LogicAn Introduction

Quiz
A farmer returns from the market, where he bought a she-
goat, a cabbage and a wolf (what a crazy market :-). On the
way home he must cross a river. His boat is small and won't
fit more than one of his purchases. He cannot leave the she-
goat alone with the cabbage (because the she-goat would eat
it), nor he can leave the she-goat alone with the wolf (because
the she-goat would be eaten).How can the farmer get
everything on the other side in this river crossing puzzle?
I I=
A professor stood before his philosophy class and had some items in
front of him. When the class began, wordlessly, he picked up a very large
and empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with golf balls.

He then asked the students if the jar was full. They agreed that it was. So
the professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into the
jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles rolled into the open areas
between the golf balls. He then asked the students again if the jar was
full. They agreed it was. The professor next picked up a box of sand and
poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up everything else. He
asked once more if the jar was full. The students responded with an
unanimous “yes.” The professor then produced two cans of beer from
under the table and poured the entire contents into the jar, effectively
filling the empty space between the sand. The students laughed.
“Now,” said the professor, as the laughter subsided, “I want you to recognize
that this jar represents your life.
• - The golf balls are the important things–your family, your children, your
health, your friends, your favorite passions–things that if everything else
was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full.
• - The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house, your
car.
• - The sand is everything else–the small stuff. If you put the sand into the jar
first,” he continued, “there is no room for the pebbles or the golf balls. The
same goes for life. If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff,
you will never have room for the things that are important to you. Pay
attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. (What are these?)
“Take care of the golf balls first, the things that really matter. Set your
priorities. The rest is just sand.”
One of the students raised her hand and inquired what
the beer represented.

The professor smiled. “I’m glad you asked. It just goes

to show you that no matter how full your life may
seem, there’s always room for a couple of beers with
friends.”
Prayer of a Lasallian
Father in Heaven God of Love, All I have and am is Yours.
Grant that I may become a living sign of Your compassion in this
world.
Grant me the faith to live my life always in the awareness of Your
living presence.
Grant me the seal to serve, without thought of reward, those to
whom you send me.
Grant me the charity to bear the burdens of my brothers and sisters.
Teach me to seek Your Son’s face in the last, the lost, and the least.
In whatever I undertake, May I seek above all things, to procure
Your glory as far as I am able and as You require of me.
Strengthen me by your Holy Spirit, to follow Jesus, by living the
commitment I make this day, Amen.
• What do you expect from this class?
What do you know about Philosophy?
• What do you know about Logic?
CLASSROOM RULES

• OBSERVE RESPECT AND CONSIDERATION

• WEAR APPROPRIATE UNIFORM
• NO USE OF CELLPHONE AND/OR OTHER
ELECTRONIC GADGETS INSIDE CLASS
• AVOID GOING OUT OF THE CLASSROOM
EXCEPT FOR EXTREME NECESSITIES
• TALK...TALK...TALK
COURSE TITLE:

Logic
Philosophy 1
COURSE REQUIREMENTS

• ACTIVE CLASS PARTICIPATION

• SUBMISSION OF PROJECTS,
ASSIGNMENTS, ETC.
• QUIZZES, TERM EXAMS
Philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the science of the ultimate
reasons of beings, as acquired through
the aid of human reason alone.
A Historical review…
Western Philosophy
Ancient Philosophy5 th
Century BC –
5th Century AD

Ancient = Old? ... Obsolete?... Origin? ...

Thales of Miletus-water
Anaximenes- air
Anaximander-apeiron
Anaxagoras- nous(mind)
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Medieval Philosophy 5 th
-16th Century- theology,
ethics, theodicy, etc.
 Modern Philosophy17 th
– early 19 th

Century

“Rationalism, Empiricism, and a taste of both...”

• Rene Descartes
• John Locke
• Baruch Spinoza
• Thomas Hobbes
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• Karl Marx
• Alfred Nietzsche
Contemporary Philosophymid 20 th
century - Present
 Branches of Philosophy
• Metaphysics – the nature of being
*ontology – the general nature of beings
*cosmology – study of the universe
• Theodicy – the reality of evil and God
• Anthropology – the study of humanity
• Psychology – study of the mind
• Epistemology – study of the nature of knowledge
• Ethics – study of what is right and wrong
• Logic – science of correct thinking
Mental Operations
This Apple is red.
Red apples are
delicious.
Then, this apple is
delicious.
 Mental Operations

1.

1. Simple Apprehension – refers to the act of the

mind as it apprehends or grasps a particular
entity or reality.
2. Judgment – is understood as an act of the mind
through which the mind compares two ideas
specifically in terms of their relation, agreement,
or disagreement.
3. Reasoning – is an act of the mind through which
the mind abstracts or infers a specific judgment
which is implicitly contained in other judgments.
 Ideas and Terms
Idea – is defined as the mental representation of the essence of a thing with due
reference to reality.

Formation of Ideas

• Sensation – a process of the mind through which the mind is made

aware
• of anything that passes through man’s senses.

• Attention - a process of the mind by which it focuses or fixes its

attention
• on a single or multiple objects sensed.
•

• Abstraction – an act by which the mind discerns the accidental and the
• essential features or aspects of an object.
•

• Reflection - a turning of the mind upon itself or upon its states or acts.
 Comparison - a process of the mind through which the
mind comes to a direct awareness of
the likeness or the differences of
the object of
attention.
Analysis – an act through which the mind resolves an
idea
through the essential notes or features
of a particular object.
•

• Synthesis – an act through which the mind puts

together
• two or more ideas into one as it makes
these ideas the essential notes of a single
 Logical Qualities of Ideas

Comprehension – refers to the totality of the

essential notes, qualities, characteristics, or
attributes which the idea implies.
Extension – refers to the totality of all objects
which the idea represents or to which the idea
extends its application.
Rule: “As comprehension increases, extension
decreases, and vice-versa.”
 Extension
Living Life Man, plants, animals, molluscs, anthropods,
Beings vertebrates, etc.
Animals Life, Senses Man,animals, molluscs, anthropods,
vertebrates, etc.
Vertebrate Life, Senses, Backbones Man, animals, anthropods,
s vertebrates, etc.
Mammals Life, Senses, Backbones, suckle Man, animals, vertebrates, etc.
their young

Primates Life, Senses, Backbones, suckle Man, apes

their young, ability to grasp

Humankin Life, Senses, Backbones, suckle Man

their young, ability to grasp,
d rational

Comprehension
 Term
• is the expression or enunciation of an idea.

Kinds of Terms

1. In terms of Exactness
• Univocal Terms – are terms that are used in precisely
the same sense or meaning in a given context.
• Equivocal Terms – are terms that are used in
absolutely different sense or meaning in a given
context.
• Analogous Terms – are terms that are used in partly
the same or partly different senses or meaning in a
 2. In terms of Extension
a.

a.

a. Singular Terms – expressing single and definite idea

b. Particular Terms – applies to just a part or indeterminate portion
of a whole
c. Universal Terms – applies to each and all members of a class

a. 3. In terms of Opposition
a.

a. Contradictory Terms – terms opposed to each other in terms of their

meanings so that when we accept one, we have to reject the other.
b. Contrary Terms – terms which contains positive notes that lie farthest
apart in the same kind or class of things
c. c) Privative terms are terms wherein one indicates the presence of a
quality or perfection while the other signifies the absence or lack of it.