadod, kerZod ki `xevisber goCaSi~ fsiqologizmis niSnebsac
xedavdnen da xedaven axlac.
`xevisber goCaSi~ asaxulia xalxis brZola TavisuflebisaTvis.
nawarmoebSi xSirad gvxvdeba am brZoliT ganpirobebuli didi zemo-
qmedebiTi Zalis mqone mZafri gamoTqmebi, magaliTad, im rigisa, rogoricaa
` _ ar daiviwyo, rom sadac Seni mama-papa gaCenila da damarxula, sadac
maTi Zvlebia Cafluli, imas gedavebian da ar daanebo... maTac cota Wiri ar
unaxavT TavianT miwa-wylis dacvis dros, maTis sisxlis nakaduls miwa
qvesknelamdis gauJvenTavs...~, an samsjavros scenis dros xevisberi goCas
mimarTva Svilisadmi: `moZmeT sisxli caSi RmerTs SesCuxCuxebs da
samarTals iTxovs... moZmeTa moRalate sicocxlis Rirsi ar aris~. amgvari
aSkara miTiTebebi mkiTxvels patriotulad momarTavda da sazogadod
patriotuli suliskveTebiT msWvalavda Txzulebas. aseve aRiqva nawarmoebi
qarTulma literaturulma kritikam da am mxriv sruli erTsulovneba
SeimCneoda. aqedan gamomdinare tradiciuli azris mixedviT, moTxrobis
ideuri dedaazric arsebiTad patriotul grZnobas dauqvemdebarda.
moTxrobis kulminaciuri adgili _ samsjavros scena, mamis mier Svilis
mokvlis faqti, romelSic marTebulad nawarmoebis ideuri gasaRebic
dainaxes, ZiriTadad am sibrtyeze, patriotul sibrtyeze ganimarta.
sxvadasxva formiTa da sxvadasxva sityvieri samosiT faqtobrivad is
aRiniSna, rom mamis moqmedebas patriotuli grZnoba ganagebs. mamam Svilis
siyvarulze maRla daayena samSoblos siyvaruli da qveynisa da xalxis
Ralati Svilsac ar apatia da sikvdiliT dasaja igi.
bunebrivia, rom moTxrobam patriotuli grZnobebis gamowvevis
TvalsazrisiTac didi roli Seasrula erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolis saqmeSi, am TvalsazrisiT ganuzomelia, misi istoriuli
mniSvneloba. magram es mainc, ase vTqvaT, misi istoriuli funqcia iyo,
garkveuli istoriuli viTarebiT Sepirobebuli da ara maincadamainc
nawarmoebis Sinagani mxatvruli stuqturidan gamomdinare. `xevisber goCas~,
rogorc WeSmaritad didebul qmnilebas, Tavisi gamZle Sinaarsic aqvs, rac
mas yvela drois TvalsazrisiT aqtualur Txzulebad aqcevs, e. i. mis
ukvdavebas apirobebs. 444
443
rogorc iTqva, moTxrobaSi asaxulia xalxis brZola dampyroblis
winaaRmdeg, magram sinamdvileSi Tavisi xasiaTiT igi ar SeiZleba gagebuli
iqnas rogorc erovnuli Sinaarsis brZola; moTxrobis mixedviT, nugzar
erisTavs ganuzraxavs xevi daimorCilos, Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi
moaqcios, Tavis saerisTavos SemouerTos. nugzaris saerisTavo ki nawilia
qarTlis samefosi. faqtobrivad xevi ar emorCileba qarTlis erT-erT
erisTavs. patriotuli TvalsazrisiT arafers ar cvlis is, rom nugzar
erisTavs avi ganzraxva amoqmedebs. moxeveTa brZolis patriotulad
gaSinaarseba niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos kuTxeebs Soris brZola, rasac
xSirad hqonda adgili, aseTad gaviazroT.
moxeveTa TavdacviTi brZola nugzar aragvis erisTavis winaaRmdeg
SesaZloa gavigoT da unda gavigoT, rogorc wminda socialuri Sinaarsis
brZola zviadi mebatone erisTavis winaaRmdeg. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, xevi
ubatono kuTxea saqarTvelosi, moxeveebs batonymuri usamarTloba ar
uwvevniaT. maTi cxovrebis wesi socialuri Tanasworobis princips efuZneba.
nugzar erisTavs ki gadauwyvetia, rom moxeveebs qedze batonymobis uReli
daadgas. maSasadame, nugzar erisTavi maT erovnul Tavisuflebas ki ara,
socialur Tavisuflebas emuqreba. es viTareba kargad igrZnoba mTeli
Txzulebis manZilze da masze pirdapirac araerTgzisaa miTiTebuli. roca
mwerali wminda samebisaken mimaval salaSqrod gamzadebul moxeveTa
saerTo suliskveTebas axasiaTebs, wers: àrc saxumaro saqmisTvis iyreboda
dRes Temoba. TavisufalT ymobas uqaddnen, damoyvrebuli mezoblebi oms
ucxadebdnen. gaumaZRari nugzar erisTavi lomsaviT brdRvinavda, mis
ganusazRvrel wadils xalxis damonebisas marto mTiuleTi veRar
akmayofilebda, misi batonuri moTxovnileba Tavisufal mezoblebTan veRar
Tavsdeboda; imaTi damorCileba undoda da unda daemorCila; unda amisTvis
moZmeTa sisxliT SeRebiliyo~. aseTia saqmis namdvili arsi; magram
nawarmoebze dakvirveba imasac cxadad gvagrZnobinebs, rom am brZolis
Cveneba araa mwerlis erTi da umTavresi amocana, es brZola mainc ufro
fonia, romelzec mZafri adamianuri dramaa gaSlili.
`xevisber goCaSi~ kidev ufro gamokveTil saxes Rebulobs
sinamdvilisadmi al. yazbegis midgomis is Tavisebureba, ramac jer kidev
èlgujaSi~ iCina Tavi; `xevisberi goCa~ ar warmoadgens iseT moTxrobas,
sadac usaTuod erTi ZiriTadi Tema iqneba gansaxierebuli, xolo
yvelaferi danarCeni mas moemsaxureba misi ukeT warmoCenis, cxadyofis
mizniT. aqac, am moTxrobaSi, TemaTa TanabarRirebulebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
aqac adamianuri tkivilebi da vnebebia uSualod daxatuli; aqac adamianTa
cxovrebaa gansaxierebuli mTeli sisruliTa da siRrmiT. patriotuli
niSniT Seferili socialuri brZolis fonze gaSlilia adamianTa sulieri
drama, grZnobaTa Widili, urTierTdajaxeba. al. yazbegma `xevisber goCaSi~
kidev ufro mZlavrad aqamdis Cveni literaturisaTvis sruliad uCveulo
mxatvruli ZaliT gviCvena cocxali grZnobebis sirTule, winaaRmdego445
444
brivi buneba. mwerali ar amartivebs cxovrebis sirTules. cocxali
grZnobebi grZnobaTa sqemebze ar dahyavs. al. yazbegma TvalnaTliv
dagvanaxa, Tu ra mZime tvirTia iyo adamiani, ataro adamianuri tkivilebi,
ebrZolo sakuTar grZnobebs, moerio, dasZlio Sensave gulSi amovardnili
qariSxali.
nawarmoebis xasiaTis, misi Tematikuri mravalferovnebis, grZnobaTa
sirTulis ukeT gasaazreblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa moTxrobis
umTavresi epizodis _ samsjavros scenis analizi. al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa
stiluri mTlianoba saSualebas gvaZlevs am epizodSi, rogorc sarkmelSi
TvalnaTliv davinaxoT mTeli nawarmoebis suli.
rogorc aRiniSna, tradiciulad xevisberis moqmedeba _M Svilis
mokvla _ patriotuli meqanizmiTaa axsnili. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xevisberi goCas sityvebs: `moZmeT moRalate
sicocxlis Rirsi ar aris~ da a. S. magram sakiTxavia, ramdenad gamoxatavs
sinamdviles goCas es fraza, ramdenad SeiZleba igi pirdapir iqnas
gagebuli. pirvel yovlisa, dasadgenia, SeiZleba Tu ara xevisberi goCas
erTaderTi Svili miCneuli iqnes moRalated; sazogadod Tavisi kuTxis,
xevis moRalated, saerTo saqmis moRalated? Tu Ralatis cnebis
iuridiuli Sinaarsidan amovalT, Ralatad SeiZleba is saqcieli
CaiTvalos, romelic Segnebulad aris Cadenili, gaazrebuli moqmedebaa,
winaswar ganzraxuli. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom onise aramc da aramc
moRalated ar CaiTvleba. onises winaSe arc arasodes damdgara sakiTxi
moZmeTa gawirvisa, amgvari ram mis guls ar SeiZleboda fiqrad
mihkareboda, mis sulSi am mxriv araviTar Widils ar hqonia adgili. Semdeg,
rodesac onisem Tavisi saqcielis mZime Sedegebi dainaxa, saSineli
sinanulis grZnobam Seipyro, Tavis mokvlas lamobda, Zlivs daixsnes
moxeveebma.
mainc ra daemarTa onises? roca onise goCasagan saguSagoze midioda,
savsebiT cxadad grZnobda, Tu ra sapasuxismgeblo movaleoba andes mas,
xevisberis Svils. onise am pasuxismgeblobasac iTvaliswinebda da
erTgvarad siamayis grZnobiTac iyo avsebuli, rom aseTi davaleba swored
mas, xevisberis erTaderT Svils da ara sxva vinmes daakisres. magram
swored im dros, roca onise davalebis simZimis sruli SegnebiT, sakuTari
pirovnuli RirsebiT avsebuli saguSagosken miiCqaroda, moxda sruliad
gauTvaliswinebeli ram... cnobierebaSi SemoiWra is arseba, vis siyvarulsac
onise ager ra xania ebrZoda, magram verafriT ver moreoda da ver moreoda
Tundac imitomac, rom TviTon imasac, ZiZiasac, Sehyvareboda onise. onises
siyvarulma aqcia igi ase ubeduri, cxovreba, romelic bednierad unda
warmarTuliyo mosiyvarule, Zlier, saxelganTqmul vaJkacTan, guguasTan
erTad, erTbaSad aeria... onises Sexvedra col-qmarTan moxda sabediswero
Jams _ qalma aRiara qmris winaSe, rom mas onise uyvarda, xolo roca
Seuracxyofilma qmarma onises mokvla ganizraxa da aRsasruleblad
gaemarTa, ZiZia gaqanda kldeze gadasavard446
445
nad. aseT dros gaCnda masTan onise. es imgvari situaciaa, romelsac
yvelaferi SeuZlia gadaaviwyos adamians, yvelafers gadaefaros da Tavad
gabatondes. am situaciis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia da imitomac, rom
Cveulebriv, moaruli azris mixedviT, onises wuTierma gatacebam gadaaviwya
movaleoba xalxisa da qveynis winaSe. SeuZlebelia mdgomareoba, romelSiac
onise aRmoCnda, formulirebuli iqnas, rogorc wuTieri Tavdaviwyeba.
arafers ar niSnavs is, rom xalxma samsjavroze onises saqcieli
ymawvilkacur gatacebad CaTvala. misgan, xalxisagan, amiTac udidesi
sulgrZeloba da gamgebianoba iqna gamomJRavnebuli. xalxs meti arc
moeTxoveboda maSin.
xevisberi goCas mier msjavris gamotanis TvalsazrisiT sruliadac
arafers ar niSnavs. onises qcevis Sinagani meqanizmis gaTvaliswineba, Cvens
mier imisi aRiareba, rom onises, ra Tqma unda, ar uRalatia saqmisTvis,
kuTxisTvis. sakiTxavi isaa, TviTon xevisberma-mTavarma msajulma icis Tu
ara, rom Svils TanamoZmeni ar gauyidnia, ar uRalatnia maTTvis. xevisberma
Zalian kargad icis, rom misi Svili araa moZmeT moRalate, ara Tu misTvis,
aramed es mTeli xalxisTvis aSkaraa, miT ufro cxadia yvelaferi
mamisTvis, romlis maxvil Tvals ar gamohparvia imTaviTve Svilis gulis
arc erTi moZraoba. mama xvdeboda, rom misi Svili Seepyro grZnobas,
romlis tarebis ufleba mas ar hqonda da xvdeboda amas pirvelive
dRidanve _ guguasa da ZiZias qorwilis pirveli dRidanve. aki amitomac
yovel fexis nabijze afrTxilebda da arigebda: `gaxsovdes, kaci
tanjvisTvisaa gaCenili~. xevisberma icoda, rom ar iyo misi Svili
moRalate, magram mainc sasjelis umaRlesi forma _ sikvdili gamoutana
Svils da es azri veravin gadaaTqmevina, xolo roca misi ganaCenis
aRsruleba veravin ido kisrad, TviTon aRasrula igi _ sakuTari xeliT,
xanjliT gaupo Svils mkerdi. ar SeiZleba marTebulad miviCnioT xevisberi
goCas moqmedebis axsna, viTarca afeqtis mdgomareobaSi Cadenili
moqmedebisa _ TiTqos xevisberi angariSs ar aZlevda am dros Tavis
moqmedebas _ goneba daubnelda. SiSvel afeqts am dros adgili ar hqonda,
ramdenadac warmmarTveli iyo gansja, xolo iq, sadac msjelobaa, mxolod
afeqti ar SeiZleba batonobdes. erTi sityviT, goCas moqmedeba arc patri-
otuli xasiaTisaa da arc afeqti ganagebs mas. da ai, xelaxla dgas
pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva _ ratom mokla mamam Svili? ès urTulesi kiTxvaa...
farulad mimdinare grZnobaTa Widilis ufaqizesi formebi dagvixata al.
yazbegma, urTierTsapirispiro grZnobebi erTad cxovroben pirovnebaSi... ai,
ra gviCvena al. yazbegma da amiT Caswvda is adamianis uRrmes sulier
fenebs~(gr. kiknaZe).
samsjavros epizodi TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom al. yazbegis
saxiT Cvens winaSe didi xelovani dgas, romelsac aqvs talanti, rom
cocxali sinamdvile daxatos _ yovelgvari dayvanisa da gamartivebis
gareSe, iseve rTulad, rogorc cxovrebaa.
uaRresad adamianuri ram daemarTa xevisber goCas. sakiTxavia, sxva
vinme rom mdgariyo onises adgilas da ara sakuTari Svili, iqneboda Tu
ara xevisberis ganaCeni aseTive mkacri? dabejiTebiT 447
446
SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom ara, ar iqneboda. Cven xom vnaxeT, rom guguas,
romelsac namdvilad edeboda brali xevis RalatSi, romelmac Tavi
verafriT imarTla, xevisberma sasjelad mxolod da mxolod Temidan
mokveTa gamoutana da ara sikvdili. Tanac am ganaCenis gamotanisas
xevisberi TiTqos ar iyo darwmunebuli, erTgvar sinanuls grZnobda:
`RmerTo mogviteve, Tu vcdebiT raSime!~ _ Tqva man ganaCenis gamotanisas.
asea es im SemTxvevaSi, roca vimeorebT, icis, rom Svils samSoblosTvis ar
uRalatnia da mainc umkacresia misi ganaCeni, romelic manve aRasrula.
mweralma gviCvena, rom adamiani maxloblis saqciels, mis danaSauls ufro
mwvaved ganicdis, aq erTadaa mocemuli didi siyvaruli da didi
aRSfoTebac, rameTu Seilaxa wmidaTawmida _ Rirseba gvarisa, ojaxisa...
marTalia, onises, xevisberis usayvarles Svils Tavisi xalxisTvis ar
uRalatnia, ar gauyidia isini, magram danaSauli xom saxezea, rasac amdeni
msxverpli mohyva... aki sul arigebda Svils, `gaxsovdes visi gorisa xaro~,
onisesac naTlad hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli mosalodneli katastrofa; man
icoda, mama eubneboda _ `gaxsovdes visi gorisa xaro~ da am sityvebiT
agonebda im movaleobas, romelic erT pirs mTel saxlobasTan akavSirebs
da misi saqcieli mTeli ojaxis gamapatiosnebeli Tu damamcirebeli aris~
da ai, `gori~, `mTeli saxloba~, `damcirebulia~, xevisberis ganaCenis
simkacres isic apirobebs, rom yvelaferi es saxalxod aris gamofenili.
rogorc aRiniSna, uaRresad gasagebi mdgomareobaa, grZnobaTa aseTi
winaaRmdegobrioba da sirTule _ yvelaze metad rom uyvarda, misi Svili
rom iyo... amitomac dasaja yvelaze mkacrad... bunebrivia, naTqvami imas ar
niSnavs, rom is, rac xevisberma moimoqmeda, sxvasac SeuZlia gaakeTos...
xevisberi gamorCeuli pirovnebaa, xalxis winamZRoli, gaubzaravi, mTliani
xasiaTi; ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi mokvdavi imas ver moimoqmedebda, rac
xevisberma gaakeTa.
erTi garemoebac iqcevs yuradRebas _ TxzulebaSi fsiqologiurad
erTob sayuradRebo viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme _ zogjer adamiani
garkveulad xsnis Tavis moqmedebis motivebs, sinamdvileSi meqanizmi misi
moqmedebisa sul sxvaa. rogorc davinaxeT, goCas sityvebi _ `moZmeT
moRalate sicocxlis Rirsi ar aris~, _ sinamdviles ar gamoxatavs _ onise
araa moZmeT moRalate. magram aRniSnuli sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom
goCas sityvebi gulwrfeli araa. rogorc fsiqologiuri literaturidan
cnobilia, axsna-ganmarteba, romelsac adamianebi TavianT qcevebs aZleven,
yovelTvis ar aris moqmedebis adekvaturi, ramdenadac maSinac ki, roca
mTqmeli sruliad gulwrfelia, igi Zalian xSirad Tavis moqmedebas
amarTlebs.1
al. yazbegma `xevisber goCaSi~ isic gviCvena, rom Zalze mZime tvirTia
msajulis tvirTi. Tu yovelTvis SeuZlebeli ara, erTob Zneli ki aris
obieqturad gansajo adamianis saqcieli, moqmedeba; yvelasTvis Znelia igi
da Zneli aRmoCnda iseTi didi msajulisTvi
1 Sibutani, socialuri fsiqologia, 1964, gv. 28 (rusuli Targ.).448
447
sac, rogoric goCa iyo. adamianis moqmedeba rom saTanadod Sefasdes
da msjavri obieqturad iqnas gamotanili, amisTvis saWiro yofila
bralmdebelma subieqturi momentebi gamoTiSos, aRdges moqmedebis,
danaSaulis situacia da gansasjelis TvaliT iqnas danaxuli movlenebi;
amgvari ram Zalian Znelia da zogjer SeuZlebelic.
am da aseTi saxis analizma unda migvaaxlovos al. yazbegis am
didebuli Txzulebis mdidar mxatvrul samyaros.
literaturaSi Cveulebriv erTmaneTs upirispirebdnen ori rigis
personaJebs _ dadebiTsa da uaryofiTs; sruliad sxvagvari sinamdvile
dagvanaxa al. yazbegma. `xevisber goCa~-Si man gviCvena, rom arc ise
sqematuradaa dayofili adamianebi or jgufad, rogorc es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba mogveCvenos wignebis mixedviT, arc ise sqematurad mimdinareobs
brZola kargsa da cuds, keTilsa da borots Soris. mweralma dagvanaxa,
rom TviTon adamianis gulia sxvadasxva, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
grZnobebis sauflo, sxvadasxva grZnobas Soris Widilia adamianis sulieri
dramis Sinaarsi. yazbegis didma talantma TvalnaTliv gvagrZnobina:
danaSauli jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom zneobrivad daSvebul adamianTan
gvqondes saqme. mwerali cocxal grZnobaTa namdvil logikas wvda, rac
gonebis logikis enaze pirdapir ar iTargmneba, alogikuria _
alogikurobaa grZnobaTa logikis namdvili Sinaarsi.
al. yazbegi rogorc aRiniSna, gulgrilad ver axerxebs adamianTa
cxovrebis moTxrobas. igi emociuri mweralia da ase TandaTan iTrevs
mkiTxvels ambis TxrobaSi da TandaTan uaxloebs mas adamianTa sulier
siRrmeebs. mkiTxveli misi personaJebis situaciebSi Sedis, maT poziciebs
iTvaliswinebs... da Tu ara zedapiruli, gulisxmieri, dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli ver poulobs gamosavals, ver dgeba iseT poziciaze, rom
gaamtyunos romelime personaJi, gakicxos igi. ho, danaSaulia onises
saqcieli, bevri msxverpli mohyva Sedegad, magram gana SeeZlo mas
sxvagvarad rom moqceuliyo. gana ar undoda onises, rom amoeSanTa gulSi
ukanonod Casaxlebuli grZnoba... ra ar iRona, gadaikarga Tavisi kuTxidan,
albaT arc mobrundeboda, sanam raimes ar iRonebda, magram iZulebuli
gaxda dabrunebuliyo. aba sxvagvarad rogor unda moqceuliyo xevisberis
Svili, roca mis mSobliur kuTxes safrTxe daemuqra... da gana maSin, roca
`vin icis xval visi mze dabneldeboda, visi Tvali daixuWeboda samudamod~,
onise Sexvda qalebTan erTad gamosul, masze fiqriT galeul ZiZias,
SeeZlo onises TveobiT Segubebuli grZnobisTvis gza gadaeketa... gana ar
tanjavda onises sinanulis grZnoba, gana mas ar gauelva gulSi
usayvarlesi arsebis mimarT fiqrma _ `macdurad momxibla da macdurad
damRupa... mSvidobiT, Cemo vaJkacobav~... gana ZiZias gakicxva SeiZleba? ra
qnas, ase daemarTa. egona, rom gugua Seuyvardeboda, ufro sworad,
siyvaruli iyo is, rasac guguas mimarT grZnobda, ar yofila... ai, onise
Seuyvarda sruliad uneburad. ver daZlia es 449
448
grZnoba ymawvilma, gamoucdelma qalma. mainc ecada morCili coli
yofiliyo da asrulebda kidec, amas ar dasjerda gugua, siyvaruli undoda
misgan, siyvaruli ki ZiZias ar SeeZlo, ara da mas, bunebis alal Svils arc
TvalTmaqcoba SeuZlia... nuTu amisTvisaa igi gasakicxi? arc vaJkacuri
bunebis, mosiyvarule qmris guguas bedia saxarbielo... da mkiTxvelic
tovebs sayovelTao ganmsjelis pozicias, erTi romelime personaJis mxares
ar dgeba, rom sxvebi gakicxos. ase ecleba al. yazbegTan niadagi calmxriv
midgomas an mikerZoebis SesaZleblobas. al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa
personaJebis qcevebisa da moqmedebebis amosavali sabuTiania da
toluflebiani. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maT xasiaTebs, maT yofas, konkretul
situaciebs, davinaxavT, rom is rac moxda, unda momxdariyo, sxvagvarad ar
SeiZleboda; amitom aris, rom `xevisber goCaSi~ araferi ar tovebs
tendenciuris STabeWdilebas. mkiTxvelisaTvis es aris Txroba
sinamdvilisa masSi avtoris Tvalsazrisis daZalebis gareSe. mxolod is
tendenciaa gamovlenili, romelic am sinamdviles axasiaTebs. realurad ki
dgas pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva: `ra eqna, sxva ra gza hqonda?~ aseTia
cxovrebis simarTle, romelic mweralma gadmosca.
Tu yovelives gaviTvaliswinebT, sakiTxavia, mainc rogorebi arian al.
yazbegis moTxrobis mTavari personaJebi.
xevisberi goCa namdvili winamZRolia Tavis xalxisa. igi mnaxvelze
ukve Tavisi garegnobiT axdens did zemoqmedebas. misi garegnoba ukve
mauwyebelia misi uCveulo sulieri Zalisa. keTili guli aqvs, magram rbili
araa. masSi erTadaa Serwymuli gulkeTiloba da mbrZanebloba. misi sityva
gadaubruneblad unda Sesruldes da sruldeba kidec. Tavis movaleobas
xevisa da xalxis winaSe uyurebs, rogorc saRvTo saqmes da swams, rom
xalxis rCeuli RvTis rCeulicaa. dajildoebulia dakvirvebisa da
mixvedris unariT. dafiqrebulia, mZlavri Wkuis patroni, SeuZlia yvela
detali gaiTvaliswinos, Seqmnil situaciaSi maleve gaerkves. mtkicea da
Seuvali. misTvis piradi aRar arsebobs. cxovrobs saerTo, saqveyno in-
teresebiT. am mxriv igi mTliani pirovnebaa, gaubzaravi. movaleobis grZnoba
yvelaferze batonobs masSi. TviTon pirdapiri sxvaTaganac amasve moiTxovs.
amayia, darwmunebuli sakuTar ZalebSi. didad aqvs gamaxvilebuli
pirovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba, rac Tavisi winaprebis, gvaris RirsebasTan
aqvs gaigivebuli. xandazmulia, magram ara marto sulieri, aramed fizikuri
energiiTac aRsavse. usazRvrod uyvars erTaderTi vaJi onise, romelic misi
siamayecaa. onise xevisberis sicocxlea, magram igi amas vinmes dasanaxad ar
gamoxatavs, TviT Svilsac ar agrZnobinebs amas. Svilis siyvaruli ar
niSnavs, rom mamam mas raime SeRavaTi misces. SviliT siamayes imiT gamoxat-
avs, rom mas yvelaze saxifaTo da sapasuxismgeblo saqmes andobs.
xevisberi goCa didi grZnobebis matarebelia, magram es grZnobebi
ufro mZlavr gonebas eqvemdebarebian. goCa didi moZRvaria. 450
449
miaCnia, rom adamianma sakuTar TavSi unda aRmoaCinos zneobrivi
Zalebi, adamiani TviTon unda flobdes sakuTar Tavs.
goCas didi mxedarTmTavruli niWic aqvs. yvelaze mZime mdgo-
mareobaSic ki inarCunebs simSvides da fxizeli analizis unars, goCa
SesaniSnavad grZnobs brZolis vels icis rodis ra moimoqmedos, rogoria
misi avtoritetis Zala da swored maSin gamoCndeba brZolis velze Tavisi
xalxis gverdiT, roca es mas yvelaze metad sWirdeba.
goCa Tavisi xalxis winamZRolicaa da msajulic. igi araa civi
ganmsjeli, TiToeuli TanamoZmis bediTa Sewuxebuli da advilad adamians
ver swiravs, magram Tu darwmunda danaSaulSi, maSin igi daundobelia, amayi
da mtkice.
Tu ratom mokla mamam Svili, amaze ukve iTqva. xolo is, rac
xevisbers Semdeg mouvida, savsebiT damajerebelia mxatvrulad da
motivirebulia fsiqologiurad; iseTi mTliani, gaubzaravi piroveneba,
rogoric xevisberia, ar SeiZleboda gaTeliliyo da igi kldesaviT
dairRva.
onise axalgazrdaa, mozRvavebuli grZnobebis asakSi. sxvaTagan
gansxvavebiT ufro Tamamia da amayi qcevebSi, gamorCeuli, rac misi
mdgomareobiTacaa dapirobebuli _ erTaderTi vaJia saxelganTqmuli
xevisberisa. Tumca onises siTamame imas ar niSnavs, man odesme zneobrivi
sazRvrebi gadalaxos. onise didi vaJkacia. igi araviTar SeRavaTs ar
saWiroebs da arc moiTxovs. uSiSaria. Tavisuflebisa da Tavisi kuTxis
mosiyvarule, Rirseuli Svili xevisberisa. sabediswero wuTebSi onises
mteri Semoepara, rasac mZime Sedegebi mohyva. onise vaJkacia da ar ikadra
danaSaulis dafarva, Tumca man yvelaze ukeT icoda, rom aRiareba
faqtobrivad yvelafris dasasruli iyo. igi udrtvinvelad Sexvda mamis
umkacres msjavrs.
ZiZias axalgazrdas vecnobiT siyvarulisTvis mzaobis asakSi. roca
sabedo gamoCnda, ZiZiam daarwmuna Tavisi Tavi, rom igi uyvarda, pirobac
misca saqmros, radgan icoda, guguam raki Tavisad daasaxela, imas ise
advilad veRaravin gaubedavda rasme, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi guguas
xumroba ar uyvarda da male daabnelebda imis mzes, vinc win gadadgomas
moiwadinebda. namdvili siyvaruli qorwilis Rames movida. ZiZia ibrZvis am
grZnobis winaaRmdeg, radgan araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs pativs ar
scemdes masze Seyvarebul qmars. igi morCilad itans colobis tvirTs,
magram aRZrul grZnobas ver ereva. ZiZias ar SeuZlia qmari moatyuos,
iTvalTmaqcos mis winaSe. ZiZia msxverplia mis gulSi datrialebuli
cecxlisa.
gugua axalgazrdaa, warmosadegi, vaJkacuri bunebis, megobrebis
moyvaruli da gamtani. sakuTari Rirsebis damcveli. mas ar SeuZlia
iarsebos qveynad Selaxuli TavmoyvareobiT. Tavmoyvareobis Selaxva ki
iqidan daiwyo, roca misma colma sxva Seiyvara. mere kidev amas daemata is,
rom xevis Ralati daabrales. guguas bunebis kacisagan yovelive amis
Semdeg TviTmkvleloba moulodneli ar aris. 451
450
sazogadod, al. yazbegis nawarmoebebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki `xevisber
goCaSi~ garda calkeuli personaJisa, xSirad moqmedebs adamianTa,
mebrZolTa didi jgufi, sazogadod xalxi _ isini naCvenebni arian
sawesCveulebo ritualTa aRsrulebisas, TavianTi xatis winaSe darazmulni,
Sekrebilni samsjavrod, calkeuli wevris bedis gansasjelad, saerTo
saTemo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic maT mSvidobian cxovrebasa Tu
sabrZolo viTarebis garkvevas, mamulis dacvas Seexeba (mag., nugzaris
Sesaxvedrad samzadisi, samsjavros scena da a. S.), aseT epizodebSi
adaTobriv wes-CveulebaTa aRsrulebis fonze am xalxis, am adamianTa
erTsulovnebaa gaxazuli, maTi saerTo interesebiT savseoba, maTi simyare
da gautexloba, maTi gamZleoba, erTi mizniT, erTi sasicocxlo azriT
avseba. am saerTo fonze aris warmodgenili calkeul gmirTa moqmedeba-
urTierToba, Tu, sazogadod, maTi sulieri drama. amgvari momentebi
calkeul personaJs da saerTod mTel nawarmoebs gmiruli SinaarsiT
avsebs.
`xevisberi goCa~ uaRresad dinamiuri moTxrobaa. TavisTavad
moculobiT patara Txzuleba ocdarva Tavadaa dayofili, riTac aris ukve
xazgasmuli suraTTa, moqmedebaTa, sulier viTarebaTa gadmocemis swrafi
monacvleoba, Tanac xSirad Tavi maincdamainc iq ar Tavdeba, sadac
uSualod raime ambavi sruldeba; maSasadame, moqmedebaTa, suraTTa
dasasruli da Tavebis dasasruli ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, rac erTi Tavidan
meoreze mkiTxvelis dauyovnebliv gadasvlis moTxovnilebasac aRZravs.
ambavi ZiriTadad erT siuJetur xazs mihyveba, CarTuli da paraleluri
ambebi aq TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, rac agreTve aris nawarmoebis dinamizmis
piroba.
rodesac moqmedebaTa da suraTTa Tanmidevrobas viTvaliswinebT,
cxadi xdeba, rom iseve, rogorc èlgujaSi~, `xevisber goCaSi~ urTierTs
enacvlebian sapirispiro ambebi, e. i. aqac kontrastis xerxs eyrdnoba
mwerali, rac agreTve apirobebs Txzulebis dinamizms.
bunebis suraTebs `xevisber goCaSi~, garda èlgujas~ ganxilvisas
miTiTebuli kompoziciuri Taviseburebebisa, is funqciac ekisrebaT, rom
isini warmoadgendnen erTgvar Seyovnebas, sulis moTqmas erTi daZabuli
ambidan meore ambavze gadasasvlelad.
rogorc aRiniSna, moTxrobaSi mwerali Zveli drois ambavs
mogviTxrobs _ sami saukuniT daSorebuls. sakiTxavia, cdilobs Tu ara
mwerali moTxrobil ambavs SeunarCunos es gardasulis elferi. unda
garkveviT iTqvas, rom mwerals ar ucdia warsulis koloritis dacva.
amisaTvis mas arc enobrivi saSualebebisTvis miumarTavs, arc sxva
saSualebebiT ucdia manZilis grZnobis gaCena mkiTxvelSi. `xevisberi goCa~
al. yazbegis sxva TxzulebaTagan, romlebSiac ukve XIX s. ambebia
gadmocemuli, ar gansxvavdeba arafriT arc enobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amiT
mweralma, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev ufro mogviaxlova isini, Tavisi
gmirebi, kidev ufro uSualod Cagvaxeda maT sulSi, maTi grZnobebis farul
dinebaze dagvakvirva, Tanamonawiled gvaqcia maTi dramisa. 452
451
erTi avtoris TqmiT, kacobrioba gacilebiT nela icvleba, vidre
varaudoben. cxovrebis zedapiri Cans mRvrie, aboboqrebuli, rogorc zRva,
magram rac ufro vRrmavdebiT, gaocebuli vrCebiT grZnobaTa
maradiulobiT.
marTalia, wavida da aRarasodes dabrundeba dro saqarTvelos
calkeul kuTxeTa mier urTierTdalaSqvrisa, saqarTvelos romelime
kuTxis Svils aRar daemuqreba romelime zviadi feodalisagan socialuri
damonebis safrTxe... magram darCa adamianis guli, asparezi grZnobaTa
Widilisa da gamZle adamianuri grZnobebi; amitomac yvela drois
mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi iqneba, yvela droSi aaRelvebT onisesa da ZiZias
sabediswero siyvarulis istoria, gaaocebT amaRlebuli da saocrad
monoliTuri xevisberis _ usazRvrod mosiyvarule mamisa da mkacri
msajulis tragedia.453
452
vaJa-fSavela
vaJa-fSavela (luka razikaSvili) qarTveli xalxis dauSreteli
erovnuli energiis gamomxatveli xelovania. ase Seafasa is jer kidev ilia
WavWavaZem da asea danaxuli vaJa yvela im ucxoelis mier, visac adreve da
dResac am didi poetis literaturul memkvidreobasTan kontaqtis
bedniereba hqonia. XX saukunis dasawyisSive germaneli mwerali artur
laistic SemTxveviT ar uwodebda mas `qarTuli xelovnebis sulis
ganmasaxierebel genioss~. geniosis upirvelesi Tviseba ki, cxadia,
gamorCeulobaa da bunebrivia, saintereso am araCveulebrivad gamorCeuli
mgosnis biografia. xelovanis namdvili biografia ki mxolod maSin
SeiZleba Seiqmnas, roca mkiTxveli mZafrad igrZnobs da irwmunebs, Tu
raodeni ZaliT aRibeWda mwerlis sulSi misi saarsebo garemos
zemoqmedebis faqti.
biografia
vaJas aqvs memuaruli Janris Txzuleba `Cemi wuTisofeli~, romelic
samwuxarod, dasrulebuli araa. iseTi aRmafreniTa da moxdenili
iumoriTaa dawyebuli es nawarmoebi, rom safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT:
dasrulebuli rom iyos poetis mier, igi mxars daumSvenebda Cveni
memuaruli literaturis or Sedevrs: akaki wereTlis `Cem Tavgadasavalsa~
da daviT kldiaSvilis qmnilebas _ `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~.
ai, swored aq, `Cems wuTisofelSi~ TviTon vaJas SesaniSnavad aqvs
warmodgenili mwerlis WeSmariti biografiis daweris sirTulec da
sifaqizec, roca aRniSnavs: àmTaviTve saWirod vracx gamovutyde
mkiTxvelebs, rom yvelafers, rac maxsovs Cemis cxovrebidan, ver
gavuziareb, bevri ram unda davmalo, bevri ram uxerxulia saTqmelad Tu
sawerad da bevric umniSvnelo, xolo rasac vwer, rac ki SemiZlian,
vecdebi simarTle davicva, vsTqva ise, rogorc iyo, uferadod,
gadauWarbeblad, vgoneb, aseTs avtobiografias ufro didi mniSvneloba
unda hqondes kritikisTvisac da mkiTxvelisTvisac, vidre mogonilsa da
nakeTebs~. aseTia mwerlis biografiis Seqmnis vaJaseuli moTxovna da
raoden rTulic ar unda iyos, Cvenc, SeZlebisdagvarad, arsebuli faqtebis
moxmobiT, vcadoT am WeSmaritad genialuri Semoqmedis saarsebo garemosa
da cxovrebis gzis gaTvaliswineba.
* * *
vaJa-fSavelas samSoblo-kuTxe fSavi mdinare aragvis auzSi mde-
bareobs, axlandeli Jinvalidan moyolebuli, vidre kavkasionis wyalgamyof
qedamde. axla fSavi TiTqmis daclis pirasaa misuli; adre ki, miuxedavad
imisa, rom fSavels mkacr bunebriv pirobebSi uxdeboda cxovreba, uZvelesi
droidanve mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli da dakavSirebuli
dedasaqarTvelosTan. 454
453
fSavs Zvelad fxovs, xolo fSavelebs fxovelebs uwodebdnen.
fxovelebi, anu fSavelebi ZirZveli qarTvelebi arian. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
fSavelebi sabrZolvelad iaraRasxmulni daxvedrian TviT pompeussac ki.
isini monawileobdnen yvela im brZolaSi, rac saqarTvelos gadauxdia,
iqneba es Samqori Tu marabda-krwanisi. fSavelebs aragvis xeobaSi
daumarcxebiaT Sah-abasis jarebi, maTi sagmiro dideba ukvdavyofilia
baxtrionis ciklis xalxur leqsebsa da 1659 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis Temaze
Seqmnil literaturul nawarmoebebSi. fSavis miwa, Cveni Tanamedrove poetis
leqsis perifrazirebiT rom vTqvaT, ver ixila `verca monRolma, verca
osmalom da verca sparsma~.
fSavi ver daimorCiles verc Cvens istoriasa da folklorSi
cnobilma `sisxlis wvimebis~ momtanma nugzar da zurab erisTavebma da
verc moZalade feodalma WavWavaZem.
fSavi da fSavelebi Zmurad edgnen mxarSi saqarTvelos bars da
gaWirvebis Jams aq afarebdnen Tavs qarTveli mefeebi, aq ikrebdnen Zalebs
axali brZolisaTvis, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis emzadebodnen
Teimuraz meore da erekle meore.
brZolisa da gmirobis saerTo tradiciam SeaduRa deda-saqarTvelos
sasicocxlo interesebTan erovnuli erTobisaken midrekili fSavelTa
suli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom vaJamde da vaJas Semdeg fSavisa da fSavelTa
istoriul-eTnografiuli da poeturi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb bevri ram
dawerila, vaJa-fSavelas eTnografiuli da folkloristuli werilebi
aris yvelaze sando wyaro, romelic srul warmodgenas gvaZlevs
saqarTvelos am didebuli kuTxis, misi adamianebis yofis, zne-Cveulebebisa
da poeturi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aq vaJa dakvirvebuli mecnieris
gulmodginebiT ikvlevs fSavisa da fSavelebis eTnikuri da mxatvruli
kulturis sakiTxebs. imdenad didia am mxriv vaJas mier gaweuli muSaobis
mniSvneloba, rom mas gverds ver auvlis verc erTi mkvlevari, vinc ki am
kuTxis materialuri da sulieri cxovrebiTaa dainteresebuli. amis
dadasturebaa Tundac is faqti, rom vaJa-fSavelas dakvirvebebs araerTgzis
iyenebs, eyrdnoba da uTiTebs Tavis SromebSi Cveni istoriuli mecnierebisa
da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis iseTi didi figura, rogoric ivane
javaxiSvili iyo.
vaJas yuradRebiTa da megzurobiT atarebdnen muSaobas fSavSi yofnis
Jams cnobili rusi mecnieri maqsime kovalenski (romelsac vaJa erTgan
akritikebs kidec) da sasiqadulo qarTveli mecnieri akaki SaniZe.
dResac gzis mkvalavi fSavsa da fSavelebze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad,
pirvel yovlisa, vaJas nawerebi gaxlavT, radgan SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad
iTqvas, rom arc erTi mkvlevari-mecnieri ise Rrmad araa SeWrili fSavis
yofiTsa da sulieri cxovrebis siRrmeSi, rogorc vaJa. sarwmunoebis
mixedviT, romelic saukuneTa manZilze iyo duRabi qarTvelTa erovnuli
mTlianobisa, vaJas si455
454
tyvebiT, `fSavelebi, rogorc namdvili qarTvelni, ra Tqma unda,
marTlmadidebelni arian~. saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa
msgavsad, `fSavelebis marTlmadidebuloba ar warmoadgens gawmendils,
SemuSavebuls rjuls~. es garemoeba metwilad zogadqarTuli movlenaa da
`qarTuli qristianobis~ damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli niSania. yvela
SemTxvevaSi, vaJas TqmiT, `fSavlis buneba qristianul elements dauZlevia~
da ase SerTvia is `mraval qartexilgamovlili~ qarTveli xalxis saerTo
xasiaTs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelebSi fSavelebi yvelaze metad
romantikuli bunebisani arian, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobda
wawlobis wesebsa da rainduli sulis adamianis, anu `kai ymis~ Sesaxeb
arsebul leqsebSi.
vaJas dakvirvebiT, `fSavelebis poezia ufro gmirulis xasiaTisaa~ da
aq SeerTebulia ukiduresi idealizmi ukidures realizmTan. es garemoebac
fSavlis warmosaxvis unarisa da fantaziis mravalmxrivobis
damadasturebeli argumentia da, maSasadame, misi usazRvro bunebrivi niWis
sabuTi... magram am bunebisagan boZebul did unarTan erTad fSaveli
interesiania da ganaTlebis, codnis trfialia.
jer kidev vaJas drosac, mTels saqarTveloSi iSviaTad naxavdiT
kuTxes, sadac imdeni wera-kiTxvis mcodne yofiliyo, ramdenic fSavSi.
yovelive zemoTqmuli mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tavisi mSvenieri
mTebiT, Smagi mdinareebiT, marTlacda, àyvavebuli~ varskvlavebiT, am
garemosaviT lamazi sulis adamianebiT, Tavisi tradiciiTa da
mSvenierebisaken swrafvis ulevi surviliT es kuTxe yvela pirobas
iZleoda imisaTvis, rom mis wiaRSi didi poeti dabadebuliyo, xelovani,
romelic Tavisi genialuri niWiT msoflios winaSe ukvdavyofda ara
mxolod patara fSavis, aramed mTeli deda-saqarTvelos saxelsac.
* * *
fSavSi, mdinare Cargluras napiras dgas patara qviTkiris saxli.
swored am saxlSi 1861 wlis 14 ivliss (ax. st. 26 ivliss)1 daibada luka
razikaSvili. vaJas garda mis mSoblebs kidev xuTi Svili hyolia: giorgi,
marTa, niko (baCana), Tedo da aleqsandre (sandro). SemdgomSi baCana da
Tedo cnobil mwerlebad mogvevlinebian Cvens literaturaSi. mogvianebiT
vaJa-fSavela ase gvamcnobs Tavis biografias: `me var wminda fSaveli
CamomavlobiT, rogorc dediT, ise mamiT. dedaCemi iyo ivreli qali, sofel
sxlovnidan, fxiklianT gvarisa... saTemo gvari fxikleSvilebisa aris
gabidouri. RviZli biZa dedaCemisa paraskeva pirveli moleqse iyo fSavSi.
saubedurod wera-kiTxva sruliad ar scodnia... wera-kiTxva arc dedaCemma
icoda,
1 aRniSnuli daTariReba emyareba vaJas metrikul Canawers da misi
marTebuloba literaturis istorikosTa naSromebSi tradiciulad
gaziarebulia; Tumca vaJa-fSavela misi nawerebis gmomcemelTa
sayuradRebod 1912 wels wers: `me davibade sof. CargalSi, 1862 wlis 15
maiss~. ix. `mcire SeniSvna~, Txz. t. IX, Tb., 1964, gv. 283. vfiqrobT, bolos da
bolos dadga dro, verwmunoT geniosi poetis azrs.456
455
Tumca bunebiT iyo friad niWieri, SesaniSnavi meojaxe da mowyale,
glaxis gamkiTxveli, mezoblis damxmare~. rogorc vxedavT, dedis mxriv
vaJas Tan dahyolia poeturi midrekileba da gulgaSliloba. ase
warmogvidgens didi poeti mamis _ pavle razikaSvilis pirovnebas: `me roca
mamaCem vicani mamad, maSin igi mTavar-diakvnad iyo sof. maRaroskarSi, s.
Cargalze rva verszed daSorebiT~. Semdeg, rogorc viciT, igi mRvdeli
gaxda. vaJas TqmiT, pavle razikaSvili `garda piradi samsaxurisa,
vaWrobasac misdevda, ramdenime adgilas duqnebi hqonda~. bavSvobaSi sip
qvaze wera-kiTxva naswavli, mogvianebiT, saxelganTqmuli episkoposis
gabriel qiqoZis mier sasuliero saswavlebelSi gzadalocvili1 ès patara
tanis kaci ganxorcielebuli mxneoba, energia iyo, amasTanave iSviaTi niWis
patroni, oratori, cnobismoyvare da mwignobari~. mama iyo meTvalyure da
maswavlebeli Svilebisa, romelTa Soris Turme gamorCeuli siyvaruliT
hyvarebia dabadebidanve ucnaurad Tvalebamde TmaCamoSvebuli patara luka,
biWi, romelsac am garemoebas xSirad axsenebdnen crumorwmune fSavlebi da
did momavalsac uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. àm Tmianobam~ Tavis Tavze
warmodgena ganmidida, raRac araCveulebriv adamianad momaCvena Cemi Tavi
da damisaxa araCveulebrivi momavali~, _ igonebs poeti. swored pavle
razikaSvilma, pirSi mTqmelma, sizarmacis moZulem da vaJkacobis trfialma,
Soreulma Camomavalma `garusebis mowinaaRmdege~ saxelganTqmuli
monadiris boigarisa, Caunerga patara lukas wignis siyvaruli. pavle
uambobda Svilebs daviT aRmaSenebelze, napoleonsa da gambetaze, ayvarebda
`vefxistyaosans~, mzeWabukisa da jimSedis ambavs, viqtor hiugosa da JorJ
sandis nawarmoebTa personaJebs; rasakvirvelia, saxelovani Tanamedroveebis
_ iliasa da akakis qmnilebebs. mRvdel pavle razikaSvilisaTvis, miT ufro
Zneli ar iyo Caenerga SvilebisaTvis sasuliero wignebisadmi siyvaruli.
`Caujdeboda xorcs sakeflad ficarze, iqve taxtze mec Cavujdebodi
pirdapir da vugdebdi gafacicebiT yurs imis tkbil saubars. mudam
miambobda moTxrobebs Zveli saRmrTo istoriidan~, _ gviyveba vaJa. deda
gulqani acnobda lukas sagmiro ambebs, fSaur Tqmulebebsa da leqsebs.
ase izrdeboda vaJa rva wlamde. RvTiuri niWiT madlmosili,
cnobismoyvare, warmtac momavalze meocnebe patara biWs, romelsac Tavi
bibliur samson Zlierad hyavda warmodgenili, Tavis garemoSi yvela
piroba hqonda Seqmnili, rom fantazia galaReboda, diadi survilebi
gasCenoda da nivTierad uzrunvelyofil ojaxSi wignisa da lamazi ocnebis
cxovrebiT ecxovra.
rva wlis luka Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabares. aqedan
daiwyo momavali poetis sulieri tanjva. mdidar sulier sazrdos naCvevi
niWieri bavSvisaTvis gonebis borkilad iqca swavlis uvargisi sistema.
mSoblebi maSindel skolaSi Svilebs, vaJas TqmiT, `gansakaceblad
abarebdnen da ara gasamxeceblad~, magram aba, ra sikeTe Sei
1 vaJa kiknaZe, axali saarqivo masala vaJa-fSavelas biografiisaTvis
(pavle razikaSvili). axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2007, I, gv.
14.457
456
Zleba moemko adamians imnairi swavlisagan, roca bavSvi sakuTar
meobas, Tavis erovnebas da mSobliur enas iviwyebda. TviT luka ra-
zikaSvilic ki, romelic mSvenieri sulieri sagzliT mivida skolaSi,
lamis gadagvarda. `maSin razikovad viwerebodi da ara razikaSvilad. iqneb
Seuracxyofadac ki mimeRo, Tu vinme razikaSvils damiZaxebda, ase
Zvirfasad mimaCnda Cemi gvaris daboloveba òviT~-o, _ mwared SeniSnavs
`Cems wuTisofelSi vaJa. gasakviri araa, roca amnair skolas vaJa
`sapyrobiles~ uwodebs imitomac, rom `ver akmayofilebda~ da `noyier
sazrdos ver awvdida~ mis suls. mkvircxli gonebis luka razikaSvili am
sulis SemxuTavi atmosferodan gamosavals eZebda, aqeT-iqiT awydeboda,
rom Tavisi cnobiswadili daekmayofilebina da amiT sulieri Sveba egrZno.
ìZulebuli viyavi mimemarTna sxvadasxva wignebisaTvis, rac Zneli saSovari
aRmoCnda. vkiTxulobdi, rac Semxvdeboda ganurCevlad, radgan
xelmZRvaneli ara myvanda da amis gamo astronomiuls, risac araferi
gamegeboda, ufro bevrs vkiTxulobdi, vidre sxva sabunebismetyvelo, an
saistorio wigns: caze davfrinavdi, roca dedamiwisa araferi gamegeboda~,
_ wers vaJa misi cxovrebis am monakveTis Sesaxeb.
niWi da mozRvavebuli ymawviluri energia gamosavals eZebda da roca
patara luka saRi gonebrivi varjiSisaTvis Sesaferis asparezs ver
poulobda, fizikuri varjiSisaken miswrafoda; lukas mouTokavi sulieri
energia fizikur Zalad gadaiqca da sportSi, krivsa da WidaobaSi lamobda
survilebis dakmayofilebas da araCveulebrivad gamorCeuli mxatvruli
monacemebis bavSvi rom ar yofiliyo luka razikaSvili, rom Semdeg
sulierad da zneobrivad ukeTes pirobebSi ar mosweoda mas cxovreba,
SeiZleba es didi monacemebi Camkvdariyo da aRarc Cvens kulturas
Sehmateboda misi mSveneba _ vaJa-fSavelas saxiT. sabednierod, niWTan erTad
bevri gamorCeuli Tviseba da maT Soris mtkice nebisyofaze damyarebuli
pirovnuli Zlierebis SegrZnebis gansakuTrebuli unaric iyo is faqtori,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada am didi niWis gadarCena.
Telavis saswavlebelSi miRebuli codna sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda.
lukas gansakuTrebiT rusuli enis swavla uWirda da swored es gaxda
mizezi, rom ver ganagrZo swavla Tbilisis samaswavleblo institutSi.
TbilisSic luka Tavisi interesebiT cxovrobda; Widaobda, kiTxulobda,
kamaTobda. am droidan iwyebs leqsebis werasac.
1879 wlis seqtembers vaJa Sedis goris saostato seminariaSi. arcTu
didi warmatebiT abarebs gamocdebs, magram Semdeg didi mondomebiT ekideba
swavlas.
luka `kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ sti-
pendianti iyo. am sazogadoebis interesebis dasacavad ukve mowiful poets
saintereso werilic aqvs dabeWdili (èrTi kvira xevsureTSi~, 1892 w.),
Tumca, dedaenis swavlebisadmi gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo,
akritikebs kidec mas. gorSic uWirda vaJas `kazionuri~ reJimisadmi Segueba,
magram maSindel seminariaSic iyvnen progresulad moazrovne pedagogebi,
romlebic vaJas mfarv458
457
elobdnen, cnobili moRvawe miSo yifiani da seminariis direqtori
semionovi gansakuTrebiT afasebdnen momavali poetis niWs; am periodSi vaJa
poeturi momwifebis fazaSia. sazogado moRvaweobisaken erCis guli. ukve
aSkarad SeiniSneba, rom man gamokveTa Tavisi saqmianobis namdvili arsi _
sazogado moRvaweoba da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba misi arsebobis
sasicocxlo formad iqca. vaJas Tanaklaselebi gviambobnen, rom
Tavdapirvelad, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme, momavali poeti politikiT
iyo gatacebuli. Semdeg, gonebrivi da mxatvruli interesebis momwifeba-
gaRrmavebis kvalobaze, interesi politikisadmi TiTqos daekarga, an igi
ukana planze gadaiwia da misi adgili literaturam daikava. vaJa ukve
swavlasac umatebs, mowinave moswavlea. seminarielTa xelnawer Jurnal `ri-
JraJis~ aqtiuri TanamSromeli da erT-erTi xelmZRvanelia. vaJas leqsebs,
mTel mis saqmianobas Tvals adevneben cnobili moRvaweebi da mwerlebi:
anton furcelaZe, sergei mesxi da sofrom mgalobliSvili. isini aqeben da
literaturuli SromisaTvis aqezeben mas. yovelive es vaJas SemoqmedebiTi
nayofierebis stimuladac iqceva: Targmnis rus mweralTa nawarmoebebs,
kiTxulobs referatebs daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamar mefis, n. baraTaSvilis,
a. kolcovis, n. nekrasovis, i. daviTaSvilis Sesaxeb. beWdavs
korespondenciebs da leqsebs gazeT `droebasa~ da Jurnal ìmedSi~. igi
erTxans erwoSi, sofel tolaanTsofelSia maswavleblad, Semdeg ki, 1883
wlis agvistoSi, miemgzavreba peterburgs da Sedis Tavisufal msmenelad
universitetSi, iuridiul fakultetze, didi mecnierisa da mamuliSvilis
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mogonebiT, peterburgSi vaJa èswreboda qarTveli
studentebis sxdomebs saTvistomos sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. fSav-xevsureTis
saxalxo poeziidan auarebeli leqsebi icoda zepirad... da yvelani
gancvifrebulni viyaviT, rogor SeeZlo amdeni leqsebis zepirad
damaxsovreba~. sulierad da materialurad uWirs samSoblosagan
moSorebul vaJas. es iyo mizezi, rom man ver moaxerxa gamoenaxa saarsebo
wyaro, ver SeZlo Tavi daeRwia nivTieri gaWirvebisaTvis da 1884 wlis
Semodgomaze wignebiT, leqciebis CanawerebiT, `studentTa kasis~ valiT
(radgan gamosamgzavrebeli fuli ar hqonda), mSobliur CargalSi brundeba.
am droidan iwyeba misi mSfoTvare, mZime yofiTi sazrunaviTa da mZafri
sulieri WidiliT savse cxovreba. mas bedma erTob SeboWili da mZime
cxovreba arguna. saarsebo saSualebaTa Ziebis aucileblobam sofel oTa-
raSenSi Tavad amilaxvris ojaxSi miiyvana da erTxans akisrebina kerZo
repetitoris mZime da umaduri movaleoba. Semdeg ki igi (1886 wlis 17
oqtombers) sofel did-ToneTSi iwyebs maswavleblobas q. S. w. k. g.
sazogadoebasTan arsebul skolaSi. TveSi ocdaxuT maneTad (e. i. wliurad
300 maneTad), nivTier siviwroveSi cxovrobs; aq ukve cnobili Sedevrebis
avtori, amayi da simarTlis maZiebeli vaJa ver urigdeba usamarTlobas,
wvrilmanobas, sityviT da ZaliT upirispirdeba adgilobriv `bobolebs~,
soflis mamasaxliss da mis damqaSebs. iwyeba ganuwyveteli
cilismwamebluri saCivrebi vaJaze: 459
458
vaJas Sesamowmeblad erTmaneTs cvlian revizorebi da `komisiebi~,
alalmarTal vaJas, qarTvelebis saTayvanebel niWier poets q. S. w. k. g.
sazogadoebis sxdomebze, romelsac ilia WavWvaZe da ivane maCabeli
Tavmjdomareobdnen, uwevs axsna-ganmartebiTi baraTebis wardgena. Cveni
didi moRvaweebic xedaven vaJas simarTles, magram ufrTxildebian mis
arsebobas, eSiniaT, raime ar SeemTxves didi momavlis mqone poets da 1887
wlis 11 ivniss gamgeobas gamoaqvs dadgenileba vaJas ToneTis skolis
maswavleblobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
rasakvirvelia, sulierad es iyo didi travma usamarTlod daCagruli
poetisaTvis, romelsac mTeli sofeli pativs scems da xelmoweriTac
dokumenturad adasturebs masTan Tanadgomas. amden gaWirvebasa da
wuxilSi, Tuki raimes sinaTlisa da sixarulis Suqi Seaqvs vaJas
cxovrebaSi, es isev da isev SemoqmedebiTi sixaruli da siyvarulia,
romelic axalgazrda poetisaTvis mraval SedevrTa Seqmnis impulsicaa.
dabolos, 1886 wlis gazafxulis erT mSvenier dRes, amilaxvarianT
ojaxSi repetitorobis Jams, vaJam siyvaruli gamoucxada amave ojaxSi
aRzrdil, maRali sulieri TvisebebiTa da garegnuli silamaziT Semkul, im
dros daqvrivebul ekaterine (keke) nebieriZes da daqorwinda kidec masze.
Taviseburi iyo vaJas daqorwinebis faqti. vaJa iRebs gadawyvetilebas da mis
uryeobaSi darwmunebuli atyobinebs mamas da Zmebs, daxvdnen mcxeTaSi. ar
misdevs tradicias... simSvidis, urTierTgagebisa da siyvarulis atmosfero
sufevda axal ojaxSi. es xana araCveulebrivi nayofierebiT gamoirCeva
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. magram, didi akakis Tqmisa ar iyos, `xangrZliv es
sofeli gaaxarebs visme gana?!~ jer iyo da TbilisSi samsaxuris maZiebels,
xeli moecara, mere CargalSi myofs, 1890 wels, ubedureba daatyda Tavs,
erTi Tvis manZilze dakarga mSoblebi _ 56 wlis asakSi deda da 59 wlis
janmagari mama. mSoblebi burjiviTYedgnen mxarSi vaJas da yovelnairad
xels uwyobdnen TavianT rCeul Svils SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi. amis Semdeg
Zmebi gaiyarnen. vaJa sabolood damkvidrda CargalSi da aq gaatara Tavisi
sicocxlis wlebi. am droidan moyolebuli vaJa fizikurad bevrs Sromobs,
magram TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, didi meurnis unars ver avlens da es
gasagebicaa: `sxvagan rbis misi goneba~. _ poeturi cxovrebaa misi arsebobis
forma da ara glexkacuri Widili mTis mwir miwasTan. 1892 wels cimbiris
wyluli Seeyara vaJas da marjvena Tvali dauziana. mZime operacia
gadaitana poetma... kidev mravali naambobi da mogonebaa moRweuli Cvenamde
vaJas SeWirvebaTa Sesaxeb, magram poetis amdroindel fizikur saxes da
sulier ganwyobilebas yvelaze ufro STambeWdavad 1896 wels
gamoqveynebuli misi `simRera~ (vuZRvni axalgazrda mgosnebs) gvamcnobs:
àrc-ra tanT mcvia, arc fexTa,
davdivar dediSobila,
mec imaT jogidama var,
vinc siRaribiT cnobila...460
459
Cems garda aseTs yofaSi
mravali sxvaca yofila...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
xars vgevar naialaRars,
rqiT miwasa vCxver, vbubuneb;
RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle!
mZinaric amas vduduneb,
sawyalT sawyloba rom mesmis,
imaT varamze vwuwuneb,
arc ros usaqmo ara var,
mudam vkowiwob, vCuCuneb.
cota maqvs, cotas vjerdebi,
beCavTac gavuziareb,
sikeTisaTvis sikeTes
aravis davugvianeb,
avis TqmiT, avis qceviTa
guls arvis davuzianeb~...
TviTon vaJa marTlac aris am striqonebSi gatarebuli principebis
damcveli, magram mis mimarT ki adamianebi icaven taqts, iCenen sifaqizes?
vaJas gamudmebuli dava redaqciebsa da gamomcemlobebTan xom poetisadmi
usulgulo damokidebulebas mowmobs mxolod.
1902 wels kvlav didi ubedureba daatyda poets. misi saxlSi
aryofnis Jams, moulodnelad, 36 wlis asakSi daeRupa sayvareli meuRle
keke, TanamedroveTa daxasiaTebiT, `metad lamazi, gulkeTili da adamianis
mosiyvarule qali~. am naTeli sulis adamianis poeturi gamotirebaa im
dros Seqmnili vaJas `simRera~ (ìas uTxariT turfasa, mova da SegWams
Wiao~). am did mwuxarebasTan erTad, vaJas, ukve genialur TxzulebaTa
avtors, erTiorad daumZimda cxovrebis tvirTi.
1904 wels iTxova vaJam meore coli, giorgi didebaSvilis asuli nino,
Semdeg Tamarad wodebuli. Semdeg ojaxs mexuTe Svili SeeZina. vaJa
muxlCauxrelad Sromobs, rom col-Svili arCinos: xnavs, Tesavs, mkis,
Tibavs, nadirobs, mJave wyalTan dakavSirebiT (axla rom vaJas wyals
uwodeben) dava aqvs da bolos xalxis sasargeblod wyvets sakiTxs.
vaJa `Tavisuflebis mgosans~ uwodebda Tavs da, bunebrivia, rom mas
sityviT da saqmiT simpaTia da Tanadgoma gamoexata 1905 wlis
revoluciisadmi. am moZraobisagan bevr sasikeTos rames eloda Cveni
inteligencia da maT Soris vaJac.
poeti praqtikuli cxovrebisaTvis ar iyo dabadebuli, mas didi
poeturi samyaro hqonda, miT cxovrobda da suldgmulobda. yofis
wvrilmanebTan yoveli Sexebisas vaJa Riziandeboda. ase daeufla mis suls
sificxe.
vaJas daZabuli da mZafri SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba hqonda. esec
aRizianebda did poets. arada, STagoneba, anu rogorc ambobs, `Ta461
460
visi angelozebi~ rom ewveoda, ojaxis samuSaos tovebda da Tavisi
didi mowodebis aRsasruleblad garboda.
`lukas xasiaTi gagebuli mqonda. amitom xels vuwyobdi, ver ubedavdi
daJinebiT meTqva, ojaxs Senaxva sWirdeba, gaisarje, col-Svils rCena unda-
meTqi~, _ gviambobs poetis meuRle. etyoba, didi poetis cxovrebisa da misi
misiis Sesaxeb naklebi warmodgena hqonda, TavisTavad keTilSobilsa da
ojaxze mzrunvel meuRlesa da dedas, roca gulwrfelad mogviTxrobs:
`rogorc iyo, erTxel gabrazebulma gavbede da vuTxari: ra aris, kaco,
col-Svili mSier-titveli gyavs, Sin araferi gvaqvs. yvelaferi Tavdeba, Sen
ki zixar, jRabni da sul jRabni-meTqi. movelodi Zalian gajavrdeboda, Cemi
naTqvamisa meve SemeSinda. magram saqme sxvagvarad datrialda, gaicina da
miTxra: èeh, Se sawyalo, uswavleli xar da ra giTxra, naswavli rom iyo,
mag sityvas ar gapatiebdio~.
cnobili eqimisa da moRvawis prof. mixeil (qaixosro) zandukelis
gadmocemiT, `vaJa TbilisSi iSviaTad Camodioda. SevekiTxe, Tu ratom
xSirad ar Camodis; qalaqSi Casvlas bevri ram unda! unda Caicva, daixuro
da samagiso qoneba ara maqvso. Raribi iyo vaJa, magram siRaribeze erTi
sityvac ar uTqvams, metad amayi iyo. erTxel movida CemTan aranisSi, Zalian
moewona Cemi kulturuli cxovreba. roiali medga Sin, _ ai, aq SeiZleba
muSaobao. me vigrZeni, rom vaJas siRaribe Zalian mZimed awva~. erTi
SexedviT, es ase ar unda yofiliyo, fizikurad Sromobs janmagari poeti,
redaqciebi da drodadro gamomcemlobebi honorarsac uxdian, magram bevrs
awvaleben... daZabulma fizikurma da SemoqmedebiTma jafam, WeSmariti
xelovanisaTvis niSandoblivma didi sulieri mRelvarebiT mimdinare
cxovrebam naadrevad gatexa vaJas janmrTeloba. bolo wlebSi xSirad
avadmyofobda. avadmyofobis gamo akaki wereTlis dakrZalvasac ver
daeswro.
amjerad vaJas avadmyofoba erTob xangrZlivi gamodga. gazafxulze,
aprilSi, jangatexili Zlivs Camovida TbilisSi samkurnalod; rogorc ki
odnav moikeTa, 1915 wlis 23 maiss qarTuli sityvakazmuli sazogadoebis
saxeliT poets gaumarTes literaturuli saRamo da miarTves dafnis
gvirgvini warweriT _ `qarTuli poeziis arwivs~. saRamos gaTavebisas, vaJas
orTaWalis baRSi kargi sufra gauSales, Semdeg igi kvlav loginad Cawva,
itkenda marcxena ferds. vaJas mkurnalobda eqimi da cnobili kritikosi
ivane gomarTeli. misi daskvniT, poeti plevritiT iyo avad. iv. gomarTelis
rCeviT, moiwvies qirurgi g. muxaZe, 5 ivniss g. muxaZem operacia gaukeTa
vaJas da wyali gamouSva. TiTqos ukeTesad igrZno mgosanma Tavi. 14 ivniss
vaJa gadaiyvanes wm. ninos saxelobis qarTul lazareTSi, axlandeli
universitetis SenobaSi. 18 ivniss eqimTa konsoliumma (romelsac daeswrnen:
sp. virsalaZe, iv. gomarTeli, gr. muxaZe, S. miqelaZe da vl. maxvilaZe)
daadgina, rom vaJas wyali Caudga ferdSi. poeti natrobs mTasa da mTis
wyals. Sio mRvimeli da sandro razikaSvili Txovnas usruleben. 27 ivliss,
diliT poeti TiTqos kar462
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gad gamoiyureboda, emusaifa eqim vl. maxvilaZes da mowyalebis das
aniko kobiaSvils. SuadRis Semdeg cudad gaxda, romeli saaTiao, ukiTxavs,
samio, _ upasuxnia mowyalebis das. mikvirs sam saaTamde rogor vicocxleo,
uTqvams momakvdavs. saRamos 6 saaTze poetma ufro cudad igrZno Tavi da
igi verafriT gamoabrunes. guliscema uCerdeboda, male gonebac dakarga.
erTi saaTis Semdeg aResrula qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli poeti vaJa-fSavela.
saRamos rva saaTze mTel qalaqs moedo Tavzardamcemi ambavi...
