SMO Inlet Calcs v2

Index
INDEX
-Location- -Calculation-
A19 Particle Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2.41)
A31 Tube Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)
A43 Air pressure from ideal gas law (B&W 4-3; W&B 3-3)
A53 Gas molecular velocity (B&W 4-5; W&B 3-5)
A61 Molecular mean free path (use constants for appropriate gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6)
A72 Gas viscosity (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-10; Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. 21:2 161-168 )
A83 Knudsen number (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-7)
A96 Air Density compensated for temperature and pressure
A104 Slip Correction Factor (B&W 4-9; W&B 3-9; Hinds 3-22)
A117 Diffusion coefficient (B&W 4-12; W&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35, 7-7), mechanical mobility (B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) a
A133 Root mean square Brownian displacement (Hinds 7-18)
A146 Peclet Number (B&W 4-16; W&B 3-16)
A160 Schmidt Number (B&W 4-17; W&B 3-17)
A174 Drag force on a particle (B&W 4-22; W&B 3-22; Hinds 3-18)
A187 Drag coefficient of a sphere (B&W 4-19, 23, 24; W&B 3-19, 23, 24)
A200 Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (B&W 4-28; W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
A214 Aerodynamic Diameter from physical diameter of a particle (doesn't take slip correction or shape factor into account)
A223 Physical diameter from aerodynamic diameter (Carpenter and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(4) 268)
A235 Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)
A252 Stopping distance, relaxation time for a moving particle (B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
A268 Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)
A282 Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)
A300 Particle velocity in electric field (B&W 4-43; W&B 3-43; Hinds 15-16)
A313 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 4-51; W&B 3-51; Hinds 2nd ed. 8-6)
A331 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 8-75; Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W., and Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:7
A349 Saturation vapor pressure of some liquids (B&W W&B 4-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
A360 Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 13.2)
A367 Kelvin diameter is the diameter of a drop that neither shrinks nor grows at a specific saturation vapor pressure ratio (B&W 5-
A378 Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2)
A389 Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)
A397 Rate of droplet growth due to condensation for droplet smaller than mean free path (B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)
A411 Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet larger than mean free path (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 1
A429 Droplet evaporation time for water (B&W 5-8; W&B 4-7; Hinds 13-18)
A444 Coagulation coefficient, continuum regime (B&W 5-10; W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
A455 Coagulation coefficient corrected for free molecular regime (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aerosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)
A473 Time dependent coagulation, monodisperse aerosol (B&W 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
A490 Coagulation: number concentration and particle volume after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14
A501 Polydisperse coagulation coefficient--continuum regime (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
A516 Polydisperse coagulation from Park et al J Aerosol Sci.30:1 3-16 (1999)
A557 Particle size from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])
A567 Aerosol droplets from nebulized suspension of particles containing single particles, i.e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7
A576 Inlet efficiency for an isoaxial horizontal sharp-edged inlet: aspiration + transmission (B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8
A602 Aspiration efficiency-all forward angles (B&W 8-20, 8-21, 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-22)
A627 Aspiration efficiency of thin-walled sampler in calm air and low velocity air(Grinshpun, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ
A658 Aspiration efficiency of a blunt sampler worn on the body. (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai, Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 4
A686 Gravitational losses in an inlet (B&W 8-23, 8-24; W&B 6-23, 6-24)
A709 Inertial losses in a sharp-edged inlet (B&W 8-25 to 8-29; W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
A733 Sampling criteria in still air (B&W 8-38 to 8-41, 8-43; W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-10,10-12,10-15)
Page 1
Index
A754 Penetration efficiency of an inclined tube under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8
A778 Particle concentration exiting a tube under turbulent flow conditions (B&W 8-55; W&B 6-41)
A796 Diffusion losses in a tube--fraction passing through tube (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to
A819 Penetration efficiency of a tube under turbulent flow conditions, inertial deposition (B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
A840 Turbulent diffusional losses in a tube (Hinds 7-31, 7-32)
A858 Loss in a bent section of circular tubing (B&W 8-66 to 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
A877 Losses in bends of circular cross section tubing (turbulent flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Tec
A901 Loss at an abrupt contraction in circular tubing (B&W 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25)
A924 Transport efficiency, turbulent flow, due to thermophoretic losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to 8-75)
A951 Particle loss in an enclosed rectangular vessel undergoing uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36)
A967 Particle loss in an enclosed spherical vessel undergoing uniform stirring
A984 ICRP model deposition in respiratory system--average for males, females, and three exercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 1
A995 Hatch-Choate equations for lognormal distributions of spherical particles (B&W 22-17; W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
A1009 Filter efficiency (B&W 9-1; W&B 10-1)
A1019 Single fiber efficiencies (B&W 9-5, 9-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)
A1047 Most penetrating size and minimum filter efficiency (B&W 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
A1062 Pressure drop across a fibrous filter (B&W 9-21; W&B 10-21; Hinds 9-36)
A1078 Penetration efficiency through tubular section of open-pore foam. Vincent, Aitken, and Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1
A1094 Particle motion in an oscillating field (B&W 17-4 to 17-13; W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
A1118 Gas velocity in a nozzle under compressible flow (B&W 17-27; W&B 17-27)
A1128 Weber number is the ratio of the inertial to the surface tension forces (W&B 17-32)
A1143 Sonic velocity (W&B 17-34)
A1152 Average angular deflection of a fiber from alignment by an electric field due to Brownian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35
A1162 Relative light scattering intensity as a function of fiber length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-36)
A1171 Limiting electrical mobility of particles passing through a parallel plate mobility analyzer (W&B 18-12)
A1181 Mean electrical mobility of particles deposited near the end of a cylindrical mobility analyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
A1193 Mean electrical mobility of particles exiting a radial mobility analyzer (B&W 18-30)
A1205 Mean electrical mobility of particles passing through the TSI differential mobility analyzer (W&B 18-14)
A1219 Electrostatic force between two particles assuming point charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 15-11)
A1228 Electric field strength between parallel plates (Hinds 15-12)
A1236 Electric field strength between concentric tubes (B&W 18-26; Hinds 15-13)
A1247 Electrical mobility of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
A1259 Terminal electrostatic drift velocity of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)
A1273 Number of charges accumulated by a particle due to diffusion charging (B&W 18-20; W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
A1283 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to field charging (B&W 18-21, 18-22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
A1295 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to combined diffusion and field charging under moderate conditions (W&B
A1309 Saturation charge for field charging conditions--Pauthenier's limit (Hinds 15-26)
A1318 Limiting number of charges on particles (Hinds 15-28)
A1326 Rayleigh limit - maximum number of charges on a droplet before it shatters (Hinds 15-29)
A1334 Boltzmann distribution - fraction of particles carrying a specific charge (W&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
A1345 Fraction of charge remaining on a particle after exposure to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds 15-33)
A1353 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
A1373 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
A1394 Radial velocity of a conductive fiber in a gradient electric field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
A1416 Coincidence loss in a particle counter (B&W 15-30; W&B 15-30)
A1425 Velocity distribution approaching Poiseuille flow in
A1440 Saturation ratio as a function of particle size for a solute droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed 23-17])
A1456 Vapor pressure ratio at ideal solution droplet surface (B&W 19-5; W&B 19-5)
A1467 Diffusion losses in a cylindrical tube--fraction passing through tube under laminar flow (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19
A1486 Diffusion losses in rectangular tube (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7-33, 7-34)
Page 2
Index
A1505 Diffusion penetration through circular parallel plates (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23)
A1522 Diffusion losses in an annular tube (B&W 19-25; W&B 19-22, 19-24)
A1541 Diffusional loss in a parallel plate channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
A1568 Diffusional loss in a tubular channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
A1595 Diffusional penetration through a screen (B&W 19-26 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci
A1616 Diffusion losses in a coiled tube (B&W 19-36, 37; W&B 19-35, 36)
A1638 Potential field required to levitate a spherical particle (B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
A1649 Shape factor for agglomerates (B&W 23-38, 23-42, 23-43, 23-44)
A1659 Aerodynamic diameter of a prolate spheroid and cylinders (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&B 25-2 to 25-6)
A1678 Dilution factor for particles in nebulized suspension (B&W 21-1; W&B 22-1)
A1689 Solute particle from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
A1701 Flow rate through a venturi meter at standard conditions (W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p
A1716 Flow rate through a critical orifice (B&W 21-7; W&B 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al., Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977)
A1729 Air velocity from Bernoulli's theorem -Pitot tube-(W&B 22-12; Lippmann in Air Sampling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
A1739 Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
A1756 Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)
A1759 Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
A1776 Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)
Page 3
Index
(B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and mean thermal velocity (Hinds 7-10)
on or shape factor into account)

soc. J. 44(4) 268)
3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)
aturation vapor pressure ratio (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2, 19-3; Hinds eqn 13.5)
B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)

th (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
rosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)

12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
2; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd ed 12-16])
&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
s 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])

e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7)
(B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, Hinds 10-7)
un, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)

Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93-113, 1996
10,10-12,10-15)
Page 4
Index
s, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)
19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)

B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997
xercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)

7; W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)

10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
d Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
nian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
yzer (W&B 18-12)

nalyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
lyzer (W&B 18-14)
-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)

W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
rging under moderate conditions (W&B 18-3)
Hinds 15-31)
. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)

. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
w (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)
Page 5
Index
T 31:56-65 1999)
9; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)
&B 25-2 to 25-6)
Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)

, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977) for using syringe needles or Zimmernman and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet
mpling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
nsport Phenomena. pp182-7)
nsport Phenomena. pp182-7)
Page 6
Index
J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips
Page 7
1-Oct-01
AEROSOL CALCULATOR PROGRAM

by Paul A. Baron, Ph.D.
IMPORTANT! You should immediately make a backup copy of this program.
Introduction
This spreadsheet program contains over 100 equations for calculating aerosol parameters.
Most of the equations are available from Aerosol Measurement, edited by Baron and Willeke
(John Wiley and Sons 2001) or from the first edition by Willeke and Baron (Van Nostrand
Reinhold 1993). Some are also taken from Hinds' book, Aerosol Technology
(John Wiley and Sons, 1982, also second edition, 1999). Equations not taken from these texts
are referenced appropriately in each module of the spreadsheet. There are four sheets in the
AeroCalc spreadsheet: calculations in SI units, cgs units, an index, and instructions.
The program is available as an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (either IBM PC or Apple

