In the pipelines there are losses of energy and this happens due obstructions, local changes of the sections or

changes according to the direction of the flow path, by the way we find a clear example as is the irrigation
system, this system contains obstructions that can be caused by network accessories, also we can find friction
losses in accessories that happens in short sections of the pipeline. All this is what we know as minor losses
due accessories.

By the other side we have the major losses due accessories that are denominated when most of the energy get
lost because of the friction in the straight section of the pipeline. 

A pipeline serial system is composed by a group of pipes that are connected with different diameters and
roughness, this take the flow in the same way, excepting the ones that have bases demands. 

Pipeline serial system scheme.

The design of pipeline systems is very important because we can find the whole optimization of it, in the
pipeline design is necessary to have different diameters and material combinations that fulfill with the
conditions of flow and pressures required. However, just one possible combination is economically
appropriate. In theory it is known that in serial pipes the same liquid flows through all the pipes and he load
losses are accumulative. 

Friction loads in accessories can happen in sections that usually known as localized load losses or as minor
losses. However as we mentioned above there are few results of validity, due to the flow character of the
accessories as it's abrupt and the way to determine their value is by experimental losses.

The magnitude of the loss of local loads are expressed as a fraction of speed. It's important to emphasize that
the flow velocity within the accessory is appreciated based on the flow rate and internal diameter of the
accessory. 

Where:

Hi= is the local loss of hydraulic load by accessories (m)

K= is a factr that depends on the accidenr or obstruction in the flew (dimensionless)

V= is the average speed in the pipe section of the obstruction (m/s)

G= is the gravity acceleration (m/s^2)

There's a ki coefficient, its dimensionless and depends on additional parameters, such as Reynolds number,
relative roughness, geometric relationships and the main type of singularity or hydraulic fixture being
analyzed.

Much of the values of this coefficient can be obtained from tables as are shown below.

Accessories coefficient (CONAGUA, 2002)

Example of load loss curves in filters, provided by the manufacturer (Waderain)

Design of simple pipelines with high losses.

In 1989 Saldarriaga and Ferrer developed process thar allows considering systems with high losses, which
consists defining a “loss of speed”, which is essential that the speed match the sum of losses with the
available height.

Through the equation shown above, the equation of “loss speed” is obtained

Solving vp

If in any iteration the vi is greater than the vp' this means that the vi speed implies low losses highers than the
available height, which is physically impossible. So, the available height should be limited to friction loss,
within the design procedure. Once the first loss velocity has been calculated, in the other iterations this
velocity is calculated according to the following equation:

CONCLUSIONS

The losses in the accessories are due to changes in speed and changes in the direction of the fluid.

The energy that is lost when a fluid is transported must be supplied by a pump to avoid cavitation effects that
could damage the system.
For pumping in the transport of fluids you must take into account some factors, for example you have to
check that the route through which the fluid goes has all its accessories in good condition, no leakage to
prevent fluid loss or pressure changes that end up damaging the transport circuit.

GLOSSARY

FRICTION: is a force between surfaces that prevents the splipping or sliding over each other. 

OBSTRUCTION: is the contraction of a path that prevents difficulties 

Fluid: A flow describes any effect that may exist in the passage of a substance through surface 

FILTERS: These elements are used for separate the solid particles from fluids

VALVES: Is a device that allows the passage of fluid through a duct in a machine or instrument. 

ACCESSORIES: are additional elements to the pipelines that allow to change the direction of the fluid. 

Flow (flow rate): refers to the amount of water that a stream can carrie.