Cvenma saxelovanma moqandakem iakob nikolaZem niRabi auRo poets.
am qveynidan wavida vaJa da amieridan daedo saTave mis maradiulobaSi
gadasul sulier sicocxles. rasakvirvelia, miRebul iqna RonisZieba, rom
vaJa daesaflavebinaT Rirseulad, qarTvel inteligentTa erTi nawilis
dabejiTebiTi moTxovnis miuxedavad, sandro SanSiaSvilis TqmiT,
`maSindelma mesveurebma Rirsad ar scnes vaJa mTawmindaze daekrZalaT~. q.
S. w. k. g. sazogadoebam miiRo misi Tavmjdomaris g. yazbegis winadadeba
depeSiT, `rom dauviwyari vaJa dakrZalul iqnas didubis eklesiaSi~.
Cveni saukunis ocian wlebSi ukve cxadi gaxda, rom `vaJa-fSavela
unda amovides didubidan da avides mTawmindaze~, da rom `mTawminda ise
aravis ekadreba, rogorc am marTla wminda mTas~ (t. tabiZe)...
magram mxolod vaJas gardacvalebidan oci wlis Tavze, 1935 wlis 16
oqtombers, moxerxda vaJas neStis gadasveneba didubidan mTawmindaze.
amieridan `did mTawmindelTa~ saxels kidev erTi Rirseuli saxeli miemata
_ saxeli vaJa-fSavelasi.
rogori iyo vaJa mis TanamedroveTa TvaliT?
sakmarisia vaJas axalgazrdobisdroindeli da sicocxlis bolo
wlebSi gadaRebuli fotosuraTebi SevudaroT erTmaneTs, rom davinaxoT is
saerTo Strixi, rac vaJas pirovnebas monoliTurobiT gamoarCevs. Tumca
aqac aSkarad SeiniSneba, cxovrebis mier damCneuli cvlilebani.
vaJa amayi, saxis mSvidi gamometyvelebiT, pirovnuli Rirsebis
SegnebiT aRvsili Wkviani, briala TvalebiT, jiuti TmiT, Tafla wveriT
Semogvyurebs axalgazrdobis fotodan.
isev da isev amayi, `zavTiani~ Sexedulebis, TiTqos saWreTliT
naqandakevi nakvTebiT, WaRara, pirgaparsuli, quTuTo-CamoSlili, mkacri,
sibrZnis gamomxatveli saxiT dgas Cvens winaSe bolodroindel suraTSi.
magram mainc unda iTqvas, rogorc amboben, `garegnobaze ar ewera
vaJas, rom is didi vaJa iyo~ (gr. kiknaZe). amas TviTonac grZnobda poeti.
Coxa-axaluxis gareSe arc unaxavs qarTvel sazogadoebas vaJa. yofiT
urTierTobebSi igi upretenziobiTa da sisadaviT gamoirCeoda. amitom ucxo
TvalisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeboda misi pirovneba. akaki wereTlis iubileze
zogierTma erTxans verc icno didi poeti.
vaJa Zalian amayi da `jentlmeni~ iyo, magram fSavSi igi iZulebuli
iyo `Camoglejil-Camowewilsac~ evlo da, akaki SaniZis mo463
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gonebiT, zogjer wveri qvaze alesil `jayva-daniTac ki gauparsavs~.
fizikurad Zlieri kaci gaxldaT, `rusul nals Runavda~. magram kidev
ufro Zlieri nebis adamiani iyo. yovelgvar wvrilman grZnobas da
gaWirvebas Trgunavda, masze maRldeboda, sikeTisa da mSvenierebis qadagad
iqceoda. es imitomac, rom Ronier sxeulSi Zlier suls atarebda. savsebiT
gacnobierebuli hqonda sakuTari Tavis fasi da arc malavda. `madli maqvs,
madlio~, _ saqveynod acxadebda. sxvadasxva variantiT movida Cvenamde XIX
saukunis saqarTvelos azrTampyrobelis _ ilia WavWavaZis naTqvami _
ìveriis~ maSindeli TanamSromlebis _ giga yifSiZisa da iakob
mansvetaSvilisadmi: `Cven Zvelebma axla kalami unda davdoT da gza vaJas
davuTmoTo~. artur laistis mogonebiT, ilias miaCnda, rom `vaJa-fSavela
aris genialuri figura da yvelafriT ganirCeva Tanamedrove poetebisagan~.
saxelovani qarTveli mecnieri eqvTime TayaiSvili gadmogvcems ilias
azrs vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb: `rusTavelis Semdeg aseTi poeti ar gvyolia~.
mgosnis saxelovan TanamedroveTagan, presaSi, 1890 wels, pirveli aimaRlebs
xmas vaJas umarTebulod gakritikebis winaaRmdeg, aseve didi mgosani akaki
wereTeli da sxva drosac werilobiT daafiqsirebs Tavis azrs: `vaJa-
fSavelas poema `gogoTur da afSina~ erTi ukeTesTagania Cvens mwerlobaSi.
wvril-wvrili leqsebi TiTo-TiTo poemad Rirs. proza xom ukeTesi~; Semdeg
ki `margalitebis mTesvelsac~ uwodebs vaJas.
1909 wlidan poetze wakiTxuli leqciebis serialiT da statiebiT,
qarTvel sazogadoebas mTeli Tavisi sidiadiT daanaxvebs vaJas fenomenis
xibls, maSin axalgazrda da SemdgomSi gamoCenili mwerali grigol
robaqiZe, romelsac mis `pirvel mkvlevarsac~ uwodeben (Tamaz Cxenkeli,
rostom CxeiZe).
ase rom, saxeli da dideba ki midioda vaJasTan, magram gaWirvebas
mainc ver aridebda Tavs. poetis gaWirveba ki mravalgvari iyo. Tu
imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi azris mimdinareobas davakvirdebiT, iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom saukeTesoni am azris mesveurTa Soris vaJas
garkveulad afasebdnen, magram eqceodnen rogorc genialur bavSvs. sxvebi
kidev saTanadod ar scnobdnen, an ver scnobdnen mgosnis Rirsebas. iSviaTi
iyo CvenSi daviT kldiaSvilisTana pirovneba. man mTeli sisavsiT dainaxa
da gaigo didi vaJas xasiaTi, buneba da gulis wuxili. igi mgosnis Sinagani
diadi ubraloebiT aRtacebuli wers: `saocari iyo es adamiani; imdeni qeba-
dideba, mowoneba esmoda, magram igi isev ubralo, Tavmdabali vaJa iyo,
sayvareli vaJa, gaWirvebaSi myofi, vaJkacurad mebrZoli am gaWirvbasTan~.
amJamad ori saaTis savalia Carglamde, magram maSin vaJas sul mcire
ori dRe mainc sWirdeboda TbilisSi Camosasvlelad, miT ufro Wirda
mimosvla zamTarSi, poeti iZulebuli iyo TveobiT moqceuliyo fSavis
mTebs Soris da mxolod eocneba Tbilisis literaturul garemoSi
moxvedraze, romelic misi arsebobis Sinaarsic iyo da pirobac. TviTon
vaJas rom davuTmoT sityva, vnaxavT, poets 464
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sofeli, provincia SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis borkilad esaxeboda da
ara STagonebis wyarod, rogorc maSin acxadeben xolme, martoobisa da
sasowarkvTilebis gancdiTaa moculi vaJas suli, roca petre umikaSvils
swers: `madloba RmerTs, Tu erTs adamians mainc vaxsovar, didad gmadlob,
rom gadardebsT Cemi yofna-mdgomareoba. netavi ise sxvas adardebdes.
mkiTxavT, rogora var, ras vfiqrob, ras vwer, unda gatexili giTxra, vera
var kargad verc erTis mxriT, ufro ki zneobrivis mxriT, xandaxan Cems
Tavsa vgmob, ratom mec, rogorc sxvebma, ar vifiqre cxovrebaze. ar
vugordi lekviviT didTa ama qveynisaTa, ar uloke fexi, ar velaquce,
magram Tavs imiT vmarTlulob, ar SemeZlo me ase Tavis damdableba da arc
exla SamiZlian, Tundac rom pirSi balaxi amomivides~... aseTi gulgatexi-
loba Zalze xSiria vaJas cxovrebaSi. poeti marTlac `sevdas upyria
brWyaliTa~, roca yofis wvrilmanebisa da sazogadoebis usulgulobisagan
Tavgabezrebuli aRniSnavs: `ra vswero da rad vswero? gana iq wera da
moRvaweoba SeiZleba, sadac mwerals ise epyrobian, rogorc kata Tagvs
epyroba, roca Tagvi brWyalebSia? momwyinda Tagvad yofna~...
dedaqalaqisaken moiswrafvis poeti, magram ra qnas, gadaulaxavi
dabrkoleba eRobeba _ fuli ara aqvs.
sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi gansakuTrebiT ganicdis vaJa mTaSi
CarCenas, sazogadoebisagan Sors yofnas, gamZafrebuli aqvs qarTul
literaturul samyarosTan siaxlovis moTxovnileba...
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom vaJa moralur da praqtikul mxardaWeras
umetesad qalTa sazogadoebaSi ufro poulobs. babilina xositaSvili,
elisabed batoniSvili-orbelianisa, mariam demuria, dominika erisTavi,
daro zurabiSvili, nino nakaSiZe... ai, is qarTveli inteligenti
mandilosnebi, romlebic cdiloben sulierad da nivTierad vaJas cxovrebis
mowesrigebas. Tu sxvam ara, vaJas axloblebma mainc kargad ician, raoden
nayofierad muSaobda poeti qalaqis pirobebSi: àq ufro mexerxeba werao~,
_ uTqvams erTi maxloblisaTvis. SemoqmedebiT wvaSi igi Rameebs aTenebda.
TbilisSi sandro razikaSvilis, ioseb imedaSvilis ojaxebSi. amasve swers
vaJa mariam demuriasac: `me rom qalaqSi vcxovrobde, ueWvelia, Cemi
literaturuli Sroma erTi aTad imatebs da arc Tqven dagWirdebaT
CemTvis mudarisa da xvewnis werilebis wera _ leqsi an moTxroba
gamomigzavneTo. darwmundiT ase iqneba~.
`Svilebi uswavlelebi mrCeba~, _ sasowarkveTiT wers vaJa 1909 wels
da ra SeiZleba ewodos, Tu ara bedis ironia am faqts...
mosarCled da bedis gulSematkivrad kvlav qarTveli qali moevlina
vaJas. 1913 wels mweralma qalma _ gandegilma (dominika erisTavma) dastamba
werili, sadac Seaxsena qarTvel sazogadoebas vaJa-fSavelas Rirseulad
dafasebis aucilebloba. amis Semdeg daiwyo swored vaJas miwveva gorSi,
quTaisSi, WiaTurasa da foTSi. magram poetis saxelis Rirsi da misi
Sesaferisi madlobis Tqma mainc ver xerxdeba ukve `geniosad~ wodebuli
`mTis arwivisadmi~. 465
464
TbilisSi, sikvdilis sarecelze mijaWvuli vaJa iZulebulia, Tavis
ojaxis marCenal saTibebsa da wisqvilze ifiqros... gardacvalebamde erTi
dRiT adre vaJasagan intervius iRebs erT-erTi korespondenti, romelsac
ainteresebs didi poetis azri im gacxovelebul yuradRebaze, rasac
qarTveli sazogadoeba iCenda imxanad omisagan aoxrebul samahmadiano
saqarTvelos mimarT.
vaJas uTqvams: `dResdReobiT qarTveli mahmadianebisaTvis yvelaze
ufro saWirod mimaCnia moraluri TanagrZnoba da nivTieri mxardaWera~...
aRsasrulis moaxloebis Jamsac ki vaJa saqveyno-saerTo saqmeze
fiqrobs, qarTvelTa sulis mTlianobasa da Zlierebaze ocnebiT
suldgmulobs da imas moiTxovs istoriis avbediTobiT gatanjuli
TanamoZmeebisaTvis, rac qarTvelTa am erT-erT upirveles kacs Tavad
daaklda qarTveli sazogadoebisagan: `moraluri TanagrZnoba da nivTieri
mxardaWera!~
vaJas am sityvebis Tqmidan gaivlis kidev ramdenime dRe da qarTveli
sazogadoeba erT-erTi avtoris piriT gulwrfelad gamoxatavs nagvianev
gulistkivils, rom saTanadod ver gauges da daafases amqveynidan wasuli
geniosi _ vaJa-fSavela... magram vaJa-fSavela Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
ukvdavyofisaken ikafavda gzas. `cxovrebam ramdeni laxtic damkra, me aviwie
zecada~, _ wers poeti. did mgosans kargad hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli
Semoqmedis maRali daniSnuleba, misi sapatio movaleoba amqveynad da am
Rrma socialuri misiiTac amarTlebda niWiT Semkuli pirovnebisagan
garkveuli msxverplis gaRebas; Tamamad qadagebda kidec igi: `Tu rom
zogebma ar davsTmeT qveynis bedniereba, maSin sofelsa bneli dahfaravs da
arsebobs gauWirdeba~. vaJas did niWs gaWirveba ver drekda. amitomac
amaRlda gaWirvebaze, cxovrebis wvrilmanebze da poeziis mzed iqca.
vaJa-fSavelas poeturi
da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsisaTvis
dro aris yvelaze obieqturi msajuli ukvdavebasTan Serkinebuli
Semoqmedis geniosad aRiarebisaTvis. vaJac geniosia da, rogorc yoveli
genialuri movlena, momavlis poeti, romlis SemoqmedebiT TaviseburebaTa
axsnas dro sWirdeba, magram ra donezedac unda iyos Cveni mimarTeba am
xelovanisadmi, sadReisod mainc dgas kiTxva: ra niSnebis mixedviT
gadalaxa man lokaluri da droiTi jebirebi, ar daibinda warmavlobis
burusisagan da iqca Cveni sulieri cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad?
erT mweralsa da moRvawes istoriaSi SesvlisTvis isic eyofoda, rac
vaJa-fSavelam SeZlo. man qarTuli mTa, kerZod fSavi da xevsureTi moaqcia
sazogadoebis interesTa sferoSi; sandod da STambeWdavad dagvixasiaTa
misi warsuli, awmyo, cxovrebis wesi da adaTebi. yvelaferi es erTob
sapatio, saSuri saqme iyo, magram arasakmao poeturi ukvdavebisaTvis;
saerTo-erovnuli amocanebis aspeqtSi XIX s-is saqarTvelosaTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 466
465
hqonda imasac, rom vaJa-fSavela ganuxrelad icavda da axorcielebda
didi ilia WavWavaZis mier dasaxul amocanas, kalmiT Tu saqmiT qadagebda
Cveni mTisa da baris miswrafebaTa erTianobas. magram poeturi ukvdavebis
safuZveli mainc Seiqmna is, rom man gansakuTrebuli siRrmiTa da sifaqiziT
gamoxata qarTveli adamianis suli, misi uSreti SemoqmedebiTi energia da
mxatvruli potenciali.
eTnografiuli garemo vaJa-fSavelasaTvis SemoqmedebiTi masala da
mis gmirTa samoqmedo geografiuli asparezia. am gadasaxedidan
sainteresoa, rogor uyurebs qarTveli kaci samyaros da Tavisi fiqriTa da
gancdiT rogor grZnobs da gamoxatavs sakacobrio safiqrals; ai, es aris
vaJas SemoqmedebiTi misia amqveynad, rac, pirvel yovlisa, mis poetur
mrwamsSia gadmoSlili, grZnobaSi, romelic, garda codnisa, risame
rwmenasac gulisxmobs. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJasaTvis,
rogorc amas TviTon ambobs, `gareSe bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebisa ar
aris poezia~, mwerlis Semoqmedebis sagani yvelaferia, `rasac bunebrioba
etyoba~, `siZulvili da siyvaruli~, Suri, mtroba, simamace da simxdale,
qveloba Tu siZunwe da sxva. vaJa gvauwyebs, rom `tirilisa da mRerisad~
ulevi masala TviT cxovrebam misca. amitomac, misi azriT, Semoqmeds Tuki
`sWirs saxiereba erisa, ar daeleva arasdros Sno da unari mRerisa~.
swored am niSnis mixedviT misdevs xelovneba cxovrebas, rogorc Tavis
wyaros, da gasagebia, ratom moiTxovs vaJa WeSmariti Semoqmedisagan
`moZulebul, oxer wuTisofelTan~ siaxloves. mwerlis amocanaa, iyos
Sinaganad aqtiuri: akvirdebodes, swavlobdes, aanalizebdes, ganicdides, e.
i. Tavis `sulier quraSi~ atarebdes yvelafers, rac cxovrebaSi xdeba da
misgan momdinareobs.
sxvaze gavlena rom moaxdino, Seneulad unda aqcio garedan miRebuli
STabeWdilebani, magram ise, rom misi namdviloba ki ar Seanelo, aramed
ganamtkico da gaamkveTro. vaJas mrwamsis gamomxatvelic mxolod iseTi
poeturi niWia, romelic `bunebriv, wminda qmnilebas~ àr daarRvevs~.
ris gakeTebas vcdilob? ras vakeTeb? _ kiTxulobs vaJa da Tavisi
Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs Semdegnairad acnobierebs: ùsulo
sagnebs suli Cavbere, avasaubre lodebi kldisa~...
am kldis lodebis asaubrebis unari ki SeiZleba hqondes mo-
madlebuli mxolod iseT Semoqmeds, romelic WeSmariti poetis TvaliT
Wvrets sinamdviles. am mxriv vaJa-xelovani yvela sagansa da movlenas
unarCunebs Tavis Rirebulebas da maTSi aRmoaCens imas, rasac sxvebi
yovelTvis ver amCneven. es Cans mglisadmi mis mimarTvaSic: `miyvarxar, ise
rogorc nadiri SeiZleba uyvardes kacsa, raTa? imitom rom Sens cxovrebSi
silamazes vxedav!~ esaa vaJas esTetikis mTavari principi, misi poeturi
pozicia da es pozicia myaria mgosnis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis mTel gzaze.
ra memarTeba? ras vakeTeb? `mtarvalTa mterma vefx-lomis kbili da
klanWi vaqo?` _ kiTxulobs vaJa da, rogorc uSualobiT savse 467
466
poets Sehferis, am kiTxvaze erT pasuxs poulobs: `melamazeba da
mitom vaqeb~.
vaJas amgvari SemoqmedebiTi midgoma da interesi mTel samyaros
swvdeba: `Sevamke mTebi maRlebi da bari aTasferada~, _ ambobs is, Tavis
poetur kuTvnilebad miiCnevs vaJa mTel sinamdviles, roca guliT mReris:
`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana, mTaSi mTa, barad baria, zRva da xmeleTi
erTian, cas varskvlavebis jaria~...
rasakvirvelia, xilulsa da uxilav samyarosTan ase daaxloeba da
axali poeturi sinamdvilis Seqmna xelovanis araCveulebriv amaRlebas
mowmobs! vaJas TviTgancdis gamomxatveli striqonebic amasve metyvelebs:
`mTas viyav, mwvervalze videq, TvalT win mefina qveyana, gulzed mesvena
mze-mTvare, vlaparakobdi RmerTTana~.
maRlidan davcqeri mTel qveyanas, mas vaanalizeb, _ gveubneba vaJa da
am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, rom samyaros gvirgvinis _ adamianis _ bedi Tu
ubedoba, misi sevda Tu sixaruli aris poetis gatacebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
wvis Tavi da bolo. vaJas Tavis mowodebad miaCnia: `vinc qveynis wyluliT
wylul-qmnila, mxolod igi myavs xatada, vkvdebode, mainc movicli, me imaT
dasaxatada~. es vaJas SemoqmedebiTi mowodebacaa da misi moqalaqeobrivi
valic, radgan Cveni mgosnis warmodgenaSi araferia imaze yalbi, roca
SemoqmedSi pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi eTiSeba erTmaneTs. iq, sadac am
momentTa gaerTianeba ver xerxdeba, Semoqmedis warmonaqmns damajerebloba
akldeba. maTi erTianoba aris swored WeSmariti Semoqmedebis piroba,
radgan is, rac Semoqmedis pirovnul cxovrebasTan, mis mZafr gancdebTan
da vnebebTan ar aris SeduRebuli, rogorc vaJa ityoda, `mxolod ocnebis
cuRlutobaa~. amitom uaryofs vaJa modas ayolil poezias, amitomac
kiTxulobs igi gakvirvebiT: àzrovneba, Semoqmedoba modas emorCilebodes?~
vaJas SexedulebiT, roca SemoqmedebiTi gatacebis sagani arsebobs,
uadgiloa moda da winaswar SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi. moda winaswar
ganzraxuli formaa, romelSic eqceva xelovanis mxatvruli SesaZlebloba,
vaJas azriT, `forma ki TviTve unda mohyves nagrZnobsa da naazrevs~.
Semoqmedeba, vaJas gagebiT, klavs dards, aadvilebs yoveldRiuri Wir-
varamis gadatanas, raki adamianis cxovrebaSi silamaze Seaqvs.
Semoqmedeba sulieri cxovrebis formaa da adamianis arsebobis
umTavres niSnadac CaiTvleba. vaJas aocebs da aSfoTebs im adamianTa bedi,
romlebic arafers qmnian, ar ganicdian da ar grZnoben; amitom aqvs
adamianTa gamomafxizlebeli daniSnuleba vaJas sityvebs: `rogor mivendoT
cxovelebr, mxolod smasa da Wamasa~. vaJasaTvis `mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,
usazarlesi mkvdarzeda~, mas sibralulisa da siyvarulis unari aqvs
dakarguli; amitomac `sazarelia dadgoma ugrZnobelobis gzazeda~.
Semoqmeds, pirvel yovlisa, sakuTari Tavis rwmena unda hqondes.
Sinagani rwmenisadmi daclili adamiani originalurs verafers Seqmnis. 468
467
vaJa ki sul imas cdilobs, rom òriginaluri ram Tqvas origi-
naluradve~, iseTi ram Tqvas, `samyaros ganaTeba~ rom SeZlos.
mwerlis originalurobisa da niWierebis aucilebel pirobad vaJas
momavalis rwmena da miznis sicxade miaCnia: `Tu me niWi maqvs WeSmariti
Semoqmedobisa, ueWvelad warsulis da awmyos aRweriT unda rames vambobde
momavalze, Tu ara da Cemi niWiereba carieli mcneba, uSinaarso sityvebia~,
_ ambobs poeti.
vaJas mier TiTqos daufaravi siTamamiT warmoTqmul sityvebs _
`qveynis Wir-varams vatareb, veravin SamedrebiTa~ _ Tavisi sayrdeni poetis
pirovnul simtkicesa da gamZleobaSi aqvs. amis gamomxatvelia striqonebi:
àr mibobRnia dabla qvemZromad. maRla davfrinav, rogorc gavazi~. poetis
gamZleobasa da Seupovrobis rwmenas mowmobs misi gancxadeba: `rac unda
Wiri momkerZoT, bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa~.
vaJas saxiT gulgautexel, mtkice rwmenis xelovanTan gvaqvs saqme:
`mtkice var~, `guliTa gautexeli~, `movkvdebi namusianad~ _ ai, vaJas
TviTdaxasiaTeba, romelic asaxavs mis cxovrebas mTlianad da, kerZod, misi
Semoqmedebis dinebas. rogorc yovel did xelovans, vaJasac maZiebeli da
winaaRmdegobaTa gadamlaxavi suli aqvs. `namdvil niWs hfiqrobT, rom
mohklavs laxti cxovrebis Znelisa?~ _ kiTxulobs poeti da mTeli Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT adasturebs, rom namdvili niWi dabrkolebebze maRldeba da
maT Zlevs. am azriTaa gamsWvaluli vaJas poeturi mrwamsi.
poets swams, rom Tu yvela ver cnobs didi niWis fass, amis `mizezi
sxva araferi gaxlavT, garda umecrebisa~. amaSi vaJas sakuTari
gamocdilebac arwmunebs: `zogebs ar moswons, marTali aris, Cemis stvirisa
veluri JRera, imaT iybedon, sxvebs xom mainc Cemi anderZi guls daewera~, _
inugeSebs Tavs poeti da am SemTxvevaSi niWieri Semoqmedis movaleobas
imaSic xedavs, rom gardaqmnas sazogadoebis gemovneba. `niWma unda
Semusros sazogadoebis gemovneba, TviT niWma unda aRzardos igi axal
wesze~, _ wers is erTgan. amasTanavea dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi
xelovanis adgilis problemac. xelovans Tavisi sakuTari xedva da midgoma
axasiaTebs. amitom, SesaZloa, miseuli xilva vinmes eucxoebodes kidec,
magram `me rom tirili mewados, Tqven vis ra gindaT netara~, _ ambobs vaJa
da Tavisi poeziis laitmotivs gvacnobs, roca wers: `memRereba da
vimRerio~.
mZimea tvirTi xelovanisa. vaJa grZnobs, rom `frTebs ukvecs aR-
mafrenasa ambavi yoveldRiuri~, magram àmayis guliTa~ da àmayis suliT~
Semkobili poeti rwmenas arasodes kargavs: ìs masazrdoebs, rom didis
trfobis Wiris var mTmeneli~, _ ambobs da sxva SemTxvevaSi moTminebis,
amtanobis nimuSad gvevlineba. amas gamoxatavs misi sityvebi: èklebze
vwevar, arafers vimCnev~. amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom
tanjuli adamianis poza ucxoa vaJasaTvis. àravis ar gemduriT RmerTi,
rjuli, xatia, radgan imas vakeTeb, rac minda, mwadia~. Semoqmedeba
moTxovnileba unda iyos, 469
468
xolo roca mwerali Tavmowonebis surviliT xelmZRvanelobs, maSin
misi Semoqmedeba yalbia. `RmerTma damkargos Tu rames sityvis SnosaTvis
vambobde~, _ wers vaJa erT leqsSi da sxva SemTxvevaSi ganmartavs: `me
imisaTvis ki ar vwer, rom maqon da madidon, aramed imisaTvis, rom Cems
sulsa da guls vasiamovno~.
am sityvebidan Cans, rom SemoqmedebiTi aqti vaJasaTvis uSualo,
bunebriv moTxovnilebadaa qceuli. amitomac SemoqmedebiT process poeti
ise uyurebs, rogorc Sinagani moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisa da
SemoqmedebiTi tkbobis faqts. bunebrivadaa es ganwyobileba da azri
gadmocemuli poetisadmi mimarTul vaJas striqonSi: ìmRere, isev imRere,
Jini moikal galobiT~. xelovneba, Semoqmedeba bednierebaa. vaJasaTvis is
`RvTiuri aRmafrenaa~. Semoqmedebis procesSi, ambobs vaJa, `mxrebi mesxmeba,
vizrdebi, cad viwev asafrenada, miTrTian gulis simebi. siamovnebis
RmerTada~. es xelovanis Sinagani, SemoqmedebiTi bednierebis mauwyebeli
striqonebia. vaJa locviTac ki mimarTavs Tavis uxilav stumrebs, anu
STagonebis im wuTebs, romelTac masTan àngelozebis~ saxe miuRiaT: `Cems
angelozebs venacvale~, bednierebas maniWeben isini, radgan `caSi avyevar,
piradsa srul maviwyeben dardebsa~.
xelovanisaTvis ormagi bednierebaa, Tu misi SemoqmedebiT sxvac
tkbeba; xelovnebas, Semoqmedebas adamianebisaTvis bedniereba moaqvs da
vaJasac umaRles sixaruls hgvris imis SemCneva, rom misi `gazrdili sityva~
erTan poulobs `binas~.
vaJas mixedviT, mokrZaleba WeSmariti Semoqmedis Tvisebaa; mokrZaleba
ki ar amdablebs, aramed amaRlebs pirovnul Rirsebas. vaJa daviT
guramiSvils uZvirfases winamorbeds uwodebs da sakuTar Tavs `laba
xarad~ Tvlis. mokrZalebis grZnoba aTqmevinebs mas: `CemisTanebi bagebze
asi, aTasi abao~-o. vaJas pirovnebis es Tvisebaa gamoxatuli maSinac, roca
igi rusTavelis, baraTaSvilis, iliasa da akakis Rvawls afasebs.
WeSmariti Semoqmedi mTeli energiis daZabviT unda cdilobdes, rom
sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Caayenos Tavisi unari. vaJa imasac ki ambobs, rom
namdvilma poetma, ùkeTu Tavis Tavs atyobs Zal-Rone eleva, sjobs
dastovos sazogadoeba~. mkiTxveli sazogadoebis interesebisadmi
angariSgawevis erTi gamoxatulebaa is faqtic, rom mravali xelovanisgan
gansxvavebiT, vaJa ar faravs sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis
saidumloebebs da am mxriv sxvebsac mouwodebs gulaxdilobisaken. `raSia
gamosadegi Cveni Semoqmedeba, rom poetebma saidumloebis nisliT da
janRiT ar SevburoT? uamisod maT TiTqos Zala da mniSvneloba
daekargebaT? sruliadac ara~. ase uxsnis guls mkiTxvels vaJa Tavis
werilebSi `Pro domo Sua~. `kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~ da sxv., roca
gulmodgined acnobs calkeul TxzulebaTa Seqmnis istorias da ganmartavs
Tavis kavSirs xalxur Semoqmedebasa Tu klasikur literaturul
tradiciebTan. vaJas mra470
469
val did xelovanTan, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aaxloebs `msgavseba
qmnis, Semoqmedobisa~. am procesSi gavlenis arsebobac mas savsebiT
`bunebriv, saR da normalur movlenad~ miaCnia.
vaJa-fSavelas poetur ganwyobilebebs Rrma moqalaqeobrivi azrebi da
Sexedulebebi kvebavda, radgan vaJa TviT iyo Tavisi drois didi moqalaqe.
am mxriv igi Rirseuli memkvidrea iliasa da akakis mamuliSviluri
tradiciebisa. vaJas sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli moRvaweoba mZlavr
inteleqts efuZneboda. mas sakuTari Tvalsazrisi hqonda gamomuSavebuli
movlenaTa mimarT, e. i. mis praqtikul saqmesa da nawerebSi araferia iseTi,
rac Rrmad nafiqrisa da winaswari gaazrebis gareSea miwodebuli
sazogadoebisaTvis. vaJas saxiT, ukompromiso xasiaTisa da Seuvali
moqalaqeobrivi principebis pirovneba hyavda Cvens qveyanas. igi ar
ekuTvnoda iseT adamianebs, romlebic dumils an oqros fass sdeben, an
kidev igi miaCniaT protestis gamoxatulebad. vaJa Sinagani aqtivobiT savse
is xelovani iyo, romlis samoqmedo programas Seadgenda àzri qveynis
xsnisa~.
vaJa, romelic eyrdnoba ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis magaliTs,
rogorc erovnuli saqmisaTvis Tavganwirvis nimuSs, erovnuli in-
diferentizmiT Sepyrobil zogierT moRvaweTa saqminobaSi xedavs `vnebas da
gaTaxsirebas sazogadoebisas~. aseTi adamianebi, `rac axalgazrduli Zal-
Rone aqvT, Sealeven haerSi koSkebis gebas da roca moiRlebian, guliTa da
gonebiT gatexilni, dauZlurebulni, maSin `dabrundebian Sina~, `maSin
moikiTxaven sakuTar keras, sakuTar binas, magram uRononi, uguloni riRas
maqnisni iqnebian~.
vaJa am SemTxvevaSi da saerTodac arasodes ar izRudeba mxolod
patriotuli ganzraxviT; igi SorsmWvreteli moazrovnea, romelic
sakacobrio sawuxarze wuxs, Tanasworobis ideas qadagebs da amave dros
sakuTari samSoblos tkivils aqcevs mudmivi sevdis wyarod. sxva erTa
pativismcemeli vaJa sakuTari erovnuli Rirsebis mouRleli damcvelia da
yovelgvari qarTulis Tavganwiruli qomagi. Tavisi mdgomareobis
kvalobaze, vaJa-fSavela ara mxolod mxatvruli da publicisturi sityviT,
aramed praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiTac pirnaTlad ixdida vals
eris winaSe.
vaJas Tavis moqalaqeobriv movaleobad miaCnda, xma aemaRlebina
yovelive imis winaRmdeg, rac qarTveli kacis prestiJs Seuracxyofda da
eris zneobrivi gaRaribebis maCvenebeli iyo. am TvalsazrisiT Cveni xalxis
cnobierebaSi ara mxolod frTian frazad, aramed yovelTvis mware,
Camafiqrebel gakveTilad darCa vaJas mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis
dros Tqmuli sityva: ìlias mkvlelebs rom SeeZloT, saqarTvelosac
mohklaven~. ilia WavWavaZe vaJasaTvis is pirovneba iyo, romlis RirsebiTac
igi zomavda XIX saukunis saqarTvelos sindiss, Rirsebas da romlis
Rvawlis Sesafaseblad didi poeti xSirad imarjvebda xalxur Tqmas:
`sofeli vin da erTi kacio~... am poziciidan imaRlebda vaJa xmas imaT
winaaRmdeg, vinc skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili Cveni kulturuli
warsulisadmi, an 471
470
saTanadod ver afasebda mis Rirsebas. `xelovneba qveynis saWiroebas
Tan misdevs~, _ acxadebda vaJa da moqalaqeobriv amocanad usaxavda yvela
qarTvel mwerals, ar aRmoCeniliyvnen yofiTi viTarebis monad,
amaRlebuliyvnen masze da WeSmariti xelovanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
SorsmWvretelobiT momavlisaken miemarTaT TavianTi Semonaqmedi, raTa
Zalebis daZabviT amiTac moexadaT erisa da kacobriobis winaSe xelovanis
moqalaqeobrivi vali.
ZiriTadad aseTia vaJas mrwamsi, romelSic gamJRavnebulia misi
cxovrebis sazrisad qceuli eTikur-esTetikuri principi, magram
Seudareblad ufro rTulia TviT vaJas mxatvrul samyaroSi gadaSlil
ideaTa da grZnobaTa gansaxierebis formebi.
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebi
farToa vaJas _ xelovanisa da moazrovnis Tvalsawieri; amitomac
Seunelebel interess aRuZravs is enaTmecnierebsa da filosofosebs,
eTnograf-istorikosebsa da folkloristebs, sociologebsa da biologebs,
ekonomistebsa da mravali sxva sferos warmomadgenels. magram
gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia vaJa-fSavela literaturaTmcodneTaTvis. Cvens
sinamdvileSi swored vaJam, mis diad mxatvrul qmnilebebSi moqceulma
azrebma da poetis xelovanebam misca garkveuli safuZveli
gemovnebagafaqizebul mkiTxvelebsa da mkvlevarebs emsjelaT vaJas
homerosisebur mxatvrul xedvaze, mis personaJTa Seqspirul vnebebze,
nicSeanuri individualizmisa da religiuri universalizmis, inteleqtisa
da intuiciis problemebze, goeTesebur faustur Ziebebsa da miTosuri
xilvis arsze. vaJas Semoqmedebis magaliTze Seiqmna saWiroeba ganexilaT
saliteraturo qarTulTan vaJas qarTulis mimarTeba, dialeqtizmis
mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia da a. S. poetis Semoqmedebis Taviseburebebis
gamo wamoiWra aucilebloba iseT specifikur, filosofiur sakiTxebze
polemikisaTvis, rogoricaa: animizmis, hiloZoizmis, anTropomorfizmis,
panTeizmis, warmarTobis, pan-esTetizmis da a. S. rTuli problemebi.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxTa mcdaroba-marTebulobis aRiarebas da maT
ragvarobis aucileblobas ki ara aqvs mniSvneloba, aramed imas, rom Cvens
sinamdvileSi vaJa-fSavelam, rogorc xelovanma, am urTules literaturul-
filosofiur problemebze msjelobis precedenti Seqmna da Tavisi
mxatvruli xedvis swored genialuri unariT qarTuli humanitaruli
azrovnebis ganviTarebas gansakuTrebuli siRrme da gani misca, Rrma
literaturul-filosofiur problemebze msjelobas garkveuli tradicia
Seuqmna, riTac aamaRla literaturismcodneobis, rogorc mecnieruli
disciplinis prestiJi sxva disciplinaTa Soris.
rogorc iTqva, vaJam 35 weli WeSmariti xelovanisaTvis niSandoblivi,
daZabuli da mCqefare SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebiT icxovra. am xnis manZilze
is xan gorSia, xan TbilisSi, ToneTsa da mcire xniT peterburgSi. magram
yvelaze didi dro, 27 weli, man Tavis mSobliur sofelSi gaatara, erTob
mZime fizikuri Sromis da jafis 472
471
pirobebSi, qarTuli sazogadoebisagan ar yofila is didi yuradRebiT
ganebivrebuli. miuxedavad amisa, poetis SemoqmedebiT procesebze
principulad damabrkolebeli gavlena ar mouxdenia cxovrebis tvirTis
simZimes. man am garemoSic SeZlo Seeqmna 37 poema, sadac mTeli sisruliT
gamovlinda axali drois am marTlac ùdidesi epikosis~ (t. tabiZe)
genialoba, 450-ze meti lirikuli leqsi. konstantine gamsaxurdias sityviT,
`sagangebo monogrfiis Rirsia vaJas lirika~ imitomac, rom ìgi
gansxvavebulia rogorc qarTuli, ise evropuli nimuSebisagan~. am
leqsTagan 200-ze mets `simRera~ hqvia da, galaktionis Tqmisamebr, maTgan
`gamokrTis umaRlesi suli~. man dagvitova, 118 moTxroba, romlebic `kvlav
moelis Tavis mkvlevars~ (t. tabiZe), 5 piesa, 140 kritikul-literaturuli
da publicisturi werili, sadac reliefurad Cans didi mgosnis
inteleqtis siRrme da sifarTove. vaJa Targmnis mraval rus da ucxoel
mwerals: m. lermontovs, p. haines, fr. Silers, l. bernes nawarmoebebs da
erTi pirvelTagani acnobs qarTvel sazogadoebas edgar pos `Sav yorans~.
saerTod, mas naTargmni aqvs eqvsi leqsi, ori poema, ori moTxroba da erTi
dramatuli nawarmoebi. marTalia, aq `vaJas poeturi niWis erupciuli
Zliereba~ (T. Cxenkeli) ar Cans, magram misi mxatvruli simpaTiebis
dasadgenad isini mkafio orientirebia. yvelaferi es erTad aRebuli 10
mozrdil tomSic ar eteva da mkvlevarebi kvlav avlenen Cveni Zveli presis
furclebSi Camarxul vaJas miviwyebul publikaciebs.
cxadia, am usazRvrod uxv masalaSi vaJam metad mravalferovani
SemoqmedebiTi interesebi gamovlina, romelTagan qarTvelma mkiTxvelma
mainc misTvis yvelaze Zvirfass da saTuTs, patriotuli grZnobis
gansaxierebis vaJaseul maneras miaqcia yuradReba. marTalia, Cvens
literaturas am grZnobis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT uZvelesi da mdidari
tradicia hqonda, magram vaJa-fSavelam mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova misi
gamosaxvis done da farglebi. patriotuli grZnobebis asaxvisas vaJas
SemoqmedebiT interesebi ufro mimzidveli xdeba da poetic mis siRrmeebs
swvdeba, roca mravalnair gancdaTa, grZnobaTa da ideaTa Widilis fonze
gvixatavs mas. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom vaJas mizania rTul viTarebaSi
gamovlenili patriotuli grZnoba daxatos. TiTqos prozaulia is
sinamdvile, romelSic mis gmirebs uxdebodaT cxovreba, magram es
sruliadac ar uSlis xels maT poetur siyvaruls TavianTi miwisadmi.
TavianTi zneobrivi principebis erTgulebis gamo aluda da joyola
mokveTilni da faqtobrivad ganwirulebi arian im adamianebisagan,
romlebic maTi samSoblos saxes aSinaarseben. magram TanamemamuleTa
umadurobis grZnoba ki ar klavs da Cqmalavs maTSi samSoblosadmi
siyvaruls, aramed mas ufro mZafrsa da mwvave iers aZlevs. am grZnobis
gasaRviveblad vaJa xSirad mimarTavs Cvens gmirul warsuls. `Cems turfa
mxares mkerds davakere sityva sagmiro, sityva lamazi da am Cems mReras
yurs rom ugdeben, qarTlel-kaxelni, imer-afxazni, mama-papaTa akldamebidan,
gamoviwvie gmirTa 473
472
aCrdili~, _ wers erTgan vaJa da warsulis xsovnis diad zneobriv
cnobierebas amkvidrebs, romelic adamianis arsebobis ganmamtkicebeli
faqtorTaganicaa am samyaroSi.
vaJam mTeli siRrmiT dagvanaxa patriotuli grZnobis uaRresad
faqizi Sreebi, roca bunebis warmonaqmns adamianis tolfasi mniSvneloba
mianiWa da adamianuri gancdebiT datvirTa igi. vaJam damarwmuneblad
gviCvena, rom adamianis siyvaruli samSoblosadmi mis miwasTan, tyesTan,
mdinareebTan, faunasa da florasTan aris Sesisxlxorcebuli. amis gamo
poeti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs amgvar masalas da srulfasovan
personaJTa simaRlemdec ahyavs igi. poets adamianuri, fsiqikuri SinaarsiT
aqvs datvirTuli da gaazrebuli xmeli wifelis fiqri, mTis wyaros sevda
Tu CxikvTa qorwilis bednierebiT gamowveuli sixaruli, ris gamoc
Semcirebulia manZili bunebasa da adamians Soris.
vaJa-fSavelam qarTveli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi Semoitana fSav-
xevureTisa da TuSeTis mravali soflis, cixis, salocavis saxeli _ blo,
yofCa, sxlovani, eRo da sxv. umravlesi am punqtTagan axla nasaxlarebadaa
qceuli da mxolod vaJas didebuli Semoqmedeba Tu agonebs mkiTxvels, rom
odesRac aqac Cqefda qarTveli kacis energia, azri da rainduli suli...
vaJas poezia amJamad gvafiqrebs am savalalo mdgomareobaze, Tan TaobaTa
TvalSi, momavlis TvalsazrisiT, udavos xdis, rom es adgilebi Cveni
sulis nawilia, Cveni saunjea; poetma aRZra mkiTxvelSi maTi dacva-Senaxvis
moTxovnileba. garkveulad amaSic aisaxa vaJaseuli patriotizmis qmediTi
Sinaarsi.
vaJa-fSavela, patriotizmis garda, Cerdeba socialurad aqtualur
sxva problemebze. poetis cxovrebis mTel manZilze Cans Seunelebeli
interesi sinamdvilis yofiTi mxarisadmi. iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa:
`glexis simRera~, `Raribis aRebis Rame~, `svindisis simRera~, `vis qvia
kaci~, `boqauls~... moTxrobebi: `suraTebi~, `bagrat zaxariCis sikvdili~,
àvtobiografia uriadnikisa~ da sxv. vaJa erTvis im saerTo, tradiciul
literaturul atmosferos, romelic CvenSi didma 60-ianelebma Seqmnes.
magram socialur sakiTxTa gaSuqebisas vaJa mometebulad mainc imnair
problemebs etaneba, romlebic e. w. maradiul problemaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba. am TvalsazrisiT sagangebodaa ganxiluli vaJasTan
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problema. ra xasiaTis
winaaRmdegoba arsebobs individsa da sazogadoebas Soris? ra aris am
konfliqtis mizezi? am metad mtkivneul kiTxvebs mTeli Tavisi
SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis manZilze dastrilebs Tavs vaJa. sxvadasxva
aspeqtiT ixilavs da warmoadgens poeti am sakiTxs àluda qeTelaurSi~,
`stumar-maspinZelSi~, `gvelis mWamelsa~ Tu `mokveTilSi~. am nawarmoebebSi
`vaJa moiTxovs, rom calkeuli adamianis interesi da midrekilebebi
Sexvdes sazogado interesebs. amitom mis nawerebSi individis problema
individualistur sibrtyeze ki ar dgas, aramed socialur fonze iSleba~
(gr. kiknaZe). pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTier474
473
Tobis fonze gansakuTrebulad mkafiod igrZnoba swored Zlieri,
gautexeli pirovnebis fasi da Rirebuleba. roca dasaxelebul TxzulebaTa
personaJebs vecnobiT, maTSi gvxiblavs zneobrivi simtkice,
gulgautexloba, amtanoba, vaJkacuri suli, anu maTi sulieri Zliereba
gvitacebs. aq adamianis sulis siRrmeebSi iZireba vaJa da gancdaTa
mravalferovnebas gvixasiaTebs. amitomac am nawarmoebTa socialuri
datvirTuloba kidev ufro izrdeba da am TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli
moraluri simaRlis saxiT, mkiTxvelis TvalSi gamorCeulad dganan
aludas, joyolas da mindias pirovnebebi.
1901 wels vaJam Seqmna `gvelis mWameli~. poetma mindias pirovnebaSi
warmogvidgina sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli bunebis adamianis tragedia. `gvelis
mWamelSi~ ufro metd igrZnoba, rom poeti cdilobs gaepasuxos saukunis
winaSe mdgar urTules filosofiur-literaturul problemebs,
konkretulad ki _ gaafarTovos Cveni warmodgena adamianis mier samyaros
wvdomis SesaZleblobaTa gzebze. vaJa, mindias magaliTze, gviCvenebs, Tu
raoden Rrma socialuri mizanswrafvis SeiZleba iyos araCveulebrivi
monacemebis matarebeli, intuiciuri unariT dajildoebuli pirovneba.
`yovelgvar adamianur RirebulebTa gadafasebis~ (nicSe) epoqaSi, roca
xelovnebisa da azrovnebis sferoebi daipyro nair-nairma
individualisturma da intuiturma Teoriebma, vaJa-fSavelam, sicocxlis
diad RirebulebaTa rwmenis poziciidan, jansaRi TvaliT Sexeda uaRresad
mwvave problemebs.
yvela SemTxvevaSi vaJa rainduli sulis xotbas iZleva. XIX saukunis
dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi kacobriobis istorias vaJa-
fSavelas saxiT moevlina xelovani, romelmac adamianis sicocxle
Sinaarsgamoclilad miiCnia qristianuli sulieri idealebis gareSe, anu
mxolod zneobrivad Rirebuli sicocxlis Sinaarsi aRiara faseulad.
Cveni saukunis filosofosebi irwmunebian, rom `raindoba maradiulia
Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT, radgan man Semoitana samyaroSi gmirulis
Rirebuleba, Rirebuleba msxverplSewirvisa, Rirsebisa da erTgulebisa.
raindobam gaaCina pirovneba. axali drois burJuaziul samyaros undoda
raindobis Secvla meSCanobiT; rainduli qvelmoqmedebisa _ meSCanuri
qvelmoqmedebiT. burJuaziuli samyaro fiqrobda kidec, rom raindoba
saukunod daimarxa rogorc Sua saukuneTa sibnelis pirmSo, rom misi
aRorZineba arc SeiZleba. magram raindobis daRupva iqneboda pirovnebis
maRali sulieri wrTobis daRupvac. rainduli suli ganagrZobs sicocxles
rogorc maradiuli dapirispireba burJuaziuli sulisa da Cvens epoqaSi,
kacobriobis mwvervalTa winaSe, axali ZaliT dadga amocana Seiqmnas
sulieri raindoba, raindoba sulisa~ (n. berdiaevi). Tavisi utyuari,
genialuri intuiciiT vaJa win uswrebs am did moazrovneTa dakvirvebebs da
mxatvruli eniT miaqvs mkiTxvelTan epoqis sulieri wyurvili. raindis
niSan-TvisebaTa daxasaiTebisas ki vaJa-fSavela qarTveli xalxis
cnobierebaSi, mis fsiqikaSi Rrmad SeWrili da 475
474
ganmtkicebuli sulier-zneobrivi warmodgenebidan da Sexedulebe-
bidan amodis da `kai ymis~, anu raindis iseT models qmnis, romlis fesvebi
gantotvilia qarTvelis fsiqozneobriv samyaroSi, saukuneebiT
ganmtkicebul arsebobis formad qceul meomrul bunebaSi, mamacobis
istoriasa da Rrma pirovnulobis warmoqmnisaTvis mastimulirebel
tradiciebsa da adaTebSi. amiTac amtkicebs vaJa, rom is didi qarTuli
qristianuli kulturis RviZli Svilia.
vaJa-fSavelam Cveni erovnuli meobis da, sazogadod, adamianis
Rirsebis sazomad sulieri monacemebis simtkice-sidiade aRiara da swored
amiT gausva xazi axali cxovrebis gadasxvaferebul pirobebSi rainduli
sulis arsebobis aucileblobasa da mis waruval mniSvnelobas.
zneobis àr daRupvis~, adamianis maRal sulier SesaZleblobaTa
gadarCenis wyurviliT aris avsebuli vaJas didi mxatvruli samyaro,
romelSic gamokveTil adgils iWers am niSniT datvirTuli `kai ymis~, anu
rainduli sulis maradiulobis, misi ukvdavebis Tema.
vaJa wuxs, rom axalma drom rainduli idealis daknineba gamoiwvia da
aravis ainteresebs adamianis `mklavi da suliT didoba~; sulieri
amaRlebisaken swrafva nivTieri, materialuri dovlaTis moxveWis
survilebma STanTqa, rainduli siyvaruli angarebianma urTierTobam
Secvala, vaJkacoba _ vaWrulma garigebam. adamianTa cxovrebaSi lamazi
sulieri idealebis samsaxuris magivrad adgili daiWira xorcielma
tkbobam da nayrovanebam. imis magivrad, rom adamianma, vaJas sityviT, `xorci
daamWleos da suli gaaxaros~, `Zalian galoTda xalxi, Zalian. muclebi
Tavze aqvT Camocmuli exlandel xalxsa~. vaJa aCvenebs, axali dro
ranairad cvlis raindul ideals meSCanobiT, raindul qvelmoqmedebas
meSCanuri qvelmoqmedebiT. vaJas cxovelmyofeli fantazia, sicocxlisa da
mSvenierebisadmi misi jansaRi siyvaruli cxadyofs erT WeSmaritebas, rom
adamianis SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenis, gmiruli sulis da, sazogadod,
rainduli idealis kvdoma moaswavebs pirovnebis maRali sulieri
Rirebulebebis qrobas. amitomac mis nawerebSi ase mwvved dgas am maRal
sulier RirebulebaTa gadarCenis, misi sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebisa da
Senaxvis moTxovna.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom vaJa-fSavela bunebis ganumeorebeli
mxatvaria. vaJas SemoqmedebisaTvis imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia gan-
sakuTrebuli grZnoba bunebisa, gataceba da moxibluloba bunebis yoveli
warmonaqmniT. es Cans calkeul saganTa Tu movlenaTa SemoqmedebiT masalad
gadaqcevis faqtSic. bunebis Tema vaJa-fSaeelas didi Temaa da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, igi am xelovanis bunebis gamomxatveli Temacaa. safexuri, romelzec
vaJa-fSaela avida bunebis xilvisa da gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, specialur
literaturaSi bunebis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis aRiarebas gulisxmobs (gr.
kiknaZe) da vaJas, rogorc xelovanis, simaRles mowmobs, iq, sadac bunebis
warmonaqmnia aRebuli gamosaxvis sagnad, vaJa-fSavela, rogorc uaRresad
Tanamedrove tipis xelovani, xsnis, ganmartavs samyaros wonas476
475
worobis princips. vaJas mier gamovlenili mxatvruli mimarTeba
mglis, vefxvis, lomis, arwivis, Svlis nukris, quCis, mTis wyaros, iis
cxovrebis silamazisadmi, garemosadmi misi filosofiuri midgomis
gamoxatulebaa. amitomac es Txzulebebi mravalplaniania da nairnair
asociaciaTa aRmZvreli mkiTxvelisa da mkvlevarisTvisac.
vaJa-fSavela imitomacaa ulevi niWis Semoqmedi, rom mis mier
gansaxierebuli masalis sxvadasxvagvarad danaxva-gaazrebis Sesa-
Zleblobebs qmnis da, amdenad, mravalferovan STabeWdilebaTa warmoSobis
safuZvels iZleva. yoveli dro sxvadasxvanairad kiTxulobs vaJas. yvela
SemTxvevaSi vaJa, rogorc brZeni xelovani, tkbobas aniWebs sxvadasva donis,
sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi mcxovreb, gansxvavebuli miswrafebebis
adamianebs. azrTa mravalferovneba ki vaJas Semoqmedebis siRrmis da
amouwuraobis niSania, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis safuZveli da
poetis ukvdavebis pirobac.
vaJa-fSavelas lirika
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa Soris erT-erTi wamyvani
adgili ukavia xelovanis problemas, mis rols da adgils cxovrebaSi, anu
upiratesad sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi `me~-s daxasiaTebas. es sakiTxi qarTul
saliteraturo kritikaSi umetesad gaSuqebulia vaJas cnobili
literaturuli werilebis mixedviT, magram poetis literaturuli mrwamsi
mkafiod vlindeba mxatvrul nawerebSic da Rrma emociuri simZafriT aris
gamoxatuli mis lirikaSic. gansakuTrebuli STambeWdavi formiT poetis
sulieri avtoportreti warmosaxulia 1896 wels Seqmnil `simReraSi~. am
dros vaJa aris avtori iseTi genialuri qmnilebebisa, rogoricaa: `Svlis
nukris naambobi~, ìa~, `mTis wyaro~, `xmeli wifeli~, `gogoTur da afSina~,
àluda qeTelauri~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `baxtrioni~, àrwivi~, brwyinvale
`simRerebi~ da mravali sxva.
fSavSi mcxovrebi vaJa, daucxromeli glexkacuri SromiT ebrZvis
mwirniadagian mTis miwas, baravs, Toxnis, mkis, nadirobs. am mZime fizikuri
jafis pirobebSi mainc axerxebs Seqmnas ukvdavi Txzulebebi qarTuli da
msoflio mwerlobis damamSvenebel qmnilebebad rom qceulan. cxadia, aseT
garemoSi myofi poetis mxriv SemoqmedebiTi da moqalaqeobrivi gmirobaa
marTlac rom `tanjviT cxovreba da aRmafrena~. da Tu ara vaJas, aba, vis
SeiZleboda hqonoda moralur-inteleqtualuri ufleba sakuTari
cxovrebis, rogorc xelovanis cxovrebis stili sulieri, zneobrivi
arsebobis magaliTad daesaxa axalgazrda SemoqmedTaTvis.
TviTgancdaTa sakuTari Zalebisa, maRali niWis tarebis, pasux-
ismgeblobis Segneba da rwmena sakuTari Tavisa, vaJas mraval leqsSi aqvs
gamoxatuli, maT Soris 1894 wels Seqmnil SedevrSi `nugeSi mgosnisa~,
sadac vkiTxulobT:477
476
`vnugeSob swored sanugeSoca:
gulze medeba cecxlis genia,
qveynis sargoda fiqriT gamsWvaluls
avi me ara Camidenia;
vin ras gaigebs, an vin ra icis,
ramdenjel cxare cremli mdenia?!
vnugeSob amiT: miwas miwurad
da cas ciurad miveTavazi,
ar mibobRnia dabla qvemZromad,
maRla davfrinav, rogorc gavazi;
Cems turfa mxares mkerds davakere
sityva sagmiro, sityva lamazi...
...arvis gavtace me lukma-puri,
sxvasac gavuyav naSovni jafiT
da siyvaruli Cems TanamoZmeT
vauwye medgrad naRariT, dafiT.
usulo sagnebs suli Cavbere,
avasaubre lodebi kldisa
da, rogorc mefe, gavaTamame
mwiri balaxi, is quCi mTisa~...
esaa vaJas WeSmariti sulieri portreti da roca am striqonebs
vecnobiT, erTis mxriv aSkaraa, rom siamaye da TviTgancda sakuTari
poeturi `me~-si dayrdnobilia did tradiciaze _ ilias inteleqtiT
gaSuqebul analitikur xedvasa da xelovanis bedis akakiseul grZnobismier
gagebaze.
magram axalgazrda mgosanTadmi miZRvnili `simRera~ (1896 w.) ki aris
erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi gakveTili, raTa damwyebma poetebma dainaxon, Tu
ranairi cxovrebiT unda icxovros da sulierad iarsebos namdvilma
xelovanma. am leqsSi TiTqos igrZnoba iliaseul da akakiseul emociur
sawyisze agebuli mimarTeba sakuTari Tavisa da gare samyarosadmi:
àrc-ra tanT mcvia, arc fexTa,
davdivar dediSobila,
mec imaT jogidama var,
vinc siRaribiT cnobila,
am wuTisoflis TorneSi
bevri sxva gamocxobila.
Cems garda aseT yofaSi
mravali sxvaca yofila~.
poeturi qveteqstebiT vaJa mianiSnebs mkiTxvels, rom nivTieri
siRaribe WeSmariti xelovanis mudmivi sulieri Tanamgzavria da rom
TviTonac didi tradiciidan, upirvelesad iliasa da akakis sulieri
garemodan mosuli mgosania; gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba misi siaxlove akakis
sulier wyobasTan.
`sagmobic viyo, qeds ar vxri,
Tavi mdidari mgonia~,478
477
_ acxadebs poeti da gvamcnobs, rom moudrekeloba, simtkice, Sinagani
rwmena sakuTari Zalebisa, aris, yvela SemTxvevaSi, winaaRmdegobaTa
daZlevis piroba. vaJas mrwamsiT, WeSmariti poeti mTeli samyaros
mflobelia. amitomac, Tavis poetur kuTvnilebad miiCnevs vaJa sinamdviles,
roca guliT mReris: `mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana, mTaSi mTa, barad baria,
zRva da xmeleTi erTian, cas varskvlavebis jaria, diliT mze manaTobeli,
Ramis naTeli mTvaria~.
rasakvirvelia, xilulsa da uxilav samyarosTan ase daaxloeba da
axali poeturi sinamdvilis Seqmna xelovanis araCveulebriv amaRlebas
mowmobs.
poetis mzeris areSia mTeli qveyana, mas vaanalizeb, _ gveubneba vaJa
da am SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom samyaros gvirgvinis _ adamianis bedi Tu
ubedoba, misi sevda Tu sixaruli aris poetis gatacebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
wvis Tavi da bolo. mgosnis dakvirvebis sagania:
`mdidarT simdidriT RiRini,
beCavT qviTini mwarea,
avdari, JinJRli, cis qceva,
ca mowmendili, daria;
diliT gafurCvna vardisa,
mTeli imisi gvaria;
ia, uRrans tyes mosuli~... da a. S.
poetisaTvis mSvenieria es samyaro, magram yvelaze didi mSveniereba
mainc mgosnis mier Seqmnili da misi esTetikuri idealis Sesabamisadac
ganxorcielebuli sinamdvilea. Semoqmedeba vaJasaTvis Tavisuflebis
samyaroa da TviTonac Tavisuflebis momRerlad Tvlis Tavs. vaJa fiqrobs,
rom poeti axali sinamdvilis kanonmdebelia da es imitom, rom adamians
surs daupirispirdes bunebas da Seqmnas mSobeli bunebis msgavsi ram.
amitomac xiblavs vaJas poetSi, SemoqmedSi bunebrivi grZnobis arseboba.
vaJas azriT, Semoqmedi yvelaferSi silamazes unda eltvodes da mis
danaxvas cdilobdes. asea TviTon vaJa da amas moiTxovs igi sxvisganac. am
mxriv `Zali aqvs andamatisa~ mxolod WeSmariti poetis, Semoqmedis mier
Seqmnil xelovnebis samyaros. igi sicocxlis sixarulis momgvrelia adami-
anisaTvis. amitomacaa poeti, Semoqmedi ukvdavebasTan wilnayari da
namdvili poezia, Semoqmedeba-ukvdavi. aseTia vaJa-fSavelas sulierad
sasicocxlo arsebobis formad qceuli am brwyinvale `simReris~
laitmotivi.
* * *
`didad saWiroa mwerlisaTvis patriotizmi, Tavisi enisa da eris
siyvaruli. ise poetis Semoqmedeba dunea, Tu igi am siyvarulma ar
aamoZrava~, _ aRniSnavda vaJa da am grZnobis arseboba qarTveli mw-
erlisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis faqtamdec ki ahyavda.
vaJam mTeli siRrmiT dagvanaxa patriotuli grZnobis uaRresad
faqizi Sreebi, roca bunebis warmonaqmns adamianis tolfasi mniSvneloba
mianiWa da adamianuri gancdebiT datvirTa igi. vaJam gviCve479
478
na, rom adamianis siyvaruli samSoblosadmi, mis miwasTan, tyesTan,
mdinaresTan, faunasa da florasTan aris Sesisxlxorcebuli. amis gamo,
vaJa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs amgvar masalas da srulfasovan
personaJTa simaRlemdec ki ahyavs igi. magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, am mxriv
poeti sagangebod arCevs sevdiani ieris masalas, radgan masSi patriotul
Sinaarss sdebs.
samSoblos pirdapiri dasaxelebis aucilebloba gamoricxa vaJam
Tavis saxelganTqmul leqsSi àrwivi~. am aTstriqonian lirikul SedevrSi
gamoxatul daWril arwivSi Tavisuflebis wyurvils danatrebulma,
Cagrulma qarTvelma, misi gamoqveynebis dRidan (1887 w.), samSoblos,
saqarTvelos bedi dainaxa da SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom me-19 saukunis faqizi
gemovnebis qarTvelma kritikosebma (mag. k. abaSiZe da sxva) mkiTxvelis
yuradRebac am mxriv mimarTes.
àrwivi vnaxe daWrili,
yvav-yornebs eomeboda,
ewada beCavs adgoma,
magram veRara dgeboda,
cals mxars miwaze miiTrevs,
gulispirs sisxli scxeboda.
vah, dedas Tqvensa, yovebo,
cud dros CagigdavT xelada,
Toro vnaxavdi Tqvens bumbuls
gaSlils, gafantuls velada!~
aq, iseve, rogorc mraval sxva Janris nawarmoebSi (`xmeli wiTeli~,
ìa~, `mTis wyaro~ da sxv.), vaJa-fSavela afarToebs patriotuli grZnobis
gansaxierebis sferos da konkretuli saxeldebis gareSe aZlevs poeti maT
patriotul JReradobas; amave TvalsazrisiT aris sayuradRebo vaJas
ukvdavi `mxedarTa Zveli simRera~.
vaJa am leqsSi, iseve rogorc sxva TxzulebebSic, gaTavisuflebulia
viwro Sovinisturi grZnobisagan da yvelgan misi amosavalia siyvaruli
moyvasisadmi, siyvaruli im garemosadmi, sadac ibadeba, izrdeba da
viTardeba adamiani. bunebrivia, poets gamorCeuli grZnobiT uyvars Tavisi
qveyana konkretuli SinaarsiT, sicocxlis ganmasaxierebeli yoveli
warmonaqmniT dawyebuli, mama-papaTa saflavebiT damTavrebuli.
magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom, ra sakiTxiTac ar unda iyos dain-
teresebuli vaJa, poetis mier gansaxierebul suraTebs ar scildeba
erovnuli grZnobiTi tonis gancda; masalis amgvari SerCevisa da danaxvis
gamoc aris vaJa did samocianelTa _ iliasa da akakis _ tradiciebis
Rirseuli gamgrZelebeli.
vaJas TqmiT, `ciuri grZnobaa~ samSoblos siyvaruli, amitomac unda
mudam `SiSs vugdebdeT gulSia, mezobels metiCarasa~, àr vaqelinoT
samSoblo metoqes aTasgvarasa~, `mSobeli mokvdes, ra uSav, Svilebi rCeba
mamasa~ da am `Svilebs sazRaprod eqneba Cveni 480
479
brZola da omebi!~ dResac gvafrTxilebs, gvamunaTebs da gvmoZRvravs
brZeni mgosani. miT ufro didia samSoblo-qveynis siyvarulis mniSvneloba,
roca igi sxva grZnobaTa Semapirobebel motivad iqceva da saTaves daudebs
zneobrivad Rirebul diad grZnobebs _ grZnobas gmirobisas, siyvarulisa
da sibralulisas.
* * *
cnobilia, rom Seupovroba-gamZleobis niSani vaJa-fSavelas mTels
Semoqmedebas gasdevs. àm motivis Sinaarsad sulier ukompromisobas da
fizikur gamZleobas gulisxmoben~ (gr. kiknaZe).
vaJa-fSavelas am motivis fesvebi umetesad SesamCnevia da person-
ificirebuli kidev xalxuri miTologiis cnobili gmiris amiranis saxeSi.
vaJa-fSavela gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT Tavs dastrialebs Zlevamosili,
daCagruli gmiris amiranis saxes, radgan masSi, Cveni xalxuri
warmodgenebisda kvalad, xedavs sulieri utexobisa da Zlierebis etalons.
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba Sevseba-srulyofa am personaJis
dasaxelebuli Tvisebebisa; amiranis pirovnebaSi aerTianebs vaJa zneobrivi
simaRlis da fizikuri Zlierebis niSnebs.
adamianSi amgvari Tvisebebis xotba, e. i. Zlierebisaken midrekileba,
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis, kerZod, lirikis niSandoblivi mxarea. es
motivia wamyvani iseT leqsebSi, rogoricaa: `mTielis SfoTi~ (1882),
àmirani~ (1884), `simRera~ (`mTao, Se Seupovaro~), `simRera~ (`veras damakleb
varamo~, 1886), `simRera~ (`gulo, ras dahRonebulxar~) da a. S.
