‫أجهزة قياس طبية وحيوية‬

Biomedical Instrumentation
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electromyogram (EMG)

Assoc. Prof. Hossam El-Din Moustafa

Mansoura University, Egypt

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 APPLICATIONS OF BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
o ECG
o EEG
o EMG
o EGG

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NERVE CELLS ACTION POTENTIALS (EEG)
oResults from the difference at two regions of the brain in the electrical activities (excitatory
postsynaptic potential (EPSP), action potentials, and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP))

EPSP is a graded response, the larger the number of transmitter vesicles (packets, train of action
potentials travel down the neuron’s axon) released, greater the depolarization of the postsynaptic
membrane
When ESPS reach a specific value (threshold), it fires and generates an action potential
 An IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic membrance (hyper polarization, with the inside more –ve than
outside)
One second of EEG signal

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 ENCEPHALOGRAM ELECTRODES

o During EEG, flat metal discs (electrodes) are attached to your scalp. The electrodes
are connected to the EEG machine with wires
oEEG differ from sleep and awake conditions
oEEG can also be revealed by stimulating the subject through hyper ventilation or flashing of
a strobe
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EEG ELECTRODE POSITIONING
oUsually, many surface electrodes (19 electrode pairs) are positioned on the scalp (upper part
of the head) to obtain the electroenchephalogram (EEG) signals
oBioelectrical signals from the brain have random characteristics
o EEG signals are names by the name of the electrode positioning

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The sample of human EEG with prominent resting state activity - alpha-rhythm.
Left - EEG traces (horizontal - time in seconds; vertical - amplitudes, scale 100uV).
Right - power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines - 10 and 20Hz, scale is linear).
Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8-12Hz range (11Hz in this case) more
prominent in posterior sites.
Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph.
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The sample of human EEG with in resting state.
Left - EEG traces (horizontal - time in seconds; vertical - amplitudes, scale 100uV).
Right - power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines - 10 and 20Hz, scale is linear).
80-90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8-12Hz range - alpha rhythm. Others
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lack this type of activity. 8
SOME EEG APPLICATIONS
oTo diagnose number of brain lesions, e.g., epilepsy, intracranial infections, and encephalitis
oTo characterize seizures for the purposes of treatment
oTo localize the region of brain from which a seizure originates for work-up of possible seizure
surgery
oAn adjunct test of brain death

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 EEG FREQUENCY BANDS
oHigher frequencies than ECG  need higher digitalization rate (higher speed of ADC) in
the EEG machine which usually is attached to a computer or a processor for analysis)

Band Frequency (Hz)

Delta 1-3.5 Hz
Theta 3.5-8 Hz
Alpha 8-13 Hz
Beta 13-25 Hz

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DELTA WAVES
oDelta Waves (1-3.5 Hz) emitted from cerebral cortex and seen in a wake infants or adults
during deep sleeping
 The presence of delta wave in awoke adult indicates brain damage

An EEG (electroencephalograph) 1 second sample. The

signal is filtered to present only the delta waves. The
signal was acquired in the Oz position processed with
scipy© and saved with matplolib©

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THETA WAVES
oTheta waves (3.5-8 Hz) emitted from the temporal and occipital lobes and are common in new
born infants
 In adults indicate severe emotional stress and forewarning of nervous breakdown

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ALPHA WAVES
oAlpha waves (8-13 Hz): rhythmic oscillations that can be seen using a single pair of electrodes
 Produced by the visual association areas of the parietal and occipital lobes and predominates when the subject is
relaxed and awake with closed eye
 Suppressed by opening the eye or doing mental arithmetic and normally absent in a significant number of people

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BETA WAVES
oBeta waves (13-25 Hz): strongest from the frontal lobe and reflect the evoked activity produced
by visual stimulus and mental activity
 can be enhanced by barbiturate drugs

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Comparison of EEG bands
Freq.
Band Location Normally Pathologically
(Hz)
•adult slow-wave sleep •subcortical lesions
frontally in adults, posteriorly in •in babies •diffuse lesions
Delta <4
children; high-amplitude waves •Has been found during some continuous-attention •metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus
tasks •deep midline lesions
•higher in young children
•drowsiness in adults and teens •focal subcortical lesions
Found in locations not related to •idling •metabolic encephalopathy
Theta 4–7
task at hand •Associated with inhibition of elicited responses (has •deep midline disorders
been found to spike in situations where a person is •some instances of hydrocephalus
actively trying to repress a response or action).[42]
•relaxed/reflecting
posterior regions of head, both
•closing the eyes
sides, higher in amplitude on
Alpha 8 – 15 •Also associated with inhibition control, seemingly with •coma
dominant side. Central sites (c3-
the purpose of timing inhibitory activity in different
c4) at rest
locations across the brain.
both sides, symmetrical •range span: active calm -> intense -> stressed ->
Beta 16 – 31 distribution, most evident mild obsessive •benzodiazepines
frontally; low-amplitude waves •active thinking, focus, hi alert, anxious
•Displays during cross-modal sensory processing
•A decrease in gamma-band activity may be
(perception that combines two different senses, such as
associated with cognitive decline, especially when
Gamma 32 + Somatosensory cortex sound and sight)
related to the theta band; however, this has not been
•Also is shown during short-term memory matching of
proven for use as a clinical diagnostic measurement
recognized objects, sounds, or tactile sensations

•Mu suppression could indicate that motor mirror

Mu 8 – 12 Sensorimotor cortex •Shows rest-state motor neurons. neurons are working. Deficits in Mu suppression, and
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thus in mirror neurons, might play a role in autism. 15
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
o ECG
o EEG
o EMG
o EGG

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SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS (EMG)
oUsually do not activate from cell to cell
oInstead, each skeletal muscle is stimulated by a nerve fiber
oA more force is required by the body to perform a task, more muscle cells are
stimulated to obtain an action potential by a nerve fiber

Surface EMG signals Intramuscular EMG signals

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SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS (EMG)
oAs a result, the electrical signal acquired by an electrode placed on the skeletal muscle appears
unsystemic and generally no periodicity
oRandom signals typically have sharp up and sharp down strokes (higher frequency signals than
the heart)

• Example of intramuscular and surface EMG signals

(iEMG and sEMG in blue and black, respectively).
• The signals were detected from the
sternocleidomastoideus muscle simultaneously with
intramuscular wires and with bipolar surface electrodes
during an isometric contraction at 20% of the maximal
voluntary contraction.
• Motor unit action potentials are clearly visible in both
signals but with different shapes due to the different
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detection modalities and tissue filtering. 18
EMG APPLICATIONS
oBioelectrical signals from skeletal muscle are known as electromyogram (EMG), used to
diagnose disorders of skeletal muscle as well as sport medicine measurements

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 APPLICATIONS OF BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
o ECG
o EEG
o EMG
o EGG

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SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS (EGG)
oOccur mostly in gastrointestinal system
oActivation spreads from one cell to another
oThe source of an activating waveform in smooth muscle is characteristically
a mechanical stimulus such as a lump of food that one has just eaten
oBody surface electrodes just above and external to particular part of the
gastrointestinal (GI) being examined are placed to acquire the
electrogastrogram (EGG) signal
oEGG signals can be used to diagnose disorders of the bowel

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QUESTIONS?

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