Macintosh format). There are translation programs that can convert these to other spreadsheet
programs. The functions involved are relatively straightforward and no macros have been used
in the calculations. The only "unusual" function used for some calculations is Iteration. This
is indicated for the appropriate modules. The Iteration function is under the Tools:Options(or
preferences): Calculation. Most calculations will converge with fewer than 100 iterations, while
some may take over 1000. Recalculate until the numbers do not change significantly. When
Iteration is turned off, you will get an error message indicating circular references--ignore this.
Quite often calculations are desired in the "reverse" direction, i.e., one wants to know what input
parameter(s) will give a specific desired output. This can be accomplished in Excel by using the
Solver function available in the Analysis TookPack. This tool pack has to be installed for Solver
to be available. The Solver is then available under the Tools menu. The Solver window indicates
the required parameters and is largely self explanatory. See the help menu for more information.
Note that a calculation is only meaningful when the person performing the calculation
understands the equations being used and the assumptions behind the equations. This program
does not claim to substitute for that understanding. However, the program is useful for "back
of the envelope" type calculations for certain situations that arise in aerosol science.
Spreadsheet programs are renowned for their ability to allow the user to rapidly explore "what
if" situations by creating arrays of calculations related to a specific situation.
The spreadsheet format provides much more flexibility in calculation than an earlier Basic
computer program version. The user can create a table with one variable changed for each
calculation. For instance, most calculations involve particle diameter. The calculation can be
performed as a function of diameter and then plotted. Examples are given below. Some
familiarity with spreadsheets and their capabilities is assumed.
Format
Each calculation module is separated by two lines of asterisks. Several parameters may be
calculated to determine the final parameter. All calculations are in either SI units or
CGS units. Particle diameter is usually in micrometers.
An example calculation is given in Example 1 below. The first row, column A contains a
description of the calculation with a reference to a book and equation number or a journal.
The subsequent items in column A above the dashed line are descriptions of the input
parameters. Column B contains the input parameters and column C contains the units.
Columns to the right of column C may contain comments, useful constants, etc. Some
comments may appear also in column C.
The results are calculated below the dashed line. Several preliminary calculations may be
necessary to provide input into the final calculation. These are also below the line and use the
input values above the line. In some cases, several final calculations are grouped in the same
segment and are thus below the dashed line. In a fashion similar to the format of the input
parameters, the descriptions of the calculated values are in Column A, the calculated values
themselves are in Column B and the units are in Column C. Comments are in Column C or D.
Note that input parameters that can be changed are indicated in blue.
Example 1.
A B C
1 Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
2 Temperature 293.15 degrees Kelvin
3 Pressure 101.3 Kilopascals
4 Particle diameter 0.5 µm
5 Particle density 1 grams/cm^3
6 --------------------------- ------------- ------------
7 Air viscosity = 0.0001807 poise
8 Slip correction factor = 1.3334858
9 Settling velocity = 0.0010054 cm/sec
Table of Contents
A table of contents is included in the spreadsheet in Columns H and I. Column H refers to the
location of the title line in each calculation. A relative referencing equation is used in Column H
so that if a new calculation is added within the spreadsheet, the reference line numbers in the
Table of Contents remain correct.
A table of contents is also included in the worksheet marked Index.
Constants and Conversion Factors
Some useful constants and conversion factors are listed in Columns H and I below the Table of
Contents.
Iterative Solutions
Several of the calculations require an iterative solution. The spreadsheet iteration function may
be turned off (or the number of iterations set to one) to speed recalculation time, but an alert
message may periodically indicate that the iteration has not been carried out. The calculations
that require iteration are noted just below the description line.
Turn on Iteration under Tools menu/Preferences (or Options)/Calculation
(check Help menu if not found in this location)
Additional Spreadsheet Templates
Several additional spreadsheet templates have been provided. These have been separated
because of their size and difference in format. One allows calculation of a lognormal particle
size distribution; another allows the calculation of a two dimensional fiber length/diameter
distribution; the third allows calculation of a two dimensional potential field, either in
rectangular coordinates or cylindrical coordinates, by iterative solution of the Laplacian
equation. See the indicated reference for an explanation of each calculation. An example
spreadsheet template as described below is also included.
A spreadsheet has been included to calculate probit plots for lognormal distributions.
Example Calculation using AeroCalc
If a calculation is carried out that requires several parameters to be determined, it may be

convenient to copy one or more modules from the AeroCalc to a new spreadsheet.
That way the segments are closer together and the entire spreadsheet does not have to be
recalculated for each calculation.
As an example, suppose we wanted to compare the settling velocity assuming laminar flow
(Stokes regime) and non-Stokesian settling. We can perform the calculation by replacing the
diameter in each of the calculations one at a time and writing down the results. On the other
hand, we can use the power of the spreadsheet to perform the entire calculation at once.
First, we create a new spreadsheet and copy the segments calculating particle settling velocity
(starting on Line 191 in AeroCalc spreadsheet) and particle settling at high Re
(starting on Line 224 in AeroCalc spreadsheet). We then insert, for example, five
columns between Columns B and C to calculate settling velocity values for the various sizes.
Column B is then replicated through Column G so that the calculation is the same in Columns
B through G. In the example, the calculation is carried out for a 10 µm particle in column B.
In each subsequent column, the diameter is multiplied by 2. This is accomplished by placing
the equation =B162*2 in Cell C162 and replicating this cell through to Cell G162. To ensure that the
spreadsheet will always use the same value of diameter for the two calculations, replace
the value of the diameter in the second calculation (Cell B173) with =B162 and replicate this cell
through G173. Since the temperature, pressure and particle density are all the same for the two
calculations, we can reference these values so that we only have to change the values in B160 to
and B163 and all the other values will follow suit.
If we place the value of 20 µm as the starting size for the calculation in Cell B162, we get the
results noted in the example below. Notice that the calculation for settling at high Reynolds
number involves an iterative calculation. Therefore, the number of iterations allowed in the
calculation should be set at a high enough number for the calculation to converge. 30 iterations
should be adequate.
Finally, we may want to plot the results of the calculation. Some spreadsheet programs may
allow you to select the rows for plotting. Others may only allow selection of contiguous rows and
columns for plotting. Therefore, we set up a new region below the calculations for this
purpose. In cell A184, we place the equation =A162; in Cell A185, =A167; and in Cell A186, =A182.
These three cells are then replicated through Column H. These three rows are selected for
plotting and the XY scatter plot in the figure below results.
If we are curious about the results for a different range of particle sizes, we could replace B162
with a different value and recalculate the spreadsheet, obtaining the new values and a plot of
these values almost immediately.
Example 2.
Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)

Temperature 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 kPa
Particle diameter 15 30 60 120 240 480 µm
Particle density 1 1 1 1 1 1 g/cm^3
---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -----------------
Air viscosity = 0.000180710994737 0.0001807 0.000181 0.000181 0.000181 0.000181 poise
Slip correction factor = 1.01106186945594 1.0055309 1.002765 1.001383 1.000691 1.000346
Settling velocity = 0.685866109597614 2.7284565 10.88381 43.47521 173.7808 694.883 cm/s
Settling velocity at high Re (W&B 3-33)

NOTE: Use iteration so that answer converges.
Temperature 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 kPa
Particle density 1 1 1 1 1 1 g/cm^3
Particle shape factor 1 1 1 1 1 1
---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------------
Air density = 0.0012047857752 0.0012048 0.001205 0.001205 0.001205 0.001205 g/cm^3
Air viscosity = 0.000180710994737 0.0001807 0.000181 0.000181 0.000181 0.000181 poise
Reynolds number = 0.00685892189684 0.0545712 0.419267 2.773523 14.37626 63.34197
Slip correction factor = 1.01106186945594 1.0055309 1.002765 1.001383 1.000691 1.000346
Drag coefficient = 3499.09218401456 439.79237 59.44115 10.85166 3.228922 1.330167
Settling velocity = 0.685866109597615 2.7284565 10.48128 34.66771 89.84821 197.9361 cm/s