Tavisi poeturi simwifis Jams, 1906 wels, ukve mravalqartexil-
gamovlili vaJa, roca Zalzed mZime, e. w. reaqciis Savbneli xana idga Cveni
xalxis cxovrebaSi, hqmnis Sinagani optimizmiT aRsavse kidev erT simReras
(`kidevac vnaxav gazafxuls~), sadac erTaneTTanaa Serwymuli mware
sinamdvilis realobis mZafri Segneba da gulgautexloba, moTqma-godeba da
rutinis garRvevis moTxovnileba, silamazesTan dapirispirebuli boroteba
da am borotebis damarcxebis gardauvalobis rwmena.
ulmobel realobaze damyarebuli STabeWdilebaTa mRelvare gulis
amoTqmaa mTeli `simRera~, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs godeba-
moTqmis survili, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis wyurvili da lamaz
ocnebaze agebuli, sakuTari Zalebis TviTrwmeniT moniWebuli sixarulis
grZnoba:
`kidevac vnaxav gazafxuls,
yel-moRerebuls iasa,
sikvdilis sicocxled mqcevels,
imis siturfes RvTiansa,
amwvanebulsa mTa-barsa,
damwyazruls, yvaviliansa.
kidevac vnaxav ca sWeqdes,
Tovlis wil wvima cviodes,
anoyivrebdes miwasa, 481
480
mdinareebi xviodes,
aRarvin itanjebodes
da aRarcvisa hSiodes,
simarTlis gamarjvebasa
mTaze arwivi yiodes.
mec mas bans veubnebode,
guli aRara mtkiodes...~
am leqsiT, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi simwifis periodSi, dgas mkiTxvelis
winaSe simarTlis maZiebeli, usamarTlobis mgmobeli, sindisierebis
mqadagebeli, Tavisuflebisa da mSvenierebis tfriali vaJa. misi niWisTvis
specifikuri xatovanebiT poeti gvarwmunebs, rom sulis Zliereba da
gulgautexloba yvelaze metad tanjvis pirobebSi SeiZleba gamomJRavndes.
tanjvaSi gamotarebuli sicocxlis Sinagani sirTule aris adamianis,
rogorc socialuri fenomenis, sulierebis SesaZleblobaTa Semowmebis
asparezi da sazogadod, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis dedaZarRvad qceuli
qristianuli optimizmis piroba. Zlierebis gamoxatvisaken midrekileba,
xotba gulgautexlobisa, TavisTavad aris sicocxlis siyvarulis niSani. am
leqsSi gamovlenili sicocxlis siyvaruli ki sicocxliT sixarulis
moTxovnilebiT mogvrili imediani ganwyobilebis, anu WeSmaritad Rirebuli
optimizmis akvanicaa.
yvelaferi es mowmobs, rom vaJa-fSavelas lirika, iseve rogorc
mTeli misi Semoqmedeba, qarTul folklorsa da literaturaSi
ganmtkicebuli Tematikidan aris amozrdili. am TemaTa miseuli in-
terpretaciac ar scildeba tradiciul farglebs, magram Cven yuradRebas
imaze vamaxvilebT, rom qarTuli folklorisa da literaturis
mravalferovani Tematikidan upirvelesi da wamyvani mniSvneloba
gamZleobis, gulgautexlobis Temas mieniWa da lirikaSi mxatvrulad
swored am aspeqtSia warmodgenili vaJas mier danaxuli sinamdvile.
simtkice, amtanoba da adamianis gautexavi buneba gvxiblavs, roca Semdeg
vecnobiT poemebSi gigliasa da mucalis gmirul sikvdils, gogoTuris,
zviadauris, joyolas, kvirias, zezvas, luxumis, mindias amtanobasa da
sulier simaRles, maT sulier Zlierebasa Tu kopalas vaJkacur saqmeebs.
simtkicisa da gulgautexlobis qadageba da moTxovna TavisTavad
gulisxmobs sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas anu imas, rom aseTi xelovani Tavisi
bunebiT aris optimisti. optimizmi ki faseuli maSinaa, rodesac igi mZime
viTarebaSi mJRavndeba. mware sinamdvilea `simReraSi~ (`kidevac vnaxav
gazafxuls~) gamomJRavnebuli optimizmis foni da aseT atmosferoSi ufro
igrZnoba Cveni poetis simtkice da mis mier daxatul samagaliTo
gamZleobis suraTTa Rirebuleba.
* * *
`zneobis ardaRupvis~, adamianis maRal sulier SesaZleblobaTa
gadarCenis wyurviliTaa avsebuli vaJas didi mxatvruli samyaro, samyaro,
romelSic gamokveTil adgils iWers am niSniT datvir482
481
Tuli `kai ymis~ motivi, anu rainduli sulis maradiulobis, misi
ukvdavebis Tema. vaJas mTeli poezia rainduli sulis Ziebaa. aRniSnul
TemasTan dakavSirebiT am maZiebeli xelovanis mrwamsi SesaniSnavadaa
Camoyalibebuli ara marto mis Teoriul naazrevSi, aramed mogvianebiT, 1909
wels, daweril leqsSi `kai yma~ (xevsurul hangze). aq naTlad Cans, rom
vaJa-fSavelas warmodgenebi raindis Tvisebasa da xasiaTze mWidrodaa
gadajaWvuli `kai ymis~ qarTul xalxur idealebTan, Cveni warsulis did
tradiciebTan. warsulisa da awmyos Sepirispirebisas poeti aSkarad ayenebs
`kai ymis~, anu qarTveli raindis sulier, zneobriv ZalTa Senaxva-movlisa
da misi cocxal sinamdvileSi gardauvali SenarCunebis mxatvrul
programas. saprogramoa es leqsi imitom, rom aq warmosaxuli `kai ymis~
yvela niSani met-naklebi specifikurobiT vaJas mdidar SemoqmedebaSi
Zalumad vlindeba da mas myari motivis mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba.
`vina, vin ari kai yma,
vis tanze xmali hSvenodes?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
vinc miegebos mters wina,
win-win vinc risxvas etyodes,
saxe _ sisxlgadmomdinari
tkivils ar gamoityodes,
Tavzarsa scemdes sikvdilsa...
sjob, mokvdes mSier-titveli;
kvdebodes, ara gminavdes;
Tavis samarxad, sudrada,
marto saxelsa swiravdes...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
wyluli scnas dedis kocnada...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
suleTs Savides xmliani...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ereklem xeli mahxvios,
daisvas Tavis gverdiTa,
gamaegebos Tamari
mcinari, Tavis fexiTa.
gaxarebuli ufali
kargs ymas jvars swerdes zeniTa...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ai, vinaa kai yma,
mosagonari qebiTa!~
aseTia vaJas mier daxatuli `kai ymis~, anu raindis poeturi ideali
da ra araraobaa masTan SepirispirebiT sinamdvile, romelSic TviT mas
uxdeboda cxovreba. `kai ymis~ ideali daisaxa vaJam imitom, rom realobaSi
(iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda) man ver ipova Tavisi ocnebis Sesaferisi
sulis matarebeli pirovneba, pirovneba, 483
482
romelic sazogados samsxverploze miitanda piraduls, sulieris
gadasarCenad gatanjavda xorciels. realuri, yofiTi garemo ar aZlevda
did mgosans SesaZleblobas, ar gaekicxa nivTiersa da xorciel silaRes
dawafebuli Tanadrouloba:
àra Tqven, sadiaceno,
ro ZroxebiviT sZRebiTa;
Rame maZRari daswvebiT,
diliT mSivrebi sdgebiTa;
Tavis jams CascqerT, saqveynod
arc ros ar gamasdgebiTa.
Tavisad scocxlobT, mconared,
leSi alaRoT, hkvdebiTa;
gaigebT kargis garjasa,
gwyinsT da SuriTa xdebiTa;
uqmad CamahlevT sicocxles,
uqmad saflavSi swvebiTa,
dahkargavT saaqaosa.
verc saiqios swvdebiTa.
ar iciT, dasCndiT risada,
an risaTvisa hkvdebiTa!~
(`kai yma~, 1909).
am leqsSi gatarebuli rainduli suliskveTeba vaJa-fSavelas sxva
TxzulebaTa garkveuli wyebisaTvisac erTgvari zneobrivi xerxemalia.
rainduli sulis specifikuri niSnebi: qvelmoqmedeba, rwmenis simtkice,
gautexloba, moyvasis siyvaruli, nivTierze maRla sulieri Rirebulebebis
dayeneba, fiqri warsulsa da momavalze, _ ai, ra aris vaJas mudmivi fiqris
sagani yvelgan da rasakvirvelia, mis ubadlo lirikaSic.
amqveyniuri cxovrebis am amaRlebul miswrafebebs urTierTTan
aduRebs idea, rom adamianma sulieri ZlierebiT daTrgunos xorcieli
sawyisi, nivTierze maRla azidos suli, gandevnos fasaduroba, garegnuli
brWyvialeba da Sinagani sinaTliT gaanaTos Tavisi arseboba.
aseTnairi formiT warmodga vaJas lirikaSi raindis ideali da,
bunebrivia, rom WeSmariti rainduli xasiaTisa da sulieri momentis Ziebam
kidev ufro sruli saxe miiRo mis epossa da prozaSi, rac cxadia calke
ganxilvis sagania.
* * *
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom vaJa bunebis ganumeorebeli mxatvaria.
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebisaTvis imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia
gansakuTrebuli grZnoba bunebisa. gataceba da moxibluloba bunebis
yoveli warmonaqmniT. es Cans calkeul saganTa Tu arsebaTa SemoqmedebiT
masalad gadaqcevis faqtSi myari, Tanabari Rirebulebis interesi Cans
vaJasTan am mxriv da sagangebod kidec Wirs iseTi Txzulebis dasaxeleba
am poetTan, rom bunebas masSi garkveuli 484
483
adgili ar eWiros. bunebis Tema vaJa-fSavelas didi Temaa da, Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, igi am xelovanis bunebis, misi filosofiuri xedvis
gamomxatvelia; poetisTvis am samyaroSi arsebobis Tanabari ufleba aqvs
miniWebuli SiSvel, CamoSlil kldes da yvavilebiT morTul mSvenier
mdelos, Svlis nukrs da mgels, naz ias da xmel wifels, bulbuls, SaSvs,
Cxikvs da zavTian arwivs da TviT gvelsac ki. erTi sityviT, yvelafers,
iqneba es amRvreuli mdinaris talRebi, wyvdiadiT moculi Rame Tu sulis
damaamebeli mzisa da mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebuli qveyana. es garemoeba
mxolod Cveni mgosnis im mdidar SemoqmedebiT unarze miuTiTebs, romlis
wyalobiT is sicocxlis uflebiT mosavs, adamianur vnebaTa Rirebulebamde
amaRlebs da ametyvelebs araadamianur garemos. vaJa xsnis, ganmartavs
urTierTsapirispiro movlenaTa Tanaarsebobis aucileblobas, maTi er-
Tianobis gardauvalobaSi arwmunebs mkiTxvels da amiT aCvevs kidec mas
silamazis WeSmariti Rirebulebis danaxvas. am ganwyobilebiT ikiTxeba
Tavidan bolomde 1886 wels Seqmnili umSvenieresi leqsi àragvs~. aragvi
qarTvel mgosanTa (da ara mxolod qarTvelTa...) STagonebis uSreti wyaro
iyo yovelTvis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis ukvdavi poemidan (`bedi qarTlisa~)
moyolebuli (`morbis aragvi, aragviani...~), ilia WavWavaZis àCrdiliT~
(`Cemo aragvo, ra rig miyvarxar...~), `mgzavris werilebiT~ da akaki wereTlis
`baSi-aCukis~ SesavliT (`Tvalmiuwvdomeli siSoridan gveliviT moiklakneba
CuxCuxa aragvi...~) damTavrebuli; aragvi yvelgan ganasaxierebda aqtivoba-
moZraobis da miT miniWebuli sicocxlis sidiadis xibls... asea es
vaJasTanac, oRondac aq misi aRwera poetisaTvis raime gamorCeuli ideis
gamosaxatavad garkveuli foni da amdenad, funqcionaluri Rirebulebis
mqone xerxi ki araa, aramed vaJa mis warmosaxvas TavisTavad mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, roca aragvs warmogvidgens, rogorc am samyaros gamamSvenierebel,
srulfasovan personaJsa da zneobriv erTeuls.
poeti lirikuli elferiT Sezavebuli obieqtivirebuli xedviT
aRwers aragvs:
`dawuxebulma, aragvo,
ro gnaxe, gavixareo,
sruliad gamovicvale,
welSiac avixareo.
ra lamazia, wyeulo,
SenT zvirTTa laRni Cqerani,
gaafTrebulsa talRasa
kldes ro wauvlen Tqerani!
Sen Tvals garideb maSina,
mTebiske mwadis cqerani,
undoblad mamindebian
bedkruls bedkrulni mRerani...~
leqsSi mocemulia poetis TvaliT danaxuli mxatvruli suraTi
bunebisa, romelic samyarosadmi misi avtoris ganwyobilebiT 485
484
damokidebulebas gvidgens mxolod. is ar SeiZleba iyos xelovanis
msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli, radganac lirikuli leqsi, rogorc
aseTi, arc SeiZleba iyos ara Tu msoflmxedvelobis, aramed garkveuli
Tvalsazrisis gadmocemis Sesatyvisi forma. vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc
xelovanis sidiade mis im uSualo damokidebulebaSia danaxuli, riTac is
gamoirCeva msoflio literaturis masStabiT, roca esTetikur-emociur
mimarTebas amyarebs bunebisadmi da Tanabar Rirebulebas aniWebs, xedvis
TvalsazrisiT, mis Tvalwin gadaSlil fer-uTvalav samyaros. vaJa Tavis
leqsebsa da poeziaSi sazogadod, filosofosad ki ar warmodgeba, aramed
garemosadmi filosofiurad ganwyobil, maZiebeli sulis poetad, romelic
Tavisi zRvardaudebeli fantaziisa da mxatvruli intuiciis wyalobiT,
swvdeba garesamyaroSi arsebul movlenaTa mimarTebebsa da
urTierTkavSirs, maT Sinagan dialeqtikas. amis utyuari mxatvruli sabuTia
_ ubrwyinvalesi leqsi (1890 w.), `Rame mTaSi~, sadac Cveni mgosani Cveuli
xatovanebiT aseT suraTs gvawvdis:
`daRamda... wvrilni varskvlavni
ayvavdnen, dasxdnen cazeda;
mTvare _ ki jer arsada sCans,
ar dagvnaTois Tavzeda.
jer Tu ar gauRviZnia,
isev Tu sZinavs mklavzeda!
jer gamarjveba ar uTqvams
Semomjdars goris fxazeda...~ da a. S.
am leqsiT samyaros mxatvruli suraTia daxatuli, ocneba-zmanebis
formiT es aris qveyniereba perspeqtivaSi, warRvnis winaswari mxatvruli
xedvaa mocemuli TiTqos am suraTSi. aq, iseve rogorc mTels Tavis
literaturul memkvidreobaSi, vaJas azrovnebis warmmarTveli principi
humanurobaa, radgan sicocxlis wyurvili, misi gamarTleba da, maSasadame,
sicocxliT moxiblulobaa misi dedaazri. am leqsSi, sinamdvileze uSualo
brZnuli dakvirveba, samyaros, bunebis mravalferovnebis Wvretis niadagze
amozrdili keTilSobili sevdis da, aqedan gamomdinare, saRi fiqris wyaro
da niadagia. samyaros poeturi modeli, vaJas am genialuri leqsis mixedviT,
wonasworobis principzea agebuli. misi darRveva iwvevs
urTierTsapirispiro movlenaTa erTianobiT miRweuli bunebis mSvenierebis
waSlas. ase SeiZleba gabatondes samyaroSi disharmonia, romelic
kacobriobas daRupvisaken ubiZgebs. marTalia, `droeba Camovardnila SiSis
da Zrwolisa~, radgan mZafria `meor-mosvlis~ apokalifsuri SiSi, magram
cxadia, amgvari ganwyobilebis danergva ki ar aris vaJas amosavali
Tvalsazrisi, misi poeturi pozicia, aramed is imediani ganwyobileba, rasac
masSi aRZravs Cvil bavSviviT `mklavzed~ daZinebul `mTvaris~, Tu
umSvenieresi pirimzis xilviT mogvrili sixaruli.
vaJa-fSavelas lirika mTlianobaSi es aris cxovelmyofeli si-
cocxlis rwmena, bunebisa da samyaros silamazis siyvaruli, ro486
485
melic adamianebs uRviZebs Segnebas, rom es sinamdvile Tavisi av-
kargiT, naTliT da bneliT `mainc ki lamazi aris, mainc siturfiT hyvavisa~.
vaJa-fSavelas poemebi
vaJa-fSavelas diadi niWis brwyinvaleba upirvelesad mainc eposSi
gamomJRavnda. mis poemaTagan gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia ukvdavi
`baxtrioni~. `wyvdiadis ganWvretisa~ da adamianis maRal sulier
RirebulebaTa xsnis Sesaxeb fiqrma poeti Cveni xalxis did istoriasTan
miiyvana. rogorc iTqva, masSi `Subis wvriT da xmliT aCrCili~ raindTa
saxeebi moaZebnina. awmyo xidad gasdo warsulsa da momavals Soris, roca
1892 wels brwyinvale `baxtrioni~ Seqmna. am nawarmoebis daweriT vaJam
kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom igi Rirseuli memkvidrea Cveni didi
istoriuli, xalxuri da literaturuli warsulisa. es poema, rogorc
cnobilia, sagmiro-istoriul poemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba (gr. kiknaZe). imis
gamo, rom vaJas itacebs am brZolis saxalxo mniSvneloba da xiblavs
xalxis mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli gmirTa Tavdadeba, _ es Txzuleba gmirul
elfers atarebs. vaJas TviT faqtis, 1659 wlis cnobili istoriuli
viTarebis, asaxvac ainteresebs, qarTvelebis SeerTebuli ZaliT rogor
gaiwminda kaxeTi ùrjulo TaTrebisagan~. magram aq vaJa istoriis faq-
tobriv aRdgenas ki ar axdens, aramed TviT tvirTavs am movlenas
TanamedroveobisTvis uaRresad aqtualuri patriotuli ideiT. amis gamoa,
rom poemaSi erTi sityvac araa Tqmuli am brZolis monawile istoriulad
cnobil gmirebze: iqneba es biZina ColoyaSvili, Tu zaal, elizbar da
Salva erisTavebi. vaJa-fSavela, rogorc uaRresad Tanamedrove tipis
xelovani, didi mRelvarebiT mogviTxrobs rogorc xalxuri idealis
ganmasaxierebel movlenaTa Sesaxeb, ise sakuTriv istoriuli faqtis
sadReiso Sinaarsze. poeti iseT personaJebs, iseT xasiaTebs qmnis, maTi
qmedebiT iseTnair idealebs usaxavs mkiTxvels, romelsac adamianis
sulidan da mexsierebidan veraferi Slis da mxolod waruvaloba uweria.
es imitom, rom maTi qcevis yoveli niuansi eyrdnoba umZafres da
ukeTilSobiles patriotul vnebebs.
vaJas `baxtrionis~ mixedviT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom qarTveli
kacis rainduli suli, pirvel yovlisa, patriotul mizanswrafvas eyrdnoba
da mTeli sigrZe-siganiT masTan kavSirSi Sinaarsdeba.
raindulis sxva komponentebi _ rwmenisa da siyvarulisa, Rirsebisa
da saTnoebisa da a. S. qarTvelisaTvis xasiaTis macocxlebel swored am
did grZnobas erTvis da amdidrebs. da es araa gasakviri, radgan
istoriulad, didi akakis Tqmisa ar iyos, `xalxs, romelsac rjuli da
erovneba erTmaneTze gadaubams, Seuxorcebia da suls xorcze maRla
ayenebs, misi daTrgunva Znelia~. am gautexeli sulis Rrma fenebi
warmoaCina vaJam, roca poemaSi garegnulad `Camoglejil-Camowewili~,
magram sulierad moudrekeli, tanjviT 487
486
da bolos gmiruli sikvdiliTYukvdavebaSi gadasuli kvirias saxe
daxata. WeSmariti raindebia _ zezva da luxumi, am niSniT ganicdeba maT
qceva urTierTTan Sexvedridan moyolebuli mTeli poemis manZilze.
zezvasa da luxumis sasicocxlo azri swored raindulia da amave dros
Zalzed miwasTan daaxloebuli:
`visac Cven ar vebralebiT,
Cven SavibraloTYrisada?
sikvdili TviTon ufalsa
gauCenia mtrisada!~
aseTia maTi moqmedebis devizi, radgan maRali patriotuli grZnoba
da Segneba udevs safuZvlad am personaJTa qcevas.
imdenad Rrmaa, faqizi da diadi luxumis rainduli sulieri samyaro,
rom vaJas fantaziis wyalobiT TviT borotebis saTnoebad gardaqmnac ki
xerxdeba, roca sasikeTod amoqmeddeba odiTganve borotebis simbolod
CaTvlili, daWrili luxumisken `glarzvniT mimavali gveli~. sibraluli
sikeTis energiad iqceva da raindobis erT Tvisebad warmodgeba
`baxtrionSi~.
sabraloa erT dros ganTqmuli gmiri _ lelas mama, radgan sam-
Soblos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis Jams
`loginSia wevs... sabralos
mravaliva sWirs wylulia~.
amis gamo, `suli veRar ereva sxeulsa~. patriotul niadagze Cam-
oyalibebuli rainduli SemarTeba gadamdebi Tvisebaa da qarTveli xalxis
erovnuli cxovrebis specifikuri mxarec, mamakacTa simciris pirobebSi
qarTvel qalSi gadadis raindisaTvis niSandoblivi meomruli suli. aq
erwymis urTierTs qaluri sifaqiziT gaciskrovnebuli sanaTas da lelas
moudrekeloba da TviT RmerTisadmi vedrebis patriotuli gamiznulobac:
ègeb inebos batonma, gagmarjvebiyoT mterzeda, Tu amas gavigonebdi, ar
vitirebdi mkvdrebzeda~.
`gwyalobdesT laSaris jvari,
gasulebs brZolis velzeda~.
ilocebian `baxtrionis~ personaJi qalebi da laSaris jvarsac
erovnul mfarvelad saxaven, radgan rwmena da erovneba ganuyofelia
qarTvelTaTvis. magram isini locvis amara ar rCebian, saWiro SemTxvevaSi
TavganwirviT, sikvdiliT adastureben sust sxeulSi rainduli sulis
arsebobas. raindebi wyrebian, Takiloben `vardis wyliT nabani~ qalis,
lelas, brZolaSi Cabmas, magram patriotuli grZnobiT aRtkinebuli,
vaJurad Cacmuli lela gmiruli sikvdiliT kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom
raindoba sulis saufloa da ara mxolod sxeulisa.
vaJa umaRlesi rigis grZnobad acxadebs samSoblosadmi siyvarulis
grZnobas. didia am grZnobis ara mxolod warmomavlobis, aramed misi
gavrcelebis are. igi itevs yovelnair siyvaruls. samSoblos grZnoba
ierTebs moyvasis, satrfos siyvaruls da sibralulis grZnobasac Tavis
rkalSi aqcevs. motivTa motivia patriotuli grZnoba vaJasTvis da SeiZleba
gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom `bax488
487
trionSi~ swored es maRali da faqizi grZnoba aris gamocxadebuli
ara mxolod rainduli qcevis motivad, aramed sazogadod adamianuri
cxovrebis sazrisad. vaJas TqmiT, `ciuri grZnobaa~ samSoblosadmi
siyvaruli da kidev ufro diadia misi mniSvneloba, roca igi sxva
grZnobaTa Semapirobebel motivad iqceva da saTaves udebs zneobrivad
Rirebul diad grZnobebs: grZnobas gmirobisas, siyvarulisa da
sibralulisas. am grZnobaTa erTianobaSi xedavs vaJa-fSavela `baxtrionis~
personaJTa rainduli qmedebis meqanizms, roca vkiTxulobT:
`netavi cecxli ciuri,
visac ki gulSi hnTebia,
jer ar gauqres, Tu gaqres,
isivac amohgznebia!
mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,
usazarlesi mkvdarzeda,
miT rome sicocxle udgas
salis yinulis taxtzeda.
ar ebraleba moyvasi,
mis win rom acvan jvarzeda.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sors aris, metad Sors aris
daSorebuli mazeda.
WaobSi ari Cafluli,
vicnob mowamluls xmazeda,
sazarelia dadgoma
ugrZnobelobis gzazeda!~
rogorc vxedavT, adamianis sicocxlis Sinaarsad, srulfasovan
movlenad aRiara vaJam `baxtrionSi~, erT dros umSvenieresi, aw ukve
`daberebuli pirimzis~ ubrwyinvalesi simboluri xati da ufro metad
kidev òcneba tanjulis qveynisa~, romelic `qviTinebs mTisa wverzeda~.
`tanjuli qveynis ocneba~ ki qviTinebs, magram Tu qveyanas luxu-
misTana rainduli sulis adamianebi eyoleba samSoblos siyvarulis
grZnobas rom religiad aqceven da saWiro SemTxvevaSi misTvis Tavganwirvas
_ idealad, maSin SeiZleba endo did poets, romelmac fuye ki ara, mware
sinamdvilidan amozrdili optimizmi Seageba mkiTxvelis sulsa da gonebas,
roca damafiqreblad Tqva:
èRirsebao luxumsa
laSaris gorze Sadgoma~...
... e. i. l;uxumi da misi msgavsi adamianebi ara marto gadaarCenen,
aramed moeswrebian saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaso. esaa swored erovnuli
uZlevelobis erTi piroba da vaJas, rogorc qarTveli poetis rainduli
idealic; Tumca, Tavisuflebisaken miswrafeba yvela adamianis raindul
Rirsebad SeiZleba iqces, Tuki masSi saamiso Zala da energia aRmoCndeba.
ase rom, erTis mxriv, konkretuli, magram amave dros erTob zogadi
Sinaarsis Semcvelia, e. i. 489
488
azrobriv-emociuri Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, mravlisdamtevia
`baxtrioni~. amis gamo, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi-esTetikuri zegavlenis
masStabiT Cveneuli da uaRresad Tanamedrovea vaJas rainduli su-
liskveTebis gamomxatveli es marTlac brwyinvale poema.
àluda qeTelauri~. _ rainduli sulis Zalumad gamoxatvis
moTxovnas ukavSirdeba vaJas SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is niSani,
romelic sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTadmi pativiscemaSi vlindeba.
vaJasTvis CerqezTa mxare _ `qor-Savardnebis budea~ (`sisxlis Zieba~, 1896),
xolo àluda qeTelaursa~ da `stumar-maspinZelSi~ gansaxierebuli _
qistebi da qarTvelebi, qristianebi da mahmadianebi, TavianTi pirovnuli
Rirsebis gamo, poetis usazRvro TayvaniscemiT arian garemosilni. savsebiT
marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom `Tavisi amgvari viwro nacionalisturi
Tvalsazrisisagan sruliad Tavisufali damokidebulebiT vaJa ara mxolod
sakuTar, aramed Tavisi xalxis Sinagan sulier Rirsebebs warmoaCens~ (gr.
kiknaZe), Rirsebebs, romlis fesvebi qarTveli xalxis rainduli bunebis
wiaRSia saZiebeli. rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi gadalaxa
raindobam calkeul erovnebaTa sazRvrebi da raindobis Rirseba zneobrivi,
sulieri Zlierebis im sazogado etalonad iqca, romlis mixedviTac frangi
raindi pativs scemda germanels, inglisels, espanels da piriqiT. es
Tvisebebi pirovnuli Zlierebis gamomxatveli Tvisebebia da adamianis
sulieri amaRlebis mauwyebeli. mterSi, mowinaaRmdegeSi Rirsebis danaxva
da dafaseba raindis erTi niSandoblivi mxarea. am niSnis mixedviT vaJas
poemebSi _ àluda qeTelaursa~ da `stumar-maspinZelSi~ Zalzed saintereso
viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme: aq `poetma gviCvena Tavisi sayvareli gmirebis
zneobrivi martooba TanamoZmeTa Soris~1.
àluda qeTelauri~ 1888 wels gamoaqveyna vaJam. poemaSi gamom-
JRavnebuli mxatvruli xedvis siRrme da sifarTove gaocebasa da aRtacebas
iwvevs mkiTxvelSi: vaJam àluda qeTelaurSi~ gaafarTova ra raindul
TvisebaTa wre, iseTnairi midgoma gamoavlina movlenaTa mimarT, rom ara
mxolod Tavisi xalxis rainduli suli gamoxata, kidev ufro aamaRla
mkiTxvelis warmodegna raindobaze. adamianis Rirsebis da miT ufro
mowinaaRmdegis Rirsebis danaxvis unari rom rainduli Tvisebaa, es faqtia;
magram saqme isaa, vinaa pirovnebis metoqe, sxvadasxva erovnebis da erTi
rwmenis matarebelma orma sawinaaRmdego poziciis adamianma erTmaneTis
Rirseba rom dainaxos, tradiciulad esaa swored raindobis gamovlenis
umaRlesi safexuri, magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi vaJa-fSavelas mier
gansaxierebulma personaJebma imdenad didi Sinagani neba da sulieri
Zliereba gamoavlines, rom urTierTRirsebaTa dafasebis moTxovnilebam
maTTan dafara yvelanairi warmodgena da TviT religiuri sxvaoba. e. i.
adamianis Rirsebis cnobisa da dafasebis raindulma grZnobam aq gadalaxa
ara mxolod erovnuli, aramed sarwmunoebrivi jebirebi,
1 a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 186.490
489
ramac sabolood gansazRvra kidec zogierTi maTganis tragikuli
momavali; yvelaze TvalnaTliv am Taviseburebam àluda qeTelaurSi~ iCina
Tavi.
mahmadianma qistma mucalma Tavisi gulgautexlobiT, sakuTari
Zalebisadmi rwmenis simtkiciT, moxibla aluda. Tavis mxriv mucalic
moxiblulia qarTveli, qristiani aludas guladobiT. amitomacaa, rom
sikvdilis win aludas, rogorc Rirseul mowinaaRmdeges, iaraRs
gadaugdebs da etyvis:
èxla Sen iyos, rjul-ZaRlo,
xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa!~
magram aludas xom mucalis vaJkacoba itacebs; mas sulieri mxneoba
xiblavs da ara nivTi. nivTieri sawyauli ar izidavs rainds, radgan misi
TqmiT, `vaJkacoba ar iyideba fulada~. adamianis sulis Rirsebebi ar
SeiZleba sagniT, nivTiT aiwonos, materialuriT SeuZlebelia sulieri
unari Sefasdes.
aluda, Zvel raindTa msgavsad, aRtacebulia mucalis kacobiT.
amitomacaa, rom tirilSi poulobs gamoxatulebas is aunazRaurebeli
danaklisi, rac mis sulierma samyarom aRmoaCina mucalis sikvdilis Semdeg:
àludas Tofi ar unda,
atirda rogorc qalio;
ar ahyris iaraRebsa,
ar exarbeba Tvalio~.
mucalis sulieri Zalebisadmi aludas Tayvaniscema imdenad didia,
rom es grZnoba arRvevs yvelaze Seuvals _ sxvadasxva rwmenis matarebel
adamianTa Soris aRmarTul religiur kedels da qristian aludas
aTqmevinebs:
`vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo,
RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario~.
magram `cxonebis~ qristianuli Sinaarsis gadatana mahmadianze
momenturi ganwyobilebis gavlenis qveS myofi aludas cduneba ki araa,
aramed es misi mrwamsad qceuli mimarTebaa garemosadmi, roca igi xedavs,
rom adamiani unda dafasdes Rirsebis mixedviT. Rirsebis aRiareba ki unda
SeZlos, romelic gnebavT religiurma rwmenam da miT ufro qristianobam.
aluda TavisianebSi, qristianebSic acxadebs:
ìm cxonebulsa mucalsa
rkina sdebiyo gulada-o~.
swored mucalis rkiniseburi gautexloba aforiaqebs, sindisis
qenjnas uRvivebs aludas imis gamo, rom man yvela kacuri RirsebiT
Semkuli vaJkaci mokla. amitomacaa, koSmarul sizmarSic ki ar asvenebs mas
mucalis landi da pirispir daayenebs aludas Temis winaSe, Temisa,
romlisTvisac gaugebaria misi wevris moqmedebis Sinagani motivebi. azri
imis Sesaxeb, rom aluda aujanyda Temis aTaswlovan, konservatiul,
CamorCenil tradiciebs, roca mucals mklavi ar mokveTa da es Seiqna
Temisgan misi ganapirebis mizebi, karga xania 491
490
cnobilia, rom ar gamoxatavs sinamdviles. mokveTda Tu ar mokveTda
aluda mucals mklavs, amis gamo, arsebiTi xasiaTis dapirispireba ar
moxdeboda pirovnebasa da Temis wevrebs Soris, radgan mklavis moWra
adaTobrivi valdebuleba ki araa, aramed calkeuli piris nebazea
damyarebuli. es Cans ara marto am poemaSi, aramed vaJas poema ìvane
kotoraSvilis ambavSic~.
Temi aludas daupirispirda mxolod maSin, roca man mahmadiani
mucalis `cxonebis~ motivi wamoswia wina planze:
`kai ymis marjvena ari,
guli mewveba braliTa~, _ ambobs aluda.
sibralulis grZnobam, romelic dafuZnebulia Rirseuli adamianis
sikvdiliT gamowveul sinanulze, aTqmevina aludas: mklavis mosaWrelad
`ver gavimete mucali...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
guli gamiwyra, ara hqna,
rac saqnelia Znelada:
`dae, daakldes saxelsa,
me girCevnivar mrCevlada~...
sakuTari `me~ miaqvs Rirsebis aRiarebis samsxverploze aludas,
gulis rCevas, Sinagan sindisis xmas mihyveba igi da amitomacaa misi qceva
uaRresad eTikuri Tavisi SinaarsiT. realuri sinamdvilis mkacrma logikam,
romelic Tavisi mravalferovnebis gamo, Seudareblad ufro rTulia da
Rrma, vidre romelic gnebavT religiuri sistema, an lokalur-
eTnografiuli fargali, miiyvana aluda imis aRiarebamde, rom:
`Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT,
martoT Cven gvzdian dedani;
Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT
kuprSi mielis qSenani.
amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT,
RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician~.
aq gansjis iseT donesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca adamiani gamoeyofa Tavis
`me~-s da mas aqcevs damoukidebeli, kritikuli TviTanalizis sagnad. es
pirovnebis Sinagani simaRlis niSania. amnairi TvisebiT ar SeiZleba iyos
Semkuli Temuri wyobis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamiani, radgan Temobrivi
sinamdvilis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is pirovnulze yovelTvis abatonebs
gvarovnuls. pirovneba gamoyofas ver axerxebs Temis mier Seqmnili
konservatiuli azrovnebis da gansjis sferodan da Tu calkeul
SemTxvevaSi protests acxadebs arsebulis winaaRmdeg, es adamianis
zneobrivi samyaros, misi ERirsebis da sazogadod sulieri Rirebulebis
sferos ki ar exeba, aramed konfliqti mxolod da mxolod sagnobriv-
materialur momentze fuZndeba da misi dauflebis interesebiT isazRvreba.
aluda qeTelauris qcevis magaliTze vaJa gviCvenebs, rom winaaRmdegoba
pirovnebasa da garemos Soris sulier-zneobrivi SeuTanxmeblobis 492
491
niadagzea aRmocenebuli, e. i. aludas, rogorc WeSmarit pirovnebas,
Tavisi mimarTeba aqvs garemosadmi, sakuTari Tavisadmi. koleqtivis sulieri
cxovrebis etalonsa da motors, _ religiur rwmenas, _ aludam sakuTari
grZnoba-gonebisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze Seqmnili warmodgena
daupirispira, romelic rainduli xasiaTis axal, manamde ucnob samyaros
Slis mkiTxvelis winaSe. misi mrwamsiT, marto qristiani ki ar SeiZleba
iyos `kai yma~, anu raindi, aramed mahmadianic, Tuki igi adamianuri
Rirsebis, zneobrivi simtkicisa da kacuri Seuvalobis magaliTs iZleva.
esaa swored axali drois, Cveni droisaTvis egzom problemuri da
aucilebeli e. w. `sulis raindoba~, romelic kacobriobis sulier-
zneobrivi Rirebulebis gadasarCenad sanukvar idealadaaa dasaxuli
mravali moazrovnisa da mwerlis mier.
amitomac savsebiT samarTlianadaa aRiarebuli, rom àluda qeTe-
laurSi~ dgas ara Temisa da pirovnebis, aramed yvela droisaTvis
aqtualuri, Rrma socialuri simZafris mqone problema, problema _
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobisa (gr. kiknaZe). am sakacobrio
sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas vaJam Tavisi mxatvruli mizanswrafvis
gansasaxiereblad win wamoswia epoqis winaSe mdgomi rainduli idealis
axal garemoSi gamovlenis moTxovna. umaRles rwmenad vaJa-fSavelam
adamianis Rirsebis aRiareba, misadmi pativiscema CaTvala, ra erovnebasa da
sarwmunoebasac ar unda ekuTvnodes igi. poetma amiT gamoxata axali drois
umaRlesi sulieri swrafvis _ adamianis Rirsebis cnobis _ didi da
sapatio eTikur-esTetikuri wyurvili.
* * *
`stumar-maspinZeli~, 1893 wels daistamba vaJa-fSavelas poema `stumar-
maspinZeli~. am droisaTvis vaJas ukve gamoqveynebuli aqvs `Svlis nukris
naambobi~, `devebis qorwili~, `gogoTur da afSina~, àrwivi~, `xmeli
wifeli~, àluda qeTelauri~, èTeri, `baxtrioni~ da sxva mravali. vaJam
dasaxelebul nawarmoebTa fonze `stumar-maspinZlis~ saxiT kidev erTi
brwyinvale Txzuleba Seqmna.
ukve gamokvleulia, rom `stumar-maspinZelSi~ dgas yvela droisaTvis
mtkivneuli socialuri sakiTxi _ pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis problema. am sakiTxs vaJa rogorc aRvniSneT, sagangebod
exeba jer kidev 1888 wels àluda qeTelaurSi~, magram 1893 wlisaTvis
poeti `stumar-maspinZelSi~ ukve sul sxva masalas moixmobs, roca stumar-
maspinZlobis adaTze dayrdnobiT sxva aspeqtSi ganixilavs aRniSnul
problemas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis garkveva,
Tu vaJasTvis stumarmaspinZlobis adaTi ris gamo aRmoCnda nayofieri
masala pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli konfliqtis
saCveneblad.
poemis mixedviT, vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesi upiratesad
iqiTkenaa mimarTuli, raTa aCvenos, Tu ratom uwyobs xels am adaTis
moqmedeba pirovnulis iseTi simZafriT gamovlenas, rom igi 493
492
daupirispirdes koleqtivs, sazogadoebas. qarTul garemoSi am adaTis
moqmedebisas konkretul situaciaSi yvelaze metad vlindeba pirovnuli
sawyisi, aisaxeba qarTveli kacis konfliqturi xasiaTic da misi sulieri
Zlierebisaken midrekili bunebac. magram Tqma imisa, rom
stumarmaspinZlobis adaTi yvelaze sruli saxiT qarTuls sinamdvileSi
moqmedebs, rom arsad iseTi simtkiciTa da sisavsiT ar dgas misi dacva-
Senaxvis moTxovnileba, rogorc CvenTan, e. i. stumarmaspinZlobis
qarTvelTa sulis specifikur, mxolod qarTvelur movlenad miReba,
arsebuli faqtiuri masalis Seumowmebloba iqneboda. jer kidev bibliaSia
aRwerili stumarmaspinZluri grZnobebis gamomJRavnebis iseTi SemTxvevebi,
romelic sikeTisadmi, pirovnebis Rirsebisadmi pativiscemas da samsaxurs
aswavlis amqveynad adamianebs.
amitomac sxvadasxva xalxTa folklorsa Tu literaturaSi da,
rasakvirvelia qarTulSic1, Zneli araa iseTi nimuSebis povna, sadac
asaxulia stumarmaspinZlobisadmi pativiscemiTi damokidebuleba, misi
movla-dacvis moTxovna. erTi sityviT, stumarmaspinZlobis grZnoba yvela
xalxs aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, rogor vlindeba stumarmaspinZlobis sakuTrivi
meqanizmi konkretul garemo-viTarebaSi. amitomacaa, rom xalxTa
fsiqologiis gasaTvaliswineblad stumarmaspinZlobis adaTis
eTnografiuli aspeqtiT Seswavla sxvadasxva drois mkvlevarTa
Seunelebeli interesis sagani iyo da aris.
sagulisxmoa, rom vaJa-fSavelas eTnografiuli xasiaTis myari
interesebi aqvs da stumarmaspinZlobis sando, dawvrilebiT daxasiaTebasac
iZleva jer kidev 1886 wels werilSi `xevsurebi~, roca wers: `xevsurs imis
garda, rom uyvars stumari, Tavisda Sesaferisad daxvedrac icis. stumari
xevsuris saxlSi xelSeuxebelia. stumris mosisxle mters, maspinZlis
mezobelic, Tundac Zma rom iyos, ar SeuZlian stumars xma gasces, Tu vinme
gakadnierda, maSin TviTon maspinZeli gascems pasuxs stumris modaves.
saxlis daqcevasac ar daerideba, oRond stumari Seuracxyofisagan
daicvas~2.
poetis amgvari eTnografiuli eqskursebi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTi
procesis garkveulad Semamzadebeli safexurTagania. rasakvirvelia, vaJa-
fSavela mraval Tavis mxatvrul TxzulebaSi sakiTxTa ganxilvis
eTnografiul aspeqtsac icavs. amas mowmobs ara mxolod
stumarTmoyvareobis Sesaxeb zemoTmoyvanili eTnografiuli dakvirvebis
zusti realia `stumar-maspinZelSi~, aramed zogierTi sxva nawarmoebic3.
magram ufro sagulisxmoa sxva, kerZod, Tu ra sulieri Rirebulebis
Semcvel momentebs arCevs vaJas poeturi Tvali
1 am mxriv sayuradRebo masalaa Tavmoyrili wignSi: a. SaniZe,
qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I, xevsuruli, 1931.
2 vaJa-fSavela, Txz., sruli krebuli 10 tomad, t. 9, 1964, gv. 48.
3 aseTia magaliTad, `gogoTur da afSina~, sadac am adaTis
Sesrulebis calkeuli detalia aRwerili; xevsuri afSina `CoqiT~ rom
emsaxureba gogoTurs.494
493
eTnografiul masalaSi, anu am SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis sainteresoa, Tu
ratom iZens stumarmaspinZlobis adaTi poetur Rirebulebas vaJasTan.
`stumar-maspinZelze~ dakvirveba gvarwmunebs, rom Zalian efeqturia
stumarmaspinZlobis adaTis SerCeva am TxzulebaSi gansaxierebuli
ZiriTadi problemis _ pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris SesaZlebeli
konfliqtis saCveneblad. vaJa-fSavela eTnografiul masalaSi rainduli
Tvisebis Semcvel momentebs aqcevs Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagnad,
imitomac, rom stumarmaspinZlobis sakuTrivi Sinaarsi pirovnuli sawyisis
winwamowevis, anu raindulisaken swrafvis niSnebs Seicavs.
stumarmaspinZlobis adaTi gulisxmobs pativiscemis grZnobis ormxriv
gamovlenas. stumris mxriv am pativiscemiTi damokidebulebis darRvevis
SemTxveva iSviaTi araa Cveni yofisa da literaturisaTvis. TviT vaJa-
fSavelas `stumar-maspinZelSi~ stumrisadmi gamomJRavnebuli joyolas
undoblobac rom ar gavixsenoT (`namdvil aklebas gvipirobs, gvRalatobs
Cveni stumari~), am mxriv akaki wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ dasaxelebac kmara.
magram qarTul folklorsa da literaturaSi stumrad misuli mteric
pativiscemiTaa miRebuli maspinZlis mier da calkeul SemTxvevaSi
guliswyromaa gamoTqmuli imis gamo, rom stumari ver daicves1. stumrisagan
uzomod Seuracxyofili baTuc ki mainc amas cdilobs, rom `stumari ar
gauSvas gulnakli da umaduri~.
amgvari magaliTebidan Cans, rom maspinZlisaTvis moTxovnilebadaa
qceuli stumrisadmi pativiscema, stumarTmoyvareoba (maspinZlis)
pirovnuli Zalisa da Rirsebis gamomavlinebelia. maspinZeli cdilobs
sxvas ara mxolod aCvenos, aramed zogjer moaCvenos kidec pativiscemis
formaSi moqceuli sakuTari sikeTis unari. magram erTi avtoris TqmiT,
`Tuki pativiscema aris grZnoba, romlis ZiriTad elementad gvevlineba
sakuTari Rirsebis emocia, rogor SegviZlia Cven vTqvaT, rom vgrZnobT
pativiscemas sxva pirebisadmi? Cven pativs vcemT maT, vinc sakuTar Tavs
scems pativs, Cveni pativiscema sxvisadmi aris gamosaxva simpaTiisa imis
mimarT, vinc sakuTar Tavs scems pativs~2.
maSasadame, stumarmaspinZloba pirovnuli sawyisis farTod
gamomJRavnebasa da ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. pirovnulis Seqmnisaken
swrafva ki rainduli sulis Tvisebaa, radgan, rogorc aRniSnaven, swored
`raindoba Weds pirovnuli Rirsebisa da pativis grZnobas, qmnis
pirovnulis simtkices~3. magram yvela ers ara aqvs rainduli xasiaTebis
Seqmnis tradicia da arc moTxovnileba, radgan pirovnuli sawyisis sustad
ganviTareba zRudavs adamianis individualur
1 a. SaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I, xevsuruli, gv. 15; ix. agreTve
xalxuri àrsenas leqsi~ da sxv.
2 У. Мак-Дауголл, Основныепроблемысоциальнойпсихологии, переводс 4-
гоанглийскогоиздания. М. Н. Смирновой, М., 1916, gv. 118.
3 Н. Бердяев, ДушаРоссии, 1915, стр. 9.495
494
SesaZleblobaTagamovlenisdiapazonsdapirovnulzeabatonebskoleqtiu
rs, riTacaclispirovnebasdamoukidebeli, aqtiurimoqmedebisunars.
qarTulixasiaTisniSandobliviTvisebakisworedpirovnul-
individualurisgamZafrebuligrZnobaa.
amisutyuarmagaliTebsCveniistoriadatradicia-adaTebiiZlevian.
vaJa-fSavelasstumarmaspinZlobisadaTSirainduliqvelmoq-
medebiTiTvisebisSemcvelimomentixiblavs.
esadaTibiZgsaZlevspoetisfantazias, raTadaZabuli,
konfliqturisituaciebiSeqmnasdamisfonzeZlierixasiaTebigamohkveTos.
imisgamo,
romTviTstumarTmoyvareobisfaqtiatarebsTavisTavSipirovnuliswinwamowevis,
anuraindulisakenswrafvisniSnebs, vaJa-fSavelas `stumar-maspinZelSi~
joyolasdazviadaurisxasiaTebigarkveu-
ladamitomacgamoxatavspirovnuliRirsebisdacvis,
sakuTariZalisadaRirsebisrwmenisaTusxvaTaRirsebisdafasebisgrZnobebs.
amitomacgamoyofenkidec `stumar-maspinZelSi~
zviadaurissaxeSipersonificirebul `Seupovroba-gamZleobisa~
dajoyolassaxelTandakavSirebul `pirovnuliRirsebisdacvis~ motivs.
amTaviseburebaTagamoTvlianvaJasSemoqmedebasmamakacuriTvisebismatarebell
iteraturulfaqtad (gr. kiknaZe).
vaJa-fSavelas `stumar-maspinZlis~
personaJTaqcevauaRresadpirovnulisgamomxatveli, anurainduliqcevaa.
pirovnuliRirsebisemociaSeufaraviformiTaamocemulijoyolaSi,
rocazviadaurisSesapyrobadmosulqistebTanuneblieTavlensmaspinZluri
`me~-snamdvilxasiaTs:
`rocagascdebaCemsojaxs,
iqmoepyariTavada~.
joyolasakuTar `me~-sicavs. `visgauyidavstumari,
qisteTssadTqmulaambada~, _ ai, raawuxebsjoyolas. masarsurstradi-
ciisdarRveva.
arsebobsadaTistumrispativiscemisadaadaTimtrismtruladdaxvedrisa.
mocemulSemTxvevaSi, rodesacstumariaRmoCndamosisxlemteri,
erTmaneTsdaemTxvaamoriadaTisSesrulebisaucilebloba. rogorcaRniSnaven,
`vaJagviCvenebs,
romgarkveulsituaciaSiurTierTSeTanxmebulidadebiTiadaTiTemsarmoepoveba
daesiwvevspirovnebistragedias. amitomsakiTxiisekiarundagaSuqdes,
romTemsebrZvispirovneba, aramedundagaviTvaliswinoT, romTviTTemi
èbrZvis~ sakuTarTavs. TviTTemSiamocemuliSinaganiwinaaRmdegoba. vaJa-
fSavelasdamsaxurebadsworedisundamiviCnioT,
rommanTemisesSinaganiwinaaRmdegobadagvixasiaTa. man, SeiZlebaiTqvas,
rogorcarcerTmaqarTvelmamweralmaqarTulliteraturaSi, gviCvena,
rompirovnebistrage-
diasazogadoebisSigniTarsebuliwinaaRmdegobissafuZvelzeaaRmocenebuli~1.
amSinaganigaorebisprocesSijoyola, rogorcviciT, suliers,
qvelmoqmedebrivspoziciasirCevs.
1 gr. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, 1957, gv. 73-74.496
495
TemisaTvis, rogorc koleqtivisaTvis, qcevis Sablonia damaxasi-
aTebeli. amitomacaa, rom `stumar-maspinZelSi~ Seqmnil rTul situaciaSi
Temi Tavs ver arTmevs viTarebis sirTules. mzamzareuli sityvebiT mis
wevrTa msjeloba ZiriTadad afeqtebze damyarebul gadawyvetilebebs
warmoadgens. magram joyola Temis, anu sazogadoebis kontrols ar
uqvemdebarebs Tavis qcevas; misi gadawyvetileba TviTkontrols emyareba,
mas gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisi qcevis Sedegic. saerTod, joyolas qceva
uaRresad socialuria Tavisi arsiT, radgan igi adamianis Sinagani
gakeTilSobilebis magaliTia. am mxriv joyolas ukompromisoba poeturia
da ara utilitaruli, magram xasiaTis es poeturobaa swored misi
zneobrivi amaRlebis piroba. joyolas mxriv sakuTari qcevis
avtonomiurobis dacva rainduli zneobrivi idealis saxes Rebulobs da
rwmenis sferoSic iWreba; joyolas Tavganwiruli stumarTmoyvareobis
safuZveli RvTaebrivi Sinaarsis maspinZluri sikeTea, radgan misi mizani
moraluri grZnobis gaRviveba d sxvaze zemoqmedebaa. am SemTxvevaSi
joyola sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas da sulier simtkicesac amowmebs.
amitomac Tvlis igi stumris mosvlas `RvTis wyalobad~ da `sauflo
wesad~ _ mis daxvedra-Senaxvas. Cagruli zviadauris mimarT joyolas
saqcielSi rainduli erTguleba vlindeba. am samagaliTo erTgulebiTa da
gamtanobiT, sxvisi dandobiT es personaJi pirovnuli `me~-s TavisTavadobas
icavs. esaa namdvili raindis Tvisebac. joyola da zviadauri maTi
gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebisdamiuxedavad, erTi mizanswrafvis adamianebi
arian, radgan simarTlis moyvaruli vaJkacebisaTvis amqveynad yovelgvari
rwmenis qvakuTxedi gulis siwmindea, misi karnaxiT moqmedebaa. sulierisaken
aqvT maT swrafva, TavianTi Sinagani xmis mixedviT moqmedeben es gmirebi da
amitomac Tvlian isini Tavs erTmaneTis megobrad. es swored qarTul
garemoSi ganxorcielebuli didi germaneli mwerlis lesingis mier adre
gamoxatuli naTan brZeniseuli principia. `stumar-maspinZelSi~ irRveva
stumarmaspinZlobis adaTis eTnografiuli lokaluroba da am masalidan
vaJas mier SemoqmedebiTad amoziduli, konkretuli, qarTuli Tvisebebi
zogadsakacobrio Sinaarsis matarebel motivTa donemde adis. didi poeti
am poemaSic raindulis Sinaarsis axal mxatvrul interpretacias iZleva.
rainduli sulis daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT poemaSi yuradRebas
iqcevs qalisadmi mamakacis damokidebulebis vaJaseuli xedva.
zviadauris vaJkacuri sikvdilis mowme joyolas cols, aRazas,
garkveuli simpaTia uCndeba stumrisadmi. faqtia, rom aRaza moixibla
zviadauris vaJkacuri, mamakacuri xasiaTis simtkiciT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
vaJas cnobierebis zedapirze amoaqvs zviadauris Semyure aRazas fiqrTa
faruli dineba:
`netavi imas, vinaca
magis mklavzeda wveboda,
visica mkerdi, aw kruli,
magis gul-mkerdsa swvdeboda,497
496
netavi imas odesme
qmris trfoba gaucvdeboda?!~
zviadauris mimarT amgvari, natvris formiT gamovlenili mowoneba
TviT poetis winaSec ki qmnida sirTules, Tu ranairi gaazreba mieca
aRazas simpaTiisaTvis, marTlac, gmirulad daRupuli vaJkacisadmi xom ar
Rvivdeba qalSi siyvarulis grZnoba? rasakvirvelia, joyolas fxizeli
xedva aqvs, zviadauris sikvdilis gamo sulierad aforiaqebul,
gulSeRonebul aRazas pirvel rigSi rom ekiTxeba:
`xom arvin moiwadina
gadaegora mklavzeo?~
pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis mZafr grZnobas avlens joyola, roca
instinqturad am kiTxvas svams. miT ufro rom mis eWvs aZlierebs aRazas
mtknari tyuili, TiTqos qals miTiuri devi gamoecxada da coloba sTxova:
`...devs garda,
sxva ram saqmea kideva.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cqara sTqvi, swored miTxari,
Torem ver momiTmenia~.
am momentidan joyolam ukve icis, rom mis cols `sadardo,
sagulisxmo ram grZnoba guls~ gadahfenia. joyola aRazas xmis `naz
TrTolvis~ mizezsac xvdeba, roca qali simarTles eubneba da zviadauris
sikvdilis suraTs acocxlebs qmris winaSe. aq rTuli fsiqologiuri
atmosferoa Seqmnili. am sirTules garkveuli gavlenac ki mouxdenia vaJas
SemoqmedebiTi procesis mimdinareobaze, rasac TviT poetic aRiarebs:
`weris dros zogierTs nawarmoebs ramdenime xniT Sevuyenebivar. `stumar-
maspinZelSi~, magaliTad, im adgilma, roca qmari, joyola, hkiTxavs cols,
aRazas, namtiralevi rada xaro, amis gamo col-qmris baasma mTeli ori Tve
SemaCera. nametnavad im adgilma gamoiwvia CemSi sulieri ryeva, Tu ra
pasuxi unda gaeca joyolas colisaTvis, rogor Sehxvedriliyo aRazas
sityvebs, roca igi eubneboda zviadaurze: `cremlebi Semiwiria im Seni
megobrisTvisao~.
sabolood ki, rogorc viciT, vaJam uaRresad Tanamedrove mwerlis
TvaliT Caixeda mis gmirTa sulier samyaroSi, aRazas faqizsa da
amaRlebul gancdebs joyolas mxriv gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli
adamianis xedva daaxvedra da col-qmars Soris gamgebiani urTierTobis
maRali done SesTavaza mkiTxvels, roca joyolas aTmevina:
ìtire? madli giqnia,
me ra gamge var magisa~-o.
joyolam icis fasi sxvisi gancdebisa imitomac, rom mas sakuTari
gancdebis pativiscemis unari aqvs, sakuTari Rirsebis rainduli grZnoba
gaaCnia. 498
497
vaJa-fSavelac `stumar-maspinZelSi~ swored gancdaTa sirTulis
Cvenebas isaxavs miznad.
adamianis sulis siRrmeSi iZireba vaJa, roca aRazas pirovnebaSi
warmodgenil gancdaTa Widilis process aRwers. aRaza qaluri TvaliT
xedavs da afasebs zviadauris vaJkacur qcevas; misi qcevis mowonebac
swored qaluri mowonebaa. magram am gancdas ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba
hqondes mopovebuli garkveuli grZnobis ufleba, radgan mas arc raime
winaistoria uZRvis da arc Semdgomi ganviTareba axlavs; aq mxolod
fiqrSi aRmocenebuli momenturi xasiaTis gancdaa, romelsac sxva rigis,
zneobrivi Sinaarsis grZnobebi hfaravs. aRaza Tavis farul fiqrebs
xilulad ar xdis. am qalSi erTdroulad sxvadasxvanairi gancdebia
mocemuli, SesaZlebelia, winaaRmdegobrivic. magram maTze sabolood
mTlianad batonobs aRazas zneobrivi `me~. aRaza movaleobisa da
sibralulis sibrtyeze axdens Tavis gancdaTa gadanacvlebas, rac mis
sulier sifaqizes mowmobs; cocxal adamianSi ki mowonebis grZnobac aris
da sxvisi rainduli qcevis gatacebisac, sibralulisac da siyvarulisac,
movaleobisa da sakuTari qcevis TviTSefasebisac. qmrisadmi didi
siyvaruli ar gamoricxavs sxva mosawoni mamakacis mowonebis
SesaZleblobasac. aseTia cocxali adamianis mravalferovani buneba. da
swored es Sinagani mravalferovneba, grZnobaTa dafaruli sirTule aris
`stumar-maspinZlis fsiqologiuri siRrmis piroba.
`gvelis mWameli~. vaJa-fSavelam gardacvalebamde 14 wliT adre
gamoaqveyna `gvelis mWameli~ (1901 w.) Semdgom man, marTalia, kidev 14 poema
dawera1, magram TavianTi mxatvruli ZaliT es Txzulebebi odnavadac ver
uswordebian `gogoTur da afSinas~, èTers~, àluda qeTelaurs~,
`baxtrions~, `stumar-maspinZelsa~ da `gvelis mWamels~. zemoTqmulis
mixedviT ar unda vifiqroT, rom TiTqos vaJas niWs SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis mogviano etapze Sesusteba daetyo. piriqiT, vaJa-fSavela
sicocxlis dasasrulamde axlis ZiebaSia; misi niWis amouwuraobas mowmobs
ara mxolod brwyinvale `simRerebi~, Tu `fSaveli jariskacis werili~,
aramed mravali da mravali prozauli Sedevri. epikur JanrSi ki 900-iani
wlebidan vaJas SemoqmedebiTi fantazia adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro myar
dasayrdens Zvel masalaSi, bibliur da qarTul tradicia-adaTebTan
dakavSirebul gadmocemebSi poulobs. amis gamoxatulebaa Tundac 1913 wels
Seqmnili poemebi: `svindisi~ da `mandili~. Tu pirvel nawarmoebSi mwvave
eTikuri problemebis gasaSuqeblad bibliuri abelisa da kaenis ambavia
gamoyenebuli, meoreSi asaxulia qalis kulti da mocemulia qarTul
adaTebSi daculi im rainduli Tvise
1 esenia: `mamidis danabarebi~, ùiRblo iRbliani~, `ZaRlika
ximikauri~, `suli oblisa~, `sityva~, `naxevar-wiwila~, `coli anu Cemi
Tavgadasavali~, `Rila da kvirisa~, `mTaTa erToba~, `deda-Svilebi~,
`saSobao ambavi~, `svindisi~, `mandili~, `kaci marTali~.499
498
bebis xotba, rasac poeti ufro adre iZleva leqsSi `kai yma~ (1909).
vaJa pirvelad qarTul sinamdvileSi cdilobs groteskul planSi
ganixilos mwvave socialuri problemebi (`naxevar-wiwila~).
sxva sakiTxia ramdenad axerxebs vaJa aRniSnuli masalisa da
problematikis saTanado mxatvrul formaSi moqcevas da ra dones aRwevs am
TxzulebebSi misi poeturi fantazia. am qmnilebaTa fonze vaJas mxatvrul
SesaZleblobaTa sisrulis sabuTs marTlac warmoadgens `gvelis mWameli~;
magram ara imitom, rom poetis SemoqmedebiTi zeaRsvla am
nawarmoebiTYifarglebodes. rogorc aRvniSneT, vaJa axal gzebs eZebs
literaturaSi, oRondac am Ziebis procesi naadrevad wydeba. (vaJa 53 wlisa
iyo, roca gardaicvala) da `gvelis mWamelis~ saxiT rCeba iseTi Txzuleba,
romlis badali, epiur JanrSi mainc, vaJas Semdgom aRar Seuqmnia.
zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, unda iTqvas, rom vaJas arc erT
qmnilebas ar gamouwvevia Cvens literaturul wreebSi azrTa iseTi
sxvadasxvaoba, rogoric `gvelis mWamelma~ gamoiwvia. azrTa es
sxvadasxvaoba mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom `gvelis mWamelis~, rogorc
yoveli didi nawarmoebis, gagebisaTvis kidev droa saWiro. rogorc
cnobilia, amgvari Txzulebis aromati, misi sitkbo da oqros brwyinvaleba
SeiZleba gaizardos karga xnis Semdeg, wlebis ganmavlobaSi. bolos da
bolos, kiTxvis tradiciis gamoc, radgan kargi mkiTxvelebi ganuwyvetliv
ukeTess da kargi mowinaaRmdegeni ufro da ufro naTels xdian mas.
am TvalsazrisiT mraval kritikossa da mkvlevars ganuxilavs vaJas
`gvelis mWameli~. bevri maTgani mxolod imas eZebs, romeli xalxuri
Tqmulebidan iRebs saTaves es poema, ramdenad emTxveva folklorul
wyaros igi, ra daamata da ra gamoaklo mas poetma. amgvari kvleva-ZiebiTi
operaciebis dros TiTqmis meqanikur aqtamdea dayvanili SemoqmedebiTi
procesis mimdinareoba da sazogadod vaJas, rogorc xelovanis,
individualuri SesaZleblobebi miCqmalulia, an saTanadod veraa
gaTvaliswinebuli. zogierT kritikossa da mkvlevars vaJas sicocxleSic
da dResac undoda ara am Txzulebis sirTulis danaxva, misi wvdoma,
aramed pasuxi imaze, Tu ramdenad sarwmunoa `gvelis mWamelis~ xalxur
masalasTan Sepirispirebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegi. roca amgvari
safuZvlis povna saWoWmano xdeboda isini ar eridebodnen (da arc axla
eridebian) faqtebze xelovnur Zaldatanebas. oRondac mkvlevrebi angariSs
ar uweven erT Zalian mniSvnelovan garemoebas. sim. Ciqovanis marTebuli
TqmiT, `gvelis mWamelis~ `folkloruli variantebi vaJa-fSavelas poemis
dabeWdvis Semdeg iqna Sekrebili da gamoqveynebuli. axla Zneli dasadgenia,
ra wamoiRo poetma xalxuri wyaroebidan da ra waiRo xalxurma poeziam
TviT vaJa-fSavelas poemidan1. kritikosTa umravlesoba simaritivisaken
iswrafvoda da iswrafvis. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT maT ratomRac
ar akmayofilebT amgvari
1 s. Ciqovani, rCeuli werilebi, Tb., 1963, gv. 331.500
499
interesebiT SeiaraRebuli ip. virTagavasadmi miwodebuli vaJas pa-
suxi, sadac didi poeti yovelgvari Sefarvis gareSe uxsnis guls
mkiTxvels.
`gvelis mWamelis~ araki, _ wers vaJa, _ rac me gavigone da razec
avaSene mTeli poema, Semdegia: xevsuri mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs, maT
Soris cxovrebam iqamdis daaRona mindia, Tavis mokvlamde miiyvana. Tavis
mosaklavad gvelis xorci sWama, romliTac qajebi ikvebebodnen. gvelis
Wamam sruliad sxva nayofi gamoiRo, mindia brZen-kacad gadaiqca. misi
sibrZne, xalxuri TqmulebiT, sCans mcenareebis cnobaSi, Tu romeli mcenare
ra satkivaris wamalia, radgan yvela mcenare Tavad iZaxis, ris wamalic
aris da mindiamac am mcenareTa ena kargad icis. Sedegi am codnisa aris
mindias gaeqimeba. misi wamali uebaria. xalxuri Tqmuleba amas iqiT ar
gadis. maSasadame, mindias dacolSvileba, colTan baasi, xorcis uWmeloba,
Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, mxedarTmTavruli niWi gvelis mWamelisa, Citebis
enis codna, xalxur Tqmulebas ar ekuTvnis. ambavi mindias sulis araviTar
dramatiulis gancdas ar warmoadgens xalxis TqmiT~.
vaJas mier aRniSnuli sakmao safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom
WeSmaritma xelovanma `Tavis sulier quraSi~ gaataros arsebuli masala,
raTa misgan axali nawarmoebi Seqmnas, magram sainteresoa, vaJas
SemoqmedebiTi fantazia ratom miizida erTi SexedviT ucnaurma masalam,
kerZod, gvelis mWamel mindiaze arsebulma Tqmulebam. vaJas mier SerCeuli
amgvari masalac apirobebs Semdgom ukve gvelis mWamelSi gansaxierebuli
problemis xasiaTs da nawarmoebis mxatvruli arqiteqtonikis erT
ganmsazRvrel faqtoradac gamodis. amitomacaa, rom masalisadmi vaJaseuli
midgomis princips poemaSi arsebuli problemis gasaRebadac Tvlian.
tradiciuli gagebiT, romelsac mkvlevrebi eyrdnobian, gveli odiTganve
sibrZnisa da Zlierebis simboloa. da TavisTavad am momentebze dayrdnoba
gansazRvravs nawarmoebSi aRZruli sakiTxebis Sinaarssac. vaJas `gvelis
mWamelis~ ganxilvisas swored am niadagze gaiSala msjeloba adamianis
Semecnebis farglebis Sesaxeb da gamoiTqva azri, rom poemaSi
yovlismcodneobis, samyaros inteleqtualuri wvdomis, anu rogorc am
bolo dros uwodeben, fausturi problemaa dasmuli.
magram aRniSnul SexedulebaTa gverdiT `gvelis mWamelis~ ideur-
mxatvruli analizis Catarebisas gamoiTqva azri, romlis Tanaxmad
inteleqtualurad ki ara, ìnstinqturad bunebis wvdomis problema dgas
mkafiod `gvelis mWamelSi~, oRondac aq `gansaxierebuli instinqti
adamianuri instinqtia da Tavisi Sinaarsi eTikis sferodan àmoaqvs~ (gr.
kiknaZe). vaJas SemoqmedebiTi midgoma aRniSnuli problemis gaSuqebisadmi
garkveulad gansxvavdeba wminda inteleqtualur monacemebze dafuZnebul
`sibrZnismoyvareobis~ ZiriTad Temad aRiarebisagan. gr. kiknaZis azriT,
`gvelis mWameliT~ vaJam `gviCvena, rom gonebis gverdiT adamianuri
instinqtebiTac SeiZleba garemos wvdoma, misi erTgvari gageba~1.
