Realization of gates using discrete components

Aim of the experiment:-To realize and verify the truth tables of OR, AND, NOT, NAND and
NOR gates using the discrete components such as diodes and transistors.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus/Component Range/ Number Quantity

1 Fixed DC power supply 5V 1 No
2 Transistors BC 107 1 No
3 Silicon diodes 1N4001 2
4 Resistors 220Ω 1 No
1KΩ 1 No
10KΩ 1 No
100KΩ 1 No
5 LED’s As Required
7 Bread Board 1 No

Circuit Diagram:-

OR GATE:- TRUTH TABLE :-

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Fig 1(a)
ANDGATE: - TRUTH TABLE :-

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Fig 1(b)
NOTGATE: - TRUTH TABLE:-

A Y
0 1
1 0

Fig 1(c)

NANDGATE: - TRUTH TABLE:-

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Fig 1(d)
NOR GATE: - TRUTH TABLE:-

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
 Fig 1(e)
Theory:-

AND GATE:-

An AND gate requires two or more inputs and produce only one output. The AND gate
produces an output of logic 1 state when each of the inputs are at logic 1 state and also produces
an output of logic 0 state even if any of its inputs are at logic 0 state.
Discrete AND gates may be realized by using diodes or transistors. The inputs
represented as A and B may be either 0V or +5V correspondingly. The output is represented
by Y. In the diode of AND gate, when both the inputs are of same value, A=+5V and B= +5V,
then the diodes are in OFF condition. As a result, no current flows through the resistor and
there will not be any voltage drop across the resistor. Here the output will be Y=+5V. Similarly,
when both the inputs such as A and B are equal to 0V, then the corresponding diodes such as
either D1 or D2 or both the diodes are at ON state and act as short circuits. Here the output will
be Y corresponds to 0V.

OR GATE:-

Similar to AND gate, an OR gate may also have two or more inputs but produce only
one output. The OR gate produces an output of logic 1 state even if any of its inputs is in logic
1 state and also produces an output of logic 0 state if any of its inputs is in logic 0 state. OR
gate is also called as any or all gate. It is also called as an inclusive OR gate because it consists
of the condition of ‘both the inputs can be present’.

Discrete OR gates may be realized by using diodes or transistors. The inputs

represented as A and B may be either 0V or +5V correspondingly. The output is represented
by Y. In the diode of OR gate, when both the inputs are of same value, A=0V and B= 0V, then
both the diodes are in OFF condition. As a result, no current flows through the resistor and
there will not be any voltage drop across the resistor. Here the output will be Y=0V. Similarly,
when both the inputs or either the inputs such as A and B are equal to +5V, then the
corresponding diodes either D1 or D2 or both the diodes are at ON state and act as short circuits.
Here the output will be Y corresponds to +5V.

NOT GATE:-

The NOT gate is also called as an inverter, simply because it changes the input to its
opposite. The NOT gate is having only one input and one corresponding output. It is a device
whose output is always the compliment of the given input. That means, the NOT gate produces
an output of logic 1 state when the input is of logic 0 state and also produce the output of logic
0 state when the input is of logic 1 state.
Discrete NOT gate may be realized by using transistors. The input represented as A
may be either 0V or +5V correspondingly. The output is represented by Y. When the input A
= 0V, then the transistor Q1 will be reverse biased and therefore it remains OFF. As a result no
current flows through the resistor and thereby there will not be any voltage drop across the
resistor. As a result, the output voltage Y corresponds to +5V. When the input A= +5V,
transistor Q1 is ON and the output voltage Y=Vce(sat) corresponds to 0V.
NAND GATE:-

NAND gate is a combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate.The output of the NAND
gate is at logic 0 level only when each of the inputs assumes a logic 1 level. The NAND and
NOR are also called as universal building blocks. Both NAND and NOR has the ability to
perform three basic logic functions such as AND, OR and NOT.
Discrete NAND gates may be realized by using diodes and transistors. The two inputs
are represented by A and B. The output is represented by Y. When the input A and B= +5V,
then both the diodes D1 and D2 are OFF. The transistor Q1 gets enough base drive from the
supply through resistor and therefore transistor Q1 is ON and the output Y=Vce(sat) corresponds
to 0V. Similarly when inputs either A=0V or B=0V or when both inputs are equal to 0V, at
that time the transistor Q1 is OFF and therefore, output voltage Y= +5V.

NOR GATE:-

NOR gate is a combination of an OR gate and a NOT gate. The output is logic 1 level,
only when each of its inputs assumes a logic 0 level. For any other combination of inputs, the
output is a logic 0 level.

Discrete NOR gates may be realized by using diodes and transistors.The two inputs are
represented by A and B. The output is represented by Y. When the input A and B= 0V, then
both the diodes D1 and D2 are OFF. Hence the transistor Q1 will be reverse biased and
therefore it remains OFF. As a result no current flows through the resistor and thereby there
will not be any voltage drop across the resistor. As a result, the output voltage Y corresponds
to +5V. When one of the input is equal to +5V,then one diode is ON, Hencethe transistor Q1 is
ON. As a result, the output voltage Y corresponds to +0V.

Procedure:-

1. Connect the OR gate as per the circuit diagram shown in figure.

2. Apply 5 volts for logic ‘1’ level and 0 volts for logic ‘0’ level.
3. Apply inputs to the gate from the +5V DC regulated power supply as per the
corresponding truth table.
4. Note down the outputs of the logic gate using LED for each combination of inputs.
5. Verify the observed values with corresponding values in the truth table.
6. Repeat steps 2, 3, 4 & 5 for all other logic gates.

Precautions:-

1. All the connections should be made properly.

2. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
3. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.

Result :-
Different logic gates are constructed and their truth tables are verified
Viva Questions:-

1. Define the term ‘Digital Circuits’ and ‘Logic Family’.

2. What is a truth table?
3. What is a positive logic system and negative logic system?
4. Write the function of diode and transistor in gates?
5. What is meant by integrated circuit (IC) and ‘chip’?
6. What is CMOS? Why its use in digital circuit is advantageous?
7. Classify the logic families on the basis of polarity of charge carriers used for current
conduction
8. Define FAN IN and FAN OUT of a logic gate.