Settling velocity (Stokes) 0.685866109597614 2.7284565 10.88381 43.47521 173.7808 694.883 cm/s
S e ttlin g v e lo c ity (c m /s )
Settling velocity (high velocity) 0.685866109597615 2.7284565 10.48128 34.66771 89.84821 197.9361 cm/s
Figure for Example 2.
800
700
S e ttlin g v e lo c ity (
800
700
600
Settling velocity
500 (Stokes)
400 Settling velocity
300 (high velocity)
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Aerodynamic diameter (mm)
Thus, the settling velocity is correct by either approach up to about 40 µm (Re = 0.1,
about1% error) or 80 µm (Re = 1, about 10% error), depending on the acceptable
error level. For larger particles, the high Re formula should be used. Note that for
Re < 0.1, the two calculations converge to identical results.
Other spreadsheets provided.
sizedis.xl
The first spreadsheet (sizedis.xl) is one that calculates a lognormal size distribution.
The input parameters are at the top of the sheet. In addition to the lognormal.
distribution, a simulated distribution with the selected total number of particles is also
calculated. Thus, you can simulate a measured distribution, as with an optical particle
counter, in which a limited number of particles are counted. The variability inherent
in counting particles can be demonstrated. Note that this variability is simulated by
adding random numbers to the normalized log normal distribution. This is explained in
Example 8-1 in Willeke and Baron.
Note that it is relatively easy to expand the calculation to provide more size resolution.
Select a row in the middle of the distribution and insert the additional rows to give the
desired number of size bins. Select a row at least two rows above the inserted blank rows
and copy down past the first two rows at the end of the blank rows.
In addition, the calculation of inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions are calculated.
This is provided on the right of the size distribution calculation. These definitions are
used for estimating exposure in occupational sampling.
size2d.xl
This spreadsheet allows the calculation of a two dimensional size distribution, as for
a length/diameter distribution for fibers. The equations are described in Willeke and
Baron (Equation 25-1). This spreadsheet can also be expanded to give more size
distribution resolution, except that both the rows and columns can be expanded using
the technique described for sizedis.xl above.
2Drect.xl
This spreadsheet allows the calculation of a two dimensional potential field. It can be used
for electrostatic field calculations or potential flow field calculations. For electrostatic
fields, you have to insert the boundary values. Having set up the boundary values, internal
elements are copied to fill the entire space within the boundaries. Note during copying
that each element depends only on its nearest neighbors. Once finished setting up the
elements and the boundary conditions, turn on the iteration in the spreadsheet. You can
select the number of iterations and the maximum change when the iteration is complete.
In Microsoft Excel® 5.0 for the Mac and Excel® 97 for the PC, the iteration function can
be found under Tools;Options(or Preferences);Calculation. During iteration, it helps to
minimize the size of the visible window to speed up the calculation.
The potential field can be any two dimensional shape and size limited only by the size of the
spreadsheet and the calculation time. This depends on the size and speed of the computer
and the time you are willing to wait. A calculation involving two thousand elements can
iterate to a solution in a time on the order of a few minutes
2Daxial.xl
This spreadsheet does the same type of potential field as 2Drect.xl, except that it is for a two
dimensional axially symmetric field. It can be expanded and iterated in the same fashion
as 2Drect.xl except that elements on the radial axis are different from the other elements.
These should not be replicated to other columns when expanding the spreadsheet.
Again, when replicating elements to fill inside the boundary elements, be sure to note
that each element depends on its nearest neighbors. It is easy to replicate the elements
in a way that causes references to non-nearest neighbors.
2Daxial.xl was used to calculate the electrostatic potential field surrounding the inlet on
asbestos sampler in Baron and Deye, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. (1990) 51(2) 63-69, Figure 6.
For this figure, the elements with the same potential were connected by hand, creating
isopotential lines.
For additional explanation of either of these two spreadsheets, see J. Crowley, J. Electrostatics
(1987) Vol 19, pp137-149.
Probit.xl
This spreadsheet allows input of impactor cutpoints and masses on each impactor stage. The
spreadsheet calculates the log probability plot which should be a straight line for a lognormal
distribution. The x and y coordinates are added to the plot as additional data plots. Labels for
these axis points have to be placed on the figure by hand. Also, the data points are used
to calculate the geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation by regression.
If the plot is not a straight line, only the points that appear to follow a straight line should be
used in the regression calculation. The example is taken from Willeke and Baron, Chapter 9.
Additional
If you find any errors in the program, please let me know so that I can update the program
and make the new version available to others. In addition, if you have any similar
calculations that have been published and you feel would be useful to others, let me know
and I can include them in the program. If you can include an example of the suggested
calculation, that would be helpful.
Updates of the program are available through TSI, Inc. on the Internet http://www.tsi.com.
or from BGI, Inc., http://www.bgiusa.com
This software is provided "as is" and no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made
with respect to its quality, performance or fitness for a particular purpose.
This program is distributed as freeware. Try it out and pass it on to others who might be
interested. The author requests that the program not be used for commercial purposes
without the author's express written consent.
Paul A. Baron, Ph.D.

For comment or feedback, contact: pbaron@cdc.gov
-----------------
----------------------
SI units
Aerosol Calculator INDEX