1 gr. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba. Tb., 1957, gv. 147.501
500
`gvelis mWamelis~ ZiriTadi problemis amgvari interpretaciis
pirobebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba am nawarmoebis Temis CaTvla araCveulebriv
Temad, aRiareba imisa, rom Cveni literaturuli cxovrebis fonze mindias
saxiT, upirveles yovlisa, araCveulebrivi pirovnebaa warmodgenili.
araCveulebrivi, gamorCeuli, intuiciuri unariT dajildoebuli
pirovnebis Cveneba ki ukve iTxovda xelovanisagan axali drois
literaturul da filosofiur interesTa doneze dgomas. Tumca vaJas
nawerebSi ar mogvepoveba pirdapiri miTiTeba, rom poeti iziarebdes
romelime cnobili modernisti mwerlisa da moazrovnis pozicias, magram
erTi ram ki faqtia. mis dros arsebuli cnobili Sexedulebebi rom
aZlevda biZgs vaJas sakuTari, gansxvavebuli poeturi poziciis
Sesaqmnelad, amaSi araferia ucnauri. Tanadrouli filosofiur-
literaturuli cxovrebisadmi vaJas uaryofiT mimarTebaSic SeiZleba Zieba
gavlenis faqtisa, imnairi gavlenisa, roca poeti adrindelTan farul
SemoqmedebiT WidilSi qmnis axal sinamdviles. ai, swored am niSniT
SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTgvar wyarod da niadagad vaJasaTvis is
literaturul-filosofiuri garemo, romlis wiaRSic iqmneboda misi
personaJebi da maT Soris mindia.
vaJa-fSavela, rogorc es yovel did xelovans Sehferis, misi TqmiT,
sakuTar `sulier quraSi atarebda~ yvelafers, tradiciulsa da uaRresad
axals, sakuTriv qarTulsa da evropuls. araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom
vaJa-fSavela icnobda misi drois filosofiur Teoriebsa da nawarmoebebs.
arc isaa moulodneli, rom igi xSirad polemikuradac iyo ganwyobili maT
mimarT, iseve rogorc, SesaZlebelia, Sinaganad did SemoqmedebiT
siaxlovesa da simpaTiasac avlenda zogierTi xelovanisa da
moazrovnisadmi. am mxriv SesaZlebelia, vaJas Tanamedrove moazrovneTa
Sexedulebebs, mweralTa Txzulebebs hqonda kidec misi SemoqmedebiTi
procesis mimdinareobisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba, iseve rogorc mraval
qarTul xalxur legendas, ambavsa da gadmocemas.
ase rom, marTalia, vaJa xSirad iSveliebs xalxur Tqmas, `sofeli vin
da erTi kacio`, roca poets Zlieri pirovnebis Sefaseba surs, amave
poziciidan, marTalia, vaJasave ekuTvnis gamoTqma `niWma unda Semusros
sazogadoebis gemovneba, niWma unda aRzardos igi axal weszeo~. erTi
SexedviT, vaJa TiTqos uaryofs kidec Tavisi drois civilizaciis
monapovars, roca wers: `vardi vardia, mainc ar vaqeb, tyeSi mosuli
miCveneT ia~ da èifelis koSks Tavmomwones~ amjobinebs `kldeT Zirs rom
Savi lodebi hyria~. aseve vaJas ekuTvnis azri sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi `me~-s
Sesaxeb: `me imisTvis ki ar vwer, maqon da madidon, aramed imisTvis, rom
Cems sulsa da guls vasiamovnoo~. iseve rogorc vaJas simReraTa
laitmotivia: `Cems mReras Tund yurs nu ugdebT, me mainca vmReria~, radgan
rogorc ambobs, `memRereba da vimReri~-o.
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT striqonebs: `minam arwivi da kakabi
arian, kakabi mudam sanadiro iqneba arwivisa~ (`qveyanazed ra movle502
501
na ras momagonebs~, 1886). mis TxzulebebSi Cans, Tu rogor imarjvebs
gveli sust arsebaze da vxedavT mis Sxamian sicils (moTxroba `gveli~,
1894). vaJas uyvars da itacebs mglisa da arwivis, vefxvisa da lomis
mxecuri cxovrebac (ix. mag. moTxroba `suraTebi~, 1886, leqsi àrwivi~, 1893,
àdamiani~, 1912 da a. S.).
vaJa samyaros gvirgvinad warmodgenil adamianSi, romelsac silamazis
gancdis didi unari aqvs, amCnevs `sisxlis moyvare grZnobis cdunebas~,
silamazis siyvarulTan SeerTebul ìm bilw bunebas~, romliTac adamiani
klavs da anadgurebs am silamazes (leqsi àdamiani~).
magram zemoTmotanili azrebi vaJas moqalaqeobrivi da mxatvruli
poziciis im mxares aTvalsaCinoebs mxolod, riTac didi poeti `swavlis
saxels~ amofarebul `sibriyves~ gmobs.
didi poeti sazogadoebisaTvis Zlieri pirovnebis, niWieri Semoqmedis
rolsa da mniSvnelobas gaxazavs, amasTan dakavSirebiT igi xSirad
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi unaris TviTgancdas avlens. sxva SemTxvevaSi
gamomJRavnebuli mxatvruli mimarTeba mglis, vefxvis, lomis, arwivis,
gvelis cxovrebis silamazisadmi vaJa-fSavelas filosofiuri midgomis
gamoxatulebaa. marTalia, es mxecebi susts Telaven, nTqaven da
anadgureben, magram poetisave TqmiT, maT hSia da ìmitomac itaceben.
ramdenia imisTana, rom arca hSian, arca swyurian da mainc kidev hylapavs
yvelafers, razedac xeli miuwvdeba~ (moTxroba `suraTebi~, 1886).
adamianis bunebis naTeli da bneli mxareebis SemCnevac, adamianSi
gamovlenili mxecuri sawyisis, misi `bilwi bunebis~ gaSiSvleba imis
dadasturebaa, rom vaJa-fSavela rogorc uaRresad Tanamedrove xedvis
mqone xelovani, xsnis, ganmartavs samyaros wonasworobis princips, riTac
did socialur movlenaTa mudmivmoqmedi meqanizmis _ borotebisa da
sikeTis Sinagani Widilis danaxvis dialeqtikur unars uviTarebs
mkiTxvels. amis mkafio nimuSia agreTve misi brwyinvale leqsi `Rame mTaSi~.
vaJa-fSavelas mTeli Semoqmedebis, iseve rogorc misi poeturi
mrwamsis gaTvaliswineba adasturebs, rom igi uaRresad socialurad
momarTuli poeti iyo. oRondac vaJam Zalzed gaafarTova qarTul
sinamdvileSi am cnebis sakuTari Sinaarsi da mas metad filosofiuri
Tviseba mianiWa. amitomacaa, rom is Txzulebebi, sadac vaJas pirovneba Cans,
mravalplaniania da nair-nairi asociaciaTa aRmZvreli mkiTxvelisa da
mkvlevarisTvisac ki. `gvelis mWamelSi~ `daujerebel ambavs~ hyvebian
mindias araCveulebrivi Tavgadasavlis gamo~.
am SemTxvevaSi mindias `qajTa qveyanaSi~ Tormet wels tyveoba,
`qajTa~ Soris yofna edeba safuZvlad am personaJSi gamorCeuli Tvisebebis
SeZenas.
tyveobiT TavmoZulebulma mindiam Tavis mokvlis mizniT gadawyvita
`qajTa saWmeli~, moxarSuli gvelis xorci, èRo pirad~, magram sikvdilis
magivrad mas àxlad suli Caedga, axali xorci 503
502
aisxa~, `gulis xedva da Tvalebis rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna~, e.
i. erTi SexedviT, aq gvelTan siaxloviT iZens adamiani sxvebisagan
gansxvavebul unars, am dRidan esmis mas ena `sulier-usulosi~. amasTan,
mindiam ukve `Seigno, Wama gvelisa qajTagan iyo zmaneba~ da rom mas
`sibrZne aCvenes gvelada~. mindia qajTa araadamianur yvela saidumlos
eziara, Tumca is, rac qajebs qajad, e. i. borot sulebad aqcevda. demour
Tvisebas sZenda, mindiasaTvis borotebasTan Seziareba ucxo darCa. mindiam
`sxva yvelaferi iswavla xerxia~, `mxolod borotma mis gulSi ver moikida
fexia~. amitomac mindia bolomde adamianuris erTguli rCeba. igi cdilobs
qajebTan, anu borotebis simbolosTan dapirispirebas da kidec ìmedovnebs,
dRes Tu xval... qajebs uWiros panCuri~. magram adamianuri saqmisadmi didi
siyvarulis miuxedavad, TanamoZmeTa TvalSi mindia mainc araCveulebriv
pirovnebad rCeba. ufro metic, misi gamorCeuli unari, aq codnas rom
uwodeben, berdias mier imTaviTve araadamianur codnadaa CaTvlili da
eWvic ki SeaqvT, aris ki es marTla codna Cveulebrivi gagebiT? `nuTu
aseTi codnao iqneba kacis ZaliTa?~ _ kiTxuloben isini. magram mindia
Zlieria, yovlisSemZlea da amis gamo ver bedaven masTan dapispirebas,
radgan igi `malia tyviasaviTa, grZneuli, rogorc gvelia~. Tavisi
araCveulebrivi monacemebis wyalobiT mindias TviT mefe Tamaric ki Tayvans
scems da, bunebrivia, rom aRmerTebs, nugeSad hsaxavs fSav-xevsureTi
mTelia~. ufro metic, xalxs imdenad swams mindiasi, rom RmerTTanac ki
atoleben, roca eubnebian: `Cvena gvwam, Senac xo ici, rom hlaparakob
RmerTTana~. saxalxo azris mixedviT, mindia xeldasmulia. magram rogorc
yoveli gamorCeuli adamiani, mindiac ucnauria. es ucnauroba
gamRizianeblad moqmedebs Cveulebriv adamianebze; ukvirT, èrT wamSi
cxrajer ratom scvlis gminva tirilzed lxins~. es sazogadoebrivi azria
mindias mimarT. kidev ufro momTxovnia da, adamianuri TvalsazrisiT,
mindias Cveulebrivad gadaqcevis mosurne misi coli mzia. mas qaluri da
ufro metad ki dedobrivi praqticizmi ukarnaxebs, rom mindia ise moiqces,
rogorc sxva kacebi iqcevian: nadiric klas, radgan `ymawviln uxorcod
dazrdilni ra vaJkacobas izamen~, SeSac daamzados, rom `sicive balRebs
milevso~ da a. S.
Cveulebrivs, rigiTs keTilSobil dedasa da meuRles ar esmis
mindias sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli rainduli bunebisa; mzia cdilobs mindias
pirovnulis nivelirebas, mis damsgavsebas simravlesTan, radgan
araCveulebrioba sakuTari qmrisa, bunebis ena rom esmis, verc `nadirs
xocavs~ da verc SeSas `Wris~, usargebloa arsebobisaTvis.
rasakvirvelia, mindias abrazebs, roca Cveulebriv adamianebs
adareben, sulier daTmobebze wasvlas moiTxoven da jogur sawyiss
uTanabreben mis unars. `cxovrebis magaliTada briyvebi damisaxo-di~-o, _
eubneba igi cols. mindia maRali ocnebiT cocxlobs: `netavi imas, visac ki
madlieri hyavs qveyana~, _ esaa amqveyniuri bednierebis maZiebeli am didi
adamianis ideali. am idealis gansaxorcieleblad 504
503
man ucnauri unari moimarjva, magram ucnaurobas danaxva da gageba
sWirdeba. ojaxi da sazogadoeba sargeblobs mindias RvTaebrivi mo-
nacemebiT, RmerTad saxavs mas, magram roca yofiT, yoveldRiur adamianur
urTierTobaze midgeba saqme, ar SeuZliaT gaugon. mindias garSemo myofi
adamianebi gagebis magivrad ufro iol gzas, gakicxvas, irCeven da am gziT
cdiloben daiaxlovon da daimsgavson es araCveulebrivi pirovneba. ojaxi
da Temis wevrebi odnavadac ki ar fiqroben, rom mindias gansxvavebul
Tvisebebs, romelic swored maT sasikeToadaa mimarTuli, movla sWirdeba.
swored yofiTi yoveldRiurobidan gamomdinare metad SemozRuduli
gonebis moTxovnaTa msxverpli xdeba mindia. igi Tavisi intuiciuri unariT
uaRresad socialuri pirovnebaa da sul imis fiqriTaa Sepyrobili,
`riTiRa argos qveyanas~. mas Semdeg, rac mindiam ojaxisa da Temis wevrTa
kaprizebis gamo dakarga ucnauri niWi, igi dReniadag imaze wuxs, `riTiRa
vargo qveyanas, davcarieldi codniTao~. da amaSi, pirvel yovlisa, brals
sdebs sakuTar ojaxs, roca maTi misamarTiT ambobs: `Tqvengan davkarge
goneba~ da àxla qveyanac davRupo, Tqven pirSi gedgasT sulia?~ _ aqedan
kargad Cans, rom viwro, piraduli ki ara, sazogadoebrivi interesebi dgas
mindiasaTvis yvelaze maRla da am interesebiT cxovrebaa misi arsebobis
erTaderTi forma amqveynad, magram martivi goneba yvelafris axsnisa da
absoluturi sicxadisaken iswrafvis. mas Semdeg, rac mindias aRar gaaCnia
`Zveli mcneba TavSi~, coli rwmundeba, rom mindias codna namdvili codna
ki ara, sxva ram yofila. Tu mindias marTla codna hqonda, maS, ratom ar
unda `gaegebodes~, ratom ar unda gaaCndes imis cnobiereba, rodis hkargavs
da ris gamo?~ es TviTon unda efiqrao, ambobs mzia. gonebaze damyarebuli
fiqris nayofi araa mindias unari. mindia, mzias TqmiT, `grZnobda cuds~,
roca xes sWrida da nadirs xocda, rom scodnoda, ar Caidenda am saqmeso.
e. i. mindia grZnobda, ki ar icoda.
magram Cveulebrivi adamianebi iTxoven, mindiam yvelaferi icodes,
yvelas gaugos; xolo mindias gagebaze, mis mimarT yofiT daTmobebze TviT
ar midian. am SemTxvevaSi mindia ki ara, sazogadoebaa egoisti iseTi
pirovnebisadmi, romelic Zalasa da energias ar zogavs, rom qveyanas
àrgos~.
mindias aqvs TviTSefasebis grZnoba da fiqrobs, rom, codna ki ara,
raRac sxva unari hqonda. am unaris dakargvam aTqmevina mas uari
mxedarTmTavrobaze: ìs sxva dro iyo~-o, _ ambobs kidec. mindiasaTvis,
mxolod mindiasaTvis iyo dakarguli `Zviri saunje~. magram Tu es saunje
namdvili codnaa, daviT guramiSvilis TqmiT, is àrc cxadiT ZaliT
wairTmis, arc malviT moiparebis~. mindia ki wuxs: `davkarge Zviri saunjeo~.
rogorc vxedavT, mindias aqvs TviTgancda sakuTari Zalebisa, im unarisa,
romelsac TviTon flobs. am unaris tarebas misTvis ara aqvs viwro
praqtikuli mniSvneloba, igi saqveyno saqmeebze zrunvaSia ganfenili. am
didi unaris socialuri moxmarebis cnobiereba aqvs mindias da amitomac
usazRvroa misi wuxili, roca kargavs mas. saR gonebasTan erTad mindias
maRali 505
504
intuiciac gaaCnia, romelsac igi bunebis, anu `sicocxlis wiaRSi~
Sehyavs. mindia, rogorc intuiciiT aRWurvili pirovneba, moqmedebs bunebis
Tanaxmad da upirispirdeba trafaretulad momarTul gonebas.
mosalodneli brZolis Jams koleqtivizmis principi, misi azriT,
warmatebis pirobaa. is sxva dro iyo, axla `davkarge Zviri saunje~, me erTi
var da `Cemi rCeva gamogadgebaT Zvirada~, àwon-dawoneT, jari xarT, fiqri
SekariT mTelada~, _ mimarTavs mindia Tanamemamuleebs. mindias axsniT
Tvalsazrisze dgas, roca sakuTari `me~-s Sesaxeb laparakobs. mindias
azriT, sakuTari sisustis Segneba yovel adamians uWirs. adamianebs ar
surT sakuTari uZulurebis danaxva. `Tavis marcxs kacni ver vityviT, Cqara
viubnebTYsxvisasa~, _ eubneba igi berdias da amiT Tavis sisustesac
aRiarebs, oRond am sisustis yvela warmomSob wyaros sxvaTa Tvalisagan
faravs. sazogadoeba ki amis axsnasac Txoulobs. maT ar akmayofilebT min-
dias aRiareba imis gamoc, rom ar undaT man uari Tqvas beladobaze. mindia
iZulebulia ukanasknel xerxsac mimarTos da sajarod ganacxados: àn
rodis saukunoda me xalxma gamabelada?~ _ es imitom, rom maradiuli
mindiasaTvis araferia am qveyanaze. mindias am maRali Tvisebebis
miuxedavad, vaJa gveubneba, rom Turme, aseTi gamokveTili individualobis
mqone rainduli bunebis pirovnebac ar SeiZleba iyos srulqmnili. igi did
RirsebebTan erTad Tavis adamianur nakls atarebs. mindias sisuste, pirvel
yovlisa, imaSi mJRavndeba, rom TanamemamuleTa SeZaxili: `RmerTi gauwyres,
vinc Sens rCevas iqiTa fexi gadadgas saomrad~ _ mas ndobis namdvil
gamoxatulebad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi ki amgvari ndoba SiSzea
aRmocenebuli. jansaR koleqtivs, sazogadoebas, SeuZlia mouaros Tavis
Tavs, sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa ukmarobis Sesaxeb erwmunos Tavkacis
aRsarebas. magram koleqtivis azri, romelSic mindias uxdeba arseboba,
konservatulia. es Tundac iqidanac Cans, rom sazogadoeba grZnobs mindias
mcdar pozicias, magram SiSis gamo mainc mihyveba mas, rogorc avtoritets.
pativmoyvareobis formaSia gamovlenili pirovnuli sisuste.
konservatuli koleqtivis SeZaxilze ayoliT usafuZvlo TviTdarwmuneba
sakuTar ZalebSi, maSin, roca man ukve icis, rom Zveleburi `mcneba aRar
aqvs TavSia~, aris mindias adamianuri nakli. aq iCens Tavs swored mindias
bunebaSi (iseve rogorc yoveli adamianis xasiaTSi met-naklebad arsebuli)
Rrmad mdebare, mimaluli individualisturi momenti, rac sabolood iwvevs
mindias marcxs. amitomac, akaki gawerelias TqmiT, aq `mocemulia faruli
kritika individualizmisa~1.
vaJa-fSavela `gvelis mWamelis~ magaliTze gviCvenebs, rom movlenaTa
msvlelobas, sinamdviles, cxovrebas gezs ver ucvlis verc rCeuli
adamiani, gmiri, Tu gnebavT `ze-kacic~ da verc mxolod
1 a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 187.506
505
gonebrivad moumwifebel mis principebze dayrdnoba. gonebaClungi
sazogadoebis konservatizmi imaSic mJRavndeba, rom igi erT dros diad,
magram amJamad unardaSretili calkeuli pirovnebis imedis amara cdilobs
winsvlas. rasakvirvelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi amgvari pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebis urTierToba, maTi saqveyno-saerTo saqme yovelTvis
marcxdeba.
vaJas idealia jansaRi, energiiT savse, Zlieri, unariani pirovnebis
interesebi daemTxves gonebagaxsnili, sicocxliTa da fiqrianobiT savse
koleqtivis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebs. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eZleva
gasaqani pirovnebis SesaZleblobas, mis yovelgvar unars.
Tuki sazogadoeba Caklavs pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebisaken
swrafvas, rogorc es mindias mimarT Caidina ojaxma da sazogadoebam,
Znelia daendo fuW ocnebas da amao imeds: `visac mauklavs, is mahklavs
xarsa iremsa rqiansa~. rainduli idealebis mqone pirovnebis ocnebaTa
marcxi da tragedia gviCvena vaJam `gvelis mWameliT~. aq warmodgenilia ara
`RvTaebrivi~, aramed sazogadod idealuri rainduli pirovnebis problema.
poetis mizania warmoaCinos wvrilmani interesebiT mcxovreb sazogadoebaSi
ara individualisturi, aramed maRali socialuri idealebis, axali drois
WeSmariti `sulis raindis~ ocnebaTa marcxi.
amdenad, mindiasa da skeptikurad ganwyobil sazogadoebas Soris
Widili esaa Cveulebrivi winaaRmdegoba sazogadoebasa da axal adamians
Soris. faqtiurad, `gvelis mWameliT~ vaJa agvirgvinebs Zlieri,
socialurad jansaRad moazrovne pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb adreul
nawarmoebebSi TavCenil rainduli sulis gamoxatvis survils _ iqneba es
`gogoTur da afSina~, àluda qeTelauri~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, ìvane
kotoraSvilis ambavi~ da sxv.
vaJa-fSavelas proza
vaJa-fSavelam 118 moTxroba dagvitova da am TxzulebebSi gan-
sxvavebuli mxatvruli interesebi gamoavlina. Cveni imJamindeli
sinamdvilisaTvis aqtualuri socialuri sakiTxebi wamoswia mweralma
Tavis moTxrobaTa erT wyebaSi, iqneba es `suraTebi~ (`soflis
cxovrebidam~), `darejani~ (1886), `Cveni sofeli~, `bagrat zaxariCis
sikvdili~ (1889), `soflis suraTebi~ (1893), `qudovani~ (1893), ùZmos Zma~
(1906), Tu zRapruli maneriT Sesrulebuli Txzulebebi: `wisqvili~ (1889),
`mucela~ (1895), `daTvi~ (1909) da a. S.1 am nawarmoebebSi gamJRavnebulia
satiruli midgoma CarC-vaWrebisadmi, biWiela uriadnikis, boqaulis,
mamasaxlisisa Tu im wvril da did moxeleTa mimarT, romlebic tvirTad
awva qarTvel glexobas; magram, rasakvirvelia, viwro yofiTi interesebiT
Semofarglul TemaTa gverdiT Zalzed afarToebs vaJa-fSavela sakuTari
mxatvruli xedvis ares.
1 vaJas Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli moTxrobebis ganxilva. ix. mix.
zandukeli, vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, t. III, 1978, gv. 549-566. ap. maxaraZe,
narkvevebi, qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, Tb., 1974, gv. 374-384.507
506
axal gzebs eZebs socialur swrafvaTa gamosaxatavad da poulobs
kidec mas, roca bunebis warmonaqmnis asaxvas aniWebs TavisTavad Ri-
rebulebas. iq, sadac ar aris sinamdvilis gardaqmnis SesaZlebloba, vaJa
satiruli damokidebulebis nacvlad axsnasa da ganmartebas mimarTavs,
riTac garemosadmi filosofiur midgomas avlens1.
amnairi stiliTaa dawerili Cveni faunisa da floris warmomad-
genelTadmi miZRvnili vaJas 40-ze meti moTxroba. maTi saTaurebis
CamoTvlac ki gvarwmunebs Cveni mwerlis mdidar SemoqmedebiT unarze:
gaacocxlos da aametyvelos adamianis Tvalwin gadaSlili utyvi samyaro
ise, rom adamianur vnebaTa Rirebulebamde aamaRlos maTi arsebobis faqti.
vaJaseuli literaturuli midgomis amdagvar dadasturebad rCeba
mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi `Svlis nukris naambobi~ (1883), ìa~ (1886),
`kurdReli~ (1887), `mTis wyaro~ (1888), `xmeli wifeli~, `tredebi~, `klde
mtirali~ (1889), `wiflis Cita~ (1890), `sawyali Cxikvi~ (1891), `quCi~ (1892),
`fesvebi~ (1893), `gveli~ (1894), `mTani maRalni~ (1895), `svavi~, àmodis
naTdeba~ (1896), `mwyeri~ (1897), `kldem mxolod erTxel sTqva~ (1898), `verxvi~
(1900), `Joli~ (1901), `mgeli~ (1902), àrwivi~ (1904), `yorani~, `kodala~ (1905),
ìremi~ (1906), `Cemi Savardeni~ (1906), ùsurvazis dasja~ (1907), `bunebis
wiaRze~ (1910), `guguli~ (1911), òragulis cxovreba~, `tye tiroda~ (1912),
`bunebis mgosnebi~ (1913) da mravali sxva.
sibralulis, siyvarulis, martoobis, Zlierebis, gautexlobis,
sikeTis, borotebis, siwmindis, simdablis, imedis da didi sevdis gancdebia
gadmoSlili am moTxrobebSi.
aq TiTqos erTi da imave TemaTa axal-axal variaciebs qmnis vaJa,
marad moubezrebels da marad mSveniers.
vaJas warmosaxva arnaxul simaRles mainc ocnebebiT, zmanebebiT,
sizmriseuli CvenebebiTYdatvirTul moTxrobebSi aRwevs. amis nimuSia
`mTielis ubedureba~ (1886), `saaxalwlo sizmari~ (1893), `moCveneba~ (1893),
`moCveneba~ (1897), òcneba~ (1903), èSmaki~ (1908), daumTavrebeli ùlocnia an
me, an sxvas~.
CamoTvlili nawarmoebebi motivTa gansaxierebis TvalsazrisiT metad
mdidaria da yovlisdamtevi. saTnoebisa da zneobrivi dawvrilmanebis,
patiosnebisa da sibilwis, marad qaluri siturfisadmi erTgulebisa da
veragobis, qalad gardaqmnili samoTxis, maradiuli idealisa da satanur-
eSmakeulTan adamianuris Widilis Temebi urTierTTanaa gadawnuli da
zogjer gadafarebulic ki. am TxzulebaTa gacnobidan iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom vaJas fantazia ver eleva ara Tu aRniSnul Temebs, aramed mis
idealad qceul personaJebs: im turfa asuls, silamazis, mSvenierebis,
marad qaluris, sikeTis, samSoblos siyvarulis, warsulisa da awmyos da-
rad, momavlis imedad Tu lamprad rom qceula didi poetisaTvis.
1893 wels Seqmnil `saaxalwlo sizmarSi~ asea warmosaxuli va
1 l. sulxaniSvili, vaJas stilis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. (prozaul
TxzulebaTa mixedviT). ix. vaJas krebuli, I, 1970, gv. 102508
507
JasTan sizmarSi stumrad wveuli misi sulieri samyaros manaTobeli
es personaJi: `RmerTi iyo, swored angelozi iyo... TiTqos minaxavs sadRac,
erTxel ki ara, aTasjer... qali iyo, Zveli kaba ecva, fexSiSveli, magram
lamazi, samoTxe gardaqmniliyo qalad... mkerdi naxevrad gadaReRili
hqonda, zed ia da vardi hyvaoda. didi okeane imis Tmad qceuliyo, mTeli
Cveni planeta imis saxed. rogor damSvenda, rogor turfa Seiqmna maSin is
Cemi Wvartliani darbazi~, magram vaJa Suq-Crdilebis xelovania da
bunebrivia, misTvis iolad saxilveli arc silamazea da arc gamarjvebis
kvarcxlbekze sizmarSi dgoma. ùcbad vnaxe, _ gviyveba mwerali, _ rom erTi
uzarmazari, banjgvliani, TvalebdawiTlebuli laSebdaRebuli daTvi
SemoiWeda saxlSi... da daacqerda Cems sayvarel stumars... daujda qals
pirdapir da arSiyobis msgavs RimiliT, saxis `cqmunviT~ Sescqeroda... _ Sen
xom Cemi xar, qalo, Cemi! am mZlavris totebidan Sen vin dagixsnis, vin?!~
siturfis, silamazis gadasarCenad anTebuli poetis suli ver iTmens
da utifrobad qceuli borotebis dasamarcxeblad swored uqmad kaCxaze
dakidebul, daJangebul, mamapapur xmals amoiwvdis, `ras sCadi, Se myralo,
Sena-meTqi~... _ da davuSine xmalio~.
marcxdeba boroti Zala, magram `mere orive xeli Tvalebze mivifare
da mwared daviTqviTine~, _ gveubneba mwerali. vaJa TiTqos adre dawyebul
Txrobas agrZelebs imave wels SeTxzul moTxrobaSi `moCveneba~, `magram me
rom vstirodi, Cems Tavze viRacam xiTxiTiT sicili daiwyo, me damcinoda~.
axla ukve qajad, alad gardaqmnili `tkbili ocnebis momSxamavi~ boroti
suli gamoecxadeba vaJas da grZeldeba masTan Widili manamde, vidre ar
gaCndeba TviTYmisi (qajis) Semmusravi sawamlavi, misi mCagvreli, misi
mbrZanebeli: TeTrwvera, dinjis, tkbilis saxis moxuci, vidre
sulkurTxeuli ar `mouqnevs im borot suls yavarjens~, da ar `gaaqrobs
Tavgadaglejils~. `nu Sesdrkebi, nu gastydebi! madli da Rvawlia TviT
simtkice da rwmena~, _ qadagebs sikeTed qceuli moxuci da mweralSic
momavlisadmi naTeli ganwyobileba mkvidrdeba, roca igi muxls iyris,
`Sexaris da Sestrfis mnaTobs~. `me Tvali mivapyari dasavleTs da mkvdari
gavcocxldi. saucxoo mnaTobi anaTebda, erT adgils gaCerebuli, _ mze iyo,
magram is mze ki ara, diliT rom amodis da mieSureba, saRamozed moefaros;
im mzes ar eCqareboda Casvla. TviT imas swyuroda enaTa qveynisTvis,
TvaldamSeuli ucqeroda Cvens mxares~.
1897 wels moTxrobaSi `moCveneba~ vaJa wers: `ramdeni xania ar
minaxavs. sawyali, ras damsgavsebia~. kvlav `gareT qari Rmuis. civa...
Semovida saxlSi, cecxlis sinaTleze odnav gavarCie misi saxe. vicani...
maSin axalwlis Rames mewvia, ax, ra lamazi iyo maSin... da rogor gamxdara,
rogor gasacodavebula axla! TiTqos oTxi wlis mere `saaxalwlo
sizmridan~ gadmosaxlebula `moCvenebebSi~ vaJas saocnebo turfa asuli,
raTa kvlavac daatkbos Tavisi `mileul gaxunebuli mSvenierebiT~. es
`mileuli mSveniereba~, `maradiul siyvaruliT~ dapirobebul uSret
bednierebad da sicocxlis energiad iqceva vaJasTvis.509
508
adre sizmrad da moCvenebebad movlenili `turfa asuli~, 1903 wels,
ukve vaJas ocnebadaa qceuli da moTxrobaSi òcneba~ asea warmosaxuli:
òrive xelis idayvebi magidaze daewyo... Tmagawewili ijda da tiroda...
ucbad Tavs wavadeg. SevkrTi, Tavi ver Sevimagre... me TiTonac tirili
daviwye... kiserze xeli gadavxvie da vkiTxe: ra gatirebs, Cemo kargo, Cemo
sicocxlev?! Cemma fiqrma amatira... mipasuxa man da Tan cremlebi waiwminda~.
aqac kvlav meordeba adreuli xilvebi: àm dros cam saSinlad daiWeqa....
saxlma zanzari daiwyo... Rame iyo. dauSva xSiri wvima... uecrad ganaTda
mTeli midamo, wvimis cvarebi namad iqcnen, cecxlis kacebi gaCndnen, qals
xeli staces da gahqrnen caSi~. da vaJas personaJi ebmeba borotebasTan
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi, borotebasTan, romelsac axla devis saxe
miuRia. iwyeba Zieba dakarguli silamazisa, sad ar xvdeba vaJa
ocnebiTY`daburuls tyeSi~, sadac `turebis Cxavili ismoda mxolod~. devis
mier Semusvril adamianTa sisxlSi, sasaflaoze, sadac `barisa, qarCisa,
weraqvisa da niCbebis wkapawkupi ismis~, erTi wuTiT kvlav turfa asulTan
da bolos sarCobelas winaSe. àm dros mec iqiT mivixede, saca grova
uCvenebda da davinaxe: is iyo, Cemi... Cemi sicocxle~... ugrZnoblad dacemuls
Caesmis: `gadarCa, gadarCa~, _ qreba ocneba, rCeba turfa asulis danatovari
baraTi: `qveynis erTgulno, iSromeT!~ vaJas mrwamsiT `Sroma da siyvaruli
aZlevs Snos da lazaTs adamianis sicocxles~. am mowodebis frTaSesxmas
ewireba vaJas didi mxatvruli energia da amitomacaa, rom daumTavrebel
moTxrobaSi... ùlocnia an me, an sxvas~.... Sav, sazarel adamianTan WidilSi
mwerlis gverdiT myarad dgas ìs turfa asuli, is Cemi imedi, Cemi nugeSi,
Cemi warsuli, Cemi awmyo, Cemi momavali _ Cemi samoTxe... magram isev
fexSiSvela iyo, tanze isev Zveli kaba ecva... da Taviseburis tkbili xmiT
miTxra: `nu geSinian, guls nu gaitex, imeds nu dahkargav!~ yvelaferi
moCvenebad qceuli amaoebaa amqveyanazed: didi Tanamdeboba mesrofisa, uxeSi
Zala da adamianis nivTieri simdidre: `mxolod is turfa asuli, ciuri
arseba ar aris moCveneba. is mudam ucvlelia, mudam lamazi, grZnoba
cxoveli, madlisa da saTnoebis mTesveli~. _ esaa swored vaJa-fSavelas
sicocxlis azris gamaSinaarsebeli, silamazisa da sikeTis maradiuli
poeturi ideali, yovelgvari borotebis damTrgunveli da sulieris
amamaRlebeli amqveyanazed.
vaJas zemoT dasaxelebul prozaul qmnilebaTa gacnobidan aSkaraa,
rom es moTxrobebi (`saaxalwlo sizmari~, `moCveneba~, òcneba~, ùlocnia~)
erTmaneTis gagrZelebas warmoadgenen. isini, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, erTi didi
Temis _ silamazis, sikeTis borotebasTan Widilis Temis amouwuravi
mxatvruli variantebia, romelTac aerTianebs didi xelovanis myari
esTetikuri idealebi. maT amave dros damoukidebel SedevrTa mniSvnelobas
unarCunebs gansxvavebul situaciebSi am idealTa gansaxierebis vaJaseuli
mxatvruli manera. vaJas legenduri ieriT savse da bibliuri
motivebiTYdatvirTuli moTxrobebic aqvs, magaliTad, `goCi~ (legenda, 1886),
`saaRdgomod~ (1889), `klde mtirali~ (1889), `saSobao moTxroba~ (1890),
èSmaki~ (saSobaod, 1908), da sxv. magram am nawarmoebebSi vaJas fan510
509
tazia, misi warmomsaxvelobiTi unari ver aRwevs im dones, rac
zmaneba-Cvenebebis, sizmriseuli xilvebiTa da ocnebebis formiT mowodebul
moTxrobebSia gamovlenili.
vaJa-fSavelas prozaSi, ara vrclad, magram mainc aris warmodgenili
iumoristuli nawarmoebebi: `daTvis~ (1889), `Cveni mamalis~ (1890), `melia-
kudigrZelias~ (1891), `CxikvTa qorwilis~ (1893), `saTaguris~ (1908), `melia
serefenias~ (1909) da `bunebis mgosnebis~ (1913) saxiT. magram arsad araa ise
urTierTTan Serwymuli adamianis ocneba Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebaze,
frinvelTa samyaros adamianur enaze iumoristulad ametyvelebis faqti da
mwerlis esTetikuri poziciis gamomxatveli msjelobebis seriozuli toni,
rogorc es `bunebis mgosnebSia~ miRweuli.
* * *
amjerad Cveni mizania vaJa-fSavelas `patara mwyemsis fiqrebis~,
`xmeli wifelis~, `mTani maRalnisa~ da `bunebis mgosnebis~ magaliTze
davaxasiaToT vaJas SemoqmedebiTi midrekilebani da amocanebi. am oTxi
moTxrobis arCevac imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom jer erTi, isini
sxvadasxva dros aris dawerili (pirveli 1886 wels daiwera, meore 1888-1889
ww. mesame 1895 w., meoTxe ki 1913 w.) da, meore, TavianTi xasiaTiT es
moTxrobebi mkveTrad gamoirCevian `darejanis~, `soflis suraTebis~,
`bagrat zaxariCis sikvdilis~, àvtobiografia uriadnikis~, `mucelasa~, Tu
vaJas am rigis sxva qmnilebebisagan. vaJas nawarmoebTa ideur-Tematikuri
motivebi da maTi mxatvruli gaformebis saSualebani saTaves an
gagrZelebas xSirad urTierTSi poulobs.
`ra Znelia obloba, martooba~ _ ai, ris Tqma surs vaJas `patara
mwyemsis fiqrebsa~ da Semdgom `xmel wifelSi~. Znelia obloba, simartove,
igi fiqrisTvis yvela pirobas qmnis, fiqris Sinaarsi ki sxvadasxvagvaria,
gveubneba vaJa da am niSniTaa Sepirobebuli dasaxelebul moTxrobaT
dineba. molodinis usazRvroeba ocnebisa da sicocxlis wyaroa (`mTani
maRalni~).
adamianis sulierad `camde amamaRlebeli `simRera~, uSualobis
niSniT aRbeWdili xelovneba, romelic àerTebs cas da dedamiwas, azavebs
erTs meoresTan~, Tavisuflebas da dafasebas saWiroebs: aseTnairi azriTa
da ganwyobilebiTaa avsebuli `bunebis mgosnebi~.
`patara mwyemsis fiqrebi~. `patara mwyemsis fiqrebSi~ gadmocemuli
ambavi, Tuki mas mxolod ambis TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, martivia. aq
mwyemsi-biWi gviyveba Tavisi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am TxrobaSi
Cans misi arcTu didi istoriis mqone warsulic. biWi gviyveba im garemoze,
sadac misi saqmianobaa gaSlili: mSoblebsa da adamianebze, romelTac raime
akavSirebs ymawvilTan. Txrobis procesSi gadmocemul yovel detals
personaJi Zlier ganicdis. am gancdebidan TvalSisacemia martoobis gancda.
martoobis fonze aRiqmeba nawarmoebis yoveli detali da mwerlis mizanic
isaa, rom warmosaxos da mxatvrulad gamarTos is gancdebi, rac mis
personaJs _ patara biWs dauflebia. 511
510
am SemTxvevaSi vaJa gansakuTrebuli sirTulis winaSe idga, radgan
bavSvis gancdebTan asakovani adamianis warmomsaxvelobiTi unaris
miaxloeba ukve TviT mwerlisagan moiTxovda bavSvad qcevas, rac,
rasakvirvelia, SemoqmedebiTi energiis srul mobilizaciasTan erTad
gansaxierebis saSualebaTa Ziebis mravalgvarobasac gulisxmobda.
bavSvisa da mozardis sulier cxovrebas mravali mwerali ak-
virdeboda da aRwerda. ase, rom amocana, romelic am moTxrobaSi mwerlis
winaSe idga, xelovanTa mier sxvadasxvagvarad da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT
araerTgzis yofila gaazrebuli.
vaJa-fSavelam bavSvis Sinagani samyaros gamomzeureba scada war-
moedgina mxolod fiqris procesis formiT, roca adamiani sakuTar
TavTanaa darCenili: cenzoris roli aseT pirobebSi Sesustebulia da,
maSasadame, igi yvelaze gulwrfelsa da bunebriv mdgomareobaSia.
vaJam adamianis cxovrebis iseT monakveTze SeaCera yuradReba, roca
yvelaze meti simZafriTaa warmodgenili masSi Ziebisa da maSasadame,
fiqris, fantaziis da ocnebis momentebi. esaa bavSvis fiqris procesi, roca
gonebrivi wyurvilis dakmayofilebis moTxovnileba iRviZebs ymawvilSi. im
asakisaTvis, romelsac vaJa aRwers, damaxasiaTebelia miamiti da
gulubryvilo fiqrebi, moqmedeba, msjeloba... mozardis cxovrebis es
gardamavali xana gulisxmobs Seuryvneli, wminda, naTeli warmodgenebis
realobis prozaul SinaarsSi CaZirvas, rac aRrmavebs masSi idealisa da
sinamdvilis dapirispirebas. bavSvis cnobierebaSi iWreba
urTierTsawinaaRmdego, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul azrTa da gancdaTa
nakadebi.
mwerali moTxrobaSi gviCvenebs wignier garemosTan daukavSirebel
patara biWis gonebrivi, fsiqikuri momwifebis process.
amgvar garemoSi moqceuli bavSvis xasiaTs yvelaze metad azis
gulubryvilobis beWedi. am Tvisebis arseboba Cans, magaliTad, patara
mwyemsis Semdeg sityvebSic: `mamaCemi gulSavi kacia, srulebiT ar
vebralebi, isev dedaCems venacvale sulSi~. mis winaSe dgas aseTi kiTxva:
`rada vyevar mikvirs mamas sxvis Svilad?~ am kiTxvis pasuxi dasawyisSive
gvaqvs, magram sagulisxmo isaa, rom pasuxis azri (àm xuTi wlis manZilze
mamaCemi Cemis jamagiriT ixdis maxtas~.) bavSvisTvis gacnobierebuli ar
aris, esaa patara mwyemsis fiqrTa gadmocemis gulubryvilobis mizezic. am
moTxrobaSi tradiciiT Canergil da axal viTarebaze aRmocenebul,
gonebrivi interesebiT gaRviZebul grZnobebs Soris Widilia gamosaxuli.
gancdebis amgvari urTierTmonacvleoba migviTiTebs imaze, rom mozardSi
mwifdeba garemosadmi garkveuli mimarTebis moTxovnileba. es ukve mis
pirovnebad Camoyalibebis faqts asaxavs. magaliTad, roca patara mwyemsi
arwivis qcevas akvirdeba, masSi adamianis moqmedebisnair azrianobas amCnevs.
amis aRmoCena biWs akvirvebs da axarebs, Tavis amnair gancdebs igi
gulubryvilo aRtacebiT gvamcnobs: `dideba SenTvis RmerTo, frinvelsac
amodena Wkua hqonia!~ an kidev, roca 512
511
biWi garemos gadaxedavs, gulubryvilod gamoxatavs sixaruls: `Tqveni
Wirime, mTebo, ramdeni ram aris kargi sanaxavi aqa!~ patara mwyemsis
bavSvuri gulubryvilobis done mis msjelobaSic Cans: `vasom erTi srola
tyvia-wamali momca... vaso kargi gulisaa~. swored esaa gulubryvilo
bavSvis pozicia. patara biWisaTvis vasos garegnulad maamebeli qceva mis
pirovnebis Sinagani raobis gamomxatveladac ki iqceva.
amgvari gulubryvilobis Semcveli momentebi xels uwyobs uSualobis
damkvidrebas TxrobaSi. amiT obieqtivirebuli formis SenarCuneba xdeba da
izrdeba damajerebloba mwerlis mier warmodgenili samyarosadmi. am
nawarmoebSi vaJas iseTi detalebic Semoaqvs, romlebic mkiTxvelis
warmodgenas da yuradRebas ajaWvavs konkretul sagansa da movlenas. amiT
mwerali Cveneulad aqcevs personaJis mier xilul sinamdviles. patara
mwyemsi TiTqos sxvaTa Soris, magram mainc detalurad gvamcnobs mis
garSemo myofi movlenebisa da sagnebis vinaobasa Tu mdgomareobas. aseTi
ucbad nasroli frazidan vgebulobT, rom mwyemsis saxeli Tiloa da
didyuraanT mojamagirea, rom mas maxloblad ZaRli yurSia da moxucebuli
papua hyavs, rom misi moqiSpe papurelT tiRunaa da sasurveli stumari vaso.
patara mwyemsi Tavis yuradRebas yvelas unawilebs: cxvars, mgels, jixvebs,
roWos, Savardens, arwivs, yorans, orbs, batkans. igi gatacebiT aRwers am
jixvebis mier kldidan CamoSlil qviSis zvavs, mziT ganaTebul mTis
wverebs; misi stviri Cveulebrivi stviri ki ar aris, aramed igi diyisganaa
gakeTebuli. misi sayvareli saWmeli kenkeSa da Cadunaa da a. S. patara
mwyemsi saerTod cxvris saZovar adgils ki ar aRwers, aramed gviCvenebs,
rom igi Tavisi fariT xan TxiliaanT vakezea, xan qofTaxevs da xan kidev
afxuSis kudebSi. arwivi saparavis yelSi rom gamoCndeba, saZerianSi
ekargeba mas TvalTagan da a. S. yvelaferi es imaze metyvelebs, rom vaJa
amgvari konkretulobiT saTqmels met damarwmuneblobas hmatebs.
vaJa dawvrilebiT aRwers detalebs: patara mwyemss papuasTan saRamos
binaSi misvlac ki ezareba, èSmakT-qajT Sehxedav, cxvars ver umarjveb
balaxians adgilebsao~. yurSia tiRunas Cveulebriv Coxas da paiWebs ki ar
axevs, aramed axal Coxas da wiTel paiWebs. dedamisi biWisTvis ubralo
perangs ki ar inaxavs, aramed wiTel-gulispirians. mosiyvarule mSobeli
mas ubralo purs ki ar aWmevs, aramed wmidis fqvilisagan gamomcxvars da
Tanac molodinaanTgan nasesxebs. mwerali imiT ki ar kmayofildeba, rom
gviTxras, vasos lamazad acviao, aramed gvacnobs, Tu ra qmnis am
silamazes: `maudis Coxa, Wreli axaluxi, vercxlis qamar-xanjali~...
detalizaciis amdagvari manera emociurobis zrdis pirobaa. amiT iSleba
agreTve zRvari avtorsa da personaJis metyvelebas Soris da imTaviTve pa-
tara mwyemsis fiqrebis Tanamonawile vxdebiT.
mwerlis gauCinareba Txrobis procesSi imiTacaa miRweuli, rom vaJa
yovelgvari niadagis Semzadebis gareSe iwyebs ambavs: `beCaobiT gazrdili
var, Zmisav, mas aqeT, rac fexze siaruli SeviZel, sul 513
512
sxvis Svilada var~... ase uSualod rom gadagvixsna gmirma guli da
Tan faqizi sevda gvaCvena, amiT Seiqmna lirizmisaTvis niSandoblivi
atmosfero. am Taviseburebas vaJa aRrmavebs mimTiTebel moZraobaTa
amsaxveli sityvebiT da iseTi stilisturi niuansebis damkvidrebiT,
romelic ambis monawiled gvaqcevs: àba, Tu biWi xar, amodi, meWideo~, _
meubneba TavmowonebiT tiRuna. mec ar davuSindi, viWideniT~. roWos
mdgomareobis dasaxasiaTeblad aseTi gza aqvs arCeuli mwerals: `sawyali!
rogor hfeTqavda, guli rogor ucemda~. es gza awmyoSi acocxlebs
warsulis kuTvnil ambavs, gvaaxloebs da amiT saCvenod aqcevs mas. vaJa
xSirad kiTxvas pasuxis mniSvnelobiT warmogvidgens. magaliTad: ìmazed
gemrieli kidev ram iqneba?!~ an `xelcarieli rogor unda mivuvide dedas,
rom erTi satyave mainc ar mivutano?!~ kiTxva: rogor ucemda roWos guli?
an ratom unda miuxvide dedas xelcarieli? _ ar aris dasmuli.
aseTi daumTavrebeli mimarTvebiT, SekiTxvebiTa da SeZaxilebiTaa
avsebuli mTeli Txroba. es gulwrfeli, gulubryvilo formebi
urTierTgagebasa da mWidro kontaqts qmnis mkiTxvelsa da personaJs Soris.
yvelaferi es intimuri garemos warmoSobas uwyobs xels da lirizmiT
avsebs nawarmoebs.
gancdaTa daZabuloba am moTxrobaSi imiTacaa miRweuli, rom vaJas
xalxuri leqsika Semoaqvs, pirdapir cocxali metyvelebis surneliT
iWreba Cvens gancdaSi iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa: `beCaobiT gazrdili
var, Zmisav!~, `viWideniT~, `vin momaSavebs~, `mamaCemi gulSavi kacia~,
`gadmohyudeben jixvebi rqebs~, `xrod Seyrilebi~, èrTi kumSi bumbuli~,
`daimcxvrevs Zvals~ da a. S. amnairi sityvebiT an SesityvebiT mwerali Cveni
yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdens saganze.
magram vaJaseuli leqsikis mniSvneloba mxolod zemoT miTiTebuliT
ar amoiwureba. amgvari sityvebi moqmedebis xilvadobas uwyobs xels.
magaliTad: yurSa `sul lukma-lukmad daglejda~. (deda) àmbobda ra amas,
Tan Txilis gulis simsxo cremlebi Camosdioda da kalTa evseboda~.
`gadmohyudebdnen jixvebi rqebs kldis Tavebze, xan xrod Seyrilebi
daaqaneben qviSis zvavs~. `me roWo xelSi aviyvane, sacodavi! kankalebda da
gasaqcevad izideboda. dafeTebuls Tvalebi aqeT-iqiT avlevbda, wuxel ki
ufro guldasvenebuls hgavda: TvalebmoxuWuli, mobuzuli ijda~. àrwivi...
TavmowonebiT, amayad miizlazneboda, mxolod drodadro moixrida Tavqve
aqeT-iqiT kisers~, òrbi Zvals aTamaSebda~ da a. S.
am magaliTebis mixedviT xatovaneba miRweulia sagnobrivi Tval-
saCinoebiT (`lukma-lukma daglejda~, `Txilis gulis simsxo cremlebi~ da
sxv.).
meore mxriv, TvalsaCinoebas amkafioebs movlenaTa dinamikaSi
gamosaxva (mag. `roWo kankalebda, gasafrenad izideboda, Tvalebs aqeT-iqiT
avlebda~...). nawarmoebis enobriv-stilistur qsovilSi zmnaTa simravle
SeiniSneba, rac dinamikurs xdis mTel moTxrobas. magaliTad: àrwivi
waiRebs, wava maRla, gauSvebs klanWebidan, Semdeg isev daetaneba~ da sxv.
514
513
a) `patara mwyemsis fiqrebSi~ xSiria SemTxveva erTi da igive
ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli frazebis gameorebisa. imave rkalSi eqceva
leqsikuri gameorebis Semdegi nimuSebic:
èh, netavi mSoblebi cocxlebi myvandnen~.
`netavi dambaCa mainca mqondes!~
àx, netavi mec naswavli viyo~. da sxv.
b) amave tendenciis gamovlenis bunebriv saxesTan gvaqvs saqme
moTxrobis Semdeg monakveTebSic. magaliTad: `Cemi ganuSorebeli dRe da
Ram amxanagi yurSia aris~. `naxa Cemma yurSiam, rom tiRuna aRar xumrobda~.
`Cems yurSias jer ZaRli ar mohrevia~ da sxv.
gancdebiT avsebuli cocxali metyvelebis process erTgvari
dauxvewaoba axasiaTebs, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs erTi da imave
sityvis, an frazis xSir gameorebaSi. swored amitomaa, rom Cvens
warmodgenaSi cocxali metyvelebis STabeWdilebas iwvevs rogorc
zemoTganxiluli magaliTebi, ise am rigis movlenaTa sxva SemTxvevebic.
magaliTad, deda ekiTxeba patara biWs: `rogor geqcevian didyuraaanio, xom
ar gcemen, an xom ar gamSeven? bareRamc cudad meqcevian, magram imaTze
cuds rogor vetyodi dedas~.
gancdaTa daZabuloba miRweulia fiqsirebul formaTa gameorebis
tendenciiT, roca erTmaneTis gverdiT msgavsi moqmedebis gamomxatvel
zmnaTa wyebaa mocemuli, mTlianad msgavsi frazebi, an msgavsi bgeriTi
Sedgenilobis sityvebi gvaqvs, an kidev epiTetTa acma gveZleva. magaliTad,
moTxrobis dasawyisSi erT adgilas arwivi asea warmodgenili:
`TavmowonebiT, amayad miizlazneboda. mxolod drodadro moixrida Tavqve
da iqiT-aqeT kisers. amas ahseviyo ori yorani da aRar asvenebdnen,
gauelvebda erTi maTgani, amoubrundeboda gulaRma da `yrant~ `yrants~
SesZaxebda. àxunidam gamoCnda orbi... orbi Zvals aTamaSebda. Camoagdebs
dedamiwaze da daeqaneba: mere isev waiRebs, wava, wava maRla, gauSvebs
klanWebidan da Camohyveba TviTonac Tana~.
aq gancdaTa urTierTsawinaaRmego, monacvlebiTi procesia naCvenebi
ise, rom erTis arseboba meoris saxes gansazRvravs. patara biWisaTvisac ki
sixaruli, rogorc mxolod sixaruli ar arsebobs. igi misi sapirispiro
grZnobis gverdiTaa warmodgenili. magaliTad, `dolobac am dros aris.
gviCndeba batknebi, dRe da Rame sixaruliT aRar mZinavs. udgaT batknebs da
batknis dedebis bRavili!!!~. magram sakmarisia am sasixarulo grZnobebis
gamoxatvis Jams erTi sityva (deda) axsenos mwyemsma, rom man asociaciurad
sakuTar dedasTan dakavSirebuli sevdiani gancdebis amotivtivebisaTvis
gaxsnas gza. es gancdebi ki sakuTari Tavis uwmeobasa da
uperspeqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli gancdebia! `magram ax! am ori wlis
Semdeg didyuraani damiTxoven Sin da xelcarieli rogor mivuvide dedas,
rom erTi satyave mainc ar mivutano?~
gancdaTa aseTi zigzagiseburoba mowmobs, rom SemoqmedebiTi
interesis sagnad vaJas bavSvis Sinagani samyaros sirTulis Cveneba aqvs
qceuli. 515
514
* * *
`xmeli wifeli~. Tu `patara mwyemsis fiqrebSi~ vaJam sicocxlis Warbi
energiiT savse bavSvis gancdebi gadmogviSala, misi Ziebisa da gonebrivi
momwifebis process gaadevna Tvali, `xmel wifelSi~ mwerali Cerdeba da
sagangebod aRwers usulo sagans _ xmel wifels. gansakuTrebiT
sagulisxmo isaa, rom vaJa sicocxlis enaze kiTxulobs da aSinaarsebs mis
arsebobas. amitomac xmeli wifeli aq warmodgenilia rogorc personaJi da
zneobrivi erTeuli.
TavisTavad xmeli wiflis adamianuri arsebobis xarisxSi ayvana-
gaazreba ayenebs sakiTxs: xom ar awydeba avtori sxvadasxva xasiaTis
winaaRmdegobebs? `patara mwyemsis fiqrebSi~. marTalia, sirTules qmnis
bavSvis samyaros wvdoma, magram aq, aw ukve ganvlili, Tumca mainc
adamianuri cxovrebis garkveul monakveTTan dakavSirebuli STabeWdilebebi
kvebavs vaJas warmomsaxvelobiT unars, anu am moTxrobaSi warmodgenili
gancdebi mwerlisaTvis misi warsuli gancdebis erTgvari istoriacaa.
`xmeli wifelis~ SemTxvevaSi vaJas TavisTavad masala (xmeli wifeli)
arafers karnaxobs raimes saTqmelad. magaliTad, roca romelime cnobil
gmirs gvixasiaTebs, an warmtac ambavs gviyveba esa Tu is mwerali, TviTon
masala aZlevs biZgs mis fantazias. e. i. TviT masalaSi Zevs misi
emociurobis piroba. asea es, magaliTad, akakisTan (`baSi-aCuki~), iliasTan
(`nikolooz gostaSabiSvili~, da a. S.) Tu sxvebTan.
vaJam TviTon unda aavsos gancdebiT xmeli wifeli. araCveulebrivi
energiis ganviTarebaa saWiro, rom cocxali personaJis uflebiT
ametyveldes usulo sagani. am nawarmoebis laitmotivi dafuZnebulia
warsulis pativiscemis, awmyos sworad danaxvisa da momavlisadmi usazRvro
rwmenaze. amitomacaa, rom ase saTuTad dascqeris xmeli wifeli `mis erTs
fesvis boloze dasaxul patara ylorts~, rogorc misi sicocxlis nugeSsa
da gagrZelebas. esaa swored ukvdavebis motivis Sinaarsi da es motivia
wamyvani moTxrobaSi `xmeli wifeli~.
rogor aqvs vaJas gaazrebuli sicocxle da misi dineba xmeli wiflis
sicocxlis garegnul instinqtTa amoqmedebis fonze? ai, kiTxva romelic
pasuxis gacemas saWiroebs.
moTxrobis mixedviT, xmeli wiflis martooba gansazRvrulia misive
umweobiT, imiT, rom mas `sicocxlis niSan-wyali wasvlia~; amitomacaa, rom
`bunebis miniWebuli sarCoTi datvirTuli sxva xeebi arafrad agdeben xmel
wifels~. miuxedavad amisa, `patara mwyemsis fiqrebis~ personaJiviT masSi
didia sicocxlis wyurvili. amis erTi gamoxatulebaa interesi àdgilis
dedis~ mier moyolili zRaprebisadmi, romelic mogviTxrobs `bunebis
sanugeSod siyvarulze, siwmindeze da sicocxleze~. warsulidan momdinare
naambobi aorkecebs xmel wifelSi sicocxlisaken jansaR miswrafebas. mZime
awmyo mdgomareobis miuxedavad, swored am warsulis gamo àr moidrikeba
ki xmeli wifeli~. xmeli wiflis warsuliTaa gaSinaarsebuli misi 516
515
awmyoc. igive warsuli ar adunebs masSi sicocxlis deda-ZarRvis
fiqris moTxovnilebas: `fiqrobs xmeli wifeli Tavis Tavze, warsulsa,
awmyosa da momavalze. gulSi TiTqo Rrmad CasWedvia mwuxareba~. fiqria
safuZveli martoobiT gamowveuli mwuxarebis, magram amave dros rwmenisa
da nugeSisac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am moTxrobaSi rwmena mxolod
warsulis formiTaa mocemuli. amitomac aqvs miRebuli mTel Txrobas
`sxvaTa naTqvamis~ ieri. `sxvaTa Tqmis~ xerxi erTgvarad miTiur-
legendarulis ganwyobilebas qmnis, roca vkiTxulobT Semdeg striqonebs:
`xmeli wifelis Ziras, kldeSi vefxvi dabudebulao, _ xma aris sofelSi~,
`lekvebi dauyriao~ da a. S. Txrobis amdagvari manera kargad gamoxatavs
warsulisadmi pativiscemiTi damokidebulebis namdvil Sinaarss: warsulis
Rirsebis grZnoba ki yvelaze metad iqaa daculi, sadac xalxis
warmodgenebSi, mis rwmenasa da mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli ambebi ikavebs
adgils. warsulis sidiadis mZafri gancdac maSin iCens Tavs, roca awmyos
vera aqvs sasurveli saxe. amitomac iwvevs vaJa xalxis mexsierebaSi leg-
endad SemorCenil detalebs xmeli wifelis warsulidan: `diaR, ar ician
ugunurma xeebma, rom xalxs jer ar dauviwynia xmeli wifelis saxeli,
kidev axsovs imisi sidiade~. es sityvebi aZlierebs interess xmeli wifelis,
rogorc personaJisadmi. da es interesi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba, roca
poeturi striqonebi Cndeba nawarmoebSi:
` _ gana yvela, rac xmelia,
kacisgan sawunaria?!
aTas cocxalsa bevrjela
aTjer sjobs erTi mkvdaria.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
vin an Sagikravs kubosa,
vin an aginTos sanTeli?..
vah, ra Znelia, kvdebodes,
ikargebodes saxeli!~
warsuli TavisTavadaa poeturad mimzidveli, fantaziis aRmgznebi,
magram Tu amasTan xelovnurad, poeturi formiTacaa igi mowodebuli, maSin
nawarmoebSi xdeba mkiTxvelis warmosaxvis unaris mTliani gadarTva.
fantaziis gansakuTrebuli cxovelmyofeloba aSkaravdeba Soreul
distanciaSi myofi movlenebis mimarT da masala ivseba sakuTari
warmodgenebiT. maTi warmosaxvis individualizireba ki poeturi
TvalsazrisiT movlenaTa da saganTa maqsimaluri xilvis perspeqtivas
Slis.
swored am gzas gahyva vaJa `xmel wifelSi~, roca sicocxlis wy-
urviliT aRsavse poetur striqonebs raRacis maZiebeli, xmel wifelze
Semomjdari busa da masTan misuli mglis daRlili Zaxili Seunacvla.
vaJam xmeli wiflis dumilic misi aqtivobis gamoxatulebad CaTvala. man es
mdumareba fiqrianobis SinaarsiT aavso da am fiqrSi momavalze, anu
ukvdavebaze ocneba SeniSna, riTac poetma am TxzulebaSi arsebuli
ukvdavebis motivis qmediTi xasiaTi warmoaCina. 517
516
`patara mwyemsis fiqrebisagan~ `xmeli wifeli~, pirvel yovlisa, imiT
gamoirCeva, rom personaJi aq ar aris sakuTari Tavgadasavlis mTxrobeli
(rogorc es gvaqvs vaJas rig moTxrobebSi: `Svlis nukris naambobi~, ìa~,
`mTis wyaro~ da sxv.).
ambis ganviTarebis amsaxvel sferoSi avtoriseuli gancdebis CareviT
xdeba SesaZlebeli lirikuli mRelvarebis Setana. `yvelasa da, maT Soris
mec, miyvars maRali, mwvaniT, yvavilebiT morTuli mTa, gazafxulis suni,
axlad amomavali balaxi, axlad damdnari yinulisTvis rom ujobnia,
ucodvelad. uvneblad amouCenia Tavi da Sehyurebs mzes, qveyanas, iCqmaleba,
inabeba.... mibundebuls, uRrans, bnels, daburuls tyes xom ra Seedreba!..
magram amJamad yvelaferi maviwydeba da Tvalwin midgeba mxolod erTi
xmeli wifeli~. xmeli wifeli ki ar mogviTxrobs Tavis Tavze, aramed
mwerali gvixasiaTebs mis warsulsa da awmyos. gancdaTa intersifikacia
uSualobaze dafuZnebuli metyvelebis gziT ar xorcieldeba. amitomaaa rom
gulubryviloba, rac `patara mwyemsis fiqrebSi~ ase Zlier iCenda Tavs,
`xmel wifels~ Camoclili aqvs. patara mwyemsis fiqrebis uSualobiT iyo
gansazRvruli gulubryvilobis arseboba nawarmoebSi, rac Tavis
gamoxatulebas personaJis mier dasmuli kiTxvebis simravleSic poulobda.
TavisTavad kiTxvebis arseboba Ziebis niSania, xolo Zieba, rogorc
miswrafebisa da wyurvilis forma, aq lirizmis safuZveli iyo. `xmel
wifelSi~ ki alag-alag Tavs iCens avtoris iseTi emociebis gamomxatveli
SeZaxilebi, rogoricaa: ùRrans, daburuls tyes xom ra Seedreba!~,
`sabralo wifeli!~ da a. S. yovelive amis gamo moTxrobaSi avtori Cans.
mainc ra saSualebebiT axerxebs mwerali, xmeli wiflis moqmedebis
Tanamonawiled gvaqcios? epiTetTa da zmnaTa Tanamimdevruli siuxve
metyvelebaSi mkiTxvelis emociur interesebs aRwerili situaciis gavlenis
qveS aqcevs. magaliTad, `Sehyurebs mzes, qveyanas, iCqmaleba, inabeba, magram
nazs, mibnedils saxeze gamouTqmeli trfialeba gadahfenia~, an kidev:
`pirbadri, saxenaTeli, TmagaSlili àdgilis deda~ bunebis sanugeSod
siyvarulze, siwmindeze da sicocxleze zRapars uambobs~. es saerTooba,
erTmaneTis gverdiT myof sityvaTa mimsgavsebis tendenciaSic mJRavndeba:
`sxva xeebi uvnebelni, udardelni~... `sicocxleze, siyvarulze, siwmindeze~...
`dasWyivis, dahkivis, TiTqos niSans ugebs~.
metyvelebis amdagvari mimdinareoba motivirebulia konkretul
warmodgenebSi sinaTlis momentis gaZlierebisa da azris ganmmarteblis
roliT, xolo bgeraTa da leqsikur erTeulTa mimsgavsebis tendencia
SemoqmedebiTi procesis bunebiTaa Sepirobebuli.
rasakvirvelia, Txrobis amdagvari dineba poeturi samyaros kuT-
vnilebaa da vaJac aq poetad rCeba, rac am Txzulebis ara mxolod ideur
wyobaSi Cans, aramed mis stilistur-frazeologiur qsovilSic poulobs
gamoxatulebas.
Tu `patara mwyemsis fiqrebisa~ da `xmeli wiflis~ mimarT lit-
eraturuli midgomis farglebSi davrCebiT, vnaxavT, rom masalis 518
517
Cveulebrioba aris vaJas prozis erTi niSani araCveulebrivad
dawerilia, Sesrulebulia es moTxrobebi imitom, rom mwerali gadasulia
movlenebSi, Txrobis procesSi igi ar Cans, an TiTqmis ar Cans. aq vaJas
Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi interesebi ambisaken (romelic moxda an xdeba) ki ara
aqvs miqceuli, aramed mwerlisTvis mTavaria, aCvenos, ras grZnoben da
ganicdian moqmedebis procesSi misi personaJebi. vaJa TviTon avsebs da
tvirTavs gancdebiT gmirs, sagnebsa da movlenebs. amitomac vaJas es
moTxrobebi fsiqologiurni arian TavianTi arsiT. ltolva aseT
nawarmoebTa Seqmnisaken vaJas SemoqmedebiTi procesis damaxasiaTebeli
niSanTagania.
dasaxelebul nawarmoebTa gacnobisas Cans, rom vaJa ver eleva im
sakiTxebs, rac adre iyo mis mier gamosaxvis sagnad qceuli. aq amouwurav
TemaTa rkalSi trialebs vaJa. amis gamovlenaa swored is, rom sicocxlis
siyvaruli da wyurvili erTnairi siZlieriTaa warmodgenili rogorc
mwyems biWSi, romlis sicocxlis dilaa naCvenebi, aseve xmel wifelSi,
romlisTvisac sikvdilis mwuxri ar ganicdeba saSinelebad, raki igi axali
sicocxlis dasawyiss da mis erTgvar ukvdavebas edeba safuZvlad.
patara mwyemsis fiqrebis fonze mSvenivradaa es procesi naCvenebi:
magram vaJas xedvis sul axal, poetur simaRlesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca
mweralma adamianur niSan-TvisebaTa gadatana moaxdina usulo xmel
wifelSi da igi lirikul personaJad aqcia.
`mTani maRalni~. 1895 wels gaz. ìveriaSi~ (#3168) gamoqveynda vcaJas
`mTani maRalni~. am Sedevrs zogierTi avtori `poemasac~ uwodebs
(konstantine kapaneli)1 zogi kidev `RaRadisis~ formiT warmoTqmul
simReras (demna Sengelaia)2. aq, marTlac rom `mgosani esTetikurad Cawvda
mTebis uRrmes Sinaarss, mTebis arss~ (sergi danelia)3. es urTulesi
mxatvruli amocana iyo, radgan rogorc amboben, `mTebi materiis udidesi
fenomenia~ (s. danelia). iseve, rogorc bevr sxva nawarmoebSi, aqac goeTes
msgavsad vaJa-fSavela bunebas xedavs adamianuri fsiqikis TvalsazrisiT
(mixeil kveselava)4.
mTa _ sulierebis niSniT umaRlesi movlenaa, radgan Zvelsa da axal
aRTqmaSi siwmindisa da sinaTlis simboloa. mTa aris gadarCenis, sulieri
amaRlebis, sikeTis, ganaxlebis, yovelive naTelis gansaxiereba. mTa is
adgilia, saidanac ufals ukeT esmis locva-vedreba adamianisa... uflisagan
umaRlesi poeturi unariT madlmosil did mgosanTa STagonebis uSreti
wyaro yovelTvis iyo mTa. qarTul literaturaSi, am TvalsazrisiT, mTis
simbolur-Teologiur gaazrebas ufro adre vxvdebiT daviT guramiSvilis,
grigol orbelianis (`fsalmuniT~) da akaki wereTlis (`ganTiadi) poeziaSi.
magram mTa yvelasgan gamorCeuli xibliTaa mosili mainc, genialuri vaJas
1 k. kapaneli, qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, Tb., 1927.
2 d. Sengelaia, mTebis simRera. ix. krebuli: qarTuli mwerlebi vaJa-
fSavelas Sesaxeb. Tb., 2003.
3 s. danelia, vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri. Tb., 1998 (meore gamocema),
gv. 28.
4 mix. kveselava, fausturi paradigmebi, Tb., 1961.519
518
mxatvrul samyaroSi. SemTxveviT ki ar uwodeben did poets `mTis
arwivs~, `mTis mgosans~. gavixsenoT Tundac mgosnis ukvdavi leqsidan
striqonebi:
`mTas viyav, mwvervalze videq,
TvalT win mefina qveyana,
gulze mesvena mze, mTvare,
vlaparakobdi RmerTTana!~ (`simRera~).
mTa _ amaRlebulis gancdas ganamtkicebs adamianSi; mowiweba, krZalva,
naTelisadmi swrafva, mdumarebis pirobebSi fiqris moTxovnilebas
warmoSobs. fiqri ki, ukve TavisTavadaa uxmauro azrovneba. dumilis,
`fiqris wiaRSi ibadeba laRi naTeli~, rac Sobs `dumilis esTetikas~
(revaz siraZe)1. amdenad, imedis, xsnis, ganaxlebis da misi gziT naTlis
damkvidrebis akvania mTa... amitomac raime moulodnelobas ar warmoadgens
is faqti, rom vaJa hqmnis lirikuli eqstaziT savse marTlac rom poetur
`RaRadiss~. martivi da pedanturi goneba odiTgan yvelafris axsnisa da
sicxadisken iswrafvoda da iswrafvis. iyo dro, roca mTebis usazRvro
molodinis finalad saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic ki òqtombris
revolucias~ acxadebdnen. vkiTxulobT `mTani maRalnis~ genialur
striqonebs: ìdgnen da elodnen. usazRvroa mTebis molodini~ da
molodinis usazRvroebis Segneba gveufleba. molodinis ùsazRvroeba~ ki
sxva aris aris ra, Tu ara sicocxlis wyurvilis, sicocxliTYsixarulis
gamoxatuleba; `ratom ar mReriT, mTebo? gana ise unda movkvde, rom Tqveni
xma, Tqveni simRera ver gavigono?~ _ kiTxulobs simReris ulevi niWiT
aRsavse mgosani da rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi ambobs _ `sevdas upyria
brWyaliTa~, mxolod imis gamo, rom mTaTa sicilsa da Rimils _
sicocxlis am moucilebel niSnebs, roca ver xedavs. wamiT gulnatkenia
vaJa, roca amCnevs, fiqrs rogor dauTrgunavs `niSani sicocxlisa~, magram
umal efanteba sevdis burusi, roca irwmuneba, Turme fiqri Tavadaa
sicocxlis gamoxatuleba. amitomac sevdaze amozrdili jansaRi optimizmiT
aRsavse, omaxianad SesZaxebs mis STamagonebel mTebs: àra, ara xandaxan
Tqvenc gixarianT, da qveyanas ki hgonia, viTom Tqven arafers hgrZnobT~.
vaJa sicocxlis enaze Targmnis da aSinaarsebs mTaTa fiqrs, roca
rwmundeba sikeTis da aqedan momdinare, ganaxlebis gardauvalobaSi; aseT
wuTebSi mTaTa silaRisadmi Tanaziarobas ase gamoxatavs poeti: `xom vici,
Tqvens gulSi sanTlebi daenTeba, roca laRi arwivi dagTamaSebT Tavze da
dasasveneblad Tqvens kalTazed CamoeSveba~. siamayis grZnobas ver faravs
mgosani, raki xedavs, rom arwivis aRmzrdeli swored mTaa. `ra lamazebi
xarT, maSin! rogor gixdebaT, rom Tqveni aRzrdili Svili ise mamaci,
Seupovari da lamazia. is xom Sikrikicaa Tqveni, RmerTs uambobs,
atyobinebs Tqvens ambavs~. vaJa aq Tanaeziareba axali drois mwer
1 r. siraZe, `dumilis esTetika~, saxismetyveleba, Tb., 1982, gv. 141;
agreTve, r. siraZe, kultura da saxismetyveleba, Tb., 2008, gv. 158-160.520
519
lobasa da filosofiaSi, àrwivis~ rogorc Zlierebis, rainduli
sulierebis etalonad qceuli idealis apologetebs (nicSe, ibseni da sxv.),
romlebic imeds swored arwivze, Zlierebis am simboloze amyarebdnen.
mainc ra aris am saocrad rTuli azrobrivi qveteqstebiT aRsavse Sedevris
laitmotivi? am etapze pirobiTad aseTi axsna SeiZleba mieces mas: aq iyris
Tavs fiqri da ocneba bevr rameze da maT Soris adamianis im unarze,
romelsac yofierebisadmi ltolva da misiT tkbobis wyurvili hqvia. meore
unars da CvenSi gadmosul gancdas kidev Tavis TavSi yofna, fiqri da
TviTCaRrmaveba ewodeba. mesame da arsebiTi Tavis Tavis daZlevis gziT
Tavisi Tavis mflobeloba anu Tavisuflebis SegrZnebaa. esaa erTgvarad
axali drois ara mxolod qarTuli garemos, aramed erTianad samyaros
satkivari da am SemTxvevaSic genialuri vaJa Cveni cxovrebis mudmivi suli-
eri Tanamgzavria, radgan momavlis ìdea, azri, grZnoba~ eyrdnoba naTel
òcnebas~, ìmeds~ da `nugeSs~. amitomac maradiulia ùsazRvroebis
molodinis~ gancda. amitomac axlac `sdganan da elian~ mTebi... èlian, vis?
ar ras? raRacas.; es raRacaa unaxavis danaxva~. poetis TqmiT, marTalia, ès
xom Tval-gulis gaumaZRrobaa?~, magram swored ùnaxavis danaxvisadmi~
maradiul ltolvaSia saZiebeli adamianis sicocxlis sazrisi.
`mTani maRalni~ didi vaJas im SedevrTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, romlis
calsaxad wakiTxva mxolod da mxolod am brwyinvale mxatvruli movlenis
Rirebulebis gaufasurebas gamoiwvevda. am nawarmoebSi, iseve rogorc
yovel maRalmxatvrul qmnilebaSi pol valeris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
`poetis mizani is ki ar aris, rom Tavisi àzri~ gagviziaros, aramed CvenSi
gamoiwvios erTgvari emociuri mdgomareoba, romelsac Seesabameba misi
azris analogiuri da (ara identuri) azri. ìdea~ (rogorc poetis, ise
mkiTxvelis sulSiac) mxolod meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs~ (pol.
valeri, rCeuli proza, gv. 369). amitomacaa es SesaniSnavi Txzuleba nair-
nair asociaciebis aRmZvreli mkiTxvelSi. yoveli dro da sxvadasxva donis
mkiTxveli sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams mis mxatvrul sturqturas. es albaT
imis gamo, rom imave avtoris TqmiT òrazrovneba~ poeziis specifikuri
Tviseba gaxlavT (pol valeri, iqve, gv. 367). `mTani maRalnic~ xom prozad,
gardaTqmuli erTi udiades poetur qmnilebaTagania Cvens literaturaSi,
romelic rTuli azrobrivi qveteqstebiTaa datvirTuli da mravalnairad
wakiTxvis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs Slis TaobaTa winaSe.
`bunebis mgosnebi~. Cven mier ganxiluli `xmeli wifelisagan~
gansxvavebiT `bunebis mgosnebi~ sxvagvari maneriTaa dawerili. am
nawarmoebSi vaJa Seufaravad, Riad awesrigebs mTel moqmedebas da Zalian
TvalnaTliv gvidgens sakuTar esTetikur poziciasac ki1. magram Cven aq
araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom mw
1 es garemoeba imdenad cxadia, rom Zalian vrceli nawili `bunebis
mgosnebidan~ iseT solidur krebulSic ki Sevida, rogoricaa `vaJa-fSavela
literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb~, Tb., 1967, gv. 208-215.521
520
erali urTules moralur-esTetikur problemebze alaparakebdes,
erTgvarad afilosofosebdes frinvelebs, rogorc es andersenis
moTxrobebsa da lev tolstois `Холстомер~-Si xdeba1. vaJa bunebis mgosanTa
dasaxasiaTeblad Zalzed originalur gzas irCevs. mas ainteresebs, ranairi
poeturi, naTeli asociaciebi da mxatvruli fantazmebi SeiZleba gauCndes
adamians bunebis mgosanTa galobis gamakeTilSobilebeli gavlenis ZaliT.
amitomac Semohyavs mas nawarmoebSi mRvdeli irodioni da misi seminarieli
vaJi vano. bunebis wiaRSi SaSvisa da bulbulis msmenel mama-Svils am mga-
lobel frinvelTadmi madlierebis grZnoba uCndeba. isini bunebis mgosanTa
qcevis Sefasebisas mwerlis ideaTa ruporad gamodian. ase rom, aq mwerali
frinvelTa saxes ki araa amofarebuli, aramed adamianebis piriT
aaSkaravebs Tavis Sexedulebebs da bunebis mgosanTa gancdebis
daxasiaTebas TavisTavad Rirebulebas unarCunebs. am nawarmoebis Temaa _
ranairad SeiZleba warmoisaxos adamianma frinvelTa iubile. magram
sainteresoa, riTaa gansazRvruli vaJas interesi am Temisadmi? ratom
irCevs mwerali bunebis mgosanTa iubileze ocnebas nawarmoebis Temad? _ ai
kiTxva, romelic pasuxis gacemas moiTxovs. unda iTqvas, rom vaJas sxva
moTxrobaTagan gansxvavebiT, am Txzulebis ZiriTadi Tema ufro rTulia,
ramdenadac aq mwerlis esTetikuri Tvalsazrisia warmodgenili da mTeli
moTxroba mis mxatvrul xorcSesxmas emsaxureba. moTxrobis laitmotivia _
xotba simReris sidiadisa da SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebisa. vaJasTvis
`Tavisufali momRerlis~ simbolos _ mgalobel SaSvs, roca `Tavi
gamarjvebulad miaCnia~, `simRera swyuria~. gamarjvebis wuTebSi `mas arvin
sZuls~, `mteric ki moyvrad eCveneba~. aseT simReraze ambobs kidec mwerali:
`galobda SaSvi da Tavis galobaSi dnebodao~. aq kargadaa gamovlenili
Zaldautanebeli, bunebrivad mimdinare SemoqmedebiTi procesis gancda, rac
vaJas araerTgzis tkbobadi gancdis saxiTa aqvs warmodgenili. vis SeuZlia
TavdaviwyebiT imReros? _ vaJa SaSvis magaliTze fiqrobs, rom àse
gulianad galoba mxolod mas SeuZlian, visac Tavis dReSi sikvdilzed ar
ufiqrnia~. magram vaJas ainteresebs, `ras galobda SaSvi?~ `viciT, gvesmis is
leqsi, rasac SaSvi mReris~? amaze vaJa ase upasuxebs: `vai, rom ar gvesmis
da mxolod unda mivxvdeT, unda mivxvdeT imitom, rom SaSvi mudam ar
galobs~.
garda SaSvisa, vaJas miaCnia, rom bunebas ukeTesi mglobelic hyavs. es
bulbulia. vaJas poeturi mrwamsiT, `Tu metyvel nawils bunebisas gvyavs
sakuTari rusTavelebi, Seqspirebi da homerosebi, utyv bunebasac _ tyes,
frinvelebs, cxovelebs hyavT Tavisi Seqspiri da rusTaveli. es aris
bulbuli, misi mSvenieri, tkbili galoba suli wmindad hqmnida mTel
bunebas Tavis ciTY da dedamiwiT~. es galoba, vaJas azriT, àRmafrenis
momniWebelia~ adamianTaTvis da
1 amis Sesaxeb ix. grigol kiknaZe, metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tb.,
1957, gv. 226-227.522
521
amitomacaa, rom bunebis mgosanTa uSualobiT savse simReriT moxi-
blulni am moTxrobis adamiani personaJebi Tavad eZlevian SemoqmedebiT
aRmafrenas. maT msjelobaSi ukve vaJas pozicia Cans. vaJa-fSavelam Tavisi
cxovrebiT daamtkica, Tu ras niSnavs iyo namdvili momRerali _ poeti
amqveynad. vaJa-fSavelas arsebobis faqti gvarwmunebs, rom Turme SeiZleba
amqveynad iarsebos xelovanma, romelic materialuri dainteresebis
princips da moCvenebiT brwyinvalebas ki ar ahyveba, aramed maRal sulier
Sinaarss uqvemdebarebs yvelafers da swored amiT aTavisuflebs Tavis niWs
yofiT `wvrilmanebze~ fiqrisagan. namdvili xelovanis cxovrebisaTvis ki,
vaJas azriT, ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba gadaWarbebul qebasa da TviT
iubilesac ki, radgan amgvar zeimTa aRniSvnas xSirad ufro axerxeben ara
maRali niWiT cxebuli mgosnebi, aramed gaiZvera adamianebi. `bunebis
mgosnebis~ Seqmnamde oriode wliT adre (1911 w.) vaJam erT leqsSi
satiruladac ki daaxasiaTa iubileTa moCvenebiTi xasiaTi CvenSi. ìubilei~
gaxSirda, rogorc maisSi rwyilebi~, ìubilars dagiTvli, ramdenic dRea
welSia, artisti ginda poeti, uTvalavia CvenSia~, _ dacinviT ambobs vaJa.
magram niWieri xelovani aseT viTarebaSi CrdilSia da poetis TqmiT, àr
vfiqrobT arafers~, rom aseT `moRvaweTaTvisac~ `dagvedga dafnis gvirgvini
Tavzeda~. vaJas azriT, es erovnuli ubedurebaa da amitomac guldamwvari
mimarTavs igi Tanamemamuleebs: `qarTvelno, ifiqreT, modiT Wkvazedao~.
`bunebis mgosnebSi~ sxva aspeqtSi, magram mainc amave kiTxvas
dastrialebs vaJa Tavs. ranairi xelovneba da xelovani imsaxurebs
amqveynad namdvil dafasebas? vinaa WeSmariti ìubileis~ Rirsi? bulbulis
galobiT aRtacebuli moTxrobis erT-erTi personaJis _ vanos piriT
mwerali kidev ufro afarToebs sakuTari poeturi mrwamsis gamomxatvel
azrs, romlis arss warmoadgens bunebrivi, uSualo xelovnebis
upiratesobis aRiareba. `bunebas iseve uyvars xelovneba, rogorc Cven. an ki
Cven, adamianebs, sad SegviZlian ise SeviyvaroT xelovneba, rogorc TviT
bunebas, romelic TavisTavadac xelovnebaa?! mere, ra miyvars mag idealuri
artistebisa?~ _ kiTxulobs moTxrobis gmiri bunebis mgosanTa misamarTiT,
_ `Tavis dReSi sasyidels ara Txouloben. magaT arc vin iubiles umarTavs,
arc zeimsa, arc vin saCuqrebs ugzavnis, mSvenierze mSvenierebaa~...
am amonaweris mixedviTac gvaqvs sakmao safuZveli imisaTvis, rom vaJa-
fSavlas am moTxrobis personaJis sityvebi TviT mwerlis eTikur-
esTetikuri Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelad CavTvaloT. TxzulebaSi
mimobneuli am tipis gamonaTqvamebidan iseTi STabeWdileba ki ar gvrCeba,
rom mwerali cdilobdes imis warmodgenas, Tu rogor xedavs samyaros
frinveli, an cxoveli, an ras ganicdis bunebis sxva usulo warmonaqmni,
rogoric es magaliTad `xmel wifelSia~ naCvenebi, aq arc es araadamiani
personaJebia ayvanili im simaRleze, romelic ganviTarebis maRal doneze
mdgari adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. vaJa-fSavela mimarTavs
erTgvari diferencirebis princips, roca TxrobaSi sakuTar esTetikur
SexedulebaTa gamomx523
522
atvelad adamiani Semohyavs da amis Semdeg ukve agebs iseT poetur
samyaros, romelSic frinvelTa moqmedeba gaazrebulia adamianismagvarad.
moxibluloba uangaro, yovelgvari materialuri dainteresebisagan
Tavisufali xelovnebiT, adamianSi aRZravs survils, rom iocnebos bunebis
mgosanTa iubileze. `marTlac, ra turfa sanaxavi iqneboda, _ ambobs vano
aRtacebiT, _ menaxa Cemis TvaliT bulbulis iubile~. vaJa Tvals adevnebs
bunebis mgosanTa galobiT SemoqmedebiT aRmafrenas micemuli adamianis
ocnebas, roca igi adamianuri samyaros enaze Targmnis frinvelTa
cxovrebas da nair-nair adamianur situaciaTa daxatviT aRwevs
gulubryvilo xumroba-iumoris maRal safexurs.
bulbulis iubile saerTod, moTxrobis personaJis _ vanos war-
mosaxviT aris SeTxzuli, davrwmundebiT, rom aq adamianur yofaSi gaCenili
WeSmarit mgosanTa saTanadod daufaseblobiT gamowveuli ukmarobis
grZnobaa kompensirebuli bulbulis cxovrebis magaliTze. rasakvirvelia,
zemoT moyvanil amonawerebSi Zneli araa vaJas esTetikuri poziciis
danaxva.
xelovneba, simRera da poezia rom ar iyos, adamianebi erTmaneTs
musrs gaavlebdnen. adamiani adamians aRar daindobda. xelovanis mier
Seqmnili sinamdvile adamianebSi gamovlenil mxecur instinqtebs anelebs
da klavs, xelovnebis mSveniereba unda amaRlebdes, afaqizebdes da
akeTilSobilebdes adamianis suls. poeziam da simReram unda gadaarCinos
kacobrioba. amitomac unda arsebobdes amqveynad Tavisufali xelovani _ ai,
esaa `bunebis mgosnebSi~ gaSlili vaJas msjelobaTa esTetikuri qveteqsti.
es Tvalsazrisi vaJas esTetikis sayrdeni principia da amave dros axali
drois esTetikur TeoriaTa lozungad qceuli moTxovnac1, rac kidev
erTxel adasturebs, rom vaJa uaRresad Tanamedrove xedvis xelovania.
rasakvirvelia, didia am moTxrobis SemecnebiT-esTetikuri Rire-
buleba: `bunebis mgosnebSi~ mwerlis fantaziis meoxebiT SeniSnulia da
Seqmnili adamianuri ierarqiis magvari safexurebi frinvelTa da cxovelTa
samefoSic. aq vxedavT, unazesi da ufaqizesi grZnobebis mqone momRerali
bulbuli rogor ukeTebs reveranss briyv, magram Zlier mefe arwivs. magram
yvela SemTxvevaSi vaJas mier gadalaxulia yovelgvari satiruli
damokidebulebisnairi midgoma sinamdvilisadmi. radgan amgvari situaciebi
igav-arakuli an alegoriuli Sinaarsis ki araa, aramed adamianis mier
warmosaxvis TamaSiT Se
1 esTetikuri aRzrdis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi sagangebodaa yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli xelovnebis gziT adamianis aRzrdis, adamianis sulierad
gankurnebis momentebze. rogorc aRniSnaven, `xelovnebis socialuri rolis
aseTi gageba farTodaa gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi~ (ix. b. iusovisa da v.
Setikovis redaqciiT da winasityvaobiT gamosuli krebuli: Искусствоидети.
Эстетическоевоспитаниезарубежом. М, 1969; gv. 5
am garemoebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tomas mani, roca wers: èrTi
imaTgani, visac kacobriobis RirsebaTa xsna SeuZlia, esaa xelovanio~ ix. Т.
Мани, Письма, М, 1975, ст. 330.524
523
qmnili situaciebia. amitomac iwvevs igi Zaldautanebel, uboroto
sicils mkiTxvelSi. aq dacinvis iseTi `viToTmobiTi~ forma gvaqvs,
romelSic mTel samyarosadmi siyvarulia Caqsovili. `qalbatonebo da
batonebo!~ _ warmoTqvamen vaJas frinvelTa samefos gmirebi da adamianSi
gaavebis momaswavebel yovelgvar sawyiss axSobs xumroba-iumoriT
datvirTuli is optimisturi ganwyobileba, sicocxlis xaliss rom hgvris
kacs.
vaJa-fSavelas sabavSvo Txzulebebi
(SeniSvnebi)
vaJa-fSavela Cveni axalgazrdobis usayvarlesi xelovania. es si-
yvaruli da Tayvaniscema ucbad ar mosula. mgosanma TandaTanobiT moipova
didi niWis Sesaferisi saxeli. norCi Taoba jer kidev adre, sabavSvo
Jurnalebis _ `jejilisa~ da `nakadulis~ wyalobiT ecnoboda vaJas ukvdav
qmnilebebs, magram mis sabavSvo mwerlad aRiarebas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo
xeli iakob gogebaSvilma. didma pedagogma 1891 wels Seitana `deda enaSi~
vaJas leqsi `wiwila~, Secvlili saTauriT: `qori da wiwila~. am droidan
moyolebuli vidre dRemde, sxvadasxva tipis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi
zogjer Secvlili saTauriT, zogjer SemoklebiT gvxvdeboda da gvxvdeba
vaJas leqsebi: `molodini~, àrwivi~, `tye~, `mercxlis simRera~, òboli~,
ùnugeSo yofna~, `Rame mTaSi~, `Semodgoma~, `mzewvia~, `Citi-Ciora~, `zamTari
mTaSi~, `bunebis suraTi~, `pirveli gazafxuli~, `mxedarTa Zveli simRera~,
`mwyemsis simRera~, `mimino da mercxlebi~, àragvs~...
vaJas prozauli Txzulebebidan iakob gogebaSvilma 1900 wels Tavis
`bunebis karSi~ Seitana brwyinvale `Svlis nukris naambobi~. vaJas prozis
am Sedevrs Semdeg da Semdeg saxelmZRvaneloebSi Seemata: `saTaguri~,
`CxikvTa qorwili~, ùsurvazis dasja~, `mTis wyaro~, `kurdReli~, àmodis
naTdeba~, `rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanaze~, ìa~, `bunebis wiaRze~,
`lmobieri monadire da irmis goniereba~, `xmeli wifeli~, `mTani maRalni~.
didma vaJam bavSvTa cnobierebaSi am qmnilebebiT daimkvidra adgili,
rogorc ymawvilTa mesaidumlem, maTi sulieri cxovrebis moTvalTvalem da
Tanamonawilem. magram faqtia, rom vaJas, rogorc sabavSvo mwerlis,
mniSvneloba mxolod zemoaRniSnuli TxzulebebiT ar Semoifargleba. iseve
rogorc dasaxelebul SedevrTagan zogi arc SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod
sabavSvo qmnilebad (magaliTad, `xmeli wifeli~, `mTani maRalni~).
vaJas Semoqmedeba ymawvilebisaTvis ulev wyaros warmoadgens, uwyvet
nakadad moedineba naTeli fantaziisa da wminda sulieri miswrafebebis
gamRvivebeli vaJas leqsebi, poemebi da moTxrobebi. Cveni
axalgazrdobisaTvis ganusazRvrelad didia àluda qeTelaurSi~, `stumar-
maspinZelsa~ da `baxtrionSi~ gansaxierebuli maRalzneobriv saxeTa
mniSvneloba, magram vidre ymawvilTa goneba am qmnilebaTa azrobrivsa da
mxatvrul sidiades Caswvdebodes, maT cxovrebaSi did sulier megzurobas
uwevs swored zemoT dasaxele525
524
buli `Svlis nukris naambobi~, ìa~, `wiwila~, `saTaguri~, `CxikvTa
qorwili~, `naxevar-wiwila~. sruliad bunebrivad iWreba vaJa bavSvTa
sulier samyaroSi, ipyrobs maT Tvals, gulsa da gonebas, raTa didi rusi
mwerlis lev tolstois sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `simarTlis, mSvenierebisa
da saTnoebis grZnoba~ Tesos da axaros umanko arsebaSi.
brwyinvale sabavSvo qmnilebaTa avtoria vaJa, magram es jer kidev ar
niSnavs, rom es nawarmoebebi mxolod ymawvilTaTvis sakiTxav masalad
hqondes mas Cafiqrebuli. mwerlis mxatvrul moTxovnilebaTa
gamoxatulebad arian CaTvlilni isini, rameTu WeSmariti `sabavSvo
qmnilebebi yovelTvis momxibvleli da zneobrivia mozrdilTaTvisac~ (l.
tolstoi). Tumca savsebiT bunebrivia, rom vaJas, sabavSvo literaturis
raobisa da gamiznulobis Sesaxeb garkveulad Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi
da poziciac hqonoda. didi mgosani xom Tavisi ganaTlebiTa da praqtikul-
pedagogiuri saqmianobiT dakavSirebuli iyo aRzrdis sferosTan. Tu
raoden rTulia sabavSvo mwerlis movaleoba, es garemoeba naTlad hqonda
gaTvaliswinebuli vaJas, roca 1915 wels aRniSnavda: `nuravis hgonia advili
iyos sabavSvo leqsis da moTxrobis dawera, yvelazed Zneli swored esaa,
da Tu ara RvTiuri niWiT mironcxebuls da suliT mdidars, raic
erTgvarad 5-6 wlis bavSvs aaxloebs 40 wlis adamians, ar SeuZlian gaxdes
sabavSvo mwerali~... ufro adre (1909 w.) vaJas Sio mRvimelisadmi miZRvnil
leqsSi kargad aqvs mignebuli, rom sabavSvo mwerlisagan aucilebelia
bavSvad qceva. cxadia, Znelia, `bavSvebs bavSvurad~ daanaxo da aswavlo
`hangebi gulze mwvdomia~, magram es unda SeZlos sabavSvo mweralma,
romelic aris mociquli, raTa gaaRviZos ymawvilSi ukeTilSobilesi
grZnobebi: grZnoba bunebisa da samSoblos siyvarulis rainduli Segneba
(`trfiali bunebisadmi, mama-papuri omia~).
vaJa-fSavela, iseve rogorc yvela didi sabavSvo mwerali, Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT savsebiT pasuxobda im moTxovnas, rac asea Camoyalibebuli
didi rusi kritikosis b. belinskis mier: àdamiani ki ar unda Seiqmnas,
aramed daibados sabavSvo mwerlad. aq saWiroa ara mxolod talanti,
aramed Taviseburi genia... diax, mravali, mravali pirobaa saWiro sabavSvo
mwerlad Camosaylibeblad. amisaTvis saWiroa suli _ madliani, moyvaruli,
mSvidi, uwyinari, bavSvurad gulubryvilo, goneba _ amaRlebuli,
ganaTlebuli, Sexeduleba sagnebze gasxivosnebuli, da ara marto cxoveli
warmodgena, aramed cxoveli poeturi fantaziac, romelsac SeuZlia
yvelaferi warmoadginos gasulierebul nair-nair saxeebSi... saxeebiT rom
ilaparako bavSvebTan, saWiroa TviT iyo mozrdili bavSvi.~ ai, esaa
ZiriTadi moTxovna, rac wayenebuli aqvs sabavSvo mwerals da es moTxovna
axali drois did moazrovneTa da xelovanTa moTxovnacaa, radgan `Zveli
kacobrioba ar iCenda bavSvebisadmi gansakuTrebul interess~ da am mxriv
`bavSvebisadmi damokidebulebis istoria gviCvenebs kacobriobis 526
525
fsiqologiur istorias~1. `poeturi da sinaziT aRsavse monaTxrobebi
bavSvebis Sesaxeb gamoCnda mxolod axal droSi da isic qristianobis
gavleniT~2, radganac bavSvi ucodvelobis, uSualobisa, sifaqizisa da
siwmindis samoTxisebur simbolod iqna CaTvlili; am TvalsazrisiT,
rogorc l. tolstoi ambobs: `bavSvobis asaki harmoniulobis pirvelsaxea~3,
ramdenadac axali epoqis garTulebul pirobebSi `yoveli nabiji da yoveli
saaTi am harmonias rRveviT emuqreba~ (l. tolstoi), amdenad yoveli didi
sabavSvo mwerlis miznad iqca sifaqizis, saTnoebisa da mSvenierebis enaze
mieRwiaT harmoniulobis Zalumad CvenebisTvis... cxadia, am diadi miznis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod msjelobis, mtkicebis,
moralur-zneobrivi sentenciebisa da logikuri daskvnebisagan ganridebis
gziT, radgan karga xania cnobilia, bavSvebs esaWiroeba ara mtkicebebi da
msjelobani, aramed cocxal, nairferovan suraTebSi movlenebis Cveneba.
amasTanave, `TviT bavSvis buneba iseTia, romelic moiTxovs azris sicxades,
momavlis optimistur perspeqtivas, rac ar aZlevs nebas mwerlebs Seexon
iseT problemebs, rogoricaa samyaros arsebobis àbsurduloba~, adamianis
gaucxoeba da a. S.~ (ludvig reni)4. da es imitom, rom gamorkveulia bavSvis
sinamdvile _ es fantaziis sinamdvilea, rom misTvis realuri
sinamdvilidan gamoyofili araa fantaziis sinamdvile da es yvelaferi
dakavSirebulia TamaSis sinamdvilesTan. amitomacaa, rom àdreuli bavSvo-
bis xana `TamaSis xanad iTvleba~, ramdenadac fantaziis wyalobiT
`yvelaferi yvelafrad SeiZleba aqcio~5. usazRvro unda iyos mwerlis
fantaziac, rom man gasulierebisa da axali sinamdvilis Seqmnis iseT
simaRles miaRwios, roca waSlilia zRvari realursa da ararealurs
movlenaTa Soris, imdenad, rom warmosaxviTi TamaSis didi unaris wylobiT
aranamdvils realuri damarwmunebloba aqvs SeZenili.
vaJa-fSavela Seuborkavi fantaziisa da didi warmomsaxvelobiTi
SesaZleblobebiT aRsavse xelovani iyo, romelic swored yvelaze maRla
ayenebda saTnoebiTa da sifaqiziT savse guls, da guli ki, _ rogorc
amboben, bavSvebs ekuTvnis, _ magram `danaxva gulis moZraobisa xom didsac
swyuria~ (grigol kiknaZe); amitomac erTnairad momxibvlelia vaJas sabavSvo
nawarmoebebi, rogorc ymawvilTaTvis, aseve asakovani adamianebisTvisac.
Tuki sworia azri, rom sifaqize ara mxolod sikeTes gulisxmobs,
aramed igi sikeTis gansakuTrebuli grZnobiT siyvarulia, maSin Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, vaJa-fSavela am mxriv silamazis da sifaqizis didi
momReralia. didi poetis faqizi xilvebiTa da gancdebiT savse mxatvruli
samyaro saTnoebisa da TanagrZnobis,
1 vaxtang goguaZe, adamiani rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni. Tb., 1980, gv.
172-173.
2 Фаррар, ЖизньИисусаХриста, Спб., 1904, gv. 180.
3 Л.Н. Толстой, собр. соч. вдвадцатитомах, т. 15, М., 1964, gv. 34.
4 ix. Зарубежнаядетскаялитература, М., 1974, gv. 11.
5 d. uznaZe, Sromebi, III-IV. zogadifsiqologia, Tb., 1964, gv. 605-606.527
526
xumroba-iumorisadagroteskulipersonaJebis,
fiqriTaRsavsenazisevdisadajansaRioptimizmiserTianobaa; momxibvlel, warm-
tacferebSigacocxlebuli, TvalsaCino,
sagnobrivimxedvelobiTixatebiTavsebuliqveyanaa, _
esodenmimzidvelidasaocnebo _ yvelabavSvisaTvis.
vaJassabavSvoTxzulebaTaSorispirobiTadSeiZlebagamoyo-
filiqnasnawarmoebTaorirkali _ erTia, uSualodbavSvissulierigancdebis,
misisamyarosdamsuraTebeliqmnilebebi, dameore, _
bavSvisfsiqikisadawarmosaxvisaTvisSesaferisi, ymawvilTafan-
taziisadaqcevisgamomxatveli,
anusakuTrivymawvilebisaTvisgankuTvniliTxzulebebi.
bavSvisqceva, fiqri, ocneba-
fantaziagansakuTrebulisinaziTadasaTuTizrunviTaamosilivaJasSemoqmedeba
Si. bavSvisadmisiyvaruls, cxadia, yveladroisadamianiamJRavnebs, magramessi-
yvarulirocasicocxliTsixarulisdonezeadis,
amasmxolodaxalidroisdidixelovannidamaTSorisvaJa-fSavelaavlens.
amitomacmoulodneliaraa, romgeniosimgosani, mZafrilocva-
vedrebisgancdiTmoculi, araCveulebriviZalisxmeviTwers:
`RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras,
nu autireb mSobelsa,
nu miabareb Savs miwas,
am soflis gaucnobelsa,
nu vnaxav bavSvis kubosa,
nu gamxdi Sensa mgmobelsa~.
(`RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras~)
vaJas warmodgenaSi TiTqos wamierad gaielvebs bavSvis, yoveli drois
momavlis naTel imedad qceuli Suqis Caqrobis SiSi, magram esaa mxolod
wamierad. didi poetis fantazia laRi ocnebis frTebiT umal swvdeba
bavSvis mier jansaRad gasasvlel gzas cxovrebisas, roca leqsSi `bavSvs~,
sayvarel arsebas, es brZenkaci ase warmosaxavs:
`bavSvi xar, àRus~ iZaxi,
ver daxval, ver dgam fexasa,
dahvaJkacdebi, patarav,
iwyeb ulvaSis grexasa,
welze Seibam gordasa,
etrfobi abjris JRerasa,
Tavsa Seaklav, Tu vinme
avad gixsenebs dedasa~.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
mSobeli miwis darajsa,
gnaxav mtrisaken mzeralsa,
raki scnobs Sensa simtkices,
mteric dagaklebs verasa,
gamarjvebisa ambavsa528
527
qarTulad iwyeb werasa,
maSvrali, brZoliT mosuli,
Camoujdebi kerasa,
gverds gisxdebian sworebi,
vismen Tqvens sufrul mRerasa~...
araCveulebrivad xalasi da spetaki, bavSvebze fiqriT anTebuli unda
iyos poetis guli, rom man aRadginos yvela bavSvisaTvis cxovrebiseulad
esoden nacnobi, magram vaJamde Cvens sinamdvileSi literaturulad mainc
ucnobi dialogi deda-Svils Soris, leqsidan `deda da Svili~.
Svili:
`dedav, miTxari, genacva,
me rogor gamaCineo?
deda:
gaigeb, rom gaizrdebi,
daweqi, daiZineo.
Svili:
Seni Wirime, dediko,
minda vicode marTali~.
warmoudgenelia ymawvili, romelic ar daipyros vaJas mier gamo-
cocxlebulma ulamazesma, mkafio sagnobriv-mxedvelobiTma xatebma, pidapir
suraTovanma Txrobam dedisa:
`Sen Cven baRCaSi mogTxare,
ager, iqiT rom Robia,
aq, sakitresa vCiCqnidi...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
jer xom borxvena aRmoCnda,
mere lusuma, Roloca,
mesmis krusuni TxrilSia,
Tma davinaxe bolosa!
es iyo, Sen genacvale,
Seni qoCori oqrosa!..
gewie, Tmaze gewie,
amogaCine mTlianad!..~
vaJa Tvals adevnebs bavSvis ulev interess, roca kiTxvaTa ko-
riantels ayenebs dedis winaSe:
`maS CvenebianT vaso-Ra
saiT vin gaaCinao?..
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
oh, maSHvanoRa, dedilo,
is sadRa aris napovni?!..~
ase mihyveba bavSvTa gulismpyrobeli mgosani ymawvilis interesebs da
misi poeturi fantazia samaradJamod ukvdavyofs bavSvs bedniersa da
uzrunvels, bavSvs, Tbilsa da miamituri ymawviluri sixaruliTa da nazi
sevdiT garemoculs...529
528
vaJas bavSvobis Rrma STabeWdilebaTa poeturi gamonaTebaa ma-
maSviluri urTierTobis camde amamaaRlebeli leqsi `mama da Svili~.
cnobismoyvare ymawvilis goneba aq ukve mamis azrian naambobSi eZebs
sulieri wadilis aRsrulebas. mamas `fiqri ki Sors miurboda Tavis Zis
momavalzeda~. vecnobiT am leqss da CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, Tu raoden
mZafri unda iyos vaJas STabeWdilebaTa samyaro da niadagi, ase lamazad
rom aris gacocxlebuli avtobiografiul moTxrobebSi `Cems
wuTisofelsa~ da `mogonebaSi~.
vkiTxulobT 1909 wliT daTariRebul vaJas leqss, òboli~.
àRarc deda myavs, arc mama,
aRarc Zma, aRarc biZebi,
sul damelia Tvistomi,
tyis nadiriviT vizrdebi~...
da mkiTxvelisaTvis savsebiT bunebrivad aRiqmeba, oblis bedze
dReniadag dafiqrebuli poeti Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis gariJraJze.
ranairad gardaisaxeba obol Svlis nukrad da ukvdavi striqonebiT
gulsaklavad gaesaubreba mkiTxvels: `pawawa var, oboli. bedma damibriyva.
cud dros davobldi... gzadakarguli davdivar, ai, daxedeT Cems sisxlian
fexsa... sul meSinian, vkankaleb... gzaareuli davexetebi~...
vaJa didi simarTliTa da gulwrfelobiT gadmogvcems im mware
naRvels, riTac Sepyrobilia qalaqs Sefarebuli patara mTielis guli.
`mTieli bavSvi qalaqSi~ _ ase hqvia leqss, romelSic bunebis Tavisufali,
harmoniuli samyarodan qalaqis rTul garemoSi moxvedrili bavSvis
sofelSi dabrunebaze surviliT avsebuli ocneba da natvraa warmosaxuli.
àh, mTebo amwvanebulo,
rodisRa gnaxoT TvaliTa?
Cemo patara sofelo,
patarikais WaliTa.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
mSral-maZRari var mudama,
magram es ara mwadia,
netav ZroxebSi gamgzavna
da damasvela wvimiTa~...
amgvar gancdebs uciloblad poetis pirovnul-biografiuli
STabeWdilebani asazrdoebs da bunebrivia, araa SemTxveviTi, rom mis
adreul mSvenier moTxrobebSi (`patara mwyemsis fiqrebi~, `mogoneba~ da
sxv.), Tu ratom aqcevs vaJa am Temas Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagnad.
aq ukve gansakuTrebulad mZafria pirovnul STabeWdilebaTa kvali da misi
zemoqmedebis faqti mwerlis warmosaxvaze.
rogorc vxedavT, vaJas SeuZlia bavSvis sulieri cxovrebis yvela
mxares miadevnos Tvali, igi ymawvilTa gulis namdvili mesaidumlea, maTi
sixarulisa da SeWirvebis gamgebi, ganmcdeli da Tavisi brwyinvale niWis
wyalobiT ukvdavmyofeli yovelive im diadisa da lamazisa, rac
Tavmoyrilia bavSvSi, rogorc harmoniul arsebaSi.530
529
* * *
kidev ufro maRldeba Cveni warmodgena vaJas did xelovanebaze, roca
vxedavT, Tu rogor gardaisaxeba vaJa im qmnilebebad, rac ase izidavs da
ajadoebs bavSvs. didi poeti xan Svlis nukris eniT gvesaubreba, xan nazi
iaa, xan sevdianad mobutbute mTis wyaro, eSmaki Cxikvi, saTnoebiT savse
bulbuli, xan amayi da zavTiani arwivi, Tu trabaxa Tagvi...
bavSvebs xom yvelazed metad uyvarT cxovelebi, frinvelebi da
mcenareebi, radgan TavianTi umankoebiT da siwmindiT Zalzed hgvanan
bunebas.
amgvar masalaSi pirdapir iZireba vaJa, saswaulmoqmed mindiasaviT
esaubreba da asaubrebs cxovelebs, frinvelebs, `suls hberavs~ usulo
sagnebs. yvela SemTxvevaSi aSkarad Cans, rom am tipis TxzulebaTa
dedaazri sicocxlis wyurvili da sicocxliT sixarulia.
zepir TxrobasTan daaxloebuli eniT gviyveba vaJa Svlis nukris
ubedurebaze _ mis oblobze, iis da mTis wyaros ulev sevdaze. esaa
yovelgvari moralizebis gareSe mimdinare Txroba, saidanac advilad ismens
da ganicdis bavSvi xmas simarTlisas, saTnoebisas... aba, romel bavSvs ar
warmoudgenia Tavi Svlis nukris mdgomareobaSi da ar uRvria cremli
Semdeg striqonTa kiTxvisas: `me movkvdi, tanSi daviSale, rodesac
SeCvenebulma monadirem amoiZro priala xanjali da gamouso dedas yelSi.
sisxlma ifeTqa da gadaerwyia xeebze... ager ZuZuebze, im ZuZuebzed,
romlebsac me vwovdi, dauso xanjali da gamoSeSxa~.
* * *
vaJas moTxrobaTa erT wyebas aerTianebs da erTmaneTTan amsgavsebs
interesi martoobis, oblobis, sulieri ukmarobis safuZvelze warmoqmnili
gancdebis daxasiaTebisadmi. vaJa bavSvs fiqrs aCvevs, roca mas sevdis
pirispir tovebs. ram SeiZleba Caafiqros bavSvi Tu ara oblobis
warmodgenam.
gulcivoba, uxeSoba xvdeba daoblebul Svlis nukrs, SiSiTaa moculi
igi. martooba da umweobis niadagze warmoqmnili SiSi warmoSobs sevdas. ra
SeiZleba iyos imaze didi ubedureba susti da patara arsebisaTvis, vidre
oblobaa. TanagrZnobas eZebs martivad myofi oboli Svlis nukri.
TanagrZnobis wil ki igi awydeba gulqvaobas. usazRvro tkivilis wyaroa
irgvliv gamefebuli usulguloba. itanjeba oboli, umweo Svlis nukri,
magram umanko arsebas ubedureba Sinaganad anaTebs, afaqizebs, tanjva ki ar
aborotebs, sulierad amaRlebs. sakuTari Tavis anabarad darCenili Svlis
nukris bedi TanagrZnobis, Tanalmobis gancdebs badebs mkiTxvelSi da,
rasakvirvelia, yvela bavSvSi, vaJa humanurobis siyvaruls nergavs
adamianSi, adamianis sitlanqis dagmobis survils aCens masSi.
sicocxlis siyvaruli emyareba sakuTari TviTRirebulebis aRiarebas.
TviTRirebulebas ki zrdis sakuTari silamaziT tkbobac. es gancda
warmarTavs umSvenieres poetur moTxrobas ìa~. ùRrans tye531
530
Si mosuli var... manam cocxali var, Cemis silamaziT davatkbob tyes,
balaxs da im gaRmidam gamomcqerals gulxavsians kldesa, sunelebas
mivafrqvev aremares~... _ silamazea Tavad sicocxle, magram kidev ufro
maRalia fasi TavisTavad lamazi arsebis azriani sicocxlisa: ai, esaa
mTavari azri sakuTari mSvenierebiT moxibluli nazi iisa, romelsac
savsebiT marTebulad miaCnia, rom `Cemis erTis Tvis sicocxle sxvis
ocdaoTxis Tvis sicocxles sjobia~, rameTu silamazea amnairi sicocxlis
Sinaarsi, silamaze saTnoebis akvanicaa. nazad Tavdaxrili iis sakuTari
silamaziT moxiblulobas ki ar STaunTqavs sxvis RirsebaTa danaxvis
unari, aramed gaufarToebia xedvis are. TiTqos lamazi qaliSviliao, ise
keklucad iwonebs Tavs ia: àger im dampals yunWs Tvali sul Cemsken
uWiravs, micinis xolme, unda CemTan movides, _ makocos, magram ar
SeuZlian~, `mxolod Soridam gamicinebs, gaiRimeba sacodavi, Tumca uSnod,
magram gulkeTiloba ki didi gadaefineba xolme pirzed~. sicocxles ax-
arebs silamaze da amiT aRtacebuli ia amayad SesZaxebs xolme: `gana marto
imas uxarian Cemi sicocxle?..~ ia axarebs yvelas, radgan silamazes Rvris
samyaroSi, magram am naz, sust, umanko da umSvenieres arsebasac hyolia
Turme mteri, uxeSi, utifari mteri adamianis saxiT. am tlanqi
utifrobisagan iCagreba da iTeleba susti da nazi silamaze, romelic
saWiroebs movlas, siTbosa da siyvaruls am qveyanaze. `ra Seubralebelia
kaci?! rasac ki dainaxavs, unda rom Tavis sasargeblod moixmaros. albaT
ver afasebs Cvens silamazes~. _ gulnatkeni CurCulebs is da adamianebs
axsenebs, rom silamaze niWia amqveynad. mas, rogorc yovelgar niWs,
saerTod, movla da saTuTad mopyroba sWirdeba. gulubryvilo, nazi da
lamazi yovelTvis iTeleba Zlieri, uxeSi Zalisagan. tlanqi adamianebi ver
amCneven, ver grZnoben, rom nazi da umweo silamazis STanTqma samyaros
gaRaribebaa. esaa yvelaze araadamianuri faqti. vaJas mier sailustraciod
aq moxmobili masala mcenareTa samyarodanaa, magram es vrceldeba ada-
mianTa sazogadoebazec, TanagrZnobas Txoulobs umweo da lamazi amqveynad.
aqac humanurobaa vaJas mxatvruli azrovnebis warmmarTveli principi da
mozrdil adamianebTan erTad, romelTac SeuZliaT sxvadasxvanairi
azrobrivi qveteqstiT datvirTon am moTxrobis paTosi, bavSvebic
nairferovani keTilSobilebiT, sicocxlis siyvaruliT nakarnaxevi nazi
sevdiT ivsebian, raTa Semdeg sikeTis, TanagrZnobis, mSvenierebisadmi
Tayvaniscemis SegnebiT aivson da Tavadac am maRali miswrafebebiT
daamSvenon samyaro.
`Svlis nukris naambobis~, ìas~, `fesvebis~, `quCis~... Tematur rkalSi
SeiZleba moeqces `mTis wyaroc~. ratom unda iCagrebodes, qrebodes,
usasrulobis codvaTa morevSi ikargebodes ucodveli mTis wyaro?!
àraferi codva ar miqnia Cems sicocxleSi~, _ amayad acxadebs igi da
guldamwvari am cxovrebis wyevlakrulvian sakiTxavze, gakvirvebas
gamoTqvams. ratomaa, rom sxvas wyurvils uklavs da TiTon ki naadrevad
Sreba. sikeTis wil mcireodenni locaven, mravalni ki afurTxeben da
Telaven saTnoebiT savse wyaros. àTasSi erTi Tu ityvis, dailoce, civo
mTis wyarov, romeli Rvino Segedre532
531
bao?!~ ùmravlesoba zed mafurTxebs~. uvicoba Sobs umadurobas,
umaduroba kidev qelavs yvelas damfasebel mTis wyaros.
siwmindiTa da silamaziT savse patara mTis wyarosaTvis bednierebaa
Tavisuflebis pirobebSi daTesili sikeTe, magram savalaloa, rom
teritoriulad aris erTob mRvrie da SemosazRvruli misi bednierebis are,
òrisa Tu samis versiis sigrZeze var mxolod bednieri da ucodveli, mere
damlevs, CamnTqavs uzarmazari mdinare, daikargeba Cemi saxeli, Cemi
vinaoba~, _ ai, swored esaa am moTxrobis laitmotivic. gana savaldebuloa
ileodes, qrebodes, Srebodes, an didi da uwminduri, mRvrie mdinaris
usasrulo codvilian talRebSi inTqmebodes sicocxlis silamazis
masazrdoebeli patara, ankara mTis wyaro? ratom unda ikargebodes misi
saxeli da vinaoba? aq aris miniSneba ufro diadzed, rasac bavSvi Tavis
asakobriv zrdasTan erTad sxvadasxvagvarad aSinaarsebs, samyaros
amSvenierebs didi mdinaris grandiozuli sidiadec da patara mTis wyaroc.
vin icis, zogjer SeiZleba sikeTisa da silamazis TvisobriobiT
WeSmaritad diadia patara, mcire, erTeulis mniSvneloba, iseve, rogorc
mTis wyaros, aseve mcire mSvenierebasac dafaseba da Senaxva sWirdeba.
magram raki mkacri sinamdvile gaqrobis, daSrobis, usasrulobaSi
STanTqmis saSiSroebas hqmnis, realobaSi ganuxorcielebel survilebs
optimisturi ocnebisa da natvris formas aZlevs mTis wyaro. `netavi
dambadebels ese ar davewesebine da sul dausruleblad medina, merwyo
mcenareni, dedamiwis lamazi guli, momekla kacTa da cxovelTaTvis
wyurvili~, _ esaa mTis wyaros sanatreli bedniereba.
vaJa mTis wyaros sizmarsac realobaSi ganuxorcielebel survilTa
sasiamovno ganxorcielebad ki ar warmosaxavs, aramed gamafrTxilebeli,
damafiqrebeli gancdiT avsebs mkiTxvels, roca patara wyaros aTqmevinebs:
`wuxelis ra cudi sizmari vnaxe! RmerTo dambadebelo, kargad amixdine!
vnaxe, viTom viRupebodi~... mware sinamdvilea vaJas am moTxrobis sevdian
ganwyobilebaTa saTave; marTlac, ratom unda iyos simravlis Tviseba
ugunureba da umaduroba, didis faruli mizani pataras da lamazis
STanTqma; miT ufro, Tu es ankara siwmindis wyaro ara mxolod alamazebs
da amSvenierebs, aramed sapirado materialur survilebsac ucxrobs mas?
kvlav da kvlav adamiania damnaSave imaSi, rom igi cdilobs samyaros
wonasworobis principis darRvevas, egoistur ltolvaTa
dasakmayofileblad bunebis harmoniuli mSvenierebis waSlas. ase SeiZleba
gabatondes samyaroSi disharmonia, rac ukve kacobriobis daRupvis pirobaa.
rasakvirvelia, amgvari ganwyobilebis danergva ki araa `mTis wyaroSi~
avtoris amosavali Tvalsazrisi, aramed, mware, sevdiani sinamdvilis fonze
amozrdili is jansaRi optimizmi, romelic mTis wyaros sakuTari meobis
maradiulobis rwmenas uRvivebs, sicocxlis motrfiale arsebaTa wyalobiT
ganamtkicebs garemoSi da momavlisaken imedianad Tvalebmipyrobils qveynis
gasagonad aTqmevinebs: àra var gamSrali, arao!..~533
532
* * *
vaJa-fSavelam, rogorc sabavSvo mweralma, araCveulebrivi gamom-
saxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina nawarmoebTa im wyebaSi, romelic
Seicavs xumrobasa da gulubryvilo iumors, groteskul situaciebsa da
aseTsave saxeebs. bavSvis fantazias, mis sulsa da guls ki, rogorc
cnobilia, xiblavs TamaSi, araCveulebrivad ucnauri gamarTobeli ambebi da
sicili. vaJa-fSavelam Tavisi ganumeorebeli niWiT SeZlo sabolood
daemorCilebina patara mkiTxvelis guli, roca `saTagurSi~ TagvTa
samagaliTo `vaJkacoba~ daxata, `CxikvTa qorwilSi~ asaxuli manamde
arnaxuli mxiarulebis garemocvaSi moaqcia mkiTxveli da `mamlayinwas~,
`Tagvi da katas~, `wiwilas~, `bayayis simReris~, `TagvTa amboxebis~, `Tagvis
simReris~, `naxevar-wiwilas~ feeriul samyaroSi CaiTria ymawvilebi; vaJam
manamde ucnobi didi da lamazi warmosaxvis TamaSiT gaitaca da moajadova
patarebi da maTac gauCina azriani, maRali emociuri SinaarsiT avsebuli
TamaSis moTxovnileba. ase iqca didi poetis qmnilebebi ymawvilTa sulis
ara mxolod damatkboblad da gamxareblad, aramed bavSvTa SemoqmedebiTi
unaris gamaRviveblad, STamagoneblad.
akaki wereTlis garda, Cvens literaturaSi aravis gamoumJRavnebia
xumrobiTYgataceba ise, rogorc es SeZlo vaJam. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia
specialur literaturaSc: `vaJam adreve miaRwia Txrobis iseT safexurs,
sadac urTierTTanaa Serwymuli gulubryvilo xumroba da gadmocemis
gulubryvilo seriozuloba~...1 es Tavisebureba yvelaze metad iCens Tavs im
momentidan, roca poeti adamianuri cxovrebis samyarodan cxovelTa,
frinvelTa, an, saerTod, bunebis samflobeloSi inacvlebs. magram erTgan
naTqvamia, rom vaJas iumori ver eteva iumoris gansazRvrebis tradiciul
CarCoebSi da metad originaluri TvisebiT xasiaTdebao. e. i. aq
gamoricxulia avtoris mier obieqtis romelime mxaris dagmoba an gakicxva.
xumroba, adamianis ararsebiTi, araprincipuli niSnebis umtkivneulo
dacinvaa, romelic adamianis Rirsebas zians ar ayenebs; piriqiT, esaa
`viTomobiTi~ dacinva. xumroba fsiqologiuri TamaSia, romelsac dacinvis
forma aqvs, magram SinaarsiT obieqtisadmi siyvaruls Seicavs. Tavisi
bunebiT igi ufro gulubryvilobas efuZneba da arasodes ar amJRavnebs
faqtTan analizis gziT misvlis tendencias. igi ararealuris realurad
warmodgenasTan mtkice kavSirSia. amis gamo xumroba ufro meti simsubuqiT
gamoirCeva da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `wminda siamovnebis~ wyaroa.
gulubryvilo xumrobis iSviaTi nimuSia Cven mier zemoTganxiluli leqsi
`deda da Svili~, sadac dedis mier SemovliTi Txrobis gziT ararealuri
viTarebis realurad warmosaxva xdeba. bavSvis kiTxvaze: `dedav, miTxari,
genacva, me rogor gamaCineo?~ pasuxad miwodebulia warmosaxvis TamaSze
dafuZnebuli umtkivneulo tyuilis sxvadadasxva
1 gr. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, Tb., 1957, gv. 232534
533
varianti: `Sen `baRCaSi mogTxare~, vaso `wisqvils epovna dedasa~,
`fqvils Turme swmendda da am dros xeli moevlo kefaSi~, vano `xnulSia~
napovni da a. S. magram xSiria SemTxveva, roca Cveulebrivi xumroba
sinamdvileSi realurad arsebulze mianiSnebs da e. w. `mware xumrobaSi~
gadazrdis safuZvels qmnis. aseT viTarebaSi igi Tavisi funqciiT
iumoristuli, an satiruli damokidebulebisaTvis xsnis gzas.
vaJas brwyinvale nawarmoebebSi mSvenivrad gamovlinda xumroba mTeli
Tavisi bunebiT. xumrobas TavisTavad is faqti warmoadgens, rom personaJebi
adamianebi ar arian da adamianurad, sasacilod ki iqcevian. es ukve
warmosaxviTi TamaSis imgvari saxeobaa, romelic yvela momentSi iwvevs
TavSeukavebel Rimilsa da sicils.
saxumaro viTareba iSleba mkiTxvelis Tvalwin, roca leqsSi _
`TagvTa amboxeba~ vkiTxulobT:
`Sayrila virTagvaebi,
ulvaSosani ymania,
erTmaneTs eubnebian;
unda SavyaroT jaria.
daudgenia kacebsa,
gawyviton Cveni gvaria,
Saurad dafasebula
TiTo virTagvis Tavia~.
es imgvari leqsia, romelic Tavisi saxumaro-iumoruli toniT da
TamaSis gamomxatveli qceviTYbavSvebisTvis ukvdavi `saTaguris~ erTgvar
mxatvrul ganayofs warmoadgens.
aris sxvagvari SemTxvevebic, roca adamianTa urTierTobaSi vlindeba
xumroba. amis dadasturebaa, roca Zia estates (`saTaguri~) ekiTxebian:
`Zia estates gamarjoba! saidan? saidan?
_ ierusalimidano, _ upasuxebda.
qalaqSi mimdinars Tu SeekiTxeboda vinme:
_ saiT, saiTken gagiwevia?
_ ierusalimSio, _ upasuxebda~...
aq kargad Cans TviT xerxic xumrobisa, _ dasturis formiT war-
modgenili uaryofa. xumrobis iSviaTi nimuSebia, roca igive estate colTan
Tavmowonebis mizniT sakuTar Tavs `biWs~ uwodebs, an Tundac moxucebuli
sosika, roca patara SviliSvils gugulis qmrad melias usaxavs (`melia-
kudagrZelia~). am gulubryvilo xumrobaSi aris is ubiwoeba, rac
siyvaruls afrqvevs yvelasa da yvelaferSi.
vaJas prozaSi saxumaro-iumoristuli situaciebia da simbolos, igav-
arakis an alegoriis Zieba am SemTxvevaSi araa gamarTlebuli imitomac, rom
`frinvelTa cxovreba ki ar aris vaJasTvis adamianis cxovrebis simbolo,
misi gasaRebi, aramed piruku, adamianis cxovrebaa frinvelTa cxovrebis
SinaarsSi Sesasvleli saSualeba~1. rasak
1 sergi danelia, vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri, Tb., 1927, gv. 26.535
534
virvelia, es faqti TviT masalis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis cnobas
gulisxmobs, magram es sruliadac àr aferxebs Sedareba-asociaciaTa gziT
sxva movlenisa da viTarebis mogonebasa da maTi mniSvnelobis aRiarebas.
bunebis TviTRirebulebis cnoba sruliadac ar iwvevs sxva rigis movlenaTa
Rirebulebis uaryofas~1. cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi civilizebul
adamianTa moqmedebisnairi movlenebis SemCneva sicilis naTel formebSi
gamovlenis faqtoria. asasaxavi masalis amgvari SerCeva zrdis miamituri
da gulubryvilo grZnobebis gamomJRavnebis xarisxs. amnairi momentebiTaa
savse Tavidan bolomde `saTaguri~, `CxikvTa qorwili~, `bunebis mgosnebi~,
`melia-kudagrZelia~, `melia serefenia~ da sxv. iumors iwvevs cxovelTa da
frinvelTa adamianuri moqmedeba. axlac sicilis gamomwvevi mizezi maTi
qcevaa. magram am qcevaSi adamianuri xasiaTis TavisCenis gamo Sinaganad
mainc gveufleba erTgvari Semfasebluri grZnoba maTi moqmedebisadmi, rac
ueWvelia, naTel da gulTbil, magram mainc odnav damcinavi saxiT iumorSi
gadadis. amgvari tendencia vlindeba `saTagurSic~, magaliTad, gavixsenoT
is SemTxveva, roca saTagurSi gamomwyvdeul ficxelas niSns ugebs nemsa:
`hee, axia Senzed! gegona SegrCebodi im dRes kakali rom momtace,
venacvale RmerTsa, Seni javri rom amomyara~ da a. S. msgavsi situaciis
aRwerisas aSkarad Cans mwerlis antipaTiuri damokidebuleba, SeiZleba
iTqvas, gamkicxavi mimarTeba imnairi faqtisadmi, roca gaWirvebuli
mdgomareobiT sargeblobs vinme, roca frinvelebi adamianisnairad
mliqvnelurad iqcevian Zlierebis winaSe. sainteresoa is momenti, bulbuls
rom iubiles uxdian (`bunebis mgosnebi~), svavis gamosvla: cali TvaliT
arwivs rom Sehyurebs da cdilobs imnairi ram Tqvas, rac mefes esiamovneba:
`svavi cdilobs arwivs mihbaZos, kilo arwivisa miiRos~. aq da sxva mraval
adgilas Cans mwerlis damcinavi midgoma im Tvisebebisadmi, rac adamianTa
qcevis manks warmoadgens. TavisTavad amnairi faqtebisadmi mwerlis pozicia
SeiZleba satirulad CagveTvala, saqme rom TagvebTan... CitebTan ar
gvqondes.
naTeli fantazia, didi warmomsaxvelobiTi unari, TamaSis usazRvro
moTxovnilebas badebs mkiTxvelSi da uboroto, naTeli sicilis wyarod
iqceva, umanko sicilisa, riTac ase ixibleba ara marto patara mkiTxveli,
aramed misi mSoblebic.
* * *
vaJa-fSavela, Tavis literaturul praqtikaSi, xalxur Semoqmedebas
xSirad mimarTavda. am mxriv, sainteresoa, Tu ra Taviseburebebs gvidgens
poema `naxevar-wiwila~, sadac vaJa farTod iyenebs xalxur zRapars.
gansakuTrebul interess ki is garemoeba aRZravs, rom erT-erT werilSi
poeti TviTSefasebis wesiT aRniSnavs am nawarmoebis sisustes da saTanado
mizezzec miuTiTebs. vaJa
1 gr. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, Tb., 1957, gv. 114.536
535
wers: `sazogadod unda vsTqva, romel legendas, Tu zRapars gauvlia
Cemis fantaziis manqanaSi, romelic Taviseburad SemimuSavebia, kvali
daumCnevia mkiTxvelebis gul-gonebaSi da romelic pirdapir gamileqsia,
arc erT Segnebul mkiTxvels, rogorc mag. `naxevar-wiwila~, CemTvis
saxelad ar moulocia. aqedan cxadia, rom poetma Tu yovelive ambavi
Taviseburad ar SeimuSava, Tavisi grZnoba-gonebis sakuTrebad ar gadaaqcia,
amaod daSvreba, mis nawarmoebs aravin WkvaTmyofeli xelovnurs ar
uwodebs~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJaseuli TviTSefaseba zedmetad mkacria.
am nawarmoebs gaaCnia Tavisi mxatvruli Rirsebebi.
vaJa-fSavela da Tanamedroveoba
vaJas zogierTi qmnileba poetis sicocxleSive Targmna germanelma
artur laistma. misi TqmiT, poetis Txzulebebis gacnobam èvropaSi
aRtaceba gamoiwvia~. rusi sazogadoebisaTvis vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas
wardginebis erT-erTi cda ekuTvnis iseT did xelovans, rogoric
aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili-iuJini iyo. 1902 wels mas sajarod waukiTxavs
vaJas nawarmoebTa aleqsandre xaxanaSviliseuli Targmanebi. 1906 wels a.
xaxanaSvilma rusul enaze gamocemul Tavis `narkvevebSi~ sayuradRebod
daaxasiaTa misi Semoqmedeba. 1911 wels vaJas Sesaxeb rusul presaSi
gamoqveynda grigol robaqiZis statiac. am droidan moyolebuli vaJasadmi
interesi rusul literaturul samyaroSi ufro da ufro izrdeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erTi qarTveli poetis nawarmoebis imdeni Targ-
mani araa Sesrulebuli rusulad, ramdenadac vaJasi. vaJa-fSavelas
SemoqmedebiTi nimuSebi Targmnili aqvT iseT gamoCenil rus poetebs,
rogorebcaa: boris pasternaki, nikoloz zabolocki, marina cvetaeva, osip
mandelStami, nikoloz tixonovi, vladimer derJavini, arsen tarkovski,
boris serebriakovi, evgeni evtuSenko da sxvani.
jer kidev vaJas sicocxleSi iyo cdebi, rom poeti eTargmnaT
inglisur, frangul da esperantos enebze.
amJamad vaJa naTargmnia germanulad, inglisurad, frangulad,
italiurad, Cexurad, bulgarulad, ungrulad, polonurad, latviurad da a.