by Paul Baron -Location- -Calculation-
For comment and feedback: pbaron@cdc.gov $A$19 Particle Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2.41)
1-Oct-01 Version date $A$31 Tube Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)
This program is freeware $A$43 Air pressure from ideal gas law (B&W 4-3; W&B 3-3)
The program is free of charge for individual use, but the author requests that it $A$53 Gas molecular velocity (B&W 4-5; W&B 3-5)
not be sold or used commercially without written consent of the author. $A$61 Molecular mean free path (use constants for appropriate gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6)
$A$72 Gas viscosity (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-10; Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. 21:2 161-168 )
Note: Some calculations require that the Iteration option be turned on (e.g., use 100 iterations): $A$83 Knudsen number (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-7)
Change under Tools menu/Preferences (or Options)/Calculation (check help menu if not found in this location) $A$96 Air Density compensated for temperature and pressure
$A$104 Slip Correction Factor (B&W 4-9; W&B 3-9; Hinds 3-22)
$A$117 Diffusion coefficient (B&W 4-12; W&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35, 7-7), mechanical mobility (B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and mean thermal velocity (Hinds 7-10)
N ote-----> Many equations from Willeke and Baron (W&B), Aerosol Measurement, Van Nostrand Reinhold 1993, $A$133 Root mean square Brownian displacement (Hinds 7-18)
from Baron and Willeke (B&W) Aerosol Measurement, 2nd Edition, J Wiley and Sons, 2001, $A$146 Peclet Number (B&W 4-16; W&B 3-16)
and from Hinds, Aerosol Technology, J. Wiley and Sons, 1982 [2nd edition 1999] $A$160 Schmidt Number (B&W 4-17; W&B 3-17)
Hinds equations from 1st and 2nd edition are same except as noted $A$174 Drag force on a particle (B&W 4-22; W&B 3-22; Hinds 3-18)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$187 Drag coefficient of a sphere (B&W 4-19, 23, 24; W&B 3-19, 23, 24)
$A$200 Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (B&W 4-28; W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
Particle Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41) Diam (um) Re $A$214 Aerodynamic Diameter from physical diameter of a particle (doesn't take slip correction or shape factor into account)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 10 $A$223 Physical diameter from aerodynamic diameter (Carpenter and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(4) 268)
Pressure 101.3 kPa 5 $A$235 Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)
Particle diameter 5 µm 1 $A$252 Stopping distance, relaxation time for a moving particle (B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
Particle velocity 0.01 m/s 0.5 $A$268 Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- 0.1 $A$282 Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 $A$300 Particle velocity in electric field (B&W 4-43; W&B 3-43; Hinds 15-16)
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s $A$313 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 4-51; W&B 3-51; Hinds 2nd ed. 8-6)
Reynolds number (Re) = 0.0033334601 If Re < 0.1 then flow is laminar $A$331 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 8-75; Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W., and Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)
$A$349 Saturation vapor pressure of some liquids (B&W W&B 4-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$360 Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 13.2)
$A$367 Kelvin diameter is the diameter of a drop that neither shrinks nor grows at a specific saturation vapor pressure ratio (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2, 19-3; Hinds eqn 13.5)
Tube Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41) $A$378 Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$389 Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)
Pressure 101.3 kPa $A$397 Rate of droplet growth due to condensation for droplet smaller than mean free path (B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)
Tube diameter 0.05 m $A$411 Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet larger than mean free path (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
Air velocity 0.01 m/s $A$429 Droplet evaporation time for water (B&W 5-8; W&B 4-7; Hinds 13-18)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$444 Coagulation coefficient, continuum regime (B&W 5-10; W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 $A$455 Coagulation coefficient corrected for free molecular regime (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aerosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar $A$473 Time dependent coagulation, monodisperse aerosol (B&W 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
Reynolds number (Re) = 33.334600835 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent $A$490 Coagulation: number concentration and particle volume after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd ed 12-16])
$A$501 Polydisperse coagulation coefficient--continuum regime (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$516 Polydisperse coagulation from Park et al J Aerosol Sci.30:1 3-16 (1999)
$A$557 Particle size from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])
Air pressure from ideal gas law (B&W 4-3; W&B 3-3) $A$567 Aerosol droplets from nebulized suspension of particles containing single particles, i.e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$576 Inlet efficiency for an isoaxial horizontal sharp-edged inlet: aspiration + transmission (B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, Hinds 10-7)
Gas density 1.205 kg/m^3 = 1.205 kg/m^3 for air at NTP $A$602 Aspiration efficiency-all forward angles (B&W 8-20, 8-21, 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-22)
Molecular weight 0.02896 kg/mole = 0.02896 for air $A$627 Aspiration efficiency of thin-walled sampler in calm air and low velocity air(Grinshpun, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$658 Aspiration efficiency of a blunt sampler worn on the body. (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai, Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93-113, 1996
Air pressure = 101.41178058 kPa $A$686 Gravitational losses in an inlet (B&W 8-23, 8-24; W&B 6-23, 6-24)
$A$709 Inertial losses in a sharp-edged inlet (B&W 8-25 to 8-29; W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
$A$733 Sampling criteria in still air (B&W 8-38 to 8-41, 8-43; W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-10,10-12,10-15)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$754 Penetration efficiency of an inclined tube under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)
$A$778 Particle concentration exiting a tube under turbulent flow conditions (B&W 8-55; W&B 6-41)
Gas molecular velocity (B&W 4-5; W&B 3-5) $A$796 Diffusion losses in a tube--fraction passing through tube (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$819 Penetration efficiency of a tube under turbulent flow conditions, inertial deposition (B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
Molecular weight 28 atomic units $A$840 Turbulent diffusional losses in a tube (Hinds 7-31, 7-32)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$858 Loss in a bent section of circular tubing (B&W 8-66 to 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
Gas molecular velocity = 470.3822192 m/s $A$877 Losses in bends of circular cross section tubing (turbulent flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997
$A$901 Loss at an abrupt contraction in circular tubing (B&W 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$924 Transport efficiency, turbulent flow, due to thermophoretic losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to 8-75)
$A$951 Particle loss in an enclosed rectangular vessel undergoing uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36)
Molecular mean free path (use constants for appropriate gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6) $A$967 Particle loss in an enclosed spherical vessel undergoing uniform stirring
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$984 ICRP model deposition in respiratory system--average for males, females, and three exercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)
Pressure 101.3 kPa $A$995 Hatch-Choate equations for lognormal distributions of spherical particles (B&W 22-17; W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
m. f. p. (ref) 0.0674 µm $A$1009 Filter efficiency (B&W 9-1; W&B 10-1)
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin Constants for viscosity and mean free path calculation $A$1019 Single fiber efficiencies (B&W 9-5, 9-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- T(ref) = 296.15 and 760 mm Hg pressure $A$1047 Most penetrating size and minimum filter efficiency (B&W 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-08 m Gas µ(ref) S m.f.p.(ref) $A$1062 Pressure drop across a fibrous filter (B&W 9-21; W&B 10-21; Hinds 9-36)
or = 0.0665323454 µm air 183.14 110.4 0.0674 $A$1078 Penetration efficiency through tubular section of open-pore foam. Vincent, Aitken, and Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
Ar 222.00 141.4 0.0703 $A$1094 Particle motion in an oscillating field (B&W 17-4 to 17-13; W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
*********************** *********** *********** He 199.10 73.8 0.1943 $A$1118 Gas velocity in a nozzle under compressible flow (B&W 17-27; W&B 17-27)
H2 88.41 66.7 0.124 $A$1128 Weber number is the ratio of the inertial to the surface tension forces (W&B 17-32)
Gas viscosity (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-10; Rader, J. Aerosol ScCH4 108.39 173.7 0.0545 $A$1143 Sonic velocity (W&B 17-34)
Temperature 320 Kelvin C2H6 93.13 223.2 0.0333 $A$1152 Average angular deflection of a fiber from alignment by an electric field due to Brownian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
Reference temp. (T(ref)) 293.15 Kelvin i-C4H10 75.89 255 0.0193 $A$1162 Relative light scattering intensity as a function of fiber length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-36)
Reference viscosity (µ(ref)) 183.25 micropoise N2O 145.57 241 0.0439 $A$1171 Limiting electrical mobility of particles passing through a parallel plate mobility analyzer (W&B 18-12)
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin CO2 147.75 230.5 0.0438 $A$1181 Mean electrical mobility of particles deposited near the end of a cylindrical mobility analyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$1193 Mean electrical mobility of particles exiting a radial mobility analyzer (B&W 18-30)
Viscosity = 195.95628258 micropoise $A$1205 Mean electrical mobility of particles passing through the TSI differential mobility analyzer (W&B 18-14)
= 1.959563E-05 Pa*s $A$1219 Electrostatic force between two particles assuming point charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 15-11)
$A$1228 Electric field strength between parallel plates (Hinds 15-12)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$1236 Electric field strength between concentric tubes (B&W 18-26; Hinds 15-13)
$A$1247 Electrical mobility of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
Knudsen number (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-7) $A$1259 Terminal electrostatic drift velocity of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$1273 Number of charges accumulated by a particle due to diffusion charging (B&W 18-20; W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
Pressure 101.3 kPa $A$1283 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to field charging (B&W 18-21, 18-22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
m. f. p. (ref) 0.0674 µm $A$1295 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to combined diffusion and field charging under moderate conditions (W&B 18-3)
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin $A$1309 Saturation charge for field charging conditions--Pauthenier's limit (Hinds 15-26)
Particle diameter 0.0001 µm $A$1318 Limiting number of charges on particles (Hinds 15-28)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$1326 Rayleigh limit - maximum number of charges on a droplet before it shatters (Hinds 15-29)
Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-06 cm $A$1334 Boltzmann distribution - fraction of particles carrying a specific charge (W&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
= 6.653235E-08 m $A$1345 Fraction of charge remaining on a particle after exposure to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds 15-33)
Knudsen number (Kn) = 1330.6469077 $A$1353 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
$A$1373 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$1394 Radial velocity of a conductive fiber in a gradient electric field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
$A$1416 Coincidence loss in a particle counter (B&W 15-30; W&B 15-30)
Air Density compensated for temperature and pressure $A$1425 Velocity distribution approaching Poiseuille flow in
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin $A$1440 Saturation ratio as a function of particle size for a solute droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed 23-17])
Pressure 101.3 kPa $A$1456 Vapor pressure ratio at ideal solution droplet surface (B&W 19-5; W&B 19-5)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- $A$1467 Diffusion losses in a cylindrical tube--fraction passing through tube under laminar flow (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 $A$1486 Diffusion losses in rectangular tube (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7-33, 7-34)
$A$1505 Diffusion penetration through circular parallel plates (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$1522 Diffusion losses in an annular tube (B&W 19-25; W&B 19-22, 19-24)
$A$1541 Diffusional loss in a parallel plate channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
Slip Correction Factor (B&W 4-9; W&B 3-9; Hinds 3-22) Values of alpha for slip correction factor $A$1568 Diffusional loss in a tubular channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
Also from Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. 21(2):161-68 (1990) eqn Gas alpha $A$1595 Diffusional penetration through a screen (B&W 19-26 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)
Pressure 101.3 Kelvin air 1.207 $A$1616 Diffusion losses in a coiled tube (B&W 19-36, 37; W&B 19-35, 36)
Particle diameter 0.01 µm Ar 1.227 $A$1638 Potential field required to levitate a spherical particle (B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
alpha for gas 1.207 He 1.277 $A$1649 Shape factor for agglomerates (B&W 23-38, 23-42, 23-43, 23-44)
mean free path for gas 0.0664 µm H2 1.141 $A$1659 Aerodynamic diameter of a prolate spheroid and cylinders (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&B 25-2 to 25-6)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- CH4 1.154 $A$1678 Dilution factor for particles in nebulized suspension (B&W 21-1; W&B 22-1)
S.C.F. (Hinds) = 22.5000 C2H6 1.254 $A$1689 Solute particle from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
S.C.F. (Rader) = 17.0290 i-C4H10 1.186 $A$1701 Flow rate through a venturi meter at standard conditions (W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)
S.C.F. (W&B) = 22.9743 N2O 1.207 $A$1716 Flow rate through a critical orifice (B&W 21-7; W&B 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al., Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977) for using syringe needles or Zimmernman and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips
CO2 1.208 $A$1729 Air velocity from Bernoulli's theorem -Pitot tube-(W&B 22-12; Lippmann in Air Sampling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
*********************** *********** *********** $A$1739 Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
$A$1756 Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)
Diffusion coefficient (B&W 4-12; W&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35, 7-7), mechanical mobility (B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and mean thermal velocity (Hinds 7-10)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Molecular weight 0.02896 kg/mole = 0.02896 for air
Particle/molecule diameter 4 µm Conversion Factors
Particle density 1000 kg/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Length
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s
Slip correction factor = 1.0414820105 1 micrometer (µm) = 10^-6 m = 10^-4 cm = 10^-3 mm = 10E3 nm = 10^4 Å = 3.937 x 10^-5 in. = 3.281 x 10^-6 ft.
Diffusion coefficient = 1.51E-13 m^2/s molecular range 1 nanometer (nm) = 10^-3 µm = 10^-9 m
Diffusion coefficient = 6.18E-12 m^2/s particle range 1 Ångstrom (Å) = 10^-4 µm = 10^-10 m
Mechanical mobility = 1.53E+09 m/(N*s) 1 inch (in.) = 2.540 cm
Mean thermal velocity = 0.0005544537 m/s 1 foot (ft.) = 12 in. = 0.3048 m
*********************** *********** *********** Volume
Root mean square Brownian displacement (Hinds 7-18) 1 µm^3 = 10^-15 l = 10^-18 m^3 = 6.102*10^-14 in.^3 = 3.531*10^-17 ft.^3
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 1 liter (l) = 10^15 µm3 = 10^-3 m3 = 61.02 in.^3 = 3.531 x 10^-3 ft.^3
Pressure 101.3 kPa 1 m^3 = 10^18 µm3 = 10^3 l = 6.102 x 10^4 in.^3 = 35.31 ft.^3
Particle diameter 0.1 µm 1 in.^3 = 5.787*10^4 ft.^3 = 1.639*10^3 µm^3 = 1.639*10^-2 l = 1.639*10^-5 m^3
Time 1 s 1 ft.^3 = 1.728*10^3 in.^3 = 2.832*10^16 µm^3 = 28.32 l = 2.832*10^-2 m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s Force
Slip correction factor = 2.8884380463
Diffusion coefficient = 6.86E-10 m^2/s 1 dyne = 10^-5 N = 2.248 *10^-6 lb = 1.021*10^-3 g
R.m.s. displacement = 3.704275E-05 m 1 Newton (N) = 10^5 dyne = 0.2248 lb = 102 g
1 pound (lb) = 4.448*10^5 dynes = 4.448 N = 453.6 g
*********************** *********** *********** 1 gram (g) force = 980.7 dyne = 9.807*10^-3 N = 2.205*10^-3 lb
1 grain (gr) = 63.55 dynes
Peclet Number (B&W 4-16; W&B 3-16) 1 poundal = 1.383*10^4 dynes
Pressure 101.3 kPa Temperature
Particle diameter 0.01 µm
Collecting surface dimensio 1E-05 m degrees Celsius (°C) = T K - 273.16 = 5/9 (T °F -32)
gas velocity 0.1 m/s degrees Kelvin (K) = T °C + 273.16 = 5/9 (T °F + 459.69)
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- degrees Fahrenheit (°F) = 1.8 T °C + 32 = 1.8 T K - 459.69
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s degrees Rankine (R) = T °F + 459.69
Slip correction factor = 22.447615127 where T is temperature in the indicated units
Diffusion coefficient = 5.33E-08 m^2/s
Peclet number (Pe) = 18.754975942 Pressure
*********************** *********** *********** 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013*10^6 dyne/cm^2 = 1.013*10^5 N/m^2 = 14.70 lb/in.^2 = 760 mm Hg = 406.8 in. H2O = 1.013*10^5 Pa = 101.3 kPa
1 dyne/cm^2 = 9.869*10^-7 atm = 0.1 N/m^2 = 1.450*10^-5 lb/in.2 = 7.501*10^-4 mm Hg = 4.015*10^-4 in. H2O
Schmidt Number (B&W 4-17; W&B 3-17) 1 inch of water (in. H2O) (at 4 °C) = 2.458*10^-3 atm = 2491 dyne/cm^2 = 249.1 N/m^2 = 3.613*10^-2 lb/in.^2 = 1.868 mm Hg
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 1 mm of mercury (mm Hg) (at 0 °C) = 1.316*10^-3 atm = 1.333*10^3 dyne/cm^2 = 1.333*10^2 N/m^2 = 0.535 in. H2O = 1.934*10^-2 lb/in^2
Pressure 101.3 kPa 1 Pascal (Pa) = 10 dyne cm^2 = 1 N/m^2
Particle diameter 0.01 µm 1 torr = 1 mm Hg
gas velocity 0.1 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Viscosity
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s 1 poise (P) = 1 g/cm.s = 1 dyne.s/cm^2 = 0.1 Pa.s
Diffusion coeff. = 5.33E-08 m^2/s Electrical units
Schmidt number (Sc) = 281.31394216
1 ampere (amp) = 2.998*10^9 statamp
*********************** *********** *********** 1 statampere (statamp) = 3.336*10^-10 amp
1 volt (V) = 3.336*10^-3 statV
Drag force on a particle (B&W 4-22; W&B 3-22; Hinds 3-18) 1 statvolt (statV) = 299.8 V
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 1 farad (F) = 10^6 µF = 8.987 statF
Pressure 101.3 kPa 1 statfarad (statF) = 1.113*10^-12 F
Particle diameter 3 µm 1 ohm = 1.113*10^-12 statohm
Particle velocity relative to 0.01 m/s 1 statohm = 8.987*10^11 ohm
Dynamic shape factor 1
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Commonly Used Constants
Slip correction factor = 1.0553093473 Boltzmann's const k
Drag force on particle = 4.841692E-12 N Avogadro's numberN(a) 1.381*10^-16 dyne.cm/K
gas constant R 6.022*10^23 molecules/mole
*********************** *********** *********** Stefan-Boltzmann s 8.314*10^7 dyne.cm/mole.K, 82.06 cm^3.atm/mole.K
elementary chargee 5.670*10^-5 dyne/cm.s.K^4
Drag coefficient of a sphere (B&W 4-19, 23, 24; W&B 3-19, 23, 24) permittivity of fr e(0) 1.602*10^-19 C, 4.803*10^-10 statC
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin speed of light in c 1 electrostatic unit, 8.854*10^-12 F/m
Pressure 101.3 kPa gravitational acce g 2.998*10^10 cm/s
Particle diameter 200 µm 980.7 cm/s^2
Particle velocity 1.29 m/s Air at 20 °C and 1 atm (NTP)
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 density 1.205*10^-3 g/cm^3 = 1.205 g/L = 0.075lb/ft.^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s viscosity 1.832*10^-4 P = 1.832*10^-5 Pa.s
Reynolds number = 17.200654031 mean free path 0.0665 µm
Drag coefficient = 2.8642897354 average molecular28.96 g/mole
specific heat ratio 1.4
*********************** *********** *********** diffusion coefficie 0.19 cm^2/s
Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (B&W 4-28; W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21) Water at 20 °C
Pressure 101.3 kPa viscosity 0.01002 dyne.s/cm^2
Particle diameter 40 µm surface tension 72.75 dyne/cm
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- vapor pressure 17.54 mm Hg = 2.338 kPa
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s Water Vapor at 20 °C
Settling velocity = 0.0484391921 m/s
Reynolds number = 0.1291760906 Large Re, settling velocity only accurate to within about 10%; see alter Diffusion coefficie0.24 cm^2/s
Density 0.75.10^-3 g/cm^3
*********************** *********** ***********
Aerodynamic Diameter from physical diameter of a particle (doesn't take slip correction or shape factor into account)
(Hinds 3-28)
Particle diameter 5 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Aerodynamic diameter = 7.0710678119 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Physical diameter from aerodynamic diameter (Carpenter and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(4) 268)
Pressure 101.3 kPA
Aerodynamic diameter 10 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
-intermediate number- 10 Should be close to aerodynamic diameter above
Physical diameter = 7.0628635054
*********************** *********** ***********
Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Particle shape factor 1
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Reynolds number = 1.7370006899
Drag coefficient = 16.015320246
*********************** *********** ***********
Stopping distance, relaxation time for a moving particle (B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Particle velocity 30 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Stopping distance = 0.0055201007 m
Relaxation time = 0.0001840034 s
*********************** *********** ***********
Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Initial particle velocity 1 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Stopping distance = 0.0010993251 m
*********************** *********** ***********
Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Jet velocity 3.3953054526 m/s
Jet diameter 0.0025 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s If Re < 1500, then may have gravitational effects on cut point
Nozzle Reynolds number = 565.90575988 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
Froude Number = 470.53465782 Ratio of inertial to gravitational force; if Fr > 470, results accurate to within 15% (Huang & Tsai, 2001, J. Aerosol Sci. 32:375-87)
Stokes number = 0.1990459823 50% cut point for rectangular jet at 0.83
sqrt(Stokes number) = 0.4461456962 ------> 50% cut point for round jet at 0.47
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle velocity in electric field (B&W 4-43; W&B 3-43; Hinds 15-16)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
No. charges on particle 10
Electric field 29980 V/m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Drift velocity = 2.863142E-05 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 4-51; W&B 3-51; Hinds 2nd ed. 8-6)
Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin Thermal conductivities (W/m*K)
Pressure 101.3 kPa Stearic Acid 0.13 Magnesium Ox 0.13
Particle diameter 3 µm Sodium chlori 6.7 Quartz 9.6
Particle thermal conductivit 0.27 W/m*K Iron 66.9 Fused Silica 1
Thermal gradient 40000 K/m Mercury 8.4 Glycerol 0.27
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Asbestos 0.079 Castor Oil 0.18
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 Carbon 4.2 Paraffin Oil 0.13
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s Sodium fluores 0.43 water 0.59
Mean free path = 6.653235E-08 m Granite 2.1 Clay 0.71
Slip correction factor = 1.0553093473 Glass 0.84 Air 0.026
H = 0.1232989021
Thermophoretic velocity = 0.0003994616 m/s for d>mean free path (B&W 4-51, Hinds 8-6)
Thermophoretic velocity = 0.00033159 m/s for d>mean free path (B&W 6-58); velocity too small when particle thermal conductivity is more than 10 times that of air
Thermophoretic velocity = 0.0011341502 m/s for d<mean free path (B&W 6-59)
*********************** *********** ***********
Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 8-75; Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W., and Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)
Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Particle thermal conductivit 6.6 W/m*K
Thermal gradient 40000 K/m
C(thermal slip) 1.17
C(momentum exchange) 1.14
C(temperature jump) 2.18
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Mean free path = 6.653235E-08 m
Thermophoretic velocity = -0.001062856 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Saturation vapor pressure of some liquids (B&W W&B 4-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin Fluid a b c
a 10.23 Water 10.23 1750 38
b 1750 Methanol 10 1233 45
c 38 Ethanol 10.16 1554 50.2
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- n-butanol* 46.78 11.26
Saturation v.p. = 2351.20 Pa for 273 to 330 Dibutyl phthal 18.39 5099 109
= 17.64 mm Hg *some compounds, e.g., n-butanol use a different equation (no "a" coefficient)
*********************** *********** ***********
Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 13.2)