S. vaJas icnoben indoeTSi, vietnamSi, iaponiasa da koreaSi _ msoflios
TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi.
vaJas fenomeni qarTul erovnul suls gamoxatavs yvela SemTxvevaSi
da Cveni xalxis niWisa da Zlierebis etalonad aRiqmeboda yovelTvis.
amitomac zRvardaudebeli aRmoCnda misi zemoqmedebis farglebi... Tu ra
gavlenas axdens da ra adgils iWers didi mgosani qarTvel (da ara marto
qarTvel) mweralTa gonebriv cxovrebaSi, es ukve karga xania Seuenelebeli
kvleva-Ziebis obieqtia. magram vaJa-fSavelas pirovneba da Semoqmedeba
xelovnebis sxva sferoTa warmomadgenelTaTvisac uSreti STagonebis
wyarod iqca. qarTuli Teatris istorikosTa (naTela uruSaZe),
musikaTmcodneTa (elene ZiZaZe), kinomcodneTa (akaki baqraZe) da saxviTi
xelovnebis mkvlevarTa (lela SaniZe, mariam karbelaSvili) mier jerovnad
aris 537
536
naTelyofili vaJas saxelisa da mxatvruli samyaros is maimpul-
sirebeli mniSvneloba, ramac dasabami misca mravali Teatraluri,
kinematografiuli, ferweruli da grafikuli, Tu musikaluri Sedevris
Seqmnas. amgvari Seunelebeli interesi vaJasadmi mxolod imis
dadasturebaa, rom Tanamedrove adamianis sulier moTxovnilebebs swored
vaJasnair Rrma da uaRresad Tanamedrove xedvis xelovanTan siaxlove
akmayofilebs, raTa man erTianobaSi SeZlos warsulis, amwyosa da momavlis
Sefaseba da warmosaxva.
* * *
yoveli didi mwerlis mimarT bunebrivad dgeba kiTxva: ra TvisebebiT
aris is SeWrili Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, anu rogor ikiTxeba
dRevandeli cxovrebis aqtualur problemaTa konteqstSi. es exeba maTi
Semoqmedebis motivTa rogorc zogadkacobriul, ise erovnul aspeqtebs. da
unda iTqvas, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSic vaJa-fSavela Cveni eris didi
winaswarmetyveli da sakacobrio fiqrTa mpyrobelia. adamianis fiqris erTi
`saqeburi Tviseba~ ki, misi sityviT, `movlenaTa mizezis Ziebaa~. vaJac
maZiebeli sulis xelovania. amitomac `samaradiso mSvenierebis~ idealis
mgosans Zalumad aqvs momadlebuli erisa da kacobriobis winaSe mdgar
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa aRqma-gaazrebis realuri unari. misTvis,
rogorc poetisa da qarTvelisaTvis, sicocxlis safuZveli samSoblo qveya-
na da misi siyvarulia... da is aris swored xidi kacobriobis siyvarulisa.
moyvasis siyvaruli, adamis modgmis siyvaruli _ esaa xedva fSavis xevSi
Sobili WeSmariti qarTvelisa, romlis warmodgenaSi imTaviTve
`warmarTuli elementi qristianuls dauZlevia~. codna-ganaTlebis
gaRrmavebasTan erTad xedvis are ise gafarToebia, rom `tanjuli
silamazis~ momRerlad qceula da locvad damdgari evedreba gangebas:
`suli Sen, leSi miwasa~, oRond ki `RmerTo, samSoblo micocxleo~...
`Zalian miyvars ieso~... vaJas es poeturi fraza, misi SemoqmedebiTi
mizanswrafvis sayrdeni, viTarca qarTvelisa da msoflio moqalaqis
ideologiuri kredoa, romelSic is kvaldakval mihyveba, misive TqmiT,
yoveli drois `saqarTvelos ideologis~ didi ilias gzas. aq iZleva poeti
Cvens sinamdvileSi urwmuno da usaxur `daselTa~ mZafr kritikas,
romlebmac saxe ucvales qristianuli rwmenisa da kulturis niadagze
saukuneebiTYganmtkicebul sulier Rirebulebebsa da orientaciebs. vaJas
TqmiT, `damaxinjebulma kosmopolitizmma~, Semdeg rom internacionalizms
uwodeben, `qarTvel kacs aaRebina xeli Tavis pirovnebaze, moukla
erovnuli grZnoba, dauxSo energia, dauketa gza TviT cnobierebisaken~. misi
azriT, `mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmopolitizmisaken~,
magram es xorcieldeba `mxolod patriotizmis, nacionalizmis meoxebiT~,
`partiul sijiutes~ ayolil dajgufebebs `ver gamoaqvT azri qveynis
xsnisa, misi naTeli~, radgan `sibriyves aSinebs naTeli, aSinebs simarTle~.
vaJa damarwmuneblad amtkicebs, rom `Tu vinme ityvis... yvela erebi
erTnairad miyvarso, styuis, TvalTmaqcobs, an Wkuanak538
537
lebia~, radgan `pirvel yovlisa, visac mSobeli deda ar uyvars, is
sxvas rogor Seiyvarebs~. am poziciidan `nacionalizmi~ mudam iqneba
jansaRi da arasdros igi Sovinizmad, fanatizmad ar gadaiqceva~... magram
dReniadag poetis safiqrali, `damxSobi mzis da mTvarisa~, isaa, rom
qarTvels ise ar uyvars qarTveli, rogorc unda uyvardes qristesmier
adamians. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom `SxamiT Sededda zneoba~; `vah, Sen
droebav, ra giTxra, risTvisa gvtanjav, razeda, risTvis dagvbada ufalma
cotani qveyanazeda?! magram simcirec ar gviSlis, sxva mizezi gvaqvs
wyeuli~; am mizezs vaJa `zneobriv qurdobas~ uwodebs, romlis arsi isaa,
rom `Svilis sikeTe mSobels Surs~, ver viferebT, `kargi Svilebi rad
gvebadeba~... TiTqos dRevandeli saqarTvelos mRelvare gulisZgeras, mis
SinaaSlilobas ugdebs yurs genialuri mgosani, roca wers: `me misi
araferi mwams, vinc erTgulia qveynisa da sxvisa erTgulebaze xalxs
acqerinebs eWviTa, sxvisTvis Surs igive grZnoba, risic mtvirTveli TviT
ari. misTana qveynis erTguli, RmerTma gvaSoros, vinc ari~. amis Sedegi
bunebrivad isaa: `Wkvians Wkvas aRar hkiTxaven, mitom rom yvela Wkvianobs~,
...erTiani saqarTvelos mexotbea poeti, romelsac erTnairad xiblavs
sidiade rogorc ameris, ise `lixs iqiTa~ `lamazi mxaris~, sadac èrTobiT
cxovrobs xalxica, imer-megreli-afxazi~; am kavSiris rRveva mis
warmodgenaSi eris daRupvis sawindaria da amitomac mZafrad esxmis Tavs
yvela imaT, vinc eTnokonfliqtebs aRvivebs: `gadaamterebs erTmaneTs
qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa, sakuTar anbans Seudgens samegrelos da
svaneTsa~... aseT pirobebSi mxolod erovnuli idealis erTianoba aris
qarTvelTa gadarCenis piroba; xsnis gzaa erToba da ara interesTa
sxvadasxvaoba. `vina Tqva erToba gvawyens, gvargia sxvadasxvaoba. bevrsa
tyuian Zvelebic, tyuis axali Taobac~, _ wers vaJa erTgan da mudam
qadagebs, rom `qarTveli iqces qarTvelad~, saqmiT uyvardeT `qarTvelebs
saqarTvelo~, èrs daaberebs mxolod monoba~, _ gvaxsenebs vaJa da mkacrad
ilaSqrebs monuri fsiqologiis tyveobaSi myof adamianTa mimarT. eris
gadarCenis erTaderT gzad poeti sxvisi imediT cxovrebas ki ara, sakuTar
Zalebze dayrdnobiT, moTminebiT, tanjviT mopovebul Tavisuflebas saxavs.
`TviT upatroneT Tavis Tavs, nu imedovnebT sxvebzeda~, _ dResac
gvafrTxilebs vaJa, Seaxsenebs qarTvelebs, ra drois urTierTqiSpia, roca
`kvdeba, sulsa hlevs veSapi~... STambeWdavad JRers sadReisod genialuri
poetis sityvebi: `ruseTi gonebaze mova TandaTan da namdvilis WeSmaritis
ZlierebiT SeiZleba Seimosos, maSin ufro gagviWirdeba Cven imasTan
brZola da amitom vidre sneuli loginSi wevs~... _ droa qarTvelebma meti
aqtivoba gamoiCinono. am poziciidan gmobs is im Tvalsazrisis uniadagobas,
romlis mixedviT, qarTvelebi mxolod `gaZlierebuli ruseTis~
`demokratiuli centralizaciis~ wyalobiT eziareba Tavisuflebas da
sikeTes. `visa hSurs gaZliereba ruseTisa?~ _ kiTxulobs poeti da
pasuxobs: àgreTve aravis, oRond wvrils erebsac hqondeT micemuli
saSualeba gaZlierebisa~. roca saamiso niSnebs ver xedavs, 539
538
vaJa kategoriulad moiTxovs, rom `merusuleobis pirobebSi uxeiro
decentralizacia jobia saukeTesod mowyobils centralizaciaso~.
vaJas miaCnia, rom `saqarTvelo ruseTis sxeulSi, ruseTis organizmSi
ki ar unda iyos gaTqvefili, rogorc usulo sanovage, aramed mas edges
gverdiT, rogorc cocxali, saRi arseba, ruseTTan erTad mosiarule
progresis gzaze, Tavis Tavisa da kargis mgrZnobeli~...
arsebobs am mZime pirobebSi gza xsnisa _ esaa qristianuli urT-
ierTsiyvaruli, romlis cecxli istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamo
minavlebulia da urTierTsiZulvilis energiad qceula. `piradi si-
ZulviliT da siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli moRvawe ufro metad sazizRaria,
metad mazarebeli da mavnebeli, radgan igi sazogadoebis mteria~, _ wers
poeti da miaCnia, rom amis mizezi eris TviTcnobierebis moumwifeblobaa.
`ganuviTarebel-gauzrdeli xalxi, rogoric unda demokratiuli
mmarTveloba daarsdes, mainc mmarTvelTa saTamaSo burTi... iqnebao~. roca
`virebi bedauroben~, `bedauris azrebs ver hgoubs cxovreba, radgan
virazrebis wixli mwvavea... mravalze umravlesia~ da `Zalac
umravlesobaSia mudam~, am ubnelesi Zalebis monuri sulis wiaRSi
aRzevdebian xolme `diqtatorebi da demagogebi~, romelTac `swyinT da
unda ewyinoT~, _ `sinaTle da simarTle~. vaJa guldaTuTqulia imiT, rom
bunebiT raind qarTvelSi is xedavs mowinaaRmdegis Rirsebis aRiarebis
qrobis process, rac eris azrovnul-kulturuli donis daqveiTebis
simptomad miaCnia. `SexedeT ingliselebs, daukvirdiT gladstons. aba, kai
biWi xar da qarTvels... aTqmevineb Tavis mowinaaRmdegis Sesaxeb, rom Tumca
erTsa styui, magram es erTi ram ki simarTle sTqvio. raki mowinaaRmdege
xar, sruliad TaviT bolomde mtyuani xar... amas vamCnev da guli mtkiva~ ...
vaJas TqmiT, amis mizezi isaa, rom Cveni axalgazrdani `moklebulni arian
erovnul aRzrdas~, isini crudemokratiuli ideebiT sazrdooben:
demokratia ki, rogorc cnobilia, sulis umaRles aristokratizms
gulisxmobs, rac WeSmariti Tavisuflebis wyaro da niadagia. am mZime da
erTob sapatio amocanis gadasaWrelad, anu èrovnuli aRzrdis~ misaRwevad
vaJa ara marto Tavisi pirovnebiT warmoadgenda moqalaqeobrivi da
SemoqmedebiTi gmirobis nimuSs, aramed pirdapir qadagebda kidec:
`moqalaqeobrivi simamacis gamoCena sjobian gaCumebaso~. `moqalaqeobrivi
simamacis~ asparezad poets inteligenciis moazre cxovreba miaCnia, radgan
inteligencias saxavda eris winamZRolad, misi sulieri potencialis
mixedviT zomavda is eris arseboba-ararsebobis, e. i. konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, Tavisuflebis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs. `marto qonebrivi
uzrunvelyofa ar aris garantia, rom erma SeinarCunos Tavisufleba, ukeTu
mas Tan ar axlavs eris gonebrivi simwife, ganaTleba, codna~... _ wers
erTgan mgosani.
vaJa-fSavela iseTi tipis moazrovnea, romelsac Rrmad hqonda awonil-
dawonili eris sicocxlisunarianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi. igi
aRniSnavda: `deda ena iseTi kuTvnilebaa erisa, rom Tu imas dasTmobs eri,
sxva yvelafersac ugulebelyofs, teritoriazedac xels aiRebs~: vaJas
mrwamsiT, samSoblos fxizeli guSagi swored inteligencia unda iyos,
mSromel masas unda Tavkacobdes da gonebrivad gzas ukafavdes WeSmariti
inteligenti. igi, pirvel yovlisa, unda icavdes burjs erovnebisas _ enas,
magram didi poeti imasac dasZenda, rom es provinciul inteligencias ar
ZaluZso. igi eyrdnoba ra ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis magaliTs, rogorc
erovnuli saqmisaTvis Tavganwirvis nimuSs, erovnuli indiferentizmiT
Sepyrobil zogierT moRvaweTa saqmianobaSi xedavs `vnebas da gaTaxsirebas
539
sazogadoebisas~. didi poeti ilias ukvdav mxatvrul saxes aqcevs garkveul
cnebad, imarjvebs termins, `TaTqariZeobas~ da fiqrobs, `sxvadasxva
pirobebSi Cavardnils TaTqariZeobas sxvadasxva Sedegi mosdevs~, rac Tavis
gamoxatulebas sulze xorcis gabatonebaSi, qristianuli siyvarulis
qrobaSi, Suris da egoizmis ganviTarebaSi poulobs. mxolod èrovnuli
aRzrda~ aris sulieri amaRlebis piroba da qarTvelTa politikuri
gadarCenis garanti. ase dgas dRevandeli, mRelvare politikuri vnebebiT
datvirTuli saqarTvelos Wirisuflad genialuri vaJa da, misi perifraziT
rom vTqvaT, `samaridanac ki samsaxurs uwevs~ Tavis qveyanas.
* * *
dRes, XXI saukuneSi mecnierul-teqnikuri civilizaciis aRzevebis
epoqaSi, atomisa da raketebis droSi adamianTa sulSi SeiWra da
gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda SiSis fsiqozi... samyaros daRupvisa da warRvnis
apokalifsuri gancda Cveni cxovrebis yoveldRiurobis Tanamdev gancdad
iqca. am mxriv, rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove dasavluri literaturisa da
xelovnebis nawarmoebebi savsea koSmarul-katastrofuli xilvebiT.
sinamdvilis am TvaliT danaxvis procesSi sayovelTao SiSis grZnoba
adamianTa gaTiSvis pirobad gamodis, xdeba e. w. `gaucxoeba~ (z. kakabaZe);
magram adamianis sulieri SesaZleblobebisadmi vaJas cxovelmyofeli
rwmena da sicocxlis siyvaruli mis TxzulebaTa mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi
sZlevs amgvar gancdebs da adamianebs ki ar TiSavs erTmaneTisagan, aramed
mouwodebs maT: `siyvarulze meti Wiri da lxini RmerTs ar gauCenia~;
amitomac `giyvardeT kacno erTmaneTi~...
540
egnate ninoSvili
(1859-1894)
amboben _ Semoqmedis gza aranakleb msxverpls moiTxovs, vidre gza
mowamisa... da marTlac, gagviWirdeba albaT, qarTul literaturaSi
dasaxeleba mwerlisa, visac iseTi WeSmaritad mowamebrivi cxovreba arguna
bedma, rogoric hqonda egnate ninoSvils.
mwerlis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc es xSirad xdeba
xolme, bevrs moagonda, rom egnate ninoSvili yovlad patiosani, wminda
adamiani iyo. adamiani ideisa, fiqr-azrisa. Qqveynis samsaxuris surviliT
imdenad gatacebuli, rom Tavisi Tavi sruliad ar axsovda, Tavisi interesi
ugulvelyofili hqonda~ (gaz. ,,iveria~, 1894, #97). imxanad kidev ufro
naTlad igrZnes da dainaxes, rom ,,iSviaTia iseTi gulkeTili, namdvili
saxarebis mier namoZRvri, qristianobrivi siyvaruliT Semkuli adamiani,
rogoric iyo egnate ninoSvili~ (,,iveria~ 1894, #98).
egnate ninoSvilis, rogorc mwerlis Seswavla-danaxvac swored misi
yofiTi da literaturuli cxovrebis mTlianobaSi warmodgenas
gulisxmobs. sadReisod mdidari masala mogvepoveba egnates
,,keTilSobiluri azrebis, mtkice da mousyidveli xasiaTis~ naTelsayofad,
misi saazrovno da mxatvruli interesebis sifarTovis dasturad; gasaocari
kia _ rogor moaxerxa pirdapir jojoxeTuri cxovrebis pirobebSi egnate
ingoroyvam Tavis TavSi aRezarda zneobrivad kristaluri siwmindis
pirovneba da Tan imdeni energia Semoenaxa, rom mwerlobisaTvis daemCnia
Rrma kvali...
egnate ingoroyva, romelic Cvens mwerlobaSi ninoSvilis fsev-
donimiTaa cnobili, daibada 1859 wlis 17 (5) Tebervals, sof. YyelaSi
(lanCxuTis raioni).
dabadebidan jansustma Zalze mgrZnobiare sulis egnatem mTeli
sicocxle usulgulo garemoSi, sitlanqesa da ZalmomreobasTan WidilSi
gaatara: adre daoblebuls dedis siyvaruli ar ganucdia _ mamida da biZa
zrdidnen. xelmokle guruli glexis Svili, bunebiT niWieri bavSvi
swavlisaken iswrafoda. im dRidan, roca mamidam misi ezos win moCuxCuxe
patara mdinareSi fexi Caadgmevina da daawyebina ,,an~-isa da ,,ban~-is kiTxva
_ wignisadmi siyvaruli mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Cauqrobel lamprad
enTo egnate ingoroyvas gulSi. pirquSi da bneli bavSvoba hqonda egnates...
wignis kiTxva surda _ bedma erTxans, rogorc TviTon ambobs, ,,garyvnil
vaWarTan xabazoba~ da regveni, uwignuri mRvdlis fareSoba arguna:
Semdgom, rogorc iqna, mzrunveli biZis wyalobiT, romelmac cocxals
mSoblis magivroba gauwia, mkvdars ki Tvalebi dauxuWa da gaapatiosna,
mSobliur sofelSi brundeba, saqonels mwyemsavs da Tan soflis skolaSi
dadis. Uuxeiro maswavleblis xelSi aba ra WeSmariti codnis miRebaze
SeiZleba ilaparakos kacma; da ai, ukve 17 wlisam Zlivs moaxerxa
ozurgeTis sasuliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel ganyofilebaSi
moxvedra. Aam xanebSi egnate, TanaklaselTa mogonebiT, iyo
`cecxlmokidebuli, sicocxliTa da sikiskasiT savse ymawvili~ da ,,maSinac
yvelafriT ganirCeoda Tavis amxanagTagan~. Eetyoba, am dauokebeli
temperamentis wyalobiT iyo, rom sust, kafandara ymawvilSi maZiebeli da
mebrZoli sulis xasiaTi CamoikveTa. albaT, amis gamoc egnates buneba ver
Seegua saswavlebelSi gamefebul reJims, daupirispirda reaqciul
xelmZRvanelobas, romelmac ,,mglis bileTiT~ daatovebina Wabuks seminaria;
am bileTis patrons ekrZaleboda yiovelnair saswavlebelSi swavlis
gagrZeleba. Mmagram egnate am dabrkolebis winaSe ar Semdrkala, ris
541
vaivaglaxiT mainc moaxerxa ,,saxalxo maswavleblis~ wodebis mopoveba da
SeZlo sanukvari profesiiT mcire xans, magram mainc emsaxura Tavisi xalx-
isaTvis. guriaSi ukanasknel dromde egnate ninoSvilis moswavleTa Soris
cocxlobda saxe didi maswavleblisa. Aamis dadasturebaa Tundac is, rom
egnates yofilma mowafeebma madlierebiT savse mravali Tbili mogoneba
datoves Zvirfas maswavlebelze. magram egnates Sin guli ar uCerdeboda.
Mmas ,,swyuria, enatreba swavla-ganaTlebis SeZena, `Jeneva-parizis
Tavisufali cxovrebis Sexedva~ da swored am dauZleveli survilis gamo
iyo, rom – uRaribesma da upovarma _ TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo _ 1886
wels igi swavlis gasagrZeleblad axlobelTagan Segrovili fuliT
safrangeTis q. monpelieSi Cavida, magram egnates wadili, misi xatovani
TqmiT, ,,frTebdaWril frinvels~ hgavda, ,,Rone da garemoeba ar Seswevda~
diad survilTa gansaxorcieleblad. guldaTuTquli swers kidec
safrangeTidan biZas _ aleqsi ingoroyvas: ,,meswavla, mere didi bednieri
viqnebodiT mec da Senc, magram raRai, aRar moxerxdeba ufuloT~... mxolod
ufulobisa da nivTieri SeWirvebis gamo Seiqmna igi iZulebuli daetovebina
Tavisi ,,aRTqmis qveyana~ da samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. saqarTveloSi jer
xom adreve stambaSi asoTamwyobad muSaobda egnate, Semdeg xan moxuci
generlis pirad mdivnad vxedavT mas, xanac kancelariis moxeled,
mtvirTavad, qarxnis muSad, telegrafistad, Savi qvis kantoris
TanamSromlad... bolos vinme timofeevis safiloqsero eqspediciaSi
daRestansa da mTian saqarTvelos daivlis igi.
TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT am dros egnate iyo ,,qeraTmiani, san-
domiani, inteligenturi saxis ymawvili kaci... egnates mainc da mainc
mxiaruli saxe ar hqonda, ar icinoda, TiTqo raRacaze mwuxarecaao, magram
es inteligenturi naRveli da sevda am lamazi kacis Svils, mSveniers da
sasiamovnos, mimzidvel sayurebels da sanaxavsac xdidnen~. megobrebisaTvis
Tavdadebuli, stumarTmoyvare, marTali da piruTvneli – aseTi iyo egnate
ninoSvili TanamedroveTa TvaliT. Tavad uWirs da Teatraluri
dadgmebisaTvis, ise rom misi saxeli ar gamoCndes, fuls swiravs, nasesxebi
TanxiT megobrebs umaspinZldeba, Tavad sapatrono da sazrunavi, sxvis
bedze fiqrobs: ,,es oxeri, qaluri guli maqvs – rogorc ki tolamxanagebs
davSordebi, raRac saSineli sevda da javri momicavs,~ swers is erT
megobars... magram es saTuTi grZnobebis kaci metad mtkice nebis,
ukompromiso pirovneba gaxldaT: ,,sadac wasaCxubebelia, iq waCxubeba unda!...
ras miqvian moTmena da isic adgilis gulisTvis; jani gavardes im si-
cocxles, Tuki Cems dReSi kompromisebze vivli!... Cveni cxovreba uamisodac
kompromisebiT aris savse... sadac usindisobas dainaxav, iqve unda ukiJino~ _
ai, aseTia egnate ninoSvilis cxovrebis devizi; am principebiT cxovreba ki,
cxadia, yovel droSi Wirda, miT ufro maSin... Tavisi cxovrebis zneobrivad
myari wesiT da udreki xasiaTiT, konstantine gamsaxurdias TqmiT,
,,ninoSvilisTana vaJkacs bevrs ver vxedavT saqarTveloSi~. saocrad
morcxvi, moridebuli da amave dros, Tavmoyvarea mwerali. Llaparakze
metad egnates mosmena hyvarebia, gansakuTrebiT erideboda sakuTar nivTier
gasaWirze sajarod xmis amoReba. arada, Cven vicnobT Zalian saxelmoxveWil
mwerlebs, romlebic egnateze aTjer ukeT cxovrobdnen da gaWirvebaze ki
wuwunebdnen... mxolod alag-alag axlobel megobrebTan pirad werilebSi
Tu gaJonavs sakuTar gamouval mdgomareobaze gulistkivili: ,,sanam
cocxali var, Wama xom minda!~ _ wers is erT baraTSi da mxolod imisTvis
eZebs samsaxurs, rom Semoqmedebis elementaruli pirobebi moipovos da
,,kuWis anTeba~ ar mouvides. Aam mxriv imdenad TavSekavebuli gaxldaT, rom
542
magaliTad, ìveriis~ redaqciaSi bolomde ar icodnen egnates gaWirvebuli
cxovrebis ambavi. amitom mravali damwyebi mwerlis msgavsad Tavdapirvelad
honorarsac ki ar aZlevdnen. TviTon mwerals eTakileboda sakuTar
xelmokleobaze laparaki. Mmisi miwer-mowera savsea wignebis kiTxvisa da
codnis SeZenis surviliT, didi literaturis Seqmnaze ocnebiT. Eegnate
ocnebobs ,,namdvil iverielebze~, ,,Tavganwirul patriotebze~, magram misi
maxvili Tvali Wvrets mkacr sinamdviles, xedavs qarTvelTa erTi nawilis
sulier simdables da gadagvarebas. Aamitomacaa, rom igi saqarTvelos
,,droebiT briyveTs~ uwodebs da dascinis im ,,qvazipatriotebs~, romlebic
saqmis magivrad mxolod ,,sadilebs marTaven saqarTvelos sakeTildReod~.
Eegnate ninoSvili valebiT cxovrobs, rogorc patiosan adamianTa
umetesoba, magram mainc xels umarTavs sxvebs...
daZabulma SemoqmedebiTma jafam, fizikurma Sromam da saarsebo
saSualebaTa Ziebaze dReniadag gamudmebulma fiqrma gatexa mwerlis
janmrTeloba. Tu erT dros Tavisi simkvircxliTa da simpaTiuri
SesaxedaobiT ipyrobda egnate TanamedroveTa yuradRebas, gardacvalebamde
ramdenime TviT adre ukve ,,tanjuli saxiT~, ,,mileuli SesaxedaobiT~,
,,gaWirvebuli sunTqviT~, ,,morRveuli~, ,,gaganierebuli cisferi TvalebiT~
darCa igi mxilvelTa mexsierebaSi...
erTi didi mwerali ambobs, Zalian momqancvelia samarTlianobaze
gamudmebuli zrunvao. simarTlis maZiebeli, usamarTlobis mgmobeli da
qveynad patiosani Sromisa da cxovrebis mqadagebeli egnate ninoSvili,
marTalia, samarTlianobaze zrunviT sulierad ar iqanceboda, magram
,,ZaRl-umaduri~ cxovrebis gamo fizikurad ifiteboda, iSriteboda... Tu ara
did Sinagan Zalasa da mowodebas, sxvas ras unda daemuxta es avadmyofi,
ulukmapuro kaci Tavis TavSi CaRrmavebuliyo, franguli ena eswavla ise,
rom Tavisuflad elaparaka, ekiTxa da eTargmna, ewera da Tavisi sityviTa
Tu saqmiT sxvebisTvisac STaenerga SemoqmedebiTi Sromis survili!
samsaxurSi iyo da, cnobili mwerali iZulebuli gaxldaT xanjal—
revolveriT SeiaraRebuli imas dalodeboda, an axla momiwevs am ,,gauTau-
rebul~ Seugnebel xalxTan sakuTari Rirsebis dacva, an axlao; cxovrobs
,,garyvnili xalxiT savse samikitnos gverdiT, budesaviT midgmul, dampali
iatakiT, oRro-CoRro WeriT, 5 arSinians kubosnair oTaxSi, sadac pirdapir
Semodis mTvrali moqeifeebis Rriancelis xma~, mwerali sulis SexuTvas
grZnobs~ aq da mainc axerxebs muSaobas. sofelSi, loginad Cavardnili,
ukanasknel dReebs atarebs siciveSi saWiro kvebisa da wamlobis gareSe,
bolo amosunTqvamde muSaobs _ gadmocemiT, Zala rom aRar Seswevs, Werze
damagrebul Toks Seibams xelze da mwoliare ase wers ukanasknel
nawarmoebs. dRes es yvelaferi SesaZloa, mxatvrul gamonagonad moeCvenos
kacs... Tumca imas ver vityviT, rom mas sicocxleSi aRiareba mohklebodes,
rasac werda, TiTqmis dauyovnebliv ibeWdeboda, gamodioda calke wignebad,
iTargmenoda rusuladac. Mmagram mis xelmokleobas ver Sveloda.
xelmokleoba ra saTqmelia, elementarulad fizikurad saarsebo pirobebis
minimumic ar gaaCnda mwerals. rogorc yoveli niWieri da Raribi kaci, isic
amayia da Tavmoyvare. xelismoweriT fuliT daxmarebas urCevnia SimSiliT
mokvdes... ukve saxelmoxveWil mweral egnate ninoSvils 1892 wels Tavisi
wignisaTvis portrets sTxoven, mas ki suraTis gadasaRebi fulic ar aqvs.
Mmwerals hyavs megobrebi; rogorc piradi mimoweridan Cans, Zalze
daaxloebuli yofila Tedo saxokiasTan. magram am megobarTagan yvelas an
TiTqmis yvelas uWirda am dros. cnobil qarTvel moRvawe-mweralTagan
mwerlis sicocxleSi mxolod Cvenma sasiqadulo pedagogma iakob
543
gogebaSvilma moaxerxa, ,,ise, rom misi prudoniseburi Tavmoyvareoba ar
Seelaxa~, daxmarebis xeli gaewodebina unugeSo mdgomareobaSi myofi
momakvdavi mwerlisTvis. Eeg. ninoSvilis bediT interesdeba da mis
sanaxavad midis yoveli gaWirvebuli qarTveli mwerlis Wirisufali daviT
kldiaSvili... sxvebi? sxvebi mxolod egnate ninoSvilis gardacvalebis
Semdeg gamoTqvamen nagvianeb gulistkivils... aq nivTier daxmarebazea
laparaki, Torem pirveli, vinc egnates niWi SeamCnia da daafasa, ilia
WavWavaZe iyo. Cvenamde moRweulia ilias mier ninoSvilis niWierebis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmuli azri ,,iveriis~ TanamSromlebTan. Aamis utyuari sabuTia
Tundac is faqti, rom egnatem, rogorc mweralma, fexi ,,iveriaSi~ aidga. Aaq
daibeWda misi ToTxmeti nawarmoebi. Eegnates niWis qomagia cnobili
mwerali giorgi wereTeli, misi meuRle Aanastasia TumaniSvili... aseve
afaseben mas petre umikaSvili, saSa wulukiZe, mixa cxakaia, Sio aragvi-
spireli... egnates moridebuli xasiaTic gansazRvravda im garemoebas, rom
saxelovani mamauliSvilebis umetesobam sikvdilis Semdeg dainaxa – Cvens
qveyanas Tvalsa da xels Sua gamosclia didi momavlis mwerali. gamoCenil
qarTvel mweralTagan, vinc jer kidev 1894 wels gulistkivili gamoxata
egnates bedis mimarT da aRSfoTebiT gakicxa isini, vinc ,,umadlod da
umadurad moepyra gansvenebul ninoSvils~, erTi pirvelTagani iyo
cxovrebis mZime tvirTiT aseve gatanjuli vaJa-fSavela... 1895 wels egnates
portretze aseTi ram waawera didma akakim: ,,mas, vinc sicocxle xanmokle
xangrZlivad nayofieri, wmindad umsxverpla samSoblos, ar daiviwyebs arc
eri~...
tanjviT dalia suli egnate ninoSvilma. upretenziod, uxmaurod
atara qarTveli mwerlis jvari, qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis, Cveni
xalxisaTvis sagulisxmo da damafiqrebeli iyo mwerlis dasaflavebis dRe.
aq pirdapir daufaravad iTqva, rom egnate ninoSvili pirveli ar iyo
,,msxverpli Cvenis sibrmavisa, Cvenis daudevrobisa, Cvenis gulqvaobisa~. –
(,,iveria~, 1894 #98). Aam dRidan egnates tanjuli cxovreba rCeulTa
wilxvdomil gzad STairacxa da xvedri rCeulTa ki iseTia, rom ,,sul
cotaodeni, sul mciredi xanic rom dascaldeT, mainc Tavis daniSnulebas,
Tavis misias Seasruleben~ (iqve). Mmwerlis uaxloesi megobris Tedo
saxokias sityvebiT: ,,guriis glexoba... pirvelad hxedavda aseT damarxvas
inteligentisas, ubralo glexis Svilis, Tavis wiaRidan gamosulis.
maTTvis aqamde uCinaris da axla, erTbaSad, iseTi didebiT mis winasSe
damdgarisa; es glexoba pirvelad hxedavda dasaflavebas misi
keTildReobisTvis gadagebuli adamianisas, romlis guli sZgerda mxolod
da mxolod Tavisi xalxisaTvis da am xalxs zvarakad Seewira, Tavs san-
Tel-sakmevelad Semoevlo; SiSveli dabadebuli, SiSvelive midioda
saflavSi. Yyvelas sakvirvelad hqonda, rom maTi wiaRidan aseTi mezobeli
gamosula, da imaT ki dRemde araferi icodnen da mxolod sikvdilis
Semdeg gaiges misi arseboba da mniSvneloba~.
egnate ninoSvilma didi sulieri daZabulobiT, sisxlisa da cremlis
fasad miaRwia sulier sinaTles. Mman qarTvel mweralTa Soris erT-erTma
pirvelTaganma daamtkica, rom ar arsebobs dabrkoleba, romlis gadalaxva
niWs ar SeeZlos. dRes marTlac gvaocebs am fizikurad gatexili kacis
fenomenaluri sulieri gamZleoba, nebis simtkice da interesTa sifarTove.
Ffizikurma rRvevam misi fsiqika sicocxlis bolo wuTebSic ki ver CaiTria
da sruliad naTeli gonebiT gamoeTxova mwerali wuTisofels.
egnate ninoSvili Tavisi drois SesaniSnavi moqalaqe iyo. aman, pirvel
yovlisa, sakuTari qveynis ukeTes mermissa da mSobeli xalxis wylulebis
544
gankurnebaze fiqrSi iCina Tavi: ,,moTxrobebSi me vcdilob,
SeZlebisdagvarad davxato Cveni xalxis bneli mxare da wylulebi,
statiebiT ki vebrZvi imaT, vinc cru azrebiT xels uSlian yvelas, vinc ki
zrunavs xalxis wylulis gankurnebaze~, - wers erTgan egnate da am
sapatio movaleobisaTvis arasodes uRalatia. Mmwerlis maRali
moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Segnebam da xasiaTis ukompromisobam
sazogadoebis TvalSi Seuqmna ninoSvils im droisaTvis yvelaze mwvave
socialuri mizanswrafviT aRWurvili axalgazrdobis Tavkacis saxeli da
bolo xanebSi aqcia igi Jurn. ,,kvalis~ TanamSromlad. Tumca mwerali
erTgan wers, àxalgazrdobis erT nawilTan SeiZleba me saerTo ara
mqondes ra, me mxolod pativs vcem ,,kvalis~ meTaurTo~. Aam sityvebSi isaa
miniSnebuli, rom egnate ninoSvili, gamZafrebuli klasobrivi Segnebis
miuxedavad, tendenciuri arasodes yofila. misTvis yvela qarTuli Jurnal-
gazeTi da moRvawe erTnairad pativsacemi iyo, Tu igi maTs saqmianobaSi
samarTlianobasa da uangarobas xedavda.
mwerali ,,iveriasTan~ ideur niadagze ki ara, mxolod imitom wyvets
TanamSromlobas, rom misi sityviT _ ,,ubeWdavs, aqebs, da groSs ar aZlevs~.
eg. ninoSvilisaTvis ki, misive aRiarebiT, ,,ukanasknel wlebSi cxovrebis
erTaderTi saRsaria literaturuli Sroma~. ,,iveriis~ zogierT
TanamSromelTan mwvave polemikis miuxedavad igi Tayvans scems ilia
WavWvavaZes, eris beladsa da meTaurs, - ukmayofiloa masze gamoqveynebuli
broSuris dabali literaturuli doniT. misTvis akaki wereTeli didebuli
poetia da iakob gogebaSvili – Cveni xalxis sulieri moZRvari.
dabrkolebaTa winaSe moudrekeli, romantikuli bunebis eg. ninoSvili
mware cxovrebam Zalzed ulmobel realistad aqcia; Tavmoyvare da
patiosani mwerali sakuTari pirovnebisa da nawer-naRvawis SefasebaSi xom
TviTgvemamde midioda. mas ,,gamuruli~ demokratis najRabnad miaCnia ,,iseTi
gamotlapnili moTxrobebi, rogoric arian ,,simona~ da sxva~. ninoSvili
Tavis Tavs ,,gamoucdel kalmiT movarjiSed~ Tvlis da mwerlis profesias
didi pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba. ,,sad SemiZlia dinjad da dakvirvebiT
vxato xalxis cxovreba. maSin, roca lukma purisaTvis mousvenrad iqiT-aqeT
vwanwaleb~ - wers igi da 1894 wels, gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre,
erT gamoCenil moRvawes atyobinebs: ,,exla rom movkvde, ra darCeba
sazogadoebas Cemgan? Mme isic meyofa jildod, Tuki Cemi nawerebis kiTxvam
qarTvel sazogadoebas moutana mainc WeSmariti siamovneba... ar SemiZlia
uTxra sazogadoebas, Sens samsaxurSi davavadmyofdi – meTqi. Aara, weris
dawyebamde Cemi jani sruliad gatexili iyo... arc bevri miweria, oTxi
weliwadia ager, rac vwer da erT mozrdil wigns ver Seadgens Cemi
nawerebi~... marTlac, eg. ninoSvilis Txzulebebi erT mozrdil tomSi
eqceva... da yvelaferi es – 18 moTxroba, 6 korespodencia da 2
publicisturi statia Zalze mcire drois manZilze Seqmna ninoSvilma;
egnate 35 wlisa miicvala, xolo Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom prozaSi
didi droa saWiro niWis mosamwifeblad, aRmoCndeba – ninoSvils
intensiuri SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebiT ucxovria.
korespondenciebis erT ciklSi eg. ninoSvili guriis Wir-varams, misi
xalxis cru rwmenasa da CamorCenilobas amxels, sxavagan ki daRestanSi
mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebs gadmogvcems da sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT
sayuradRebo daskvnebi gamoaqvs.
publicistikaSi ki (,,Zveli dava axal qerqSi~, ,,uebari saSualeba
saqarTvelos gamdidrebisaTvis~) pirvelad Cvens sinamdvileSi mwerali
545
sayuradRebo social-ekonomikur sakiTxebze ekamaTeba gazeT ,,iveriis~
zogierT TanamSromels.
546
mwerloba eg. ninoSvils sapatio tvirTad miaCnda da amitomac iyo,
rom gansakuTrebul moTxovnilebebs uyenebda beletrists. ,,moTxrobebSi
mweralma SemTxveviTi faqti arasdros ar unda aiRos Tavisi moTxrobebis
dedaazrad... SemTxveviTi faqtebi dRes Tu xval aRar iqneba; marTalia, aseT
moTxrobebs publicisturi xasiaTi aqvs da sargeblobis motanac SeuZlia,
magram moTxrobebis mwerali bevrs agebs amiT. Aam SemTxveviTi faqtebis
dedaazrad aRebis mizezia, rom exlandeli beletristuli Txzulebani
Zalzed adre berdebian da kargaven ferso~, - aRniSnavs mwerali. am
SexedulebaSi naTlad vlindeba eg. NninoSvilis literaturuli mrwamsi.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom ninoSvili mowadinebulia qarTveli mkiTxveli
eziaros alfons dodes, emil zolas, sxva gamoCenil frang romanistTa
Semoqmedebas. Aamas adasturebs misi werili Tedo saxokiasadmi; egnates
moswons frang mweralTa iseTi nawarmoebebi, ,,erTi SexedviT rom
garyvnilebis moqadage egoneba kacs~, magram missive TqmiT, aq iseTi axali
ideebia, ,,romlis msgavss Cveni mwerlebisagan Tavis dReSi ver gaigonebs
mkiTxveli~.
magram mainc rogoria eg. NninoSvilis SemoqmedebiT interesTa wre da
misi damsaxureba qarTuli literaturis winaSe? unda iTqvas, rom igi
sityvakazmuli mwerlobis sferoSic myari sazogadoebrivi principebiT
xelmZRvanelobda.
qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom
eg. ninoSvils Tavis TxzulebaTa masalad aRebuli aqvs sakuTari kuTxis
uSualo sinamdvile: man guriis lurjTvala ca, cxelsisxliani, simReris
ulevi wyurviliTa da ukmarobis JiniT savse ficxi xalxi moaqcia
imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi interesebis sferoSi; manamade ase Tu ise
gankerZoebiT mdgari es kuTxe Semoitana qarTul mwerlobaSi da swored
amiT gviCvena guriis moucilebeli da ganuwyveteli fsiqoeTnikuri
erTianoba mTel saqarTvelosTan. Eesaa saerTo-erovnuli amocanebis
TvalsazrisiT il. WavWvavaZis mier dasaxuli sanukvari idealebisaTvis
brZolis erTi gamoxatuleba da ninoSvilis rogorc qarTveli mwerlis
damsaxurebac.
egnate ninoSvilamde qarTul mwerlobaSi guriis literaturuli
Rirebuleba mkiTxvelisaTvis ucnobi iyo. man, pirvelma, Cvens sinamdvileSi,
aqcia mxatvruli asaxvis sagnad guria da gurulTa xasiaTi. Mmweralma amiT
TiTqos erTi axali waxnagic warmouCina zogadqarTul xasiaTs da
gaaRrmava qarTveli adamianis bunebis Sinagani mravalferovnebis xilvis
diapazoni. Ggarda amisa, unda iTqvas, rom `saqarTvelos kulturul
cirkulaciaSi~ (s. janaSia), _ Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT unikalur
gurul simRerebs da mamia gurielis poezias, gurulTa mxatvruli energia
ninoSvilamde maincdamainc ar Canda.
eg. ninoSvilis nawarmoebTa Tema guriis cxovrebaa da am mxriv igi
sando realistia. Mmwerali nairnair aspeqtSi warmogvidgens mZafri,
socialuri yofis suraTs. ninoSvilma mxatvrul saxeebSi gagvicocxla
adamianSi pirovnebis gaRviZebis sxvadasxva safexuri. Ppirovnebaa mxolod
iseTi adamiani, romelic Segnebulsa da aqtiur mimarTebas amyarebs
movlenebTan; kacia munjaZes (,,gankarguleba~) aqtiuri mimarTeba
movlenebisadmi ara aqvs, mxolod Cumad fiqrobs, arsebobis SenarCunebaze
zrunavs. amdenad, pirovnulobis TvalsazrisiT, igi dabal safexurze
mdgomi adamiania. gogia uiSvils protestis grZnoba aqvs, magram am
grZnobas sakuTari Tavisaken mimarTavs, misi protesti mizanacdenilia,
magram es mainc Segnebis ganviTarebis, adamianis pirovnebad qcevis meore
547
safexuria. am mxriv pirovnebis ganviTarebis mesame safexurs warmogviCens
simona ZalaZis saxe (`simona~). mas ukve protestis grZnoba aqvs calkeul
pirovnebaTa mimarT, TumcaRa simona ZalaZis brZolis gza individualuria.
brZolis meoTxe safexuri warmodgenilia romanSi ,,janyi guriaSi~. aq
naCvenebia organizebuli brZola wyobis winaaRmdeg, Tanac klasTa brZolis
idea erovnul momentTanaa Sejaxebuli da avtori klasTa brZolis ideis
mxarezea. am mxriv ninoSvili pirveli mweralia, romelsac aqvs ara marto
alRo, aramed klasTa brZolis Teoriis Segnebac, magram am SemTxvevaSic,
vfiqrobT, erovnuli gadasaxedidan aris danaxuli socialuri
urTierTobis mowesrigebis saWiroeba: mwerali Cveni sazogadoebis
socialuri struqturis gardaqmnas saxavs erovnuli winsvlis pirobad.
amdenad, mis nawerebSi socialuri gardaqmna, arsebuli wyobiT ukmayo-
fileba, erovnuli sxeulis gajansaRebis moTxovnilebebiTac aris
Sepirobebuli. garegani Zala, rusuli samarTali _ administracia, Tavisi
,,egzekuciebiT~, jariT, gadasaxadebiT, eniT, _ arRvevs patiosani mSromeli
qarTveli kacis saukuneebiT SemuSavebul cxovrebis wess. savsebiT
marTebulad werda mwerlis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT erTi misi
megobari, rom egnate ninoSvili ,,naTlad xedavda, Tu rogor gviqreba
xelidan is maRal-Cinuri kedeli, romliTac Tavs icavda sxvadasxva
zneobrivi gavlenisagan TiToeuli eri, rogor Semoaklda es sivrce~, (J.
,,kvali~, 1894, #22). egnate ninoSvilma guriis soflis magaliTze
mwerlobaSi aRniSna kapitalizmis gamanadgurebeli gavlena (,,simona~, ,,mose
mwerali~) socialuri Tematika ninoSvilis Semoqmedebis xerxemalia, glexi
TavgamodebiT ebrZvis cxovrebas, magram mis TxzulebebSi adamiani
bunebasac ebrZvis. eg. ninoSvilma icis, ra aris Sroma, icis, ris fasad
Soulobs lukmapurs glexkaci. Sromis procesSi bunebis stiqiasTan
WidilSi iRupebian ivane da niko (,,paliastomis tba~); maT gaZaRlebul
yofas TiTqos sikvdili sjobia, magram ninoSvilma gviCvena, rom glexs,
romelic ,,ejajgureba cxovrebas~, mainc uzomod uyvars sicocxle.
Sromis Tema eg. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa laitmotivia. Tavisi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT igi qarTvel mweralTagan TiTqmis yvelaze
ukeT icnobda SromiTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva formas; mwerals exerxeba
mSromeli kacis fiqrze Tvalis midevneba. misi glexebisaTvis Sroma
valdebulebacaa da moTxovnilebac, Tumca igi araviTar uflebas ar
aniWebs mSromels; (iqneba es kacia munjaZe, gogia uiSvili, ivane, simona
ZalaZe Tu sxvani). Sromis gziT cdiloben isini saxelmwifos, eris,
tradiciis, ojaxis winaSe movaleobis moxdas. Sroma Svilebis wesierad
aRzrdis pirobaa, amitomac ocneboben simona da dariko SromiTa da
siyvaruliT gaSinaarsebul ,,tkbil cxovrebaze~. amasTanave ninoSvilis
glexebi uflebis mopovebisaTvis ibrZvian... maT ar aclian wesier Sromas da
SromiT miniWebuli sicocxlis sixaruls; am patiosani miwis muSa xalx-
isaTvis gaumaZRar adamianebs ,,es qveyana jojoxeTad gadauqcevia~. magram eg.
ninoSvili ufro Sorsac midis. mas ainteresebs am kiTxvis zedrouli
aspeqti, Sromis, rogorc aseTis – yovelmxrivi gavlena adamianis fsiqikaze.
Sromis sikeTe mweralma Cinebulad uwyis, magram mwerali imasac ar uxuWavs
Tvals, rom usaSvelo Wapanwyveta, miwasTan mudmivi da qancgamwyveti
Widili mZime daRs aCens glexis suls. mwerlis TqmiT, Seusvenebelma
Sromam da ojaxis zrunvam Caukla gabriela CamwardaZes (,,ucnauri seni~)
qalisadmi siyvarulis grZnoba, rac sabolood am patiosani kacis ojaxuri
tragediis mizezic xdeba. nairgvari variantebiT iWreba da mkvidrdeba eg.
ninoSvilis TxzulebebSi qarTuli literaturisaTvis manamde erTgvarad
548
saxamuSo qalis problema. Eeg. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebSi colebi xSirad
Ralatoben qmrebs (,,arSiyni~, ,,ucnauri seni~, ,,partaxi~ da sxv), dobili
iyvarebs Zmobils (,,janyi guriaSi~) da a. S. ninoSvili ar erideba Caixedos
erT dros mSvenieri, patiosani, mSromeli, oblebis aRmzrdeli moxuci
qalis sulSi, romelic SromaSi STanTqmuli qmris sijabnis gamo
axalgazrdobaSi moparuli siyvaruliT imsubuqebda cxovrebis tvirTs; ai,
ras aTqmevinebs mwerali qeTevans: ,,motyda guli, davberdi Tvara
siyvarulis cali sxva raRaa amqveyanazed~ (,,simona~) saerTod, unda iTqvas,
rom autaneli Sromis tvirTqveS moxrili ninoSvilis gmirebi ver urig-
debian veranair uRels, maT Soris – verc colqmruli monobisas. Znelia
sxva avtoris dasaxeleba, visac amdeni meamboxe da protestantuli suliT
aRvsili personaJi daexatos. isic unda iTqvas, rom es adamianebi socialur
siduxWires marto sityviT, fiqriT, an Tundac iaraRiT ki ar ebrZvian,
aramed ,,Cxavris RviniT~, ,,tkbili melodiuri Cangis simReriT~; isini
umZimes wuTebSi ,,abadeliasa da ,,xasanbeguras~ xmebiTac imsubuqeben dards
cxovrebisas. maTi sityva-pasuxi beCavi adamianis suls ki ar warmogviCens,
aramed gonebrivi simkvircxliTa da enamaxvilobis zeims warmoadgens. ai,
rogori Tamami, tradiciebiT ,,dasazRvruli~ qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis ma-
namade ucnobi azrebi mosdiT ninoSvilis gmirebs: ,,ramdeni adamiani klavs
Tavis cols imis gulisTvis, rom Searcxvina. ramdeni ymawvili qali iklavs
Tavs saxelis gatexvis SiSiT... ramdeni adamiani daRupula imis gulisaTvis,
rom ,,garyvnileba daefaraT kargia es? ratom ise ar uyureben im saqmesac
rogorc smas, Wamas, sicils, laparaks, TamaSs~? – ase fiqrobs erT-erTi
personaJi (,,arSiyni~) da unda iTqvas, rom Cvens literaturaSi amgvari
fiqrebisaTvis gzis gaxsna ninoSvilis mxriv sakmaod gabeduli nabiji
gaxldaT.
549
eg. ninoSvilma qarTul garemoSi erT-erTma pirvelma miaqcia yu-
radReba donJuanur tipebs (,,Cveni qveynis raindi~, ,,qristine~, ,,arSiyni~,
,,simona~, da sxva) aseTebia tariel mklavaZe, iason uqmaZe, kote mamaliZe,
titiko droiZe da sxv. viwro asparezze moqmedi qarTveli donJuanebi, xan
fizikurad, ufro xSirad ki zneobrivad, Rupaven qalebs. am Temis
damuSavebis procesSic ninoSvili adamianis samyaros sirTulis Cvenebas
cdilobs mwerali axerxebs zneobrivad wamxdar garemoSi moqceul
qristines SeunarCunos Sinagani sulieri siwminde _ igia saxe ,,umanko
meZavisa~ (g. qiqoZe). galaktion tabiZis aRiarebiT, ,,mwerali aZlevs am qals
sicocxles, romlis msgavsi arc manamade da arc Semdeg qarTul
mwerlobaSi ar Semxvedria~...
egnate ninoSvili spiridon mciriSvilis magaliTze qmnis inteli-
gentis tips esaa kaci, romelic azrebiT, gancdebiT, maRali idealebiT
cxovrobs. spiridoni faqizi sulis adamiania. moudrekeli da ukompromiso.
swored moTxrobaSi ,,Cveni qveynis raindi~, gamoikveTa eg. ninoSvilis
mxatvruli xedvis erTi Zalze sayuradRebo mxare. mwerali aq gviCvenebs
axali drois gadasxvaferebul pirobebSi ranairad xdeba adre arsebul
uryev sulier RirebulebaTa transformacia. cnobilia, raoden didi iyo da
aris ,,vefxistyaosnis~, zneobriv-esTetikuri gavlenis Zala qarTveli
xalxis cnobierebis, misi fsiqikis formirebaze. am mxriv yvelaze fxizeli
damkvirveblis rolSi isev da isev qarTveli mwerlebi mogvevlinen; iliasa
da akakis TviT mxatvrul TxzulebebSivea aRniSnuli is zegavlena, rasac
,,vefxistyaosani~ axdenda maT mier gansaxierebuli personaJebis sulier
cxovrebaze. ilia WavWavaZis ,,glaxis naambobSi~, akaki wereTlis ,,baSi-
aCuksa~ (glaxuki baqraZe avTandils baZavs) da ,,patara tarielSi~ (dito
calqalamaniZis ideali tarielia) aSkarad Cans, Tu rogori gadamdebia
,,vefxistyaosnis~ personaJTa rainduli qmedebis xibli. eg. ninoSvilis
zogierTi nawarmoebis personaJic (mag. gulo, ,,janyi guriaSi~) cxovrebis
idealad rusTavelis gmirTa qcevas saxavs. magram egnate erT Zalze
mniSvnelovan garemoebazedac amaxvilebs yuradRebas da esaa gansakuTrebiT
sagulisxmo CvenTvis: mwerali akvirdeba, erTis mxriv, rogor mietmasneba
socialurad axal garemoSi raindobis tradiciul Sinaarss misi yalbi
gageba da, meore mxriv, rogor itvirTeba es tradiciuli cneba axali
SinaarsiT. ,,Cveni qveynis raindSi~ vxedavT, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi
cxovrebis erovnuli wesis cvlam gardauvali gaxada rainduli sulisaTvis
mimarTulebis cvla. Aamis kvalobaze raindobis siRrmiseuli sulieri
aspeqtis sapirispirod win wamoiwia qcevis fasadurobam. Eeg. ninoSvili,
rogorc Tanamedrove xedvis mwerali, aCvenebs, adamianis sulieri
sicarielis pirobebSi rogor xdeba wminda, amaRlebuli rainduli idealis
gaufasureba. tariel mklavaZis cxovrebis magaliTze mwerali gviCvenebs _
literaturis cru, yalbma gagebam ra savalalo Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos
adamians... ukuRmarTi aRzrdis wyalobiT SeZenili fuqsavaturi cxovrebis
wesi ryvnis da zneobrivi ufskrulisaken miaqanebs amqyveynad bunebiT sa-
sikeTo arsebobisaTvis movlenil tariel mklavaZes. Aamitomacaa, rom igi
sapirispiro azriT aRiqvams ukvdavi ,,vefxistyaosnidan‘‘ misi didi sexniis
xasiaTs. raki sulierad Sinaganad moumzadebeli xvdeba am nawarmoebs, fuye
kacis misvla genialur qmnilebasTan borotebis wyaroc ki xdeba. mklavaZes
tarieloba anu raindoba Tavdayira esmis _ ,,kaci kacsa Semostyorcnos~,
susti daCagros, sxvisi Rirseba fexqveS gaTelos da a.S. eg. ninoSvili am
nawarmoebSi kidev erTxel cxadyofs im azris WeSmaritebas, rom raindoba
ufro sulis saufloa, vidre sxeulisa. ase iyo yovelTvis da ase aris
550
dResac, roca garegnulad raindis Sesaxedaobis arsebaSi SeiZleba
Casaxldes lamazi mxeci anu is, rac tariel mklavaZea; WeSmariti raindis
Tvisebebi: siyvarulis, rwmenis grZnoba, qvelmoqmedeba, maRali idealebiT
cxovreba, nebis simtkice da ukompromisoba – eg. ninoSvilis dakvirvebiT,
axal droSi arc Tu iSviaTad gadmoinacvlebs xolme iseT sust sxeulSi,
rogoric spiridon mciriSvilisaTvis miucia gangebas. mwerlis mrwamsiT, am
personaJis pirovnuloba aris swored dapirispireba meSCanurad gagebul
raindobasTan. eg. ninoSvils Cveni drois mravali cnobili mwerlisa da
moazrovnis msgavsad sjera, rom axali epoqis sulieri raindebi xalxis
wridan gamosuli, xalxisaTvis mebrZoli inteligentebi arian, swored maT
ician sulier RirebulebaTa fasi da SeuZliaT maRali idealebisaTvis
Tavis gawirva.
egnate ninoSvilma guriis soflis magaliTze gviCvena raoden Zalumia
sinaTlisa da ganaTlebisaken qarTveli kacis swrafva. mwerals swams
codnis yovlisSemZleoba, misi gamakeTilSobilebeli Zala... misi yoveli
patiosani personaJi miwis muSa iqneba, Tu sasuliero piri _ dReniadag
imaze fiqrobs, gza gauwilados Svilebs _ eris momavals, mzis sinaTleze
gamoiyvanos, codnas aziaros isini... eg. ninoSvilis glexebi marto
gamoyenebiTi TvalsazrisiT ar ucqerian movlenebs da adamianebs...
momavalze zrunva maTi sulieri moTxovnilebaa da ara – materialurad
uzrunvelyofili cxovrebis garantia: ,,Svili kameCi ki ar aris, romelsac
imitom zrdian, rom Semdeg tvirTi vazidvinoT~... an _ ,,me Cemi dro avad Tu
kargad, movWame, cali fexi samareSi midgia, Cemi gulisTvis Svils gzas ar
davuxSav, rogorc hsurs da misTvis samjobad miaCnia, ise weiyvanos Tavisi
cxovreba: Cemi Svili arc uwlovania da arc suleli, rom Cemi
xelmZRvaneloba sWirodes. Mme erTi soflis uswavleli var, misodena ra
gamegeba cxovrebisa~ - ase msjelobs ninoSvilis erTi nawarmoebis
personaJi moxuci petre. Aam principiT mcxovreb mama-Svils SeuZlia,
,,naTesaobriv siyvaruls garda rogorc saukeTeso megobrebs uyvardeT
erTmaneTi~.
aseTi sulieri gagebis viTarebaSi erTi SexedviT ubralo uwignuri
kaci SeiZleba ise amaRldes rom samarTlianobis ZiebisaTvis dasjili
Svili zneobrivad gamarjvebulad gamoicxados da TviT qristes cxovrebis
magaliTiTac cxadyos amgvari dasjis ukanonoba: ,,vinc ki dasajes amqveynad,
gana yvela namdvili damnaSave iyo? dasjiT qristec dasajes, jvars acves,
maS qristes mociqulebic damnaSaveni yofilan, rom sasjels qveS
daixocnen~ (,,sxvam rac unda Tqvas~).
egnate ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa personaJebi ZiriTadad glexebia:
glexis interesebi, CvenSi ganmtkicebuli literaturuli tradiciiT,
TiTqos unda Semoifarglebodes miwiT, guTniT, sarCo-sabadeblis
mopovebaze zrunviT. ,,arsobis purze~ daxarbebulebs, maT TiTqos aRar
unda ecaloT ,,sulis purisaTvis~, magram eg. ninoSvili gviCvenebs, rom
sulier-zneobrivi sawyisis simdidre am adamianebSi ver Cauklavs mkacr
cxovrebas. amitomacaa maTTvis damatkbobeli ara mxolod glexkacuri
jafiT galamazebuli yanebi da ezo-baRebi, aramed veluri tyeebi da
bunebis stiqionuri Zalebi... amis sabuTia ,,monadire~, ,,simona~, ,,janyi
guriaSi~ da gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavi `paliastomis tba~. eg. ninoSvili
mSvenieri peizaJistia, konstantine gamsaxurdias azriT: ,,ninoSvilis
zogierT peizaJs bevri mwerali, romelic fiqrobs, saqarTveloSi mxolod
Zvelgvarovan xalxs SeuZlia mwerloba, ver daswers~...
551
rac Seexeba eg. ninoSvilis mxatvrul SesaZleblobebs, adreve
SeniSnes, rom mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebisaTvis mwerali
maincdamainc bevrs ar zrunavs. Tumca plastikuri xatvis niWi mas sakmaod
aqvso. ilia WavWvavaZis mxatvruli principis mimdevari egnate ninoSvili
upiratesad ,,cxovrebidan aRbuli Sinaarsis gamoZerwvis xelovania~ (gr.
kiknaZe). misTvis, iseve rogorc iliasaTvis, mkafiod gamokveTili
moralisturi tendenciaa damaxasiaTebeli, jer kidev kita abaSiZe
miuTiTebda, rom ,,garkveuli Sexeduleba cxovrebaze, moralur pricipze
agebuli _ ai, Zala ninoSvilis~. misive TqmiT, ,,es dafaseba cxovrebis
movlenisa zneobrivi mxriT, es zneobrioba aZlevs ninoSvilis moTxrobebs
mniSvnelobas... da gana am sastikad gatarebul principebSi ar moCans
Taviseburi xelovneba, Taviseburi simSveniere gana aq ar aris?~ _
mravalmniSvnelovnad svamda kiTxvas cnobili kritikosi. marTlac eg.
ninoSvili didebulad flobs mkacri simarTlis Tqmis xelovnebas.
movlenaTa fiziologiuri da socialuri Zirebis gamaSiSvlebel am mkacr
realizms mwerali sada saSualebebiT aRwevs.
eg. ninoSvilis mraval personaJs realuri prototipebi hyavda. xolo
ambavi uSualod cxovrebidan iyo aRebuli. TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT,
rodesac ,,gankarguleba~ gamoqveynda, mas iseTi STabeWdileba mouxdenia
TviT mmarTvel wreebzec, rom gauqmda wesi, romlis ZaliTac rkinigzis
sadarajod glexebi igzavnebodnen. eg. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebSi socialuri
tipebia warmodgenili, Tanac – fsiqologiurad gamZle tipebi. simonas,
daviT droiZis, mose mwerlis, tariel mklavaZis, qristinesa da iason
uqmaZis tipebi cxovrebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivis alRoTi dajildoebuli
mxatvris mier arian Seqmnili amitomacaa ase Zalumad rom mJRavndeba maTSi
tipis yvela niSan-Tviseba, ,,garkveuli socialuri Zalis raoba misi
kvdomisaa Tu Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva~. (gr. kiknaZe). rogorc
cnobilia, eg. ninoSvilis sityvieri masala guruli dialeqtia. efeqturi
Cans misi gamoyeneba dialogSi. personaJTa metyveleba gacocxlebulia
gurulis narTauli metyvelebidan momdinare mkvircxli iumoriTac, Tumca
misi TavisTavadi gamovlenis are aq erTob SezRudulia.
lev tolstoi erTgan aRniSnavs: _ mwerlisTvis mTavaria simarTles
ambobdeso, magram simarTlis Tqmisas yovel mxatvrul qmnilebaSi sami
faqtori monawileobso, didi rusi mwerlis TqmiT, arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs vin laparakobs, rogor laparakobs da laparakobs ki igi imas, rasac
fiqrobs da grZnobs. Aam kriteriumis miyenebiT egnate ninoSvili didi
qarTuli mwerlobis Rirseuli warmomadgenelia. igi yovelTvis imas
laparakobda, rasac fiqrobda da grZnobda da laparakobda STambeWdavad.
yoveli mwerlis mimarT yovel droSi da yovelTvis bunebrivad
daismis kiTxva: ra niSniT SeiZleba iyos igi dRevandeli mkiTxvelis
sulieri cxovrebis Tanamgzavri? es kiTxva eg. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiT
memkvidreobasac exeba.
ninoSvils rom mxolod imdroindeli guria gaecocxlebina Tavisi
satkivariT, garemoTi, CaqurebiT, ,,fiStoebiT, xmal-xanjliani da
,,berdankiani~ ,,firalebiT~; mter-moyvaris daxvedris wes-CveulebebiT,
paliastomis tbaze, Tamar mefesa Tu xasan-beg TavdgiriZeze moRweuli
legendebiT – es TavisTavad saintereso, magram sadReisod oden
eTnografiuli mniSvnelobis dokumentebi iqneboda... dRes egnate
ninoSvilis mier daxatulma eTnografiulma guriamac ki saxe icvala... erTi
SexedviT, mwerlis mier aRwerili situaciebic warsuls Cabarda; TiTqosda
wavida dro gogia uiSvilis, kacia munjaZis da simona ZalaZisa. veRarc
552
qristines, iason uqmaZes da tariel mklavaZes veRar unda xvdebodes kaci...
magram darCa Tvisebebi mwerlis mier xorcSesxmuli personaJebisa,
romelsac Cvens droSi da momavalSiac Sexvdeba mkiTxveli. Aamitomacaa,
roca sxvaTa daTrgunviT usamarTlod aRzevebul kacs wavawydebiT, uvargis
situacias ,,drois mefed~ rom uqcevia – daviT droiZe gvaxsendeba: roca
garegnulad STambeWdav, marTlacda raindul sxeulSi sulis simwires
aRmovaCenT, tariel mklavaZe mogvagondeba da piriqiT, sust sxeulSi
Sefarebuli Zlieri sulis xilvisas – Cvens cnobierebaSi amotivtivdeba
saxe spiridon mciriSvilisa; iason uqmaZisTana meqalTane, cbieri da uqmi
cxovrebis moyvarulic bevri yofila da samwuxarod, arc axlo momavalSi
gaqreba albaT, iseve rogorc mose mwerlisTana yalbismqmnelebi yovel
epoqaSi alal-marTal adamianTa cremlsa da sisxlze ageben TavianT
keTildReobas... qristinesTana suliT wminda, magram usamarTlod fexqveS
gaTelili namusis tragediac yovelTvis aaRelvebs WeSmarit mkiTxvels.
Ddidi mwerluri niWis gamoa, rom socialuri TvalsazrisiT yavlgasuli
personaJebi CvenTvis dResac cocxalni da sainteresoni rCebian.
daviT kldiaSvili igonebs egnate ninoSvilis mier sikvdilis wina
xanebSi Tqmul sityvebs: ,,sikvdili ki ara, muSaoba mwadia, muSaoba... bevri
ram mirCeba ganzraxuli daumTavrebeli~...
egnate ninoSvils marTlac bevri ram darCa daumTavrebeli,
fizikurad ewama, SemoqmedebiT wyurvilmouklavi, bolomde gauSleli
niWiT, naadrevad gamoeTxova qveyanas, magram sulierad amaRlebuli,
`gamarjvebulis saxeliT Sevida qarTul literaturaSi~ (gr. robaqiZe).
albaT, amitomac iyo, rom am, erTi SexedviT, Zalze sada da ubralo
pirovnebam, magram WeSmaritma mweralma SemdgomSic gamorCeuli interesi
SeinarCuna qarTvel xalxSi.
ama Tu im Semoqmedis naRvawis mniSvneloba imiTac ganisazRvreba, Tu
ra gavlena moaxdina man Semdgomi…drois mkiTxvelTa sxvadasxva fenaze; e.
ninoSvili am mxrivac gamZle mwerali aRmoCnda. Tu misi mniSvnelobis
dafasebas xeli SeuSala raimem, es isev da isev vulgaruli sociologiuri
kritikis mier gamovlenili uadgilo, sxvaTa damcirebis xarjze
warmodgenili xotba iyo... magram e. ninoSvils hyavda da yovelTvis eyoleba
misi niWis Rirseuli damfasebeli. Ees is xalxia, visac SeiZleba endos
Cveni momavali gemovnebisa da sulier RirebulebaTa SefasebaSi.
e. ninoSvilma, misma mwerlurma niWma, jer kidev 1919 wels imdenad
daipyro didi galaktionis yuradReba, rom specialuri eseic ki daawerina.
misi kiTxvisas igrZnoba, Tu raoden Rrmad Caswvda da ganicada e.
ninoSvilis mxatvruli unaris fasi SesaniSnavma poetma. g. tabiZis TqmiT,
ìgi xSirad saubrobda sazizRarze da avadmyofurze, radgan masze
gavlenas axdenda is gansakuTrebuli hipnozi, romelic xelze mjdom
frinvels Sxamiani gvelis msxverplad xdis didi xnis cqeris saSualebiT~...
`mas surs, rom gahyves gzadagza saqarTvelos yvela mosaxvevebSi,
gafiTrebuls, nervebdaWimuls, gawbilebul adamians, romelic itanjeba
Tanamedrove cxovrebis konvulsiebSi, surs daiWiros is uecrad mis
kankalSi, fiqrebSi da saSinelebaSi, mis uRonobaSi da agznebaSi, mis
TavganwirulebaSi da sasowarkveTilebaSi; igi xedavs, rogor irevian,
rogorc gvelis budeSi gadaweuli qvis qveS axladSobilni cudi
instiqtebi, talaxsa da sibinZureSi zarmacad mwoliareni da amgvari
suraTebis naxva, misTvis Tan mimzidveli da Tan sazizRari, Sobs saSinel
melanqolias, radgan Tavsac igi sxvebze umaRlesad ar sTvlis. igi wuxs,
roca xedavs, rom soflis wminda uRrublo laJvardi zeca da soflis
553
umanko, ubiwo varskvlavebi TandaTan exvevian daWvartlul orTqlSi. Aaris
amnair mdgomareobaSi xasiaTic da efeqtebic, rogorc rembrantis
suraTebSi.
rodesac ninoSvili qalaqSi Camovida da xedavda, rogor midioda
quCebze qristine, am mwuxare siaruliT mosiarule qals, igi fexdafex
misdevda, rogorc lamaz qals... igi kidev xedavda am qalis warsuls da
xanjlis dakvrisagan gafuWebul saxeSi mainc amCnevda warsuli silamazis
kvals~.1 es vrceli amonaweric imitom movixmeT, rom ufro TvalnaTlivi
iyos, Tu ranairad mouxiblavs e. ninoSvils iseTi didi esTetic ki,
rogoric galaktionia.
cxadia, am striqonebSi Cven win gacocxlebulia genialuri po
1 Gg. tabiZe, Txzulebani t. 12, Tb; 1975 gv. 69-70
554
etis TvaliT danaxuli mwerali, magram ufro sagulisxmoa TviT
faqti, rogor Searxia galaktion tabiZis ufaqizesi, mTrTolvare suli
winamorbedi mwerlis samyarom, mwerlisa, romlis beds da adgils Cvens
literaturaSi tuCabzuebiT uyurebda da uyurebs drois umwifar modur
fexisxmas ayolili zogierTi Tanamedrove...
Cvenma saxelovanma mweralma grigol robaqiZem 1930 wels gamoaqveyna
mSvenieri essei: ,,egnate ninoSvili~, sadac misTvis Cveuli
maxvilgonierebiTa da Txrobis daxvewili kulturiT reliefurad aris
warmoCenili e. ninoSvilis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis arsebiTi mxareebi.
egnate ninoSvilis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis STambeWdavi xasiaTi
mxatvruli xilvisa da STagonebis wyaro gaxda iseTi natifi gemovnebis
poetisaTvis, rogoric valerian gafrindaSvili iyo. leqsSi, ,,Cemi Sexvedra
egnate ninoSvilTan~ (1934 w.), poetma miuTiTa winamorbedi mwerlis im
SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebebze, ramac ukvdavyo misi saxeli qarTul
literaturaSi. ,,aRmoiaCine Seni kalmiT mTeli guria, janyiT, vaebiT,
siRaribiT da krimanWuliT~ _ mimarTavs v. gafrindaSvili e. ninoSvils da
mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi acocxlebs ,,meamboxe sityvis~, magram ,,lmobieri,
mkveTri, tanjuli~ mwerlis saxes.
e. ninoSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobis realur zemoqmedebas
unda mieweros is faqti, rom misi Taviseburi mxatvruli gardasaxva
moaxdina Cveni drois iseTma originaluri xedvis mweralma, rogoric revaz
inaniSvilia, roca uaRresad STambeWdavi qmnileba ,,jargvale~ Sehqmna.
axla bevrs laparakoben literaturis zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebsa
da farglebze. Aam niSnis mixedviTac mowmdeba xelovanis memkvidreobis
gamZleoba drois winaSe; zemoaRniSnuli ramdenime magaliTi mxolod imaze
miuTiTebs, rom e. ninoSvilma daainteresa da misi qmnilebebSi alal-
marTlad asaxul sinamdvileSi CaiTria, emociurad daipyro TviT
gamorCeuli SesaZleblobebis mqone mxatvruli sityvis ostatebic.
yvela SemTxvevaSi etyoba mwerlis xelovnebam da rafinirebulma
mxarem ki ara, aramed bunebrivma mxatvrulma alRom, problematikis
simZafrem da myarma zneobrivma mrwamsma miiqcia Cveni sazogadoebis
gamoCenil warmomadgenelTa yuradReba. am momentsave unda efuZnebodes is
Seunelebeli interesic, rac xelovnebis mosazRvre sferoebis
warmomadgenlebma gamoamJRavnes e. ninoSvilisadmi.
ver vityviT, rom socialuri dakveTa, an mimdinare politikuri
tarosi edos safuZvlad qarTuli kinematografis interess e. ninoSvilis
memkvidreobisadmi. TavisTavad sagulisxmoa, rom pirveli qarTuli
mxatvruli kino, romelic al. wuwunavam Seqmna 1916 wels, swored e.
ninoSvilis ,,qristine~ iyo. amas mohyva Semdeg e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiT
masalaze agebuli filmebi: i. perestianisa (1924) ,,tariel mklavaZis saqme~
al. wuwunavas ,,janyi~ (1929w.), s. doliZis ,,dariko~ (1937) da misive
,,paliastomi~ (1960), ukanasknelad ki iuri kvaWaZis ,,winamorbedi~
(,,mWedeli Tavis bedisa~)...
TavisTavad sagulismoa, rom TbilisSi 1918 wels dadgmuli pirveli
qarTuli opera r. gogniaSvilisa iyo swored ,,qristine~.
warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTuli Teatris scenaze e. ninoSvilis
Semoqmedebis motivebze Seqmnili speqtakli ,,ninoSvilis guria~ (1933,
reJisori d. anTaZe), ,,janyi guriaSi~ (reJisori a. wuwunava).
e. ninoSvilis mier aRZrul problemaTa aqtualobasa da mxatvrul
cxovelmyofelobas mowmobs is faqti, rom ukanasknel xanebSi saero
Teatris repertuarSi CaerTo misi ,,partaxi~ (reJisori s. mrevliSvili).
555
mravali qarTveli mxatvris STagonebis wyaro yofila e. ninoSvilis
Semoqmedeba, romelTagan gamorCeulia mainc lado gudiaSvilis ,,qristine~.
erTi sityviT, Cveni sazogadoebis sulieri da socialur-eTikuri
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro mniSvnelovania dawvrilebiTi
Seswavla im formebisa, raSic aisaxa qarTvel xelovanTa da, sazogadod,
qarTveli xalxis aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi interesi e. ninoSvilisadmi. TviT
aRniSnulidanac Cans, Tu ramdenad axlos dgas es mwerali Tavis xalxTan,
mis yofasTan... TavisTavad amgvari interesis arseboba am mwerlis
Semoqmedebis sicocxlisunarianobis niSania da mermisSi misi SenarCunebis
pirobac.
556
daviT kldiaSvili
(1862_1931)
daviT kldiaSvili mecxramete saukunis qarTuli realisturi
mwerlobis bolo brwyinvale warmomadgenelia. mwerlis literaturuli
mrwamsi TvalnaTliv gamoixata missave sityvebSi, romlebic man waumZRvara
`Tavisi saukeTeso moTxrobebis Tanabar~ (sergo kldiaSvili) didi
sinaTliT savse mogonebebis wigns `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~ _ `mokle
monagonebSi araferi Seferadebuli ar iqneba. mxolod sinamdvile,
sinamdvile, romelsac gadauxrelad vemsaxurebodi mTeli Cemi mwerlobis
ganmavlobaSi~. am principiT icxovra didma mweralma, arasdros gabzarula
es rwmena, arasdros Separvia eWvi Tavis mrwamsSi da es im dros, roca
evropul, rusul da maT kvaldakval qarTul sinamdvileSi nairnairi
macdunebeli literaturuli mimdinareobebi ipyrobdnen mweralTa da mkiTx-
velTa gulebs. daviT kldiaSvilma yvelas daanaxa, rom cxovrebis
sinamdvile Zalian Rrmaa da amouwuravi, xolo misi gansaxierebis
saSualebebi SemousazRvreli.
daviT kldiaSvili daibada 1862 wels zemo imereTSi, sofel sim-
oneTSi, Terjolis maxloblad.
daviTis mama samson kldiaSvili xelmokle aznauri iyo. daviTis
babuam, samsonis mamam, Raribma aznaurma, roca kvdeboda, Tavisi mci-
rewlovani umcrosi Svilis, samsonis, momavalze im mxriv izruna, rom
moiwvia SeZlebuli glexi daTika giorgaZe colTan melania CixlaZesTan
erTad, mamobil-dedobilad mohkida isini da Svilis bedi maT Caabara.
uSvilo daTika giorgaZem gaamarTla ndoba da namdvili mamoba gauwia
samsons; yovelnairad Seuwyo xeli: quTaisSi daamTavrebina orklasiani
saswavlebeli, mere samsonma samsaxuric iSovna _ samazro sammarTveloSi
gadamwerlad moewyo. muyaiTobac gamoiCina, kargad gauZRva saqmes. Tavi
moawona SeZlebul aznaurs niko RoRoberiZes da misi erTaderTi
qaliSvili kesaria colad moiyvana. gamarTa ojaxi, raSic isev mamobili
daexmara. daTika giorgaZe sikvdilamde darCa samson kldiaSvilis ojaxis
erTguli. daviT kldiaSvili didi siTboTi igonebs Tavis memuarebSi
daTika giorgaZes, mis colsa da mis Zmas ivanes.
samsoni mSromeli, gamrje da didad moxerxebuli kaci iyo. sam-
saxuridan sofelSi dabrunebuli dauzareblad exmareboda soflelebs, vis
rCeviT, vis qaRaldis SedgenaSi. igi ojaxze mzrunveli kaci darCa da,
Tavisi gagebT, Svilis momavalzec didad izruna.
daviTis deda kesaria RoRoberiZe gamoirCeoda keTilSobilebiTa da
saTnoebiT, wignierebiT, kargad icoda Zveli literatura. kesariam
soflelebis didi siyvaruli daimsaxura, iyo yvelasgan dafasebuli,
ojaxis erTguli, Svilis didad mosiyvarule.
daviTma bavSvoba simoneTSi da deduleTSi, patara sofel xomulSi,
gaatara. daviTis bavSvobam uzrunvelad gaiara. igi garemoculi iyo misTvis
Zvirfasi, mosiyvarule adamianebiT. bevrma arc wera-kiTxva icoda, arc
qaRaldis fulis daTvla, magram yvelani didi Sinagani kulturiT iyvnen
aRWurvilni (geronti qiqoZe). misi mSoblebis mimarT soflelebis
pativiscema patara daviTze gadadioda, ezodan fexs rom gaadgamda, saxlSi
pirdapir datvirTuli brundeboda _ vin vaSls aCuqebda, vin CurCxelebs da
tkbil kverebs, vin kidev qoCora qaTams. àm siyvarulis wyalobiT Cemi
gulic adamianis siyvaruls eCveoda da swavlobda~, _ wers daviTi.
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba patara daviTma dedisgan miiRo, man
Seaswavla qarTuli wera-kiTxva.
557
im drois kvalobaze cxovrebaSi garkveuli adgilis dasamkvidreblad
aucilebeli iyo rusuli enis codna. am mizniT mamam daviTi quTaisSi
waiyvana da erTi rusis ojaxSi daayena. kaci eqimi iyo, gvarad ivanovi,
coli _ garusebuli lekis qali. dedisa da maxloblebis alerss SeCveuli
bavSvisaTvis ucxo garemo miuRebeli iyo da meore diliTve gaparva
daapira. daiWires da ukan daabrunes. cxared tiroda bavSvi. mama
iZulebuli gaxda Svili isev sofelSi daebrunebina mcire xniT. meore
Camosvlaze dedac Camohyva. ivanovebma dauyvaves bavSvs. ojaxis diasaxlisma
qarTulic icoda da qarTulad moefera. ivanovebs daviTis toli gogona
hyavdaT. ojaxis ufrosi xSirad arTobda bavSvebs. bolo-bolo daviTic
SeeCvia Tavis yofas. rusuli wera-kiTxvac male Seiswavla.
quTaisSi yofnisas daviTi xandaxan midioda mamasTan binaze. aq igi
ramdenimejer Sexvda gimnaziel biWs, gvarad Ciqovans, romelmac mSvenivrad
icoda qarTuli kiTxva. erTxel man daviTs waukiTxa ilia WavWavaZis
`ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, ramac gamaognebeli
STabeWdileba moaxdina masze. erTi, rac daviTs guls wyvetda, is iyo, rom
ambavi saintereso adgilas wydeboda. mas ki guliT ewada kakos ambis
gagrZeleba moesmina.
samsonma gimnaziaSi swavlis gagrZelebis mizniT Svili jer kerZo
mosamzadebel saswavlebelSi Seiyvana. Tumca, daviTs gimnaziaSi swavla ar
ewera.
am dros yovelwliurad Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebidan
ruseTis samxedro saswavleblebSi igzavneboda ormoc-ormoci bavSvi.
mizani savsebiT naTeli iyo _ gaerusebinaT da aRezardaT imperiis erTgul
oficrebad _ erTi sityviT, kavkasiuri sxeuliT da rusuli suliT.
qarTveli mSoblebic am saqmeSi didi xalisiT da mondomebiT iyvnen
CarTulni, radgan imperia bavSvebs Tavis xarjze zrdida da mSoblebi
yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldebodnen.
samsonmac Zalian moindoma, Svils gamoucxada, rom mas gamocdebi
unda Caebarebina, ruseTSi gasagzavn sanukvar ormoc bavSvSi mosaxvedrad;
Tanac mazris ufrosmac, romelic didad afasebda Tavis `mSromel,
dauRalav, cocxal~ moxeles, aRuTqva mas daxmareba. Tumca daviTs aravisi
daxmareba ar dasWirvebia. niWierma da bejiTma bavSvma gamocda advilad
Caabara.
558
cxra wlis daviTi sxva ormoc bavSvTan erTad gauyenes ruseTis gzas.
uzrunvel bavSvobaSi siyvaruliT ganebivrebul daviTs win mware
siymawvile da siWabuke eloda. rom araferi vTqvaT dedaze, romelsac
praqtikulad kalTidan aaglijes erTaderTi Svili, mis mware gancdebze,
mosiyvarule mamasac eZneleboda vaJiSvilTan ganSoreba, igi hpirdeboda,
rom soxumamde gahyveboda, magram daviTis gaufrTxileblad foTSi
CamoSorda jgufs.
saqarTvelodan 1872 wels gagzavnil bavSvTa nakadi kievis samxedro
gimnaziaSi gaamweses.
gimnaziaSi Casaricxad xelaxla gamocda iyo Casabarebeli. or-
mocdaori bavSvidan mxolod ocdaxuTma Caabara gamocda, maT Soris daviT
kldiaSvilma; danarCeni bavSvebi, romlebmac gamocda ver Caabares,
progimnaziaSi daabrunes mosamzadeblad.
am droisaTvis kievis samxedro gimnaziaSi sinamdvileSi realuri
saswavleblis programiT warmoebda mecadineoba. praqtikulad samxedro
mxolod forma ecvaT bavSvebs. sxva saswavlebelTagan gansxvavebiT,
rogorc mwerali gvacnobs, aq SedarebiT Tavisuflad grZnobdnen
moswavleebi Tavs. zogierT sagans umaRlesi saswavleblis profesorebic ki
ukiTxavdnen.
mgrZnobiare bavSvis guli ucxo garemoSi yvelafers mZafrad Re-
bulobda da aRibeWdavda. daviTi siyvaruliT igonebs Tavis pirvel
aRmzrdels (damrigebels) mixail esikorskis, romelmac namdvili mamobrivi
mzrunveloba gamoiCina bavSvebis, gansakuTrebiT qarTveli bavSvebis, mimarT.
mas morigeobiT moswavleebi saxlSi mihyavda. sakuTari Svili ar hyavda da
is da misi meuRle SvilebiviT eqceodnen mSobliur siyvaruls moklebul
bavSvebs.
Tavis kuTxes, garemos mowyvetil fiqrian bavSvs adridan gaumZafrda
sakuTari vinaobis Secnobis wyurvili, patriotuli grZnoba.
bunebrivia, gimnaziaSi iyvnen uzneo, gadagvarebuli adamianebi
maswavleblobis pretenziiT, aseTi iyo, magaliTad, vinme kurbatovi,
romelmac ratomRac qarTvelebi amoiCema da sul `tatarCukebs~ eZaxoda.
aman gaanawyena bavSvebi, aiZula isini TavianT vinaobaze dafiqrebuliyvnen.
viRacam Tqva, rom qarTvelebma qristianoba rusebze saukuneebiT adre
miiRes da `tatarCukebi~ ratom unda yofiliyvnen. kurbatovi mainc Tavisas
ar iSlida da agrZelebda bavSvebis damcirebas; maSin moswavleebma uCivles
kurbatovs aRmzrdelebTan da abezari maswavlebeli ase moiSores. am
SemTxvevam bavSvebis cnobiereba erTgvarad gamoaRviZa. isini xedavdnen, rom
qarTuli aviwydebodaT, gadawyvites erTmaneTisTvis moeTxroT qarTulad
zRaprebi, saintereso ambebi; magram xedavdnen, rom saqmes ver Svelodnen _
dros Tavisi mihqonda, xdeboda enis gadaviwyeba. ase rom, roca 12 wlis
daviTi pirvelad Camovida ardadegebze, quTaisidan sofelSi biZaSvili
gaiyola Tarjimnad. unda warmovidginoT mTeli tragizmi deda-Svilis
Sexvedrisa. dedam, romelic `metad daavadebuliyo javrisagan am sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi~, rusuli ar icoda, xolo Svilma qarTuli... cnobismoyvare
mezoblebi SekiTxvebiT ar usvenebdnen ymawvils; ase rom, quTaisidan
gamoyolil biZaSvils didi jafa daadga. erTma mezobelma mwared ixumra:
`bavSvs dasamunjeblad barem aqve davamwyvdevdi oTaxSi, raRa ruseTSi
agzavnidiT, Tqve dalocvileboo~. daviTma zafxulSi SedarebiT gaixsena
ena, xolo kievSi gabrunebisas Tan waiRo qarTuli wignebi. daviTi dain-
teresda saqarTvelos istoriiT, daiwyo cnobebis Segroveba encik-
lopediebidan.
559
daviT kldiaSvilis samxedro gimnaziaSi yofnisas kievis umaRles
saswavleblebSi ramdenime qarTveli studenti imyofeboda, romlebic
daukavSirdnen gimnaziis moswavleebs. daviTisa da misi amxanagebis
gaTviTcnobierebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes kievis sasuliero
akademiis studentma niko lomourma da misma megobrebma ivane
gafrindaSvilma (valerian gafrindaSvilis mama) da mixeil iluriZem. n.
lomourma waukiTxa daviTs yovelkvireuli gazeTis ìveriis~ masalebi,
waakiTxa ìveriaSi~ dabeWdili ilia WavWavaZis poema `mefe dimitri
Tavdadebuli~, uambo mefe dimitris Tavganwirvis istoria, riTac metad
SeZra yrmis suli. `Tavisi tkbili xmiT~ acnobda sakuTar leqsebs, waukiTxa
moTxroba àli~, yovelive es àuwerel sixaruls~ iwvevda masSi. imdenad
Zlieri iyo n. lomouris moTxrobisgan miRebuli STabeWdileba, rom
mogvianebiT, moskovSi yofnisas rusulad gadaTargmna.
ocdaxuTi moswavlidan kievis samxedro gimnazia mxolod eqvsma
qarTvelma daamTavra, danarCenebi zogi progimnaziebSi gadaiyvanes, radgan
gamocdebs ver abarebdnen, ramdenime mowafe avad gaxda da gardaicvala.
erTxans daviTmac iavadmyofa, magram Cans, ar iyo ganwiruli arc is da arc
qarTuli mwerloba da gadarCa. eqvsi kursdamTavrebuli qarTvelidan
mxolod orma icoda qarTuli, danarCenebs ena sul gadaviwyebuli hqondaT
da praqtikulad garusebuli iyvnen.
kievis samxedro gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg daviT kldiaSvilma 1880
wels swavla gaagrZela moskovis samxedro saswavlebelSi _ rogorc
warCinebiT gimnaziadamTavrebuli, igi aqac saxelmwifo xarjze Cairicxa.
kievis gimnaziisagan gansxvavebiT moskovis saswavlebelSi batonobda
sisastike da `sulTamxuTavi reJimi~, Tumca sakuTriv swavlebis saqme
cudad ar iyo dayenebuli. istorias, magaliTad, aswavlida cnobili
istorikosi profesori kliuCevski.
1882 wels daviT kldiaSvilma podporuCikis samxedro wodebiT
daamTavra moskovis samxedro saswavlebeli da, sabednierod, gamwesda
samuSaod im samxedro nawilSi, romelic axladSemoerTebul baTumSi
imyofeboda. sabednierodo, vambobT, radgan es rom ase ar momxdariyo,
daviT kldiaSvili Cveni qveynidan Sors rom gaemwesebinaT, `mosalodnelze
ufro mosalodnelia, rom rigianad verc XIX saukunis imereTs
davinaxavdiT~ (gr. kiknaZe) da `dauxatveli darCeboda msoflio
literaturaSi soloman morbelaZe, verc erTi mwerali ver moaxerxebda
gamoesaxa bekina da erTaderTi mTel Sav zRvis pirze darispani, romelic
mogzaurobs Tavisi lafCinebiT da ìme-ime~-Ti, dauxatveli darCeboda
karoJna, mSvenierze mSvenieri karoJna~... (galaktioni).
daiwyo datvirTuli, Sinaganad daZabuli rusuli jaris oficris
cxovreba, im qalaqSi, romelic mxolod axla yalibdeboda qalaqad. aqeT
moiswrafodnen aTasi juris avantiuristebi, gamdidrebis mosurneni miwebis
SesaZenad, fulis saSovnelad, cxovrebis saxsaris sapovnelad. rusebis
mizani iyo, rom baTumi ar qceuliyo qarTul qalaqad. xels uwyobdnen
yvela juris gadamTiels, qarTvelebs ki, romlebic mravlad moiswrafodnen
axlomdebare soflebidan, arafris ufleba ar hqondaT, garda
araadamianuri fizikuri Sromisa.
daviT kldiaSvils, rogorc oficers uxdeboda wvrTna, ZiriTadad,
wera-kiTxvis ucodinari, dabeCavebuli jariskacebisa.
rogorc daviT kldiaSvilis saxelovani Svili, mwerali sergo
kldiaSvili mamis Sesaxeb daweril SesaniSnav memuarul wignSi aRniSnavs,
daviTs, rogorc did kacTmoyvare adamians, erTi Tviseba gamoarCevda,
560
`hqonda niWi imisa, rom grZnoba da goneba gaeRviZebina im adamianSi, vinc
sxvaTa azriT, moklebuli iyo am kacur Rirsebas~... me virwmuneo, agrZelebs
s. kldiaSvili, rom `yvelasaTvis yvelaferi gasagebi iqneba, Tuki
siyvaruliT mixval adamianTan da ubralo eniT ganumartav~... da marTlac,
daviTi jariskacebs, pirvel yovlisa ise epyroboda, rogorc Rirsebis
mqone adamianebs. cdilobda, marto instruqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli codna
ki ar mieca _ vTqvaT, iaraRis nawilebis saxelebis codna, misi gamoyenebis
daufleba, aramed maTTvis goneba gaexsna, pirvel yovlisa, maTSi
adamianuri interesebi, adamianuri Rirsebis grZnoba gaeRviZebina. es daviTis
Sinagani mowodeba iyo. mas siamovnebas aniWebda aseTi moqmedeba, misi
jariskacebi yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen polkSi.
samsaxurisgan Tavisufal dros, SabaT-kviraobiT, daviTis iniciativiT
mis nawilSi ewyoboda sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi _ warmodgena,
literaturuli kiTxva, cekvebi, sadac, sruliad Segnebulad, oficrebi da
jariskacebi erTad monawileobdnen; amgvari urTierToba maT aaxlovebda
erTmaneTTan, rac ufros-umcrosobas ki ar Slida, aramed
urTierTpativiscemas ganamtkicebda. jariskacebs uyvardaT da saTanados
miagebdnen oficer daviT kldiaSvils. aseTi ram, urTierTobis aseTi
formebi, praqtikulad aqamde gaugonari iyo samxedro nawilSi. bunebrivia,
yovelive es ar moswonda daviTis xSirad sruliad yeyeC ufrosebs,
romlebTan SedarebiT ilia WavWavaZis rusis oficeri `padparuCiki #~
brZenadac ki gamoCndeboda. maT Soris iSviaTad Tu gamoereoda SedarebiT
Rirseuli adamiani, mometebulad tomiT baltiispireli an poloneli.
daviTs urTierToba uxdeboda qarTvelTmoZuleebTan, SovinistebTan,
SavrazmelebTan. sazogadod gonivruli samxedro wesrigis pativismcemeli,
Seurigebeli da ukompromiso iyo aseTTa mimarT, principuli. bevri Wkuaze
mouyvania daviTs, iZulebuli gauxdia misTvis angariSi gaewia, pativi eca.
bevrs ki dasmenis, dabezRebis meqanizmi aumoqmedebia, rom daviTi daesajaT,
nawilidan moecilebinaT.
Tavis SesaniSnav memuarebSi saxelovani mwerali araerT magaliTs
gadmogvcems imisas, Tu ris fasad ujdeboda didad mgrZnobiare, ficxi
bunebis daviTs aseTTa winaaRmdeg Widili, qveynis Tu pirovnuli Rirsebis
dacva.
unda sagangebod iTqvas, daviTis rogorc rusuli jaris oficris
cxovreba mimdinareobda ise, rom aq igi moklebuli iyo WeSmarit megobars,
adamians, vinc gaugebda, misi saqmianobis Tanamonawile gaxdeboda, mxarSi
amoudgeboda. martoobis grZnoba oficer daviT kldiaSvilis myari
sulieri mdgomareoba iyo, es grZnoba mas bolomde gahyva. erTi mizezi esec
iyo, martooba rom umZimda uaRresad socialur tips samoqalaqo cxovrebis
dros da sxva adamianebisaken miiltvoda.
gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda daviTisaTvis samxedro yofa muSaTa
gaficvebis, maTi gamosvlebis, erTgvari revoluciuri aRmavlobis wlebSi.
am dros baTumSi viTareba daiZaba, sisxlic bevri daiRvara, Setakebebic
moxda samxedro nawilebsa da muSebs Soris. magram daviTma moaxerxa is,
rom misi jariskacebis mxridan Tofi ar gavardniliyo. aseTi qmedeba ki
daviTs Zalian Zvirad, nervebis glejvis fasad ujeboda... da saerTodac,
unda iTqvas, rom mTeli misi samxedro samsaxuris ocdarvawliani istoria
aris mudmivi daZabuloba, mudmivi Sinagani Widili; oficerma daviT
kldiaSvilma simSvide unda SeinarCunos garegnulad, roca guli
aduRebulia da nervebi dawyvetili. ficxi bunebis daviTi amas yovelTvis
ver axerxebda, zogjer wonasworobas kargavda, rac Zvirad ujdeboda.
561
1902 wels baTumSi rotSildis qarxnis muSaTa darbevisas oficer
daviT kldiaSvilis razms morigeoba mouwia im yazarmebis dasacavad,
romlebSic wina dRiT uamravi ukmayofilo gaficuli muSa gamoamwyvdies.
brZaneba saRamo xans miiRes, rom yazarmebTan wina dRis sayaraulo jgufi
gamoecvalaT da TviTon daeWiraT maTi adgili. daviTma daayena yarauli
yvelgan da mkacrad gaafrTxila, `Tofi ar esrolaT aravis winaaRmdeg~.
Ramem mSvidobiT Caiara. dilas daviTi yazarmis ezoSi gamovida piris
dasabanad. gamoelaparaka erT axalgazrda `ganviTarebul muSas, romelsac
didi gavlena hqonda muSebSi~. muSebis moTxovna iyo mSvidobiani, pirobebis
gaumjobesebas, gaadamianurebas iTxovdnen, sxvas arafers. diliT punqtze
qalaqis gubernatoric movida, general-gubernators Seatyobines, rom
rotSildis qarxnis mxridan muSebis didi kolona modioda TavianT
dapatimrebul megobrebTan. muSebis moTxovna iyo, dakavebuli muSebis
gamoSveba, Tu ara da Cvenc maTTan erTad dagvapatimreTo. gubernators
muSebis ena ar esmoda da Tarjimnad policiis boqauli ixmo. xalxma igi ar
miiRo. muSebi mxolod daviT kldiaSvilis Tarjimnobaze daTanxmdnen.
gubernatori muSebs daSlisaken mouwodebda, sanam Tbilisidan
gankargulebas ar miviRebT, manam verafers SevcvliTo. muSebis pasuxi iyo,
rom Tbilisidan gankargulebas aq davelodebiT, ar daviSlebiTo.
562
gubernatorma damatebiTi jaris nawilis moyvana brZana... male
gamoCnda jaris axali nawilic. Seiqna CoCqoli, yvirili, wivili. erT wamSi
yvelaferi airia. gavarda revolveri _ erTi, ori, sami, mere Tofic
isroles... yovelgvari savaldebulo signalis gareSe igriala zarbazanmac.
daviTi CamoSorda generals da Tavisi jariskacebisaken gaeSura. man
brZaneba miiRo, rom Tavisi nawiliT quCa gadaeketa, rom aq gareSe aravin
yofiliyo. roca daviTma quCaSi jariskacebi gamoiyvana, maT sazareli
suraTi gadaeSalaT: quCa mofenili iyo daxocilebiT da daWrilebiT.
`moiyvanes etlebi da drogebi mkvdar-daWrilebis wasaRebad. sisxliT
moTxvril adgilebs ayridnen miwas; etlebis borblebiTYizileboda es
adgilebi da sazareli ram sanaxavi iyo es gasisxlianebuli miwis comebi~.
`guladuRebuli, Tvalcremliani~ uyveboda daviTi mis garSemo Seyril
xalxs, Tu rogor moulodnelad moxda es saSineleba.
_ àxla tiri?! patiosani kaci rom yofiliyavi, aq ar iqnebodi~, _
moesma daviTs ukanidan. àmis mTqmeli viRac dedakaci iyo. aduRda guli
uaresad, _ SegaCvena gamCenma! _ mivayvire. _ mxeco! Seubralebelo! gesmis
Sen Seni sityvebi?!~ gagonilma sityvebma reti daasxa daviTs. misi nawilidan
xom erTi tyviac ar gavardnila. àTrTolebuli, gonebadabneuli,
Tvalcremliani imeorebda _ `Seubralebelo! Seubralebelo!~ daviTs
amSvidebdnen, magram misi damSvideba veravin SeZlo. `diax, ra mindoda me am
rigebSi, ratom vxdebi mowme amgvari saSinelebisa, am sazizRrobisa! o, ra
tanjva gamoviare!
garetianebuli davdiodi mTeli saRamo. moClungebuli goneba aRar
muSaobda~, _ igonebs daviTi.
magram Turme es jer kidev yvelaferi ar iyo. kidev ufro uaresi,
cinikuri da aRmaSfoTebeli eloda win; meore diliT, roca Ramem mainc am
saSinelebis mere mSvidobianad gaiara, daviTs ufrosma ubrZana Tavisi
nawilis kazarmaSi dabruneba, oRondac baTumis quCebi jars simReriT unda
Caeara. gaocebulma da aRSfoTebulma daviTma amaze kategoriuli uari
ganacxada...
`daqanculi, nervebaSlili~ mivida Sin daviTi, yurSi dedakacis
sityvebi isev uwioda. uRonod daegdo `bedis mawyevari, rom am wreSi
moaqcia~.
erTi kvira egdo daviTi nervebaSlili. rotSildis qarxnidan muSebs
daviTis janmrTelobis Sesatyobad muSa gamoegzavnaT. es faqtic
mWevrmetyvelurad mowmobs, rom ubralo muSebs, xSirad wera-kiTxvis
armcodneT, romlebic daviTs did mwerals ki ara, ufro daviTs oficers
icnobdnen, uyvardaT igi. daviTi xom bevrjer gamoqomagebia maT, daucavs
maTi interesebi, maTi Rirseba, nacvlad imisa, rom maT winaaRmdeg
gamosuliyo, rogorc misgan moiTxovdnen. xSirad daviTs TavSesafaric ki
gauCenia maTTvis da tyviebic miucia.
daviT kldiaSvili ara mxolod pirovnulad, rogorc oficeri, aramed
sazogadoebrivadac ibrZoda muSebis, kerZod, qarTveli muSebis, interesebis
dasacavad.
563
baTumSi TandaTan ikrebda Zalas qarTuli inteligenciis birTvi,
romelmac gonivruli, Tanmimdevruli saqmianoba, brZola wamoiwyo qalaqis
mmarTvelobaSi mosvlisaTvis, baTumis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saTaveSi
CadgomisaTvis. udidesia am mxriv Rvawli SesaniSnavi qarTveli sazogado
moRvawis, eqimis da literatoris grigol volskis (umwifariZis
fsevdonimiT rom werda), ivane mesxis (sergei mesxis Zmis), luka asaTianisa
da sxvaTa. inteligenciis am birTvis saqmianobis aqtiuri Tanamonawile iyo
daviT kldiaSvili, romelic `sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis iyo
dabadebuli~ (gr. kiknaZe). daviTs iq agzavnidnen, sadac avtoriteti da
mofiqrebuli sityva iyo saWiro. baTumis mmarTvelobis xmosanTa arCevnebSi
didi daZabuli brZolis Semdeg gamarjvebulma qarTvelebma daviTi miav-
lines quTaisSi cnobil moRvawesTan luka asaTianTan mosalaparakeblad,
rom daTanxmebuliyo da kenWi eyara baTumis qalaqis Tavis arCevnebSi.
daviTma kidec daiTanxma luka asaTiani da misi gamarjvebis
uzrunvelyofisTvisac bevri gaakeTa.
qarTvelTa gamarjvebasTan, qarTuli saqmis warmatebasTan erTad
Zlierdeboda reaqciuli Zalebis winaaRmdegoba, Sovinisturi gamoxdomebi.
aqac Seupovari da ukompromiso iyo daviT kldiaSvili da aseT SemTxvevaSi
zogjer ara marto gabeduli, aramed saxifaTo nabijebic gadaudgams.
Savrazmuli saqmianobiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCa baTumSi gamomavali
reaqciuli gazeTi `Cernomorski vestniki~. misi urcxvi redaqtori iyo vinme
palmi. roca gabriel ekispokosi gardaicvala, `mTeli saqarTvelo SeinZra
misi sikvdilis gagonebaze da gansxvavebuli grZnobiT miabara miwas~.
`gaTaxsirebulma, WuWyianma gazeTma `Cernomorski vestnikma~ verc axla
SeZlo daemala Tavisi gaTaxsirebuloba da yovlad umgvano, yovlad
Seuwynarebeli werili moaTavsa Tavis furclebze~ gabriel episkoposis
gasvenebis Sesaxeb. werili, rogorc Semdeg gamoirkva, dawerili iyo
quTaisis gimnaziis maswavleblis vinme iurkevskis mier. werilSi
`sasacilod iyo agdebuli xalxis mgloviaroba, gasvenebis msvleloba,
monawileni... dabolos, damweri irwmuneboda, rom SeTqmuleba iyo
gamzadebuli am dRisTvis, magram fxizlad yofilma mTavrobam droze gaigo
yvelaferi da miiRo saWiro zomebi, rom araferi gaebednaTo da ver
gabedeso. erTi sityviT, werili iyo yovlad sazizRari, urcxvi, maxinji~.
weriliT aRSfoTebulma daviT kldiaSvilma gazeTis redaqtors
daureka, `yovlad gafuWebuli, gaTaxsirebuli, sindisgarecxili~ uwoda mas.
meore dRes gazeTSi patara werili iyo moTavsebuli, romelSic
ityobinebodnen, Tu rogor gailanZRa gazeTis redaqtori. marTalia,
gamlanZRvelis gvari ar iyo naxsenebi, magram udierad ki iyo moxsenebuli.
aRSfoTebulma daviTma gazeTis redaqtors sekundantebi gaugzavna da
duelSi gamoiwvia. palms uTxres, rom oficeri kldiaSvili gafrenil
beRuras ar acdens tyviaso. palmi saSinlad dafrTxa. daviTi Zlivs
daiTanxmes imaze, rom palmi sajarod moixdida mis winaSe bodiSs da
bodiSis teqsts gazeTSic gamoaqveynebda. palmma bodiSi sajarod ki
moixada, magram reaqciulma Zalebma ukve awyobili teqsti gazeTSi ar
gamoaqveynebines. am Zalebma daviTze SurisZieba Caides gulSi. cixe-simagris
ufrosma, romelic adre erTgvarad daviTis mxares iWerda, bolos misgan
piri ibruna, radgan isic daabezRes TbilisSi _ cixis ufrosi aZlierebs
rusebis mowinaaRmdege elementebso. man daviTs mosTxova, rom ori TviT
Svebuleba aeRo da qalaqs garideboda. magram daviTma es principulad ar
gaakeTa _ es xom `miRebuli iqneboda, rogorc gaqceva mtris winaSe~. ase
daZabulobaSi, uzneobasTan da aRviraxsnil SovinizmTan principul
564
brZolaSi midioda daviTis samxedro samsaxuris wlebi, erovnuli Rirsebis,
zneobrivi principebis dacva daviTis nervebis dacveTis fasad jdeboda.
erTma yeyeCma da mSiSara polkovnikma, romelsac ar moewona daviTis
Zala da avtoriteti ukmayofilo jariskacebSi, Tavi mouyara daviTis
`codvebs~, rom igi ar aerida da monawileoba miiRo politikur,
revoluciur dasaflavebaSi (igulisxmeboda axalgazrda mecnieris saba
kldiaSvilis grandiozuli dasaflaveba. saba kldiaSvili odesaSi mokles
ebraelTa gamosarClebisaTvis maTi xocva-Jletis dros), rom `rbilad
moeqca jariskacebs, roca imaT areulobis msgavsi moqmedeba gamoiCines, rom
igi cud magaliTebs aZlevs xelqveiTebs da mravali sxva~. misi mizani iyo,
rom daviT kldiaSvili gamoeyvana damnaSaved yovelgvar uwesobaSi, rac
samxedro nawilSi xdeboda. es dabezReba man gagzavna saolqo samxedro
StabSi. samxedro Stabis ufrosi am dros iyo pirsisxliani generali
griaznovi. griaznovma brZaneba gasca, rom sami dRis ganmavlobaSi
podpolkovniki daviT kldiaSvili gagzavnili yofiliyo daRestanSi,
udabur adgilas, deSlagarSi, myof polkSi. magram RmerTi faravda
qarTvelTa sayvarel mwerals daviT kldiaSvils. swored is dro iyo,
rodesac general griaznovs revolucionerebma yumbara esroles da
mokles. àiria yvelaferi, Caiketa rkinigza, aibna misvla-mosvla,
urTierToba. aman ori TviT daagviana brZanebis miReba~ nawilSi. griaznovi
rom ar moeklaT, daviTi gaigzavneboda daRestanSi da daniSnul polkSi
swored im dros mividoda, roca iq moxda sazareli ambavi: àjanydnen
jariskacebi, Seesien polkis sakrebulos, mofSvnes iqauroba, mokles cxra
oficeri, polkis ufrosi~. ueWvelia moklulTa Soris aRmoCndeboda daviT
kldiaSvilic. ase rom, griaznovis mimarT aRsrulebuli Surisgeba
samarTliani saqme iyo. `qmna marTlisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa
nedlad~, _ rogorc ambobs didi rusTveli.
Semdeg daviTma yvelaferi gaarkvia Tbilisis samxedro saolqo
StabSi. aq oriode gonieri piric aRmoCnda da daviTi isev baTumSi
daabrunes Zvel polkSi.
daviTs mabezRara mSiSara polkovniki nawilSi aRar daxvedria, igi
asakis Sesrulebis gamo daTxovili iyo samsaxuridan. axal polkovnik
tunebergTan wardgomisas daviTma Tavisi pozicia gaacno ufross, rac misi,
rogorc samxedro moRvawis, profilis gasaTvaliswineblad erTob
mniSvnelovania. `_ polkovniko, Tqven, rasakvirvelia, gagebuli gaqvT
yvelaferi Cems Sesaxeb. me isev damabrunes ukan. magram unda mogaxsenoT,
rom me igive var, rac aqamde viyavi. me isev im azrze var, rom jer moqalaqe
var da mere samxedro piri. uaRresad mointerese var, rac dRes Cvens
cxovrebaSi xdeba, Tvals vadevneb, vaZlev angariSs da vmsjelob
gulaxdilad, daumalavad. jariskacebTan da xelqveiTebTan rogorc winaT
viyavi, ise viqnebi SemdegSiac. Tu Tqven SegiZliaT amgvari oficeri
igulvoT TqvenTan, mec Tqveni Sromis monawile viqnebi, patiosani monawile.
Tu ara da miTxariT da me ar SegawuxebT Cemi aq yofniT. SeiZleba sulac
gavSorde samxedro samsaxurs. Sroma ar mezareba, saSroms yovelTvis
viSovi~. am dros daviT kldiaSvils Rirseuli ufrosi Sexvda, romelmac
daumadla gulwrfeloba da aRuTqva, rom isic aseTi ndobiT upasuxebda.
`me gagebuli maqvs yvelaferi da patiosan sityvas gaZlevT, am Cveni baasis
Semdeg rom vinmem moiwadinos Tqvens Sesaxeb Cemi gacnobiereba da cudad
mogixsenios, aseT pirs me daurideblad karebze mivuTiTeb, patiosan
sityvas gaZlevT~. sxvaTa Soris, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos, rom
daviTis nawilis axali ufrosi polkovniki tunebergi adre Tbilisis
565
saiunkro saswavleblis nawilis ufrosi iyo, `pirovneba metad rigiani da
Sesmenili~ (d. kldiaSvili). samwuxarod, polkovniki tunebergi moulod-
nelad avad gaxda da male gardaicvala.
tunebergi isev avyia da Citirekia ufrosebma Secvales. daviT
kldiaSvili ki aravis arafers uTmobda. isev izrunes mis vadaze adre
samsaxuridan gaSvebaze. erTxel gauTavebeli da uazro manevrebidan Sin
dabrunebuls sammarTvelodan konverti gadasces _ misi brwyinvaleba grafi
voroncov-daSkovi droulad Tvlida, rom podpolkovniki daviT
kldiaSvili samsaxuridan gadamdgariyo.
`keTili, madloba RmerTs, rom amiT vrCebi~, _ es grZnoba iyo, rac
daviTs daeufla brZanebis gacnobisas. man meore dResve Seitana
samsaxuridan gadadgomis gancxadeba.
ase damTavrda daviT kldiaSvilis samxedro moRvaweobis pirveli
ocdaeqvswliani periodi, mTeli meoTxedi saukune. samsaxuridan adre
gaSveba bevri samxedro pirisaTvis SeiZleboda qceuliyo ubedurebad,
uazrod CaeTvala cxovreba momavalSi; daviTisaTvis ki gadadgoma
ganTavisuflebaa imisagan, rac verafriT ver iqca misi cxovrebis namdvil
Sinaarsad. aki samxedro saswavleblis damTavrebisas asec fiqrobda:
savaldebulo sam wels imsaxurebda samxedroSi da mere sxva gzas eweoda,
SesaZloa, sazRvargareTac wasuliyo ganaTlebis misaRebad. ver moxerxda,
daviTi CarCa samxedro samsaxurSi. marTalia, aqac moaxerxa kacuri
Rirsebis dacva, bevri keTili saqme akeTa, bevr sxvasac gauRviZa adamianuri
grZnobebi, rogorc SeeZlo, icavda imaT interesebs, vis dasaTrgunavadac
iyo moxmobili, uuflebo muSebis, jariskacebis interesebs, magram
yvelaferi es dajda misi sasicocxlo Zalebis xarjvis fasad, nervebis
dawyvetis fasad. `gaTavda Cemi samxedro samsaxuri. es arafrad mawuxebda,
samwuxaro is iyo mxolod, rom janmrTeloba Semerya~, _ wers daviTi.
daviTis Svilebi, sergo da simoni, 9-10 wlisani, mamas exvewebodnen
kadetTa saswavlebelSi Seyvanas, sxva oficerTa Svilebs rom xedavdnen
samxedro formaSi. mamamisis, samsonisagan gansxvavebiT, rogor dauSvebs
amas daviTi. rogor dauSvebs Svilebi ruseTis jaris oficrebad gazardos.
kadetTa saswavleblis survils Svilebs Jurnal `jejilidan~ leqsebisa da
moTxrobebis, ìavnanam ra hqmnas~ wakiTxviT aviwyebs...
amdenad, samxedro samsaxuridan droze adre gadagoma daviTisTvis
Svebaa.
arada, samxedro samsaxuris mkacr, xSirad autanel pirobebSic,
saocaria, magram daviTi, WeSmariti aristokrati, inteligenti, tipi
sazogado moRvawisa axerxebda Tavisi Sinagani mowodebis, interesebis
dakmayofilebas. baTumSi Camosvlis droidanve daviTi aRmoCnda im
qarTvelTa wreSi, romelic cdilobda baTumSi kulturuli cxovreba
gaeRviZebina. erTaderTi kulturuli adgili iyo sazogado sakrebulo,
sadac Tavs iyrida erTi nawili moxeleTa ojaxebisa. qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam imTaviTve gaxsna aq qarTuli
skola im mizniT, rom qarTveli muslimani bavSvebisaTvis Tavi moeyara da
qarTuli eswavlebina maTTvis. skola keTilmouwyobeli iyo da uWirda.
skolas didad exmareboda baTumis mcirericxovani qarTveli sazogadoeba,
ramdenime qarTuli ojaxi. didad aqtiurobda baTumis policmeisteris dur-
miSxan Jurulis meuRle qeTevani. qeTevan Juruli araTu am skolas uwyobda
xels, aramed igi iyo Semkrebi baTumis sazogadoebisa. mas didi
pativiscemiT epyrobodnen rogorc qarTvelebi, aseve gareSenic. baTumSi
Camosuli yoveli inteligenti Tavs movaled racxda am ojaxSi mosuliyo.
566
am ojaxSi waradgines Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda qarTveli oficeric
daviT kldiaSvili. qeTevan Jurulma igi male pirdapir saqmeSi Caaba.
idgmeboda skolis sasargeblod g. erisTavis `gayra~. daviT kldiaSvils
daavales gabrielis roli. marTalia, daviTi didi gulmodginebiT Seudga
saqmes, magram jer kidev cudad flobda qarTuls. mas xSirad calke
utardeboda repeticiebi _ aTjer, TxuTmetjer unda gaemeorebina Tavisi
monologi. xandaxan moTminebadakarguli maswavlebeli qeTevan Juruli
daviTs etyoda: àr SeiZleba ase, ymawvilo, unda iswavloT qarTuli,
qarTveli xarT!~ daviTic gulmodgined cdilobda, magram `warmatebaSi
neli nabijiT Sedioda~.
aseTi warmodgenebiT Semosuli fuli Zalian mcire saxsari iyo
skolisaTvis da igi erTi maswavleblis xelfassac ar hyofnida. miT
umetes, male skolis amocana da mizani didad gafarTovda; saqme is iyo,
rom baTumSi mezobeli soflebidan Camosuli muSebis SvilebisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo skola, Tanac ufaso, radgan es xalxi absoluturad
usaxsro iyo. arada sruliad mouwyobel wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis
skolas, romelic suls Rafavda, aseTi didi tvirTis aReba ar SeeZlo.
gadawyda, yovelwliurad 14 ianvars, ninoobas, saswavleblis sasargeblod
saRamo gamarTuliyo. pirveli saRamo, romlis iniciatorebi iyvnen grigol
volski, ivane mesxi da daviT kldiaSvili, àraCveulebrivi ram iyo
baTumisaTvis. TiTqmis sami Tve dasWirda mis mowyobas, magram Sromas
tyuilad ar Cauvlia da saRamo didebulad Catarda. veeberTela sazogado
sakrebulos darbazi zRaprulad iyo morTuli. eleqtroni, rac maSin
iSviaTi iyo, uxvad anaTebda mTel sakrebulos~. sakoncerto
ganyofilebisaTvis Tbilisidanac iyvnen mowveuli stumrebi. saRamoze
mowveuli iyo didi akaki, romelsac sadgurSi mTeli qarTveloba daxvda...
akakim saRamoze waikiTxa Tavisi leqsebi... `lamazi, Snoiani, warmosadegi po-
eti, Tavisi tkbili xmiT, momRimari saxiT, momxiblavi SexedulebiT marTla
da sayvareli iyo~. qarTvelebs eamayebodaT ucxoelebTan, rom aseTi
mgosani hyavda saqarTvelos. arada, ucxoelebic mravlad daeswrnen am
saRamos. bileTebis gayidvis saqmeSi oficeri daviTic aqtiurad iyo
CarTuli. saRamoze didZali Tanxa Semovida _ sami aTas maneTze meti, ramac
saswavlebeli gaWirvebidan gamoiyvana da fexi moamagrebina. amaze ar
SeCerdnen, saswavleblisaTvis calke Senobis agebas SeeWidnen. Tbilisidan
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris amxanagi niko
cxvedaZe moiwvies, romelmac mxurvaled dauWira mxari Senobis agebas,
yvelam aRuTqva daxmareba sazogadoebas, vin fuliT, vin saSeni masaliT da
meore wlisTvis didi Senobac mzad iyo. `saswavlebeli mSvenivrad iyo
dayenebuli da did simpaTias iwvevda xalxSi~.
baTumis mainc duned mimaval cxovrebas zogjer acocxlebda
qarTuli Teatris Camosvla. es ufro zafxulSi xdeboda. daszec qeTevan
Juruli zrunavda, kerZod, is awesrigebda msaxiobebis dabinavebas, Senobis
daqiravebis gareSeASovnas speqtaklebis warmosadgenad da a. S.
baTumSi gaecno daviTi qarTuli scenis saxelovan artistebs mako
safarova-abaSiZisas, nato gabunias, vaso abaSiZes, lado mesxiSvils,
romelmac mogvianebiT TbilisSi warumateblad ganxorcielebuli dadgmis
Semdeg quTaisSi ìrines bednierebis~ SesaniSnavi dadgmiT udidesi
sixaruli mianiWa daviT kldiaSvils. aqve gaicno daviTma misi usayvarlesi
mwerali aleqsandre yazbegi, romelzec SesaniSnavi mogoneba dagvitova.
garda amisa, aqve gaicno da dauaxlovda mweral giorgi wereTels,
romelic erT xans baTumSi moRvaweobda. daviTisaTvis Teatris yoveli
567
Camosvla zeimi iyo. erTxel scenaze gamosvlac mouwia maTTan erTad.
idgmeboda daviT erisTavis `samSoblo~. daakldaT gogia diakvnis
Semsrulebeli da daviTs mouwia am rolis Sesruleba. mesame moqmedebaSi
qarTulis uxeirod mcodne SiSiT Sepyrobili daviTi udrood Sevida
scenaze, roca metexis cixeSi TavSeyril SeTqmulebs svimon leoniZe _
aleqsandre yazbegi, _ gatacebiT mimarTavda da mas xelSi droSa SeaCeCa.
`gaocebulma sandrom saTqmeli ar Sewyvita, gamoarTva bairaRi, gaitana
gareT~.
568
daviTic ukan gahyva darcxvenili, rom ase udroo dros SemoiWra
scenaze. amis Semdeg daviTi rogorc artisti scenaze aRarasdros gasula.
oRondac dramatuli wris xelmZRvaneloba da reJisoroba ki mouwia.
TiTqos sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom oficeri daviT kldiaSvili
rotSildis qarxnis muSebma TavianTi dramatuli dasis xelmZRvanelad
miiwvies. daviTi am miwvevam didad gaaxara da muSaobasac Tavgamodebulad
Seudga. `saWiro iyo yovelmxriv gacnoba piesis, masSi asaxuli pirovnebebis
gageba, gaTvaliswineba da es iwvevda erTgvar msjelobas, erTgvar baass
metad sainteresos da sagulisxmos. amgvari mzadeba ise itacebda
moTamaSeT, rom gvian Ramemde rCebodnen repeticiebze~. aseTi formiT
muSaobda reJisori daviT kldiaSvili. piesebis arCevis uflebasac
msaxiobebs aZlevda. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom avqsenti cagarelis, ivane
gomarTelis dramebTan erTad d. kldiaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT
scenismoyvareTa dasma SearCia da warmoadgina henrik ibsenis `xalxis
mteri~ anu èqimi Stokmani~. daviTi aqtiuri monawile da xSirad
iniciatori iyo saqvelmoqmedo Sekreba-saRamoebisa.
1892 wels daviTma gaicno da dauaxlovda aznaur pavle maWavarians
da male daqorwinda mis qaliSvilze mariam maWavarianze. jer erTi,
rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, pavle maWavariani da misi ojaxi, rogorc
TviTon ambobs, mweral daviT kldiaSvilisaTvis namdvili akademiad iqca.
mariam maWavarianma sanaqebo meuRleoba gauwia daviTs bolomde.
mariamma icoda Rirseba da fasi meuRlisa da yvelanairad xels uwyobda.
ara da Zneli iyo daviTis meuRleoba. xSirad daZabuli, garemoebaTa gamo
`nervebaSlili~ modioda Sin daviTi. roca aseTi sulieri mdgomareobis
mizezebi ar iyo cnobili, SeiZleboda kacs efiqra, rom umizezod
anCxlobda daviTi. magram mariami yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom
ojaxuri simSvide egrZno riskiani, xifaTiani cxovrebiT mcxovreb daviTs,
romelsac xan dueli eloda da xan gadasaxleba da ase grZeldeboda
bolomde. roca daviTTan erTad sofelSi wavida da mZime avadmyofsac
mouara, uyuradRebod mitovebuli saxl-karic fexze daayena. rogorc
uamxanago iyo oficerTa wreSi `saeWvo~ oficeri, aseve uamxanago iyo
mariamic oficerTa colebSi. magram sxva oficerTa colebi iZulebuli
iyvnen angariSi gaewiaT misTvis. saRamos klubSi valsiT cekvebis gaxsnas
veravin bedavda, Tu pirveli mariami ar icekvebda. igi yvelasagan iyo
gamorCeuli Tavisi ubraloebiT da mSvenierebiT. Rirseuli mamis Rirseuli
Svili iyo saxelovani mwerali sergo kldiaSvili, romelic ara marto
SesaniSnavi werilis da brwyinvale mogonebebis avtoria mamaze, aramed
masve unda vumadlodeT, rom mama STaagona daewera `Tavisi saukeTeso
moTxrobebis Tanabari~ (s. kldiaSvili) memuaruli wigni `Cemi cxovrebis
gzaze~.
samxedro samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg 1908 wels Tavmoyvare
daviTma aRar isurva baTumSi darCena da ojaxTan erTad quTaisSi
gadmovida. megobrebis daxmarebiT jer man muSaoba daiwyo qalaqis
gamgeblobaSi. bunebrivia, arc es samsaxuri pasuxobda didi mwerlis maRal
kulturul-literaturul interesebs. samagierod, aqac daviTi aqtiurad
Caeba quTaisis literaturul-kulturul cxovrebaSi. igi monawileobda
axlad daarsebuli saxalxo universitetis muSaobaSi. gansakuTrebiT unda
aRiniSnos mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT Catarebul akakis didebul
iubileSi misi aqtiuri monawileoba da ilias xsovnis saRamoSi
monawileoba, romelic gansakuTrebiT im mxriv gaxda aRsaniSnavi, rom maSin
569
pirvelad miiwvies dasavleT saqarTveloSi da, kerZod quTaisSi, didi vaJa-
fSavela.
quTaisis qalaqis gamgeblobaSi sami wlis muSaobis Semdeg daviT
kldiaSvili gadavida Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWoSi, romelsac didi
sazogado moRvawe, literatori giorgi zdanoviCi xelmZRvanelobda, xolo
Tavmjdomaris moadgile iyo saxelovani kritikosi da literaturis
istorikosi kita abaSiZe. sabWo did gegmebs isaxavda miznad qalaq WiaTuris
sakeTildReod. daviTs xiblavda ori didi mamuliSvilis Tavganwiruli
Sroma da TviTonac didi aRfrTovanebiT iyo CarTuli maT saqmianobaSi.
1914 wels, roca pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo, isev gaixsenes adre
gadayenebuli oficeri da 53 wels mitanebuli mZimed naavadmyofari daviTi
saavadmyofodan gamosvlis mesame dRes kvlav ixmes jarSi. daviTi dainiSna
saTadarigo nawilis ufrosad, romelic senakSi unda Sekrebiliyo. aq,
senakSi yofnisas, daviTma monawileoba miiRo akaki wereTlis TbilisSi
grandiozul gadasvenebasa da dasaflavebaSi, aqve, senakSi, daamTavra
daviTma mesame dramatuli nawarmoebi ùbedureba~. 1915 wlis dasawyisSive
daviTs ruseT-TurqeTis frontze ukres Tavi _ igi Tavisi nawiliT
arTvinisaken gagzavnes. aqac yeyeCi, `fafxura~ generlis xelqveiTad mouwia
saxelovan mwerals yofna. es generali TavgamoCenisa da Cin-medlebisaTvis
gaxiznul mcxovrebTa mitovebul soflebs istoriuli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze Tof-zarbazans uSenda da miwasTan asworebda. daviTs Tval-
win eSleboda srulad dacarielebuli soflebi, sazarel sanaxaobas
warmoadgenda es Cayruebul-Cadumebuli, gadamwvari soflebi. bevrgan
saxlebSi xvdebodaT damtvreuli akvnebi, karebCamoglejili beRlebi,
mimobneuli simindis marcvali, lobio... am suraTis Semxedvare
guldamZimebul daviTs Rrmad Sezarda omi, misi saSineleba, misgan
adamianebis warmoudgeneli gamxeceba. pativmoyvare generals ar moswonda
abezari podpolkovniki, romelic usityvod ar emorCileboda, sul
eurCeboda, mis ugunur moqmedebas aprotestebda. generalma misi moSoreba
gadawyvita. didi mecadineobiT amas miaRwia maSin, roca daviTis nawilis
ori jariskaci inJinerTan muSaobisas moWrili xis qveS mohyva. daviTs
nawili CamoarTves da TbilisSi daabrunes. es daviTisTvis sulac ar iyo
cudi. amjeradac RvTis gangebam daifara igi _ daviTis yofili nawili
trapezunisken gadaisroles da brZolaSi `Zlier milewes~, mokles daviTis
Semcvleli oficeri, misi adiutanti da bevri sxvac.
570
TbilisSi Tve-naxevari yofnis Semdeg daviT kldiaSvili baTum-
trapizonis gzaze erT patara punqtSi komendantad daniSnes. es punqti
teritoriulad lazeTSi iyo. jer daviTi im generalTan unda
gamocxadebuliyo rizeSi, romlis gankargulebaSic imyofeboda. rizeSi
daviTi satvirTo gemiT unda gamgzavrebuliyo. baTumSi mas urCies, rom
mgzavroba meore dRisTvis gadaedo da gahyoloda SesaniSnav komerciul
hospitalur gems. daviTma ratomRac ar miiRo es rCeva da amjeradac RvTis
gangebam daifara igi. hospitaluri gemi germanulma wyalqveSa navma aafeTqa.
am gems rom gahyoloda daviTi, ueWvelad daRupva ar ascdeboda.
komendantad pironitSi daviTma weliwad-naxevari dahyo. aq man Tavi
gamoiCina ufro saqarTvelodan Casuli saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis
wevrebis Tu SesaniSnavi enaTmecnieris ioseb yifSiZisaTvis gaweuli
daxmarebiT. igi zrunavda dedasaqarTvelos mowyvetil lazebTan
daaxloebaze, dainteresda lazeTSi qarTuli skolis gaxsnis
SesaZleblobiT. yovelive amisTvis daviT kldiaSvils samxedro
samarTalSi micema da mkacri sasjeli moeloda, magram amjeradac
gaumarTlda daviTs. `dasamxobad gamzadebuli xelisufleba~ emxoboda,
Tebervlis revolucia moxda, nikoloz II gadadga da daviTmac samudamod
Tqva uari samxedro samsaxurze. dabrunebuli daviTi sabolood damkvidrda
mSobliur simoneTSi. drodadro gamoCndeboda xan quTaisSi da ufro
xSirad TbilisSi, sadac igi xvdeboda Tavis da Tavisi Svilis megobar
mwerlebs Salva dadians, vasil barnovs, paolo iaSvils, tician tabiZes,
giorgi leoniZes. daviTi literatorTa, mweralTa, qarTveli xalxis
sayovelTao siyvaruliT iyo garemoculi, mas orjer sicocxleSi, 1920 da
1930 wels gadauxades samwerlo moRvaweobis 30 da 40 wlis iubile. mieniWa
saxalxo mwerlis wodeba.
mZime 1924 wlis zafxulSi daviTi borjomSi mkurnalobda. dagvianebiT
aqac CaaRwia saxalxo ajanyebis ambebma. ajanyeba male CaaxSes didi
sisastikiT. daviTma mkurnaloba miatova da simoneTs miaSura, sadac Svili
eguleboda col-SviliT.
ruseTis jaris oficers gauxsenes Zveli `codvebi~, sadgur svirSi
igi daapatimres, uxeSad moeqcnen da iqve sardafSi Seagdes. meore dRes
nacnobebma Zlivs daixsnes didi mwerali. Zlivs gaagebines miliciis regven
ufross, vin iyo daviT kldiaSvili. mere TviTon sergo kldiaSvilma
izruna, mSoblebis usafrTxoeba rom daculi yofiliyo (lali avaliani).
daviTs TandaTan moeZala avadmyofoba. rogorc sergo kldiaSvili
wers, es avadmyofoba mainc nerviuli xasiaTisa iyo. martooba umZimda,
Tavis siyrmis megobrebSi, adamianebTan urTierTobaSi iviwyebda
avadmyofobas socialurad aqtiuri didi mwerali.
daviTs bolomde SerCa Teatris trfiali. mTeli dRe cudad myofi,
Tu TbilisSi imyofeboda, saRamos fexze dadgeboda da TeatrSi midioda.
musikis, operis siyvaruli imTaviTve gamoarCevda daviTs. Tu ki
baTumSi italiuri operis dasi gamoCndeboda, daviTi ojaxTan erTad iq
miiswrafoda.
571
àRtaceba operiT, saerTod musikiT, bolomdis SerCa. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo operaSi... loJaSi daviTs Tavisi adgili hqonda. TbilisSi
yofnisas TiTqmis yovel Rames operaSi iyo. parters misi WaRara Tavi
iwyebda. savarZelSi Camjdari win joxs daibijgebs, joxze quds Camoacmevs,
gadaswevs Tavs da TiTqos Selocvili usmens~ (s. kldiaSvili).
daviTs avadmyofoba ufro moeZala. ufro didxans iwva loginSi.
bolos TvalisCinic waerTva. amas Zalian wuxda.
simoneTSi daviTis saxlis aivnidan `Cans yvirilis xeoba, zekaris
gadasavali, aWaris mTebis grexili, mTa sairme~ (s. kldiaSvili).
Zalian uyvarda es sanaxebi. Tavis megobars, mweral vasil barnovs,
simoneTSi rom epatiJeboda, eubneboda: `Cemi aivnidan iseTi suraTebi
iSleba, rom Tvals mogWris bunebis silamazeo~.
bolo Casvlisas Svilma bevri izruna imisTvis, rom mama wamoeyenebina
da aivanze gaeyvana.
ùecrad daviTis Tvali daJinebiT erT wertils miaSterda. es sul
erTi wuTi grZeldeba, daJinebiT iyureba pirdapir, mere isev ucbad
modunda da Semomxeda.