----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Saturation v.p. = 2.34 kPa for 273 to 373 K
*********************** *********** ***********
Kelvin diameter is the diameter of a drop that neither shrinks nor grows at a specific saturation vapor pressure ratio (W&B 4-2, 19-3; Hinds eqn 13.5)
Liquid surface tension 0.0727 N/m surface tension of water is .0727 N/m at 20°C
Molecular weight 0.018 kg/mole
Liquid density 1000 kg/m^3
Saturation v.p. ratio 1.011
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Kelvin diameter = 2.10021E-07 m
*********************** *********** ***********
Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (W&B 4-2)

Liquid surface tension 0.0727 N/m surface tension of water is 0.0727 N/m at 20°C
Droplet diameter 0.10667 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Saturation v.p. ratio = 1.0504719357
*********************** *********** ***********
Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)

Ambient temperature 293.15 K
Saturation ratio of air 1.1
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Droplet temperature = 294.32172645 K
*********************** *********** ***********
Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet smaller than mean free path (W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)
Vapor molecular weight 0.018 kg/mole
Liquid surface tension 0.0727 N/m
Initial particle diameter 0.01 µm
Saturation ratio 1.05
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Saturation vapor pressure = 2.3394413483 kPa
tial press. at drop surface = 2.8999076246 kPa
Rate of particle growth = 61.195402512 µm/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet larger than mean free path (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Vapor diffusion coefficient 2.4E-05 m^2/s
Initial particle diameter 5 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Drop surface temperature = 293.62406277 K
tial press. at drop surface = 2.4089527238 kPa
Molecular mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
Fuchs correction (f ) = 0.9810417203
Rate of particle growth = 3.8889281641 µm/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Droplet evaporation time for water (B&W 5-8; W&B 4-7; Hinds 13-18 [2nd ed 13-19])
Vapor diffusion coefficient 2.4E-05 m^2/s
Initial particle diameter 20 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
perature at drop surface = 286.54260186 K
por press. at drop surface = 1.5376156773 kPa
e to droplet evaporation = 0.6993637102 s
*********************** *********** ***********
Coagulation coefficient, continuum regime (B&W 5-10; W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
Pressure 101.3 kPA
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Coagulation coefficient = 5.609722E-16 m^3/s Needs Fuchs correction for particle diameter <0.1 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Coagulation coefficient corrected for free molecular regime (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aerosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)
Pressure 101.3 kPA
----------------------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------
particle mean free path = 4.764278E-08 m
Page 16
SI units
particle time constant = 2.717264E-09 s

d = 6.470197E-08 m
b= 0.037711469
Coagulation coefficient = 6.218212E-16 m^3/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Time dependent coagulation, monodisperse aerosol (B&W 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
Pressure 101.3 kPA
Initial concentration 1.00E+12 particle/m^3
Time 100 s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Coagulation coefficient = 5.044231E-16 m^3/s Needs correction for particle diameter <0.1 µm, see Fuchs correction above
Conc'n at time (t) = 9.5198E+11 particle/m^3
Particle size at time (t) = 0.2541347638 µm
Time to half conc'n = 33.041044828 min
Time to double size = 3.8547885632 hours
*********************** *********** ***********
Coagulation: number concentration and particle volume after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd ed 12-16])
Initial number concentratio 1.00E+13 particle/m^3
Coagulation coefficient 5.60E-16 m^3/s
Initial particle size 0.2 µm
Time 120 s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
al particle concentration = 5.98086E+12 particle/m^3
Final particle size = 0.2373788856 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Polydisperse coagulation coefficient--continuum regime (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
Particle count median diame 0.2 µm
Geometric standard deviatio 2
Coagulation time period 120 s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Z = 0.4804530139 intermediate number
coagulation coefficient = 9.590516E-16 m^3/s Note: good only for modest changes in particle size
nal number concentration = 4.65E+12 particle/m^3
Final diameter = 0.2581670665 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Polydisperse coagulation from Park et al J Aerosol Sci.30:1 3-16 (1999)