_ sakvirveli ram moxda, _ meubneba, _ Cemi brma TvalebiT Zalian
garkveviT davinaxe xeoba, mTebi, ramdeni xania aRar daminaxavs. erTxel
bavSvi viyavi, swored am adgilidan davinaxe is mTebi. ai, im bavSvis
TvalebiT Sevxede axla. im dRes raRac balaxis suni vigrZeni da axlac
swored is suni viynose. pirdapir ucnauroba moxda! mTelma Cemma cxovrebam
Tvalwin gairbina. ramdeni wlisa var axla? samocdaSvidis, sakvirvelia,
rodis gavida es dro, rogor gaviare es cxovreba! rogor movxucdi.
metad aRar daunaxavs daviTs mTebi. amis Semdeg misi Tvali, ase
uecrad raRac sakvirvelebiT ganaTebuli, isev uZluri gaxda, es mxolod
wuTis ambavi iyo. es wuTi aRar ganmeorebula~ (s. kldiaSvili).
daviT kldiaSvilis pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad, misi cxovrebis
namdvili Sinaarsis gasaTvaliswineblad gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom
literatura da xelovneba iqca Tavidanve mis sasicocxlo sferod.
`marTalia, bevri mware dRe gamoiara daviT kldiaSvilma Tavisi
samxedro samsaxurisa da samoqalaqo cxovrebis pirobebSi, magram xandaxan
umaRlesi bednierebis Jamic udga mas~ (gr. kiknaZe), rodesac qmnida
qarTuli literaturis Sedevrebs da roca xedavda, rom qarTveli
literaturuli sazogadoebis da farTo mkiTxvelis yuradReba, siTbo da
siyvaruli Tan axlda mis Sromas.
rogorc TviTon mwerali gadmogvcems, wera Zalian adre daiwyo.
`meore klasSi viyavi, moTxroba rom davwere rusulad, radgan qarTuli
daviwyebuli mqonda... maxsovs, rom moTxrobis gmiri sisxlSi curavda,
marjvniv da marcxniv hklavda yovel Semxvdurs. nawarmoebi xelSi Cauvarda
aRmzrdels (klasis damrigebels), romelmac
572
waikiTxa da siciliT miTxra: _ Zalian getyoba azieloba, amdeni
sisxlisRvra gagigonia, daanebe Tavi, sisulelea!
Sevismine aRmzrdelis darigeba da mivatove wera~. samagierod daviTi
Seudga intensiurad kiTxvas. aRmzrdelic iseTi Sexvda, rom literatura
uyvarda da moswavleebsac ayvarebda. xSirad dahyavda TeatrSi. im dros
kievSi mSvenieri opera iyo. jer rusul literaturas kiTxulobda, Semdeg
interesi gauCnda qarTuli literaturis mimarT.
saqme gauadvilda niko lomourisa da misi megobrebis gacnobis
Semdeg. maTi wyalobiT mudam hqonda qarTuli wigni. ecnoboda qarTul
mwerlobas da saqarTvelos istorias.
moskovSi gaagrZela Tavisi sayvareli saqme. aq man Targmna n.
lomouris moTxroba àli~. dabeWdvac moindoma `ruski vestnikSi~, magram
ar daubeWdes, metad daujerebel ambavs Seicavso.
daviTi aq, moskovSi, ramdenime amxanagTan TanamSromlobiT scemda
patara Jurnals (cxadia xelnawers), romelsac mkiTxveli hyavda.
baTumSi TandaTan iwafeboda qarTul weraSi. Targmnida germanulidan
da frangulidan. pirvelad misi Targmani daibeWda vaso abaSiZis Jurnal
`TeatrSi~ saxelisa da gvaris xelmoweriT 1885 wels.
farTo sazogadoebis winaSe daviT kldiaSvili rogorc WeSmariti
mwerali warsdga 1894 wels. es ase moxda:L
erTxel grigol volskim Tavis megobrebs, daviT kldiaSvils da
aleqsandre abazaZes, SesTavaza, rom SabaTobiT erTmaneTisTvis waekiTxaT,
rasac dawerdnen. roca daviTis rigi movida, man daiwyo kiTxva erTi patara
suraTis. SeamCnia, rom naweri veraviTar STabeWdilebas ver axdenda.
SeCerda. ` _ daTiko, _ miTxra RimiliT volskim, _ Sen korespondencias
wer, Tu moTxrobas~ da gaicina. daviTma maSinve dakeca rveuli da jibeSi
Caido. Tumca mere bevrs exvewnen, magram daviTi uarze dadga. TiTqmis orma
welma gaiara da im suraTidan, rasac gr. volskim korespondencia uwoda da
Cans megobars guli atkina, `gamokeTda ori moTxroba _ `Serisxva~ da
`msxverpli~. es iyo 1894 wels.
`msxverpli~ `moambis~ redaqtors aleqsandre Wyonias gaugzavna.
aleqsandre Wyonia baraTiT madlobas uxdida, Tan imasac atyobinebda, rom
àwerili suraTi metad Sav-bnelia, mZime STabeWdilebas tovebso da,
amasTanave umatebda: nuTu marTla aseTi sibneliT aris moculi soflis
cxovrebao. saWiroa ufro Seneleba suraTis~. daviTi ukve Tavis TavSi
darwmunebuli iyo da es rCeva misTvis miuRebeli darCa. is ki ara, nanobda,
rom aCqarebiT bevri gamorCa.
waqezebuli imiT, rom moTxrobebi kargad iqna miRebuli, Seudga
mesame moTxrobis weras. moTxroba sul mokle droSi daiwera da iseTi
gatacebiT, TviTon mwerali iyo gakvirvebuli, rom ase iolad moeria da
daamTavra. es iyo Sedevri `soloman morbelaZe~, romelsac mohyva `wrfeli
guli~ da sul male qarTuli prozis mSveneba `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~,
1897 wels `mrevlSi~, 1900 wels daibeWda `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~. qarTul
Teatrze raindulad Seyvarebulma daviTma TeatrisTvisac dawera
SesaniSnavi dramatuli Txzulebebi: ìrines bedniereba~, 1897 wels,
`darispanis gasaWiri~ da sul bolos ùbedureba~, 1914 wels.
dReniadag moucleli, praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT
datvirTuli daviTi SemoqmedebiTad uSreti iyo. es dadasturda 1920 wels,
roca Seiqmna `Cveni mwerlisaTvis uaRresad specifikuri niWiT aRbeWdili~
(gr. kiknaZe) `bakulas Rorebi~.
573
samocdasami wlis asakSi 1925 wels daviT kldiaSvilma Seqmna
brwyinvale memuaruli wigni `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~. aseTi wignis daweras
ar Svelis mxolod warmosaxva da fantazia, naxulisa da gancdilis ase
cocxlad, ase detalurad aRdgenas didi da naTeli mexsiereba sWirdeba da
gansjis didi unari, rom zRva masala moToko da gaiazro, erT akidod
aago. am wignSi zeobs erTica da meorec kidev bevr sxva unarTan erTad. 63-
64 wlis daviTi Sinaganad savsea SemoqmedebiTad, araferi daklebia mis
niWs. 63-64 weli epikosisaTvis SemoqmedebiTi zenitis asakia. asecaa daviTi
sulierad, mwerlisaTvis aucilebeli mocaleobac mopovebulia, magram
mZime, daZabuli, nerviuli cxovrebisagan fizikurad dauZlurebulia da-
viTi, aki ambobs igi, kargi iyo samxedro samsaxuridan rom ganTavisuflda,
`magram samwuxaro is aris, rom janmrTeloba Semeryao~.
...da swored maSin, roca sulierad araferi aklda mweral daviT
kldiaSvils, sasicocxlo fizikuri Zalebi daiSrita.
daviT kldiaSvili sikvdils, naadrevs, didad dasanans, Sexvda
samocdarva wlis asakSi.
gardaicvala daviT kldiaSvili 1931 wels, 24 aprils, simoneTSi.
misi neSti didi pativiT iqna wamosvenebuli TbilisSi da da-
krZaluli mTawmindaze didi qarTvelebis ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis
da sxvaTa gverdiT.
* * *
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT daviT kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba ar
iqcevs sagangebo yuradRebas. raodenobrivi simcire daviT kldiaSvilis
nawerebisa, erTi mxriv, imiT aixsneba, rom mTeli Tavisi fizikuri da
sulieri Zalebi TiTqmis ocdaaTwlianma samxedro samsaxurma waiRo,
romelic mas simSvides arTmevda, rac ase aucilebelia prozaikosisaTvis.
garda amisa iyo eqvswliani samoqalaqo samsaxuri da mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze Zalian aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba, rom araferi vTqvaT
calke saojaxo sazrunavze. mokrZalebul mwerals arasdros dautanebia
Tavisi TavisTvis Zala, gare motivebidan ar momdinareobda misi
SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. zogjer mas Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqtorebi Tu
aCqarebdnen, maincdamainc arc maT daJinebul Txovnas Tvlida
Sesasruleblad savaldebulod, roca CaTvlida, rom SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba
jer ar iyo damTavrebuli. weris motivebi yovelTvis Signidan modioda,
roca grZnobda igi Sinagan mzaobas, roca, rogorc TviTon ambobs, mis
Tvalwin `TiTqos Camofarebuli farda gadaiweva da moTxroba ga-
daiSleboda~ da misi personaJebi ametyveldebodnen, an roca napovni iyo
moTxrobis pirveli winadadebebi, ris Semdegac yvelaferi `gasrialdeboda~.
werda Zaldautaneblad, Tavisuflad. Tu didxans ufiqria da uwvalia,
Znelad daumTavrebia, mxolod iseTi Txzuleba, romelic misi specifikuri
talantis gareT iyo, mis organul SemoqmedebiT masalas mainc ar
warmoadgenda (magaliTad, moTxroba `wrfeli guli~).
daviT kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba imis mWevrmetyveluri dasturia, rom
raodenoba ar gansazRvravs maincdamainc mwerlis Rirsebas, arian mwerlebi,
romelTac uamravi weres, magram mkiTxvels Tavi didad ver daamaxsovres,
mwerlobaSi didi kvali ver datoves. magram msoflio literaturis
istoria icnobs iseT mwerlebs, romelTac erTi an ramdenime nawarmoebi
daweres da ukvdavyves TavianTi saxeli da aamaRles mSobliuri
literatura. aseT mweralTa ricxvSia daviT kldiaSvili. mwerlis
literaturuli samyaros, misi personaJebis soloman morbelaZis, bekina
samaniSvilis, platon samaniSvilis, ekvirines, otia qamuSaZis, darispan
574
qarsiZis da sxvaTa gareSe warmoudgenelia Cveni mwerloba, iseTi gancda
geufleba, TiTqos es personaJebi yovelTvis arsebobdnen Cvens
literaturaSi. ramdenjerac ar unda wavikiTxoT misi moTxrobebi,
yovelTvis siamovnebiT da siyvaruliT mivubrundebiT. daviT kldiaSvils
ar miaCnda did mwerlad, visac adamianis siyvaruli ar amoZravebda, swored
adamianis siyvaruliT werda igi, rogorc amas TviTon aRniSnavda.
marTalia, daviT kldiaSvilma me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebamde icxovra,
magram rogorc mwerali igi me-19 saukuneSi Camoyalibda. am saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi Seqmna man Tavisi mxatvruli Sedevrebi. 1920 wels dawerili
`bakulas Rorebic~ imisi naTeli dadasturebaa, rom daviT kldiaSvili,
rogorc mwerali erTiania, mTliani, Tavis TavSi, Tavis mwerlur poziciaSi
Rrmad darwmunebuli, rom mas arasodes ar gadauxvevia erTxel arCeuli
gzidan, rom es erTi bolo moTxrobac misi Taviseburi niWis TvalsaCino
gamomxatvelia.
miuxedavad raodenobrivi gansazRvrulobisa, daviT kldiaSvilis
Semoqmedeba xasiaTdeba Janrobrivi da Tematikuri mravalferovnebiT.
ZiriTadad d. kldiaSvili mxatvruli prozis didostatia, magram man Tavis
usayvarles Teatrsac saTanado miuzRo _ dawera sami dramatuli
nawarmoebi, samive uaRresad TavisTavadi da sayuradRebo. erTi mxriv, misi
dramaturgia agrZelebs prozis xazs, gvaqvs Tematikuri siaxlec.
garda amisa, daviT kldiaSvili avtoria memuaruli xasiaTis Tx-
zulebisa `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~.
d. kldiaSvilis mwerlur didebas mis iumoristul moTxrobebs
ukavSireben. garda amisa, igi avtoria araiumoristuli moTxrobebisa,
romelTagan ufro sams gamoyofen, romlebic glexTa cxovrebas exeba.
esenia: `Serisxva~, `msxverpli~ _ mwerlis pirveli moTxrobebi, romlebic
1894 wels gamoqveynda da `miqela~, romelic aTi wliT gvian daiwera, 1904
wels.
575
masalobrivad es Txzulebebi, erTi SexedviT, uneblied xalxosan
mweralTa Txzulebebs mogvagonebs: aqac glexkacobis mZime duxWiri
cxovreba, crumorwmuneoba, misi mavne Sedegebi da a. S., magram es mxolod
erTi SexedviT. imTaviTve iqna SeniSnuli, rom sinamdvileSi d. kldiaSvilis
moTxrobebs araferi aqvT saerTo xalxosnur suliskveTebasTan,
xalxosnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel moralizebasTan, publicisturobasTan da,
saerTod, maT poziciasTan.
xalxosnebis masala d. kldiaSvilTan sul sxva simaRleze adis,
sruliad sxvagvar mxatvrul gaazrebas poulobs, d. kldiaSvilis
moTxrobebi xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri siRrmiT, grZnobaTa faqizi
analiziT, damajereblobiT.
moTxrobaSi `Serisxva~ naCvenebia, Tu rogor midis glexkaci wminda
xatis ZalaSi daeWvebamde da mis uaryofamde. yovelive es piradi
motivebiTaa gansazRvruli. adamians aTasi magaliTic ver ukuagdebinebs mas,
rac swams, magram rogorc ki xatma ar Seismina misi da mis mier xatze
gadacemuli glexi ar dasaja, ai, maSin gaCnda eWvi mis samarTlianobaSi,
mis sikeTeSi da aqedan mis arsebobaSic ki; èsmis, axla viTom magas rame?
ZaRli viyavi me, Cemi rom araferi Seismina?~ es SekiTxva kacia
sagunaSvilisa swored amis mauwyebelia. SeiZleba Zvirfasi maxlobeli
mogikvdes _ RmerTma wagarTvas da amas gamarTleba mouZebno. albaT,
codvili var da imitom msjis RmerTi, ukeTes adgilas waiyvana, magram
roca RmerTma, xatma ar Semisrula iseTi ram, risi Sesrulebac mas
advilad SeeZlo, amiT me eWvi gamiCina mis samarTlianobaSi da, saerTod,
mis arsebobaSic ki... sabolood am mkrexelobam Sinaganad marTali, alali
kaci imsxverpla, wuxilisa da sindisis mware qenjnaSi, sinanulSi amoxda
suli.
moTxrobaSi `msxverpli~ mweralma sul sxva process gaadevna Tvali.
man dagvanaxa adamianis nebis gatexvis, damorCilebis procesi. es metad
sayuradRebo, saintereso sakiTxia ase niSandoblivi ara marto d.
kldiaSvilis droisaTvis _ Tu rogor xdeba adamianis damorCileba,
gaTelva; es metismetad cxovrebiseuli movlenaa, uaRresad aqtualuri,
axlac Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgzis rom iCens Tavs; daiwyebs adamiani
maRali ideebiT, miznebiT da Semdeg TandaTan xdeba erTgvari kompromisi,
Ralatic adreuli idealebisa da sabolood xelT gvrCeba sul sxvagvari _
Secvlili, dacemuli adamiani. unda iTqvas, rom Cvens literaturaSi arc
daviT kldiaSvilamde da arc mis Semdeg sagangebod ganxiluli es sakiTxi
ar Cans; Tumca, sapirispiros gamoxatvasTan ki gavqvs saqme _ roca adamiani
ar tydeba, ver imorCileben, rogoric iyo, igive darCa; magram es xom
rCeuli, gamonaklisi, gautexeli adamianebis xvedria... da ai, is, rac
cxovrebiseulia, niSandoblivia da gamosaxatavadac rTuli _ danebebis
procesis Cveneba, mis gansaxierebas uZRvna daviT kldiaSvilma sagangebod
moTxroba `msxverpli~.
mesame moTxrobaSi `miqela~ didi fsiqologiuri damajereblobiT
gadmocemulia ambavi glexkacis, miqelasi, romelsac avadmyofobiT
amouwyda mTeli ojaxi rZlisa da ori SviliSvilis garda, romelTagan
erTi _ spidona, male dasneulda da didi sicocxlis dro TiTqos arc mas
aqvs. moxuc miqelas ipyrobs SiSi ojaxis mTlianad mospobisa, keris
gaciebis. àmokveTis, amowyvetis SiSma, ojaxis amovardnis SiSma, SiSma, rom
amden micvalebulTa suls mosamsaxured aRaravin darCeba ojaxSi~, moxuc
miqelas didi sisastike Caadenina _ srulad gulgagrilebulma avadmyofi
SviliSvilis mimarT, mTeli imedi umcros nestoraze gadaitana, romelic
576
Sors hyavda gaxiznuli _ rZlis ojaxSi. saxli daSala, rom mavneblebisgan
gaewminda, xolo avadmyofi SviliSvili wknelis karavSi gadaiyvana, sadac
avdrian Rames mTidan movardnilma niaRvarma daaxrCo. miqela ki gazafxuls
eloda, rom Sors gaxiznuli ojaxis imedi, patara nestora moeyvana.
erTi sityviT, daviT kldiaSvili gviCvenebs, rom cocxal adamians
momavalze zrunva, keris argacivebaze fiqri, ojaxis micvalebulebis
sulebze samsaxuri amoqmedebs, da ara is, rac wasulia, anda warmavali.
`bundovani saxiT, magram mainc es azri uZevs safuZvlad moxuci miqelas
yvela moqmedebas... da es erTgvarad amarTlebs TavisTavad gulTbili
moxucis _ miqelas _ im sisastikesac~ (gr. kiknaZe), rac man avadmyofi
SviliSvilis mimarT gamoiCina.
amgvari problematika, amgvari midgoma sinamdvilisadmi ucxoa
xalxosani mwerlebisaTvis, rom araferi vTqvaT mxatvruli Sesa-
Zleblobebis TvalsazrisiT did gansxvavebulobaze daviT kldiaSvilsa da
xalxosnebs Soris.
d. kldiaSvilis gamorCeuloba mainc dakavSirebulia im Tx-
zulebebTan, romlebSic asaxulia imereTis aznaurTa yofa me-19 saukunis
bolos, ramac pirvelad Tavi iCina brwyinvale moTxrobaSi `soloman
morbelaZe~, romelsac TandaTan mohyva `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~,
`qamuSaZis gaWirveba~, dramatuli Txzuleba `darispanis gasaWiri~ da sul
bolos, moTxroba `bakulas Rorebi~.
rogorc araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli, me-19 saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi
daviT kldiaSvilamde imereTze da sazogadod, imerlebze erTob bundovani
warmodgena arsebobda. imereli saxasiaTo personaJad iyo gamoyvanili
komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad, rogorc mosamsaxure. aseTi iyo g. erisTavis
ivanika, Tu misi komediebis sxva imereli mosamsaxureebi, avqs. cagarlis
koxtaia. imerlad gaigeboda ara sakuTriv marto imereli, aramed, saerTod,
dasavleT saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli. ase magaliTad, i. WavWavaZis
imerlis biWi glaxuka (`glaxis naambobi~) sinamdvileSi raWvelia, isic
mosamsaxurea, magram sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT, mRvdlis madliT, wignieria.
TviT didi akakis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSiac araa gamJRavnebuli am
mxriv sagangebo interesi, `maincdamainc bevri araferia specifikurad
imeruli akakis mier daxatuli glaxuki baqraZis pirovnebaSic~ (gr. kiknaZe).
pirvelad swored d. kldiaSvilma daxata namdvili imereTi Tavisi
ganumeorebeli koloritiT, Tavisi yofiT. pirvelad konkretuli imerlebi
swored d. kldiaSvilTan gamoCndnen. erTi sityviT, imereTisa da imerlebis
literaturuli fasi swored d. kldiaSvilma gvagrZnobina. kidev ufro
konkretulad, Tavis klasikur moTxrobebSi daviT kldiaSvili interesdeba
zemo imereTis aznaurTa cxovrebiT.
Tavad-aznaurTa yofa-cxovrebis asaxviT qarTuli mwerloba daviT
kldiaSvilamdec sagangebod iyo dainteresebuli jer kidev giorgi
erisTavis droidan. rodesac daviT kldiaSvilis Tematikur interesebze
msjeloben, bunebrivia, mis Semoqmedebas ganixilaven ilia WavWavaZisa da
giorgi wereTlis Tematikur interesebTan mimarTebaSi.
ilia WavWavaZes ainteresebda ZiriTadad maRali wodebis moraluri
mxare, is, Tu rogor xdeba maRali wodebis sulieri degradireba,
zneobrivi gadagvareba batonymobis pirobebSi da ra cvlilebebi SeiniSneba
am TvalsazrisiT batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg.
giorgi wereTlis interesebi ufro mimarTuli iyo sxvadasxva
socialur ZalTa urTierTobis, maTi Widilisa da brZolis asaxvisaken
cxovrebaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad. esaa ZiriTadi sakiTxi giorgi
577
wereTlis umTavresi Txzulebisa, `pirveli nabiji~. iliasa da giorgi
wereTlisagan gansxvavebiT daviT kldiaSvili akvirdeba da xatavs im
urTierTobebs, im gancdebs, im fiqrebs, romlebic ekonomikuri viTarebiTaa
gansazRvruli. mwerali irCevs ekonomikuri gaWirvebis suraTebs da
adamianTa nairnair gulmodgine cdebs am gaWirvebis daZlevisaTvis, an
dafarvisaTvis mainc.
erTi sityviT, Tu daviT kldiaSvilamde maRali wodebis war-
momadgenelTa daxasiaTeba miimarTeboda socialur planSi, daviT
kldiaSvilTan win materialuri mxarea wamoweuli, materialuri gaWirvebis
momentia mTavari, ekonomikur siduxWireze amozrdili sulieri gancdebi,
adamianTa sulieri Sinaarsia daxasiaTebuli. daviT kldiaSvili ekonomikas
miiCnevs adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvrelad. es erTob
sayuradRebo faqtia.
rogorc aRiniSna, d. kldiaSvili saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis, kerZod,
imereTis aznaurTa ekonomikur gaRatakebas gviCvenebs. magram es araa
sakuTriv saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis problema; rogorc Cans, es saerTo
qarTuli problemaa, da rom es asea, amaze garkveviT migvaniSna ilia
WavWavaZem jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi Tavis ukvdav `kacia-adamianSi?!~ iliam es
procesi kaxeTis magaliTze aCvena da isic mianiSna, Tu ra saxe SeiZleboda
mieRo gaRatakebas. luarsabi, darejani da elisabedi imaze saubroben, rom
Turme levani, nikolozic urmebs qiraze atareben da qiriT cxovroben, mere
ra TavadiSvilebi, ra ded-mamis Svilebi; es ra Tavlafis dasxmaa, kacma
egre rogor unda dakargos pativi, Turme TavadiSvilebi sirajoben kidec,
`somxebi gaxdnen TavadiSvilebi, swored somxebi~. àxla isRa darCa, adli
amoiCaron iRliaSi, sofel-sofel iaron da `savaWro, savaWro~ iZaxon...
amasac iqmoneno~, _ viSviSeben Cveni gmirebi. yvelaferi es ukve miTiTebulia
`kacia-adamianSi?!~, romelic 1863
578
wels gamoqveynda, magram ramdenadac ilia sul sxva problemebs
utrialebs, ekonomikur dacemaze mxolod miTiTebiT dakmayofilda.
daviT kldiaSvilma dagvanaxa, rom adamianTa urTierTobebi, maTi
qcevebi didad aris gansazRvruli ekonomikuri viTarebiT.
ra ZiriTadi problema dgas d. kldiaSvilis personaJebis winaSe? esaa
problema arsebobis SenarCunebisa, fizikuri gadarCenisa. swored amiTia
dapirobebuli aznaurTa miznebi, maTi saqmianoba. TavisTavad arsebobis
SenarCunebisaTvis zrunvaSi araferia sasacilo. komizmis safuZveli,
pirobebi maSin iqmneba, roca vxedavT, rom miznebis gansaxorcieleblad
sruliad Seuferebeli saSualebebis gamoyenebasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca
personaJTa miznebi da maT xelT arsebuli saSualebebi didad arian
erTmaneTTan daSorebulni. TavisTavad, d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa
cxovrebaSi adgili aRar rCeba ase Tu ise maRali sulieri
miswrafebebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi Sinaarsis sakiTxebiT
dainteresebisaTvis, yoveli maTgani Tavis viwro yofiT naWuWSia moqceuli
da amdenad didad dawvrilmanebulia maTi miznebic.
rogorc viciT, d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebi siciliT iwyeba da ase
miimarTeba, magram Semdeg TandaTan komizmi neldeba da bolos sevda
batondeba.
mkiTxvelisaTvis sasaciloa d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa moqmedeba,
maTi qcevebi, maTi usafuZvlo trabaxi, ampartavnoba, kudabzikoba, magram
mxolod mkiTxvelisaTvis; TviTon personaJebisTvis araferia sasacilo, maT
winaSe dgas pirquSi sinamdvile, saidanac Tavdaxsnis gza maincdamainc ar
Cans. saerTod, d. kldiaSvilis personaJebi sulac ar arian sasaciloni,
isini sasacilo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen da aRmoCndnen ara TavianTi
mizeziT, TavianTi uvargisobiT, cxovrebam moitana ase. cxovreba aRmoCnda
maT mimarT sastiki, politikur-ekonomikuri viTarebis SecvlasTan erTad
Seicvala adrindeli pirobebi, maTi dabruneba SeuZlebelia, maT xelT araa
viTarebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba.
marTalia, Cven viciniT d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa saqcielze,
moqmedebebze, magram ufleba ara gvaqvs, rom davcinoT maT, radgan maTTvis
dacinva imisi tolfasi iqneboda, rom Cven Cveni TavisTvis dagvecina, Cveni
Tavi gagvekicxa, ramdenadac is qcevebi, Tvisebebi, romlebic maT axasiaTebT,
romlebsac amJRavneben, CvenTvisac araa ucxo, CvenTvisac Zalian nacnobia
da gasagebi. d. kldiaSvilis personaJebi dasacini da miT umetes gasakicxni
im SemTxveaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen, rom sxvagvarad SesZlebodaT
moqceva da ar moqceuliyvnen, magram, rogorc iTqva, maT sxvagvarad moqceva
ar SeuZliaT, ramdenadac arCevanis SesaZlebloba moWrili aqvT. gana ar
cdiloben, rom raRac Secvalon cxovrebaSi, magram uZlurni arian
amisaTvis; es iTqmis d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa umravlesobaze.
faqtobrivad, mwerali gvixatavs Tavisi gmirebis Sinagan tragedias,
romelic gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT aris komikuri. d. kldiaSvilis gmirebi,
am azriT, `swored Seecodeboda kacs, rom TviTon ambavi sasacilo ar
yofiliyo~. rogorc Tavad mwerali SeniSnavs, `bevr mkiTxvels ucinia Cemi
moTxrobebis wakiTxvisas, me ki maTi damweri, geficebiT, ara erTxel
gulamRvreuli movSorebivar magidas da zed mitovebul nawers~. erTi
sityviT, komizmi, romelic Tavidanve axlavs ama Tu im moTxrobas, bolos
neldeba, radgan ambavs usaTuod samwuxaro finali aqvs.
daviT kldiaSvilis personaJebs araferi ukvirT, maT araCveulebrivad
esmiT erTmaneTis, erTmaneTisagan arafers elodebian moulodnels da am
mxriv zogjer saocar urTierTgagebasac avlenen.
579
Zalze sainteresoa am mxrivac d. kldiaSvilis pirvelive Sedevri
aznaurTa cxovrebidan `soloman morbelaZe~.
rogorc aRniSnaven, sut-kneinas Semdeg Zalzed Zneli Canda ilia
WavWavaZis mZlavr talantTan gajibreba da maWanklis axali mxatvruli
saxis Seqmna. amgvari pretenzia arc unda hqonoda avqsenti cagarels, roca
man komedia `xanuma~ dawera (1882 w.), Tumca ki unda iTqvas, rom xanumas saxe
didad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda da Cvens dromdec moaRwia Teatris Tu
kinos meSveobiT da didi msaxiobebis SesrulebiT. da ai, amis Semdeg iqmneba
daviT kldiaSvilis sruliad gamorCeuli, uaRresad originaluri,
cocxali, Rrmad realisturi soloman morbelaZis saxe, romelmac yvela
adrindeli saxe lamis gadagvaviwya; solomani _ daumsaxureblad
ybadaRebuli da zogjer gaqilikebuli, romelzec weren, Sromas gaurbiso,
iol gzas irCevso. arsaidan Cans, rom solomani uars ityoda, sxvagvari
Sromidan rom rame gamodiodes. gana Tqva uari fizikur Sromaze otia
qamuSaZem, glexiviT ebrZvis miwas, mere ra gamovida aqedan, adre Tavs
ityuebda, mere qalaqelma colma daanaxa uimedo xvalindeloba, araa
saSveli; gana Tavad solomanis Svils òrkiloiani kalami~ _ Toxi ar
uWiravs xelSi? anda, vin Tqva maSvloba ioli saqmeao. aba hkiTxeT
solomans _ gawbilebuli maSvali nacvlad `tkicina wiTel-wiTeli
Tumnianebisa~ 6 maneTiT da ori abaziT da kidev xurjinis TvalSi
damarilebuli xaris tyaviT rom brundeba saxlSi, ras fiqrobs: `ra
gamovida ori Tvis Cemi wanwalidan, movatyueT, momatyues da erTi
motyuebuli karze momadgeba kidev~. da saocaria, d. kldiaSvilis gmiri
aseTi imedgacruebuli da wyalgadawuruli, mainc ar grZnobs gaavebas
adamianebis mimarT, ufro gamgebiani Cans. solomani cxovrebas emduris da
ara sakuTriv adamianebs, romelTa moqmedebas axsnas uZebnis: `RmerTma
daswyevlos amnairi gaZaRlebuli cxovrebac!.. mSier, gaRatakebul kacs rava
unda endo kaci?! patiosnebac daviwyebuli aqvs da svindisic. codvaTac
aRar miaCnia, Tu ki rame wagRlita, wagafcqvna, mogatyua, gagacucuraka!..
yvelaferi daviwyebuli aqvs am oxeri gafSikebuli kuWis gamoisobiT...
daswyevlos RmerTma xelmokle aznauris usaSvelo gaZaRlebuli
cxovreba~... da saocaria, es ubralo RvTisSvili aseTi sasowarkveTis
wuTebSic sayovelTao mitevebis poziciaze dgeba: `saSveli Tu mainc
mogvecema rodisme, rom kacuri cxovreba gveRirsos... RmerTo, RmerTo! _
sasowarkveTilebiT wamoiZaxa ukanaskneli sityvebi sabralo solomanma da
misi guli TiTqmis sibraluliT aivso yoveli RvTisgaCenilisa da
daCagrulisadmi~. rogor axlosaa solomani axla, aseT wuTebSi, adamianis
siyvaruliT savse Tavis avtorTan.
rogorc imTaviTve iTqva, daviT kldiaSvili sinamdvilis erTguli
mweralia, sinamdvile, cxovreba ki sastikia, daundobeli, da ai, mweralic
unugeSod tovebs Tavis personaJebs.
sazogadod, saTxrobi Janris Txzulebebi _ moTxroba, romani
mkiTxvels unda uqmnides sinamdvilis STabeWdilebas, magram sinamdvilis
gansaxierebis, cxovrebasTan rac SeiZleba meti siaxlovis moTxovnileba ar
SeiZleba yovelTvis pirdapiri gamoxatvis gziT dakmayofildes, ramdenadac
pirdapiri gamoxatva xSirad daiyvaneba mdablis, gamRizianeblis, autanlis
aRweramde. gansakuTrebiT bolo dros TiTqos simarTlis erTgulebis
motiviT momravlda literaturaSi mdabali, gamaRizianebeli, uxeSi,
WuWyiani, mdare, uniWo erotikaze rom araferi vTqvaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mwerlebi (Tu SeiZleba yvela namdvil mwerlad CaiTvalos), iviwyeben, rom
xelovnebas Tavisi kanonebi aqvs, gansaxierebis Tavisi wesebi, rom
580
sinamdvilis, yofis masala esTetikuri aRqmis doneze aiyvanos, lit-
eraturis faqtad aqcios, xelovnebis enaze mogvawodos ise, rom
sinamdvilis simZafre, simwvave ar daikargos, magram xelovnebis enaze
misaRebi da asatani gaxdes. da ai, aseT dros xSir SemTxvevaSi saSvelad
modis komizmi, radgan mZime, autaneli an mdabio movlenebi komikur planSi
gadmoicema da, marTalia, amiT sakiTxis simwvave, seriozuloba ar ixsneba,
arc neldeba, magram maTi atana SesaZlebeli xdeba. `komizmi gzaa, romelic
axerxebs mdabalisa da uazros gadaqcevas fonad, romelzec gamoCndeba is,
rac adamianSi kargia da Rirseuli, WeSmariti negatiuris SegrZnebiT
gadavdivarT komizmis siRrmeSi da iq vawydebiT tragikuls~ (gr. kiknaZe).
Tu maRali iumoris Semcveli nawarmoebis WeSmarit Sinaarss, Tavis
mxriv tragikuls, ver gavxsniT, maSin miviRebT farss, rac bunebrivia ver
migvaaxloebs namdvil realobasTan da verc cxovrebis simarTlis
moTxovnas upasuxebs.
daviT kldiaSvilis komizmi maRali komizmia, ramdenadac mis
TxzulebebSi Rimils yovelTvis erwymis sevda, vinc mwerlis TxzulebebSi
mxolod sasacilos xedavs, ar iTvaliswinebs sevdians, tragikuls, igi araa
an jer kidev araa daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobaTa WeSmariti mkiTxveli.
vinc mwerlis personaJebs uyurebs da mxolod icinis, is ver wvdeba maTi
mdgomareobis uimedobas, ganwirulebas da amdenad verc daviT kldiaSvilis
tragizmis safexurs aRwevs.
daviT kldiaSvilma `gagvisigrZegana, rom saWiro iyo socialur-
ekonomikuri tragedia, rom platon samaniSvilis komikuroba gamom-
JRavnebuliyo~ (gr. kiknaZe).
daviT kldiaSvilis personaJebis cxovreba ZiriTadad warmoadgens
Widils maT qceva-moqmedebebsa da qcevaTa Sinagan motivebs Soris,
gaRaribebul kacs, romelsac ase Tu ise jer kidev SerCenia Tavmoyvareobis
grZnoba, ercxvineba Tavisi siRaribe, cdilobs rom es ar gamomJRavndes,
Tavisi uZlurebis daZleva mas trabaxiT, gadaqaCviT, kudabzikobiT
ganuzraxavs. amJamindel uqonlobas warsuli SeZlebulobis mogonebiT
faravs da ukeTesi momavlis iluziiT ivsebs. ase modis realuri uZlurebis
saSvelad, dasafaravad warmosaxuli Zliereba. àq vxvdebiT Cven saintereso
faqts, rodesac warmosaxva cdilobs sinamdviles Seenacvlos. es
Senacvleba kmayofilebas aniWebs adamians, radgan igi iqiTkenaa mimarTuli,
rom raRacnairad aamaRlos misi daqveiTebuli Rirseba missave cnobiere-
baSi~ (gr. kiknaZe). amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos soloman morbelaZis,
platon samaniSvilis, ekvirine sanikiZis, darispan qarsiZis da sxvaTa
qcevebis motivebi.
daviT kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis magaliTze Cvens literatu-
raTmcodneobaSi TvalsaCinodaa axsnili da daxasiaTebuli kompensaciis
funqciis mqone moraluri ekvivalentis cnebis konkretuli Sinaarsi1.
daviT kldiaSvilma Cvens literaturaSi yvelaze ufro damarw-
muneblad da TvalsaCinod gviCvena, Tu rogor azRvevs Cveulebriv
viTarebaSi mgrZnobiare, Tbil adamianebs sakuTari gaWirveba, siRatake
sxvaTa mimarT TanagrZnobisagan, rogor axevebs maT, kvebavs
Seubraleblobas da sisastikes.
marTalia, foni daviT kldiaSvilis nawarmoebebisa yvelgan erTia _
ekonomikuri siduxWire. mwerlis amocanac gansazRvrulia _ ekonomikuri
viTarebis fonze aCvenos adamiani Tavisi didi sadardebliT da Zalze
mcire sasixaruloTi, magram fonis erTianoba da amocanis erTianoba ar
qmnis erTferovnebis, sqematizmis da aqedan gamomdinare, mobezrebis
581
safrTxes da es imitom, rom mravalferovnebis pirobaa cocxali adamiani,
konkretuli adamiani Tavisi pirovnuli interesebiT, dardiTa da
safiqraliT da ara sazogadod, adamiani. swored am principidan
gamomdinare, marTalia. yvela mis moTxrobaSi amosavali erTia, magram misi
moTxrobebi sulac araa erTferovani, imitom, rom amouwuravia cocxal
adamianTa galerea.
marTalia, d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gansaxierebulia konkretuli
dro, konkretuli garemo _ zemo imereTis soflebi, romlebic Cveulebriv
rukaze wertilebadac ki ar Canan, magram misi Semoqmedebis mimarT interesi
ar neldeba da araTu mxolod qarTveli mkiTxvelisa da mayureblisa, aseve
saintereso da maxlobeli aRmoCnda Cveni mwerali araqarTvelebisaTvis;
rac ufro vSordebiTYd. kldiaSvilis dros, miT ufro izrdeba misadmi
WeSmariti mkiTxvelis interesi da es savsebiT gasagebia; d. kldiaSvilis
droindeli mkiTxveli, kritika, bunebrivia, ufro im mxareebs xedavda da
warmoswevda win mis nawarmoebebSi, rac gansakuTrebiT im droisaTvis iyo
mwvave da aqtualuri, xolo garkveuli drois
1 ix. grigol kiknaZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb., 2009, gv. 522-
523
582
gasvlis Semdeg gafermkrTalda, TandaTan ki warmoCnda is Rireb-
ulebebi, rac gamZlea da zogadkacobriuli. garda amisa, WeSmariti
xelovnebis nawarmoebi yovelTvis konkretul dros, konkretul viTarebas,
konkretuli socialuri garemos warmomadgenlebs ganasaxierebs, magram mas,
am konkretuls aqvs udidesi ganzogadebis mxatvruli Zala, adamianebs xom
garda individualuri niSan-Tvisebebisa gvaqvs bevri saerTo niSan-Tviseba,
rac erTmaneTTan gvaaxlovebs, gvanaTesavebs, erTmaneTisTvis gasagebs xdis
Cvens Tvisebebs, qcevebs, moqmedebebs. rac ufro did mweralTan gvaqvs saqme,
miT ufro metad asaxavs igi zogadadamianurs, zogadsakacobrios. `swored
adamianTa saerTo niSnebisa da saerTo Tvisebebis SemCneva da gamomzeureba
qmnis perspeqtivas, rom mxatvrulma nawarmoebma droiTi jebirebi
gadalaxos da sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaken gaikafos gza~ (gr. kiknaZe).
SeiZleba aRar arsebobdnen `Semodgomis aznaurebi~, magram cocxali
adamiani Zalian advilad SeiZleba maT msgavs situaciaSi aRmoCndes,
bolosdabolos ekonomikuri siduxWire, siRaribe rodis iyo ucxo da
gaugebari vinmesTvis. amitom ar tovebs gulgrils WeSmarit mkiTxvels
WeSmariti mxatvruli qmnileba. amitomaa, rom adamianis siyvaruliT savse
mwerali mTel qveyanas gvanaTesavebs da gvayvarebs.
rogorc cnobilia, daviT kldiaSvils ar gadauxvevia erTxel
arCeuli gansaxierebis gzidan, igi bolomde erTguli darCa am gzis. es ki
imasac gulisxmobs, rom arc gansaxierebis mxatvruli saSualebebis
SerCevis TvalsazrisiT vamCnevT mis SemoqmedebaSi mkveTr cvlilebebs; aqac
vgrZnobT erTxel SerCeuli gansaxierebis saSualebebis erTgulebas da maT
ase Tu ise ganmeorebas.
rogor gzas irCevs mwerali da rogoria komizmis gansaxierebis
xerxebi.
rogor mTxrobelTan gvaqvs saqme daviT kldiaSvilis saxiT? Tu ilia
WavWavaZe mkveTrad gamorCeul, sagangebod gamoZebnil ambebs gadmogvcems
personaJebis xasiaTebis warmosaCenad (mag., col-qmris mier buzebis Tvla,
col-qmris baasi `politikur~sakiTxebze rusT xelmwifis da xonTqris, Tu
maSriy-maRribis mefeTa metoqeobasa da brZolebze, kamaTi bozbaSisa da
CixirTmis Tu Tevzebis mefis Taobaze da mravali sxva), akaki wereTeli
amuSavebda am mxriv erTob uCveulos, mis mier gadmocemuli ambebi
araCveulebrivis, zRaprulis samosSia warmodgenili, akaki sinamdviles
gadmogvcems, magram mis moTxrobaSi Tavisuflad xdeba Serwyma realurisa
da gamonagonis, warmosaxulis, uCveulos. akaki xom poeturi bunebis
xelovania da yvelgan Tavisuflad axerxebs poetad darCes. (am mxriv
sagangebodaa Seswavlili misi moTxroba `baSi-aCuki~). savsebiT gasagebia,
rom daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobebSi ara gvaqvs saqme sagangebod
gamogonil ambebTan, aq aRebulia Cveulebrivi yofiTi masala, romelic
mwerlis dakvirvebis Sedegadaa mopovebuli. Txroba d. kldiaSvilTan
yovelTvis bunebrivis STabeWdilebas tovebs. daviT kldiaSvilamde Cvens
literaturaSi gavrcelebuli iyo xerxi mkiTxvelis sagangebod Semzadebisa
ambis mowodebis win, ritorikuli wiaRsvlebi, saerTo mdgomareobis
farTod daxasiaTeba, bunebis aRwera, rac erTgvar eqspoziciur nawils
warmoadgenda, mwerlebi sagangebod amzadebdnen mkiTxvels ambis sworad
aRsaqmelad, swor gzaze dasayeneblad; xSir SemTxvevaSi mwerali arc amis
Semdeg tovebda mkiTxvels Tavisi Tavis amara, ambavsa da mkiTxvels Soris
yovelTvis Camdgari iyo mwerali. sxvagvari mTxrobelia daviT kldiaSvili.
igi arRvevs tradicias, masTan ambavi iwyeba yovelgvar Semzadebis gareSe,
pirdapir personaJTa SesaZleblobebis gacnobiT, zogjer pirdapir
583
personaJTa dialogiT (`soloman morbelaZe~) mkiTxveli uSualod Sedis
personaJebis situaciebSi da ase mihyveba bolomde. aq iluzia iseTia, rom
Txrobas avtori ki ar warmarTavs, aramed sakuTriv ambavi viTardeba
bunebrivi TavisTavadobiT, araviTari gadaxvevebi uSualo ZiriTadi ambidan.
moTxrobis kiTxvis procesSi mkiTxvels TiTqos mwerlis arsebobac ki
aviwydeba. Tu ereva avtori personaJTa saubrebSi an moqmedebebSi, mcire
remarkebiT mxolod, ise, rogorc .dramatuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSia es
damaxasiaTebeli.
d. kldiaSvilis TxzulebebSi komizmi, pirvel yovlisa, TviT
moTxrobis TemiTaa gansazRvruli. TviT saTxrob ambavSia Camarxuli
komizmi. ase magaliTad, moTxroba `soloman morbelaZeSi~ miznadaa
dasaxuli warmogvidginos umweoba, ususuroba im saSualebebisa, romlebsac
Cveni gmiri mimarTavs, rom ekonomikurad moRonierdes _ axalgazrda qal-
vaJis garigebiT da daqorwinebiT, e. i. maSvlobiT iSovos cxovrebis
saxsari. aseTi Temis SerCeva ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs mis komikur
planSi damuSavebis aucileblobas, ramdenadac komikuri forma ufro
Seesabameba im ambis mxatvrul gansaxierebas, rom Raribi aznauri Sedgomia
iseT, aznaurisTvis saTakilo saqmes, romlisganac aravin uwyis sabolood
ra gamodneba da saerTod, gamodneba Tu ara rame.
komikuria moTxroba `samaniSvilis dedinacvalis~ Tema, ramdenadac
Raribi aznauris platon samaniSvilis kmayofileba, rom isedac mwiri
qonebis mocile aravin hyavs, erTbaSad safrTxis winaSe dgeba _
daqvrivebulma Warmagma mamam colis Txova gadawyvita da a. S.
daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobebis Tematuri komizmi Tavis ganvi-
Tarebas poulobs TxzulebaTa kompoziciur gaSlaSi.
kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT daviT kldiaSvilis yvela moTxroba
uaRresad sainteresoa. magram gansakuTrebul interess am mxriv, rogorc es
didi xania SeniSnulia (l. qiaCeli, gr. kiknaZe) iwvevs `samaniSvilis
dedinacvalis~ kompozicia.
daviT kldiaSvils rogorc didi originalobiT aRbeWdili mwerals,
sagangebod visime mimdevrobiT, miT umetes, mibaZviT araferi Seuqmnia. igi
mxolod imas ganasaxierebs, rac misia, Sinaganad nagrZnobi, bunebrivi. ra
Tqma unda, aRniSnuli ar gulisxmobs, rom Cveni mwerali vinmesTan Sinagan
siaxloves ar amJRavnebdes. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs am mxriv
warmoadgens klasikuri moTxroba `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~.
rogorc cnobilia, mwerlis ideis, Canafiqris gamosaxatavad, ambis
gasaSlelad da mxatvruli saxis Camosayalibeblad literaturaSi erTi
uZvelesi da gavrcelebuli saxea personaJis mogzauroba, erTi qveynidan,
qalaqidan, soflidan meoreSi garkvuli miznis misaRwevad, garkveuli
davalebis Sesasruleblad. es kompoziciuri xerxi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc
Zvelia literatura, saerTod, saTaveebi amgvari kompoziciisa, cxadia,
ikargeba xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi _ zRaprebSi, TqmulebebSi,
gadmocemebSi. rogorc Cans, swored folkloridan Semovida amgvari
kompozicia literaturaSi, rogorc mxatvruli gza, xerxi. homerosis
òdiseadan~ dawyebuli vidre Cvens dromde CamoTvlac ki gaWirdeboda
sisruliT aseTi didi qmnilebebisa, SedarebiT SeumCnevlebs rom Tavi
davaneboT. rogorc cnobilia, amgvarma kompoziciurma formam Tavisi
klasikuri gamoxatuleba hpova genialuri servantesis `don kixotSi~.
axal qarTul mwerlobaSi marto didi ilias `mgzavris werilebis~
dasaxelebac ikmarebda (sxva mwerlebze rom araferi vTqvaT), da, ai, es
584
kompoziciuri RerZi SesaniSnavad gamoiyena daviT kldiaSvilma
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ Sexvedras kompoziciis mixedviT
msoflio mwerlobis SedevrebTan ar eqneboda is mniSvneloba, romelic mas
aqvs mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, igi rom mibaZviT yofiliyo Seqmnili,
nasesxebi yofiliyo. swored Tavisi originalurobiT ipyrobs es moTxroba
sagangebo yuradRebas. aq didi bunebriobiT aris Serwymuli nawarmoebis
mizandasaxulobasTan, mis siuJetTan Txzulebis kompozicia, rogorc misi
gamoxatvis forma. d. kldiaSvilis SemTxvevaSi unda vifiqroT, rom
mxatvrul Canafiqrs Tan mohyveba, intuiturad migneba kompoziciisa,
romelic mas srulqmnilad warmoaCens. platon samaniSvilis mogzauroba
imereTis soflebSi mamis maSvlis rolSi, bekinasaTvis òri qmris xelSi
namyofi~ da mainc uSvilo qalis saZebrad, Tanac iseTi qalis, romelic
ùkbilo dedaberi~ ar iqneba, iqneba `rigiani qali, rom veravin dascinos
maT ojaxs~, Torem rogorc bekina acxadebs, `sircxvils gaWmev, migitoveb
qals da sxvas me TviTon amovirCevo~, SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis
ubrwyinvalesi nayofia. daviT kldiaSvilis mwerluri alRo aq
Seudarebelia.
rogorc iTqva, msoflio literaturis istoria uamrav mogzaur gmirs
icnobs, romelTa miaxloebiT gaTvaliswinebac warmoudgenelia, magram
dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom maT Soris erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli
platon samaniSvili, sakuTari mamis maSvali, uxifaTo sadedinacvlos
maZebari, romelic mas ar gauCens ZmasY_ qonebis gamyofs. iseve erTaderTia
platoni, rogorc erTaderTia literaturul okeaneSi ruseTis soflebSi
mogzauri CiCikovi _ mkvdari sulebiT movaWre, genialuri gogolis
`mkvdari sulebis~ ukvdavi personaJi. oRond rogorc SeniSnulia (l.
qiaCeli, gr. kiknaZe), gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom n. gogols `mkvdari
sulebis~ siuJeti didma puSkinma SesTavaza, ukarnaxa, im dros, roca d.
kldiaSvils aravin hyolia siuJetis mimwodebeli, igi TviTon, sakuTari
alRoTi irCevda siuJetebs im sinamdvilidan, romelic mis win iyo gadaSli-
li da im mTxrobelTagan, romlebic misi axlo mezoblebi, moyvrebi Tu
naTesavebi iyvnen.
komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad d. kldiaSvilisaTvis Zalian ni-
Sandoblivia situaciuri komizmis xerxi. rogorc iTqva, d. kldiaSvilis
personaJebi TavisTavad sruliadac ar arian sasaciloni, magram isini
sasacilo mdgomareobaSi, situaciaSi arian Cayenebuli. ilia WavWavaZis
`kacia-adamianis?!~ personaJebi Tu yvela mdgomareobaSi sasaciloni arian _
luarsabs sZinavs Tu RviZavs `perangisa da misi amxanagis amara~ an
zamTarSi amaebze qurqwamosxmuli, yovelTvis sasaciloa, platon
samaniSvili Cveulebrivi, darbaiseli axalgazrda kacia, magram drom da
viTarebam sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Caayena. erTi sityviT, rom araferi
vTqvaT calkeul scenebze, situaciuri komizmis nimuSebs rom warmoadgens,
d. kldiaSvilis gmirebi TavisTavad arian Cayenebuli sasacilo
mdgomareobaSi.
sagangebo daxasiaTebis, kvlevis sagania daviT kldiaSvilis ena.
araerTgzis aRniSnulia, rom daviT kldiaSvili, romelsac yrmobaSi
sabediswerod gadaaviwyes mSobliuri ena, ise rom didi mondomebis
miuxedavad mas axalgazrdobaSic uWirda qarTulad metyveleba, rasac
mwvaved ganicdida, 1890-iani wlebidan gaxda avtori ubrwyinvalesi eniT
dawerili moTxrobebisa da piesebisa. daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobebi
sagangebo daxasiaTebis obieqtia mxatvruli stilis TvalsazrisiT,
585
Seswavlilia mwerlis erTob emociuri, metyveli epiTetebi. epiTetma
`Semdogomis~, romelic aznaurebis mimarT ixmara glexma samadaZem
(moTxroba `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~) didi ganzogadebis Zala SeiZina. igi iqca
am wodebis dasaxasiaTeblad mudmiv epiTetad, ramdenadac Zalian kargad,
TvalnaTliv gamoxatavs pirdapiri SinaarsiTac aznaurTa mdgomareobas,
cota xans SemodgomiT, mosavlis aRebasTan erTad rom CaudgebaT TvalSi
naTeli, da erTgvar ganzogadebul Sinaarssac rom atarebs _ mZime
Semodgoma rom daudga am keTilSobil xalxs, win rom imedis sxivi ar
kiafobs.
daviT kldiaSvilis TxzulebebSi gamovlenil epiTetebs da calkeul
gamoTqmebs rom vecnobiT, vrwmundebiT, rom es xalxSi ganmtkicebuli,
cxovrebaSi gavrcelebuli metyvelebis formebia, araferi ar tovebs iseT
STabeWdilebas, rom isini sakuTriv mwerlis mier iyos mogonili, misgan
momdinareobdes. daviT kldiaSvilis, rogorc mwerlis udidesi
damsaxurebaa, rom man literaturuli fasi, esTetikuri Rirebuleba
gagviTvalsaCinova amgvari metyvelebisa _ aseT gzaze dgas d. kldiaSvili
da am gzidan mas arasodes gadauxvevia.
marTalia, d. kldiaSvilma cxovrebis proza gadmogvca, magram ise,
rom sityvieri gamosaxvis mxriv aiyvana igi poetur simaRleze.
586
`d. kldiaSvilma namdvili sinamdvile gadmogvca. marTalia mas
lamazi ambebi ar uambnia, magram... man mware, mdare da mdabali ambebi
gviambo lamazad. ukve esaa namdvilad didi madli, _ mravali da mravali
mwerali rom natrulobda da natrulobs~ (gr. kiknaZe).
daviTYkldiaSvili Tavis nawarmoebebSi Zalian bunebrivad, dauZabavad
metyvelebs da amiT aRwevs did mxatvrul efeqts. daviT kldiaSvilis
prozam TvalnaTliv gadagviSala simdidre qarTuli enisa sazogadod da
kerZod misi imeruli dialeqtis emociuroba, moqniloba, mxatvruloba.
unda dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom daviT kldiaSvilis qarTuli _ es araa
gadaviwyebuli da mere wignebiT da mecadineobiT naswavli ena, esaa
mSobliuri enis grZnoba, misi niuansebis aqtiuri floba, esaa enis stiqia,
dabadebidanve dedis rZesTan erTad SeTvisebuli ena. daviT kldiaSvilis
ena am TvalsazrisiT ara marto literatorTa, enaTmecnierTa dakvirvebis
obieqtia, igi fsiqologTa sagangebo kvlevis, enis filosofosTa Seswavlis
obieqti unda gaxdes.
am mxriv mravlismetyvelia sergo kldiaSvilis mogoneba. erTxel
sergom hkiTxa mamas:
`...erTi ori SepatiJebiT rava darCeboda, Se qalo!.. gadamTieli xom ar
ari, Cveneburi Cveuleba ar icodes. SevipatiJe, vali movixade, ise xom ar
gauSvebdi~...
_ mama, es gaigone da Cawere, Tu?
_ ar gamigonia, arc Camiweria.
_ mSvenivrad aris gadmocemuli Cveneburi SemopatiJebis buneba.
_ viTom?
_ Zalian kargia.
_ SeiZleba... simarTle giTxra, aseTebze Tavi ar mitexia. vwerdi.
rogorc iwereboda. kita abaSiZem Tavis kritikul werilSi eg winadadebac
aRniSna. me im werilidan gavige mxolod, rom aseTi fraza mqonia~ (s.
kldiaSvili). e. i. es araa CaniSnuli fraza, sagangebod damuSavebuli
fraza. daviT kldiaSvili ki ar qmnis Tavisi personaJebis enas. mas
Sinaganad esmis maTi metyveleba da TviTonac avtoris saTqmeliT
bunebrivad mihyveba am metyvelebas.
iseve rogorc daZabulma, mware cxovrebam, aTasma usamarTlobam
daviTSi ver Cakla, mweralma bolomde SeinarCuna bavSvuri sixalise,
siyvaruli, sicocxliT tkboba, rac ase iSviaTia da mxolod did
xelovanTa xvedria, aseve SeinarCuna man mSobliuri enis Sinagani stiqia,
ZarRvi, rasac garkveuli drois manZilze mxolod erTgvari bindi hqonda
gadafarebuli gadaviwyebisa da romelmac mere ifeTqa da amoxeTqa, Tavi
iCina mTeli ZaliT mis ukvdav TxzulebebSi.
* * *
uaRresad mniSvnelovania erTic... daviT kldiaSvilma Tavisi
Segnebuli cxovrebis didze didi nawili gaatara jer samxedro
saswavleblebSi kievsa da moskovSi, Semdeg samxedro samsaxurSi baTumSi,
omSi _ TurqeTis teritoriaze, aseve iyo igi dakavSirebuli samsaxuriT
quTaisTan. daviTis, rogorc mwerlis yuradReba ar miuqcevia masalas,
romelic mis samxedro saqmianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, arc im masalas,
romelic mis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda. daviT kldiaSvili
Seerwya imereTis soflis masalas saerTod, aznaurTa cxovrebas. es masala
darCa misi sasicocxlo wyaro. am masalaze Tqva man Tavisi didi mxatvruli
saTqmeli.
587
bolo dros mogonebebi ki moeZala mas da awuxebda, Tumca awuxebda
ara rogorc SemoqmedebiTi masala Semoqmeds. es SeniSna misma saxelovanma
Svilma mweralma sergo kldiaSvilma da gadawyvita mama gaeTavsuflebina
am mtanjvel mogonebaTagan. sergo kldiaSvilma Seuwyo xeli, rom is, rac
ver iqca misi rogorc mwerlis mxatvrul masalad, gamoxatuliyo
memuarebis saxiT. Svilma mamas bevrjer mimarTa TxovniT, rom aeRo kalami
xelSi da daewera memuarebi. daviTi Sors iWerda, visTvis iqneba es
saintereso da saWiro. sazogadoebrivi interesebiT savse daviTisaTvis
saWiro iyo darwmuneba, rom mis memuarebs udidesi sazogadoebrivi
Rirebuleba eqneboda. Svilma mamas am mxrivac mouwyo erTgvari
provocireba: `Sen movale xar daviwyebas ar miecnen isini, visac SensaviT
mxatvruli Sromebi ar dautovebia, magram romelTa cxovreba imis Rirsia,
rom daviwyebuli ar iqnan~. am azrs daviTi daeTanxma.
axla bolo Seteva iyo gansaxorcielebeli da esec SesaniSnavad
Seasrula sergo kldiaSvilma. Tbilisidan mamas sofelSi danazogi fuli
gaugzavna _ Jurnalma `mnaTobma~ avansi gamogigzavna ganzraxuli
memuarebisTviso. daviTs ukan dasaxevi gza aRar hqonda, upirvelesi
Jurnali saqarTvelosi mis memuarebs elodeboda. ase Seiqmna SesaniSnavi
wigni `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~, didebuli matiane baTumis da saerTod,
saqarTvelos cxovrebisa XIX s-is 60-iani wlebidan, vidre XX saukunis 20-
ian wlebamde. am memuarebSi gacocxldnen is adamianebi, vinc mis mxatvrul
TxzulebebSi binas ver daidebdnen da gacocxldnen didi mxatvruli
ZaliT. rogorc zemoTac iyo ukve aRniSnuli, es saxeebi metoqeobas uweven
misi moTxrobebisa da piesebis ukvdav personaJebs TvalsaCinoebiTa da
bunebriobiT.
Zalzed mravalferovania es galerea adamianebisa: misi axloblebisa
da mezoblebis, didi qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis, saxelovani
mwerlebis, baTumis muSaTa warmomadgenlebis, dabeCavebuli jariskacebis,
yeyeCi, Citirekia, fafxura generlebis, polkovnikebis, revolucionerebis da
sxvaTa da sxvaTa.
`Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~ arc Tu Zalian mdidari qarTuli memuaruli
literaturis mSvenebas warmoadgens.
qarTul mwerlobaSi daviT kldiaSvili darCa rogorc Rirseuli
memkvidre da gamgrZelebeli im didi tradiciebisa, romelTa saboloo
damkvidreba ilia WavWavaZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tavisi
memkvidreobiT daviT kldiaSvilma cxovrebis realobis asaxva umaRles
safexurze aiyvana, romlis gadaWarbeba am gziT mere praqtikulad veravin
SeZlo da dRemde miuwvdomel mwvervalad rCeba.
588
iuza evgeniZe
daibada 1943 wlis 24.09. sofel axalsofelSi (lanCxuTis raioni). 1960
wels daamTavra sof. leSis saSualo skola. 1965 wels ki daamTavra Tsu
filologiis fakulteti da imave wels Cairicxa aspiranturaSi axali
qarTuli literaturis istoriis specialobiT (xelmZRvaneli prof.
grigol kiknaZe). 1971 wels daicva sakandidato, xolo 1995 wels _
sadoqtoro disertacia. 1969 wlidan saxelmwifo universitetSia
maswavleblad, docentad da profesorad. kiTxulobda leqciebs axali
qarTuli literaturis istoriasa da esTetikaSi. amJamad, Tsu humanitaruli
fakultetis profesoa. xelmZRvanelobs magistrantebsa da doqtorantebs. i.
evgeniZis xelmZRvanelobiT disertacia daicva Svidma disertantma. i.
evgeniZe akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis 20-tomeulis
redkolegiis wevri da TxzulebaTa pirveli tomis (gamoica 2010 wels)
redaqtoria.
iuza evgeniZes gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti naSromi, maT Soris
monografiebi: `vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis~ (1977), `vaJa-
fSavela~ (1982), `vaJa-fSavela~ (cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis
sakiTxebi, 1989), `grigol orbeliani~ (1995), `qarTuli romantizmis
sakiTxebi~ (1982), krebuli: `qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da
xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ (lado minaSvilTan erTad, 1980), `grigol kiknaZe~
(v.goguaZis, l.minaSvilisa da j.WumburiZis TanaavtorobiT, 1976), aris
Tanaavtori krebulisa: ìlia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis
Sesaxeb~ (Tb., 1997, t. I; 1998, t. II). i.evgeniZis xelmZRvanelobiT momzadda
krebuli: àkaki wereTeli literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ (2004 w.).
aqtiurad monawileobda Tsu vaJa-fSavelas kabinetis mier gamocemul
krebulebSi axali literaturis istoriis kaTedris mier momzadebul
saswavlo qrestomaTiebis (qarTul da rusul enebze) Sedgena-komentirebaSi,
gamosca akaki wereTlis ucnobi da naklebad cnobili masalebi _ ùcnobi
akaki~ (n. fruiZesTan erTad, 2001 w.), dabeWda wignebi: `narkvevebi qarTuli
literaturis istoriidan~ (t. I, 2000 w. da t. II, 2003 w.), 2009 wels gamoica
narkvevebis III tomi; germaniaSi, Jurnal `georgikaSi~ dabeWda narkvevi `vaJa-
fSavelas mrwamsis sakiTxi grigol robaqiZis naazrevSi~; vatikanSi
gamoaqveyna naSromebi germanul enaze: `nikoloz baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis
Tematika~ (2006 w.) da `vaJa-fSavelas poeziis rainduli suli~ (2008 w.). aris
Tanaavtori saxelmZRvanelosi _ àxali qarTuli literaturis istoria~ (t.
II, Tb., 2010 w.) da krebulisa: `qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb~
(Tb., 2003 w.). 1993 wlidan 2006 wlamde iyo Tsu akaki wereTlis kabinetis
gamge; aris literaturaTmcodneobisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi.
i.evgeniZe samecniero-pedagogiuri daxasiaTebisaTvis dajildoebulia
iv. javaxiSvilis medliTa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis
ilia II-is madlobis sigeliT.
589
lado minaSvili
daibada 1939 wels, sofel tobanerSi (vanis raioni). 1941 wels misi
mSoblebi sacxovreblad gadmovidnen q. bolnisSi. aq 1958 wels warCinebiT
daamTavra saSualo skola. imave wels Cairicxa Tsu filologiis
fakultetis qarTuli enisa da literaturis ganyofilebaze, romelic aseve
warCinebiT daamTavra 1963 wels. 1963-1966 wlebSi universitetis aspirantia _
specialobiT, literaturaTmcodne, axali qarTuli literaturis
istorikosi.
1967 wlidan muSaobas iwyebs Tsu axali qarTuli literaturis
istoriis kaTedraze.
1968 wels l. minaSvilma daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze _
ìlia WavWavaZis lirika”, 1994 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze _
ìlia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebi”. 1969 wlidan igi aris docenti,
xolo 1997 wlidan profesori.
1990 wels Tsu-Si gaixsna ilia WavWavaZis saswavlo-samecniero
kabineti _ ìlias kabineti”, romelic mecnier-xelmZRvaneloba daekisra
lado minaSvils. 2006 wlamde _ kabinetis grifiT mniSvnelovani wignebi
gamoqveynda da bevri saintereso RonisZieba Catarda.
amJamad lado minaSvili aris Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
asocirebuli profesori, axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis
departamentis xelmZRvaneli, aris literaturaTmcodneobis akademis
akademikos-mdivani.
kiTxulobs leqciebs axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis
specialobiT rogorc bakalavriatSi, aseve magistraturaSi.
lado minaSvili 130-ze meti samecniero naSromis avtoria, romelTa
didi nawili wignebadaa dastambuli.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: ìlia WavWavaZe (cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi
aspeqtebis daxasiaTeba)” monografia, (1995); ìlia WavWavaZis lirika” (1977);
`qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb” (i.
evgeniZesTan erTad), (1980); ìlia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis
Sesaxeb” or tomad, mTavari redaqtori da TanaSemdgeneli, (1997-1998 ww.);
`qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb” (i. evgeniZesTan erTad), (2004);
`literaturuli narkvevebi da werilebi” (2003); `literaturuli narkvevebi”
(2009); àxali qarTuli literaturis istoria”, t. II, saxelmZRvanelo, re-
daqtori da Tanaavtori (2010) da a.S.
590

ი. ევგენიძე, ლ. მინაშვილი, ქართული ლიტერატურა - Xix საუკუნე

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ი. ევგენიძე, ლ. მინაშვილი, ქართული ლიტერატურა - Xix საუკუნე

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iuza evgeniZe lado minaSvili

gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~

mecxramete saukunis qarTul literaturas _ `axali qarTul

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