This calculation may take several hundred iterations to converge. Don't change values more than a factor of 100 to prevent blowup of result.
Decrease iteration inertia to increase convergence rate. Increase inertia if solution oscillates, especially at small N/N(0)
Temperature 293.15 degrees Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 Kilopascals
Mean free path (reference) 0.0674 µm
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 degrees Kelvin
Particle volume mean diame 0.0102 µm
Geometric standard deviatio 1
Caogulation time 10000 s
Iteration inertia 1 Range: 0.1-1000
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s
Molecular mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
Knudsen number(Kn(0)) = 13.045557919
K(c0) = 1.493509E-16
Dimensionless time = 0.1493508647
v(g0) = 5.556472E-25 m^3
Zo = 0
p= 2
q = 46.598888463
H= 4
b(0) = 0.7071738339
Kfm = 3.169497E-12
Kco = 1.493509E-16
s = 0.0918617467
Z(inf) = 0.0770793812
Z(inf,fm) = 0.0922953237
d = 1.0885677685
intermediate number = 0.569185673
t' = 0.1493508647
etric Standard deviation = 1.2379921723
al volume mean diameter = 0.0114945123 µm
N/N(0) = 0.569185673
Final Concentration = 5.6919E+10 particles/m^3
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle size from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])
Solution flow rate 3.333333E-09 m^3/s
Orifice vibration frequency 118 kHz
Solution concentration (Vol/ 6.30E-04
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Generator droplet size = 37.786155304 µm
Final particle diameter = 3.2392630845 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Aerosol droplets from nebulized suspension of particles containing single particles, i.e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7)
Vol. med. diam. of droplet d 3 µm
Sigma (g) of droplet distribu 2
Ratio of singlets 0.95 i.e., droplets containing singlets/droplets containing particles including singlets and multiplets
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
ncentration of suspension = 2.12451E+15 particle/m^3
*********************** *********** ***********
Inlet efficiency for an isoaxial horizontal sharp-edged inlet: aspiration + transmission (B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, Hinds 10-7)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Inlet diameter 0.0127 m
Inlet length 0.1 m
Air velocity in inlet (Vi) 0.05 m/s
Velocity ratio (Vw/Vi) 15 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Flow Reynolds number = 42.33494306
Relaxation time = 0.0006993638 s
Stokes number = 0.0413010137
Aspiration efficiency = 2.0884545852 from Belyaev & Levin
Gravitational parameter = 1.0804345177
Gravitational efficiency = 0.4840508736
nertial transm. efficiency = 0.7091177135
ena contracta efficiency = 1
Isoaxial inlet efficiency = 0.7168600497
*********************** *********** ***********
Aspiration efficiency-all forward angles (B&W 8-20, 8-21, 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-22)
Hangal and Willeke Eviron. Sci. Tech. 24:688-691 (1990)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Sampling angle 46 degrees between 0 to 90°
Air velocity in inlet (Vi) 0.34 m/s
Velocity ratio (Vw/Vi) 5 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 g/m^3
-intermediate number- 0.0584662014
inertial parameter = 0.5359339707
Aspiration efficiency = 2.3255211232 valid for 45<angle<90; 1.25<R<6.25; 0.003<St<0.2
inertial parameter = 0.0262970654 Overlapping equations 45<angle<60--check validity conditions
Aspiration efficiency = 1.0650403177 valid for 0°<angle<60°, 0.01<St<6
*********************** *********** ***********
Aspiration efficiency of thin-walled sampler in calm air and low velocity air(Grinshpun, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube diameter 0.025 m
Angle from vertical 0 degrees from vertical (0°-90°)
Angle relative to external w 0 degrees (0°-90°)
Relative flow 1 1 if inlet faces wind; -1 if turned away from wind (U0)
Mean inlet flow velocity (U 6.7906E-02 m/s
Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 2.00
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Wind Stokes number(w)= 0.0001586222
Inlet Stokes number(i)= 7.939204E-05
Aspiration efficiency = 1.0042181826 for calm air, Stk(i) -->0
Aspiration efficiency = 0.0042181826 for calm air, Stk(i) -->8
air aspiration efficiency = 1.0040462211 for calm air, Stk(i) intermediate range
St(i,theta) = 7.939204E-05
beta = 7.703647E-05
delta = 0.0042226308
E(a,mov) = 1.0000770365 modified Durham & Lundgren eqn.
E(a,calm) = 1.0040462211
Aspiration efficiency = 1.0021902089
*********************** *********** ***********
Aspiration efficiency of a blunt sampler worn on the body. (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai, Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93-113, 1996
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Sampler diameter 0.03 m
Air velocity in Inlet (U) 0.1 m/s
Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 4
----------------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
r= 0.1
Phi = 0.0025
St1 = 0.0307030851
alpha1 = 0.0076173026
A1 = 1.0485074629
St2 = 0.0056555566
alpha2 = 0.0328196592
A2 = 0.984997593
Aspiration Efficiency (0) = 1.0327773272 forward sampling
piration Efficiency (pi/2) = 0.3003220601 right angle sampling
Aspiration Efficiency (pi) = 0.834380329 180 ° sampling
tion Efficiency (average) = 0.874472196 direction averaged sampling
*********************** *********** ***********
Gravitational losses in an inlet (B&W 8-23, 8-24; W&B 6-23, 6-24)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Inlet length 1 m
Sampling angle (theta) 45 degrees keep between 0 to 90°
Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 1.5 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic, < 1 for superisokinetic
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
itational dep. parameter = 0.0136866063
K(theta) = 0.0131377704
Fraction penetrating = 0.8332804688
*********************** *********** ***********
Inertial losses in a sharp-edged inlet (B&W 8-25 to 8-29; W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Sampling angle (theta) 90 degrees
Air flow direction into inlet down (up or down)
Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 4 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic, < 1 for superisokinetic
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
I(vena contracta) = 0
(alpha) = -9.83282E-39
I(wall impaction) = 0.0589309828
al transmission efficiency = 0.7706934729
*********************** *********** ***********
Sampling criteria in still air (B&W 8-38 to 8-41, 8-43; W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-10,10-12,10-15)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Inlet air velocity 0.0999907956 m/s
Sampler diameter 0.032575 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 poise
Particle relaxation time = 0.0006993638 s
Flow rate = 8.333333E-05 m^3/s or 5 L/min
Davies criteria (settling) = 0.0248718646 m largest diameter inlet for unbiased sampling
Davies criteria (inertia) = 0.0166764659 m smallest diameter inlet for unbiased sampling
Agarwal/Liu criteria = 9.596334E-05 m smallest diameter inlet for less than 10% bias
Based on Grinshpun et al. = 0.0010202203 m largest diameter inlet for unbiased sampling (B&W 8-43)
*********************** *********** ***********
Penetration efficiency of an inclined tube under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)
Temperature 300 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube length 1.1 m
Incline angle (0-90) 45 degrees from horizontal
Mean flow velocity 0.1474 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.1772765 kg/m^3
Flow Reynolds number = 56.576088249 -laminar-
This value must be << 1 --> 0.0073390202
-intermediate number (k)- 1.0091152724
-intermediate number- 0
-intermediate number- Err:502
Fraction penetrating = 0 for laminar flow
Fraction penetrating = 0.1803010557 for turbulent flow
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle concentration exiting a tube under turbulent flow conditions (B&W 8-55; W&B 6-41)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube diameter 0.1 m
Tube length 1 m
Incline angle (0-90) 45 degrees
Initial particle concentratio 100 particles/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Outlet concentration = 57.57641328 particles/m^3
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion losses in a tube--fraction passing through tube (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube length 1.1 m
Air flow rate 4.168E-06 m^3/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Diffusion coeff. = 5.36E-08 m^2/s
Reynolds number = 56.581018532 laminar flow
Schmidt number = 291.74988173
Sherwood number = 6.9949177643 for laminar flow (W&B 6-43????
Sherwood number = 2.6919908917 for turbulent flow (W&B 6-45)
µ = 0.0444242369 dimensionless diffusion parameter
Fraction penetrating = 0.7351652796 laminar flow from Gormley and Kennedy (W&B 6-46)
Fraction penetrating = 0.7329015598 laminar flow (W&B 6-42, 6-43)
Fraction penetrating = 0.8872844671 turbulent flow (W&B 6-42, 6-45)
*********************** *********** ***********
Penetration efficiency of a tube under turbulent flow conditions, inertial deposition (B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube length 1.1 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Flow Reynolds number = 56.576088249 -laminar-
tau+ = 0.0001409151
V+ = 1.191425E-11
V(t) = 2.108225E-13 m/s
ial penetration efficiency = 0.999999999
*********************** *********** ***********
Turbulent diffusional losses in a tube (Hinds 7-31, 7-32)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube width 0.006 m
Tube length 1.1 m
Air velocity 0.1474 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Deposition velocity = 4.887185E-05 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Loss in a bent section of circular tubing (B&W 8-66 to 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Particle Diameter 10 µm
Particle Density 1000 kg/m^3
Tube air velocity 0.921 m/s
Angle of bend 90 degrees
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.1845814187 kg/m^3
Air Viscosity = 1.831389E-05 Pa*s
Stokes number = 0.0591714516 If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar
Reynolds number = 285.94669952 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
Fraction penetrating = 0.9070537012 for laminar flow (B&W 8-66; W&B 6-52)
Fraction penetrating = 0.7692129717 for turbulent flow (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53)
*********************** *********** ***********
Losses in bends of circular cross section tubing (turbulent flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Flow rate 1.67E-05 m^3/s
Tube bend angle 90 degrees
Tube bend radius 0.01 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.1845814187 kg/m^3
Kinematic viscosity = 1.546022E-05 m^2
Mean axial velocity = 8.4107038476 m/s
Reynolds number = 864.99517717 --not valid: laminar flow
Stokes number = 3.2625640258 (based on tube radius)
Fractional penetration = 0.0007218534 penetration un (W&B 6-53, based on tube radius)
Percent penetration = 0.0721853395 (W&B 6-53, based on tube radius)
Percent penetration = 0.0721357984 Pui, Romay-Novas, Liu, 1987, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 7, 301
Percent penetration = 0.0550148733 McFarland et al. (error in reference eq'n 13d corrected: 0.132 --> 0.0132)
*********************** *********** ***********
Loss at an abrupt contraction in circular tubing (B&W 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube air velocity 0.921 m/s
Contraction diameter 0.00159 m
Contraction angle 90 degrees
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.1845814187 kg/m^3
Nozzle Reynolds number = 285.09986822
Fraction penetrating = 0.5762618554 W&B 6-54
Fraction penetrating = 0.2074132065 min penetration for laminar flow (B&W 8-69)
Fraction penetrating = 0.1097265625 min penetration for turbulent flow (B&W 8-70)
Fraction penetrating = 0.684530929 B&W 8-71
*********************** *********** ***********
Transport efficiency, turbulent flow, due to thermophoretic losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to 8-75)
Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Page 17
SI units
Tube length 1 m
Flow rate 0.01 m^3/s
Particle thermal conductivit 0.27 W/m*K
Air thermal conductivity 0.026 W/m*K
Thermal gradient 40000 K/m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
H = 0.1232989021
rmophoretic velocity (1) = 0.0003994616 m/s for d>mean free path (B&W 4-51, Hinds 8-6)
rmophoretic velocity (2) = 0.00033159 m/s for d>mean free path (B&W 8-73); velocity too small when particle thermal conductivity is more than 10 times that of air
rmophoretic velocity (3) = 0.0011341502 m/s for d<mean free path (B&W 8-74)
rmophoretic velocity (4) = 0.0006110564 m/s for all d, (B&W 8-75)
Transport efficiency (1) = 0.9998745133
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle loss in an enclosed rectangular vessel undergoing uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Time period 10 s
Initial particle conc. 100 particles/m^3
Vessel height 0.1 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air Viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s
Final concentration = 92.505811817 particles/m^3
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle loss in an enclosed spherical vessel undergoing uniform stirring

Dennis, Handbook on Aerosols, NTIS TID-6608 eqn 3-19
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Time period 10 s
Initial particle concentratio 100 particles/m^3
Sphere diameter 0.001 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Settling velocity = 3.51632E-05 m/s
Final concentration = 76.818554394 particles/m^3
*********************** *********** ***********
ICRP model deposition in respiratory system--average for males, females, and three exercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Inhalable fraction = 1
Head airways deposition = 0.7911514076
acheobroncial deposition = 0.1977490985
Alveolar Depostion = 0.0158821521
Total Deposition = 0.9659475984
*********************** *********** ***********
Hatch-Choate equations for lognormal distributions of spherical particles (B&W 22-17; W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
S ee S izedis spreadsheet to calculate actual size distributions
Count median diameter 0.3 µm
Sigma (g) 1.7
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Mode diameter = 0.226380256 µm
Count mean diameter = 0.3453525036 µm
Length median diameter = 0.3975611726 µm
Surface median diameter = 0.5268496198 µm
Mass median diameter = 0.6981831753 µm
Mass mean diameter = 0.8037310253 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Filter efficiency (B&W 9-1; W&B 10-1)

Single fiber efficiency 0.0646
Solidity or packing density ( 0.2
Filter depth 1 mm
Fiber diameter 5 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Filter efficiency = 0.9836342367
*********************** *********** ***********
Single fiber efficiencies (B&W 9-5, 9-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Filter depth 0.001 m
Gas velocity 0.15 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Peclet number = 11839.397395
K (hydrodynamic factor) = 0.2447189562
Diffusion efficiency = 0.0162363729
R= 0.1
Interception efficiency = 0.030165652
Impaction efficiency = 0.0191482999
Gravitational parameter = 6.700639E-05
Gravitational efficiency = 6.70019E-05
al single fiber efficiency = 0.0656173267
Filter efficiency = 0.9846605718
*********************** *********** ***********
Most penetrating size and minimum filter efficiency (B&W 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-08 m
Most penetrating size = 0.4296921436 µm
Minimum efficiency = 0.0050620678
*********************** *********** ***********
Pressure drop across a fibrous filter (B&W 9-21; W&B 10-21; Hinds 9-36)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Filter depth 0.001 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-08 m
Pressure drop (Hinds) = 2010.9709854 Pa
Pressure drop (W&B) = 1417.8105173 Pa
*********************** *********** ***********
Penetration efficiency through tubular section of open-pore foam. Vincent, Aitken, and Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
For additional information see Lee Kenny Health and Safety Lab report IR/EXM/99/01 Sheffield, UK
Foam Diameter 24.5 mm
Foam Thickness 10 mm
Flow rate 3.5 l/min
Porosity 45 pores per inch
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Face velocity = 0.123735726 m/s
Gravitational parameter = 0.0060105738
Fiber diameter = 9.407087E-05 m
Penetration fraction 0.9324279746 m
*********************** *********** ***********
Particle motion in an oscillating field (B&W 17-4 to 17-13; W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Oscillation frequency 20000 Hz
Aerodynamic diameter 0.1 µm
Particle charge 30 unit charges
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Kinematic viscosity = 1.499943E-05 m^2
Particle relaxation time = 8.879857E-08 s
Frequency (omega) = 125663.70614 radians/s
xi = 309.01348655 (B&W 17-4; W&B Eq. 17-4)
alpha = 553.34872007 (B&W 17-10; W&B Eq. 17-10)
Phase lag = 0.2202290627 radians (B&W 17-8; W&B Eq. 17-8)
Amplitude ratio = 0.9999801876 (B&W 17-7; W&B Eq. 17-7)
Phase lag = 0.6393231739 radians (B&W 17-12; W&B Eq. 17-12)
Amplitude ratio = 0.9999377469 (B&W 17-13; W&B Eq. 17-13)
Amplitude ratio = 8.139947E-07 (m/s)/(V/m) (B&W 17-15; W&B Eq. 17-15)
*********************** *********** ***********
Gas velocity in a nozzle under compressible flow (B&W 17-27; W&B 17-27)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Pressure drop 10 kPa
Gas molecular weight 0.02897 kg/mole
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Gas velocity in nozzle = 132.24307 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Weber number is the ratio of the inertial to the surface tension forces (W&B 17-32)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Droplet diameter 20 µm
Surface tension 0.02 N/m
Air velocity 150 m/s
Droplet velocity 10 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 Droplets will show increasing distortion up
Weber number = 23.613801194 to We = 12 and break up above the range 12-28
Droplet breakup time = 2.057866E-06 s in steady accelerating flow
In turbulent flow it may break up if We>6.5
*********************** *********** ***********
Sonic velocity (W&B 17-34)

Ratio of specific heat capaci 1.4 = 1.40 for air
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Sonic velocity = 343.17069972 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Average angular deflection of a fiber from alignment by an electric field due to Brownian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
Fiber length 10 µm
Fiber aspect ratio 100
Electric field strength 2.9980E+07 V/m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Angular deflection = 0.0006030418 degrees
*********************** *********** ***********
Relative light scattering intensity as a function of fiber length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-36)
Fiber length 4 µm
Fiber rotation angle 5 degrees
Light wavelength 0.6328 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Relative intensity = 0.001450864
*********************** *********** ***********
Limiting electrical mobility of particles passing through a parallel plate mobility analyzer (W&B 18-12)
Mean air velocity 0.05 m/s
Distance between the plates 0.02985 m
Voltage 500 V
Length of plates 0.3048 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
imiting particle mobility = 5.846604E-07 m^2/V*s
*********************** *********** ***********
Mean electrical mobility of particles deposited near the end of a cylindrical mobility analyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
Total flow rate 0.0008333333 m^3/s
Aerosol flow rate 8.333333E-05 m^3/s
Outer radius of analyzer 0.02985 m
Collector rod radius 0.01151 m
Rod voltage 19 V
Collector rod length 0.3048 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Mean particle mobility = 2.07335E-05 m^2/V*s
*********************** *********** ***********
Mean electrical mobility of particles exiting a radial mobility analyzer (B&W 18-30)
Sheath flow rate 0.0008333333 m^3/s
Exit flow rate 8.333333E-05 m^3/s
Radius of inlet flow 0.02985 m
radius of exit flow 0.01151 m
Rod voltage 19 V
Plate spacing 0.03 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Mean particle mobility = 0.0003036822 m^2/V*s
*********************** *********** ***********
Mean electrical mobility of particles passing through the TSI differential mobility analyzer (W&B 18-14)
Total flow rate 0.0008333333 m^3/s
Inlet aerosol flow rate 8.333333E-05 m^3/s
Exit flow rate 1.666667E-05 m^3/s Long DMA Old TSI DMA
Outer radius of analyzer 0.02985 m 0.01958 0.02985 m
Collector rod radius 0.01151 m 0.00937 0.01151 m
Rod voltage 19 V
Collector rod length 0.3048 m 0.4444 0.3048 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Mean particle mobility = 2.051525E-05 m^2/V*s
Mobility spread = 2.618968E-06 m^2/V*s
*********************** *********** ***********
Electrostatic force between two particles assuming point charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 15-11)
# of charges/Particle1 100 unit charges
# of charges/Particle2 100 unit charges
Distance between 1 & 2 1E-05 m ********Conversion Factors*******
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Quantity CGS units SI units
Force between parts. = 2.306618E-14 N Charge 1 StatCoulomb3.3E-10 Coul
Current 1 StatAmpere 3.3E-10 Amp
*********************** *********** *********** Potential 1 StatVolt 300 Volts
Charge/electro4.8E-10 StatC 1.6E-19 Coul
Electric field strength between parallel plates (Hinds 15-12)
Potential between plates 100 V
Plate separation 0.01 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Field strength = 10000 V/m
*********************** *********** ***********
Electric field strength between concentric tubes (B&W 18-26; Hinds 15-13)
Potential between tubes 11000 V
Outer tube diameter 0.06 m
Inner tube diameter 0.0225 m
Radial distance to calculate 0.025 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Field strength
at 0.025 m = 448599.99704 V/m
*********************** *********** ***********
Electrical mobility of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
# of charges on part. 1 unit charges
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Electrical mobility = 1.095319E-09 m^2/V*s
*********************** *********** ***********
Terminal electrostatic drift velocity of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Electric field strength 101000 V/m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Electrical mobility = 1.369759E-06 m^2/stV*s
Terminal velocity = 0.138345635 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Number of charges accumulated by a particle due to diffusion charging (B&W 18-20; W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
Ion concentration 1.00E+13 ions/m^3 Typical concentration is 10^13 ions/m^3
Charging time 1 s
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- This is only accurate within an order of magnitude for
Number of charges = 106.48758416 particle diameter 0.1<diam<2µm and ion conc.>10^12
*********************** *********** ***********
Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to field charging (B&W 18-21, 18-22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
Ion concentration 1.00E+13 ions/m^3 Typical concentration is 10^13 ions/m^3
Charging time 1 s Typical dielectric constants
Field strength 500000 V/m Quartz 4.3
Dielectric constant 5.1 Water 80
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- Conductors infinite
Number of charges = 2608.5473687 unit charges This result is within a factor of 2 down to 0.4 µm and
accurate above 4 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to combined diffusion and field charging under moderate conditions (W&B 18-3)
See Pui, Fruin, and McMurry Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8(2):173 for ion properties
Ion concentration 1.00E+13 ions/m^3
Charging time 1 s
Field strength 500000 V/m
Dielectric constant of partic 5.1
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Ion Knudsen number = 0.29 for positive ions
Number of charges = 1.9883723813 unit charges
*********************** *********** ***********
Saturation charge for field charging conditions--Pauthenier's limit (Hinds 15-26)

Field strength 1000000 V/m
Dielectric constant 4.3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Saturation charge = 5688 unit charges
*********************** *********** ***********
Limiting number of charges on particles (Hinds 15-28)

----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Max negative charges = 1.56E+05 unit charges
Max positive charges = 3.65E+06 unit charges
*********************** *********** ***********
Rayleigh limit - maximum number of charges on a droplet before it shatters (Hinds 15-29)
Surface tension 0.0727 N/m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Rayleigh limit = 1.4080E+03 unit charges
*********************** *********** ***********
Boltzmann distribution - fraction of particles carrying a specific charge (B&W 18-19; W&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
Diameter 0.2 µm
Number of charges 2 unit charges
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Fraction with charge = 0.0963791046 either + or - charge Within 7% for d(p) > 0.02 µm
Fraction with charge = 0.0718654492 More accurate over limited range; polarity dependent (B&W 18-19)
*********************** *********** ***********
Fraction of charge remaining on a particle after exposure to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds 15-33)
Exposure time period 10 s
Ion concentration 5.00E+10 ions/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Fraction of charge = 0.2573886637
*********************** *********** ***********
Loss of unipolar charged particles in a conductive tube due to space charge (Kasper J Colloid Int Sci (1981)81:32 eqn 7)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
length of tubing 2.605 m
Tube diameter 0.1 m
Initial concentration 1.00E+07 particles/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Mechanical mobility = 1.6959E+11 m/(N*s)
Electrical mobility = 1.356742E-06 m^2/V*s
Rate constant E = 1.227551E-12
Final concentration = 9714366 particles/m^3
Loss = 2.85633521 %
*********************** *********** ***********
Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
NOTE: Use iteration so that answer converges
This calculation may take several hundred iterations to converge.
Temperature 293.15 K
Pressure 101.3 kPa
# of charges on part. 1000
Length of tubing 1.000E-07 m
Tube diameter 1.000E-04 m
----------------------------------- -----------------
Mechanical mobility = 1.69593E+11 m/N*s
-intermediate number- 0.0003902096 <- These two values are
-intermediate number- 0.0003902096 <- equal when converged
-intermediate number- 0.0630212732 Will not calculate above 0.99 or below 0.01
Fraction deposited = 0.0630212732 Parabolic flow profile
*********************** *********** ***********
Page 18
SI units
Radial velocity of a conductive fiber in a gradient electric field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
Dielectric contant of mediu 1.001
Fiber dielectric constant 5
Permittivity of free space 8.85E-12 C^2/Nm^2
Fiber diameter 1 mm
Fiber length 100 mm
Potential across electrodes 3549 Volts
Outer electrode radius 0.00793 m
Inner electrode radius 0.01111 m
Evaluate at radial distance 0.00884 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Field gradient = 3.20722E+14 V^2/m^3
aspect ratio (beta) = 100
ric constant ratio (alpha) = 4.995004995
f(beta) = 0.9995701013
g(beta) = 13.892442317
Velocity = 1.25E-04 m/s
*********************** *********** ***********
Coincidence loss in a particle counter (B&W 15-30; W&B 15-30)

Detection volume 5.00E-10 m^3
Particles concentration 1.00E+08 particles/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Observed concentration = 95122942.45
Percent coincidence = 4.88 %
*********************** *********** ***********
Velocity distribution approaching Poiseuille flow in Centerline relative

a circular tube after initial startup of flow velocity
Bird Stewart and Lightfoot, "Transport Phenomena" p129 factor v(z)/v(max)
Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 0.05 0.2
Pressure 101.3 kPa 0.1 0.4
Tube radius 0.05 m 0.15 0.53
Time after startup 10 s 0.2 0.66
----------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- 0.3 0.8
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s 0.4 0.88
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3 0.5 0.92
factor = 0.0599977186 --> v(z)/v(max) should be close to 1 for Poisseuille flow
*********************** *********** ***********
Saturation ratio as a function of particle size for a solute droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed 23-17])
Liquid surface tension 0.07275 N/m
Molecular weight of liquid 0.018 kg/mole
Molecular weight of solute 0.05845 kg/mole
# of ions per solute molecul 2
Solid particle diameter 0.152 µm
Density of pure solute 2165 kg/m^3
Weight of solute 3.980955E-18 kg
Droplet size 1.5 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
saturation ratio = 1.0000469157
*********************** *********** ***********
Vapor pressure ratio at ideal solution droplet surface (B&W 19-5; W&B 19-5)
Liquid surface tension 0.07275 N/m surface tension of water is 0.07275 N/m at 20°C
partial molar volume of sol 2.00E-07 m^3
number of moles of solute 1.00E-20
Droplet size 0.005 µm
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
sure ratio at drop surface = 0.9745476417
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion losses in a cylindrical tube--fraction passing through tube under laminar flow (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube length 0.05 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
µ (Hinds) = 0.0058166516 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
ction penetrating (Hinds) = 0.8440415659
µ (W&B)= 0.01827355 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
ction penetrating (W&B) = 0.8299618102
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion losses in rectangular tube (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7-33, 7-34)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Channel length 1 m
Combined chan. width 0.1 m
Channel height 0.01 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
µ (Hinds) = 0.0022320375 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
ction penetrating (Hinds) = 0.9472690016
µ (W&B)= 0.0059521 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
action penetrating (W&B) = 0.9508108274
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion penetration through circular parallel plates (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Inner diameter of disks 0.0098 m
Outer diameter of disks 0.03 m
Spacing between plates 0.001 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
µ = 0.0037583268
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion losses in an annular tube (B&W 19-25; W&B 19-22, 19-24)

Pressure 101.3 kPa
Inner tube diameter 0.0098 m
Outer tube diameter 0.01 m
Tube length 1 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
µ = 0.173550776
action penetrating(W&B) = 0.0164315843 Valid only for penetrations less than 0.1
action penetrating(B&W) = 0.0538587603
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusional loss in a parallel plate channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin
Geometric mean volume di 0.2 µm
r(g,0) 1.00E-05
Geometric standard deviatio 1.5
Mean velocity through chan 1.00E-03 m/s
Length of channel 0.002 m
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
Knudsen number = 0.6653234539
B = 6.292927E-11
v'(0) = 3.162278E-11
w'(0) = 1.2031609254
w' = 1.202763456
metric standard deviation = 1.4994565965
. mean volume diameter = 0.2002412599 µm
nal number concentration = 9.95E+01
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusional loss in a tubular channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin
Geometric mean volume di 0.2 µm
r(g,0) 1.00E-05
Geometric standard deviatio 1.5
Mean velocity through chan 1.00E-03 m/s
Length of channel 0.002 m
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
Knudsen number = 0.6653234539
F = 1.317132E-10
v'(0) = 3.162278E-11
w'(0) = 1.2031609254
w' = 1.2023317599
metric standard deviation = 1.4988658683
. mean volume diameter = 0.2005041951 µm
nal number concentration = 9.90E+01
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusional penetration through a screen (B&W 19-26 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Particle diameter 0.01 µm Should be < 1 µm
Number of screens 10
Fiber (wire) diameter 2E-05 m
Thickness of one screen 5E-05 m
Solid volume fraction of scr 0.345
Air velocity into screen 0.0872536077 m/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Hydrodynamic factor (k) = 0.2154708512
Single fiber efficiency = 0.2668251513
Fractional penetration = 0.011406469
Pressure drop = 50.492692834 Pa
*********************** *********** ***********
Diffusion losses in a coiled tube (B&W 19-36, 37; W&B 19-35, 36)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Tube coil diameter 0.1 m
Tube length 0.9424777961 m
Air flow rate 0.0001666667 m^3/s
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Tube Reynolds number = 1414.7643997
Schmidt number = 1480447.6631
f boundary layers (delta ) = 0.2571297386
Dean number = 141.47643997
Sherwood number = 47.863581851
Penetration = 0.8199929357
*********************** *********** ***********
Potential field required to levitate a spherical particle (B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
Spherical particle diameter 1 µm
particle density 1000 kg/m^3
Electrode spacing 0.02 m
Charge on particle 100 unit charges
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Particle mass = 5.235988E-16 kg
Required potential field = 6.412614218 V
*********************** *********** ***********
Shape factor for agglomerates (B&W 23-38, 23-42, 23-43, 23-44)

# of particles in agglom. (N 10
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Linear chain (c ) = 1.3306067895
Large N (c ) = 1.0426804972 out of range
Small N (c) = 1.2882495517
Independent particles (c) = 4.6415888336
*********************** *********** ***********
Aerodynamic diameter of a prolate spheroid and cylinders (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&B 25-2 to 25-6)
Griffiths and Vaughan, 1986 Ann. Occup. Hyg.17:53-65 (originally from Cox 1970, J. Fluid mech. 44:791)
Fiber diameter 2.5 µm
Fiber density 1230 kg/m^3
Aspect ratio 50
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.4417912857 µm Cox's eq'n for a cylinder(W&B 25-6)
D(ae) for motion || to axis 8.1053362013 µm Cox's eq'n for a cylinder(W&B 25-5)
factor for motion _|_ to axis 13.058401808 Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (W&B 25-4)
factor for motion || to axis 8.1167916416 Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (W&B 25-3)
D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 5.4254098644 µm Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (G&V 2, 3 and 11)
D(ae) for motion || to axis 6.8815357069 µm Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (G&V 2, 3 and 11)
D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.2105439435 µm Oseen theory(G&V 2, 3 and 12) for equivalent diameter cylinder--volume corrected
D(ae) for motion || to axis 249.10500534 µm Oseen theory(G&V 2, 3 and 12) for equivalent diameter cylinder--volume corrected
D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.6447429066 µm Oseen theory for equivalent diameter cylinder--mass corrected
D(ae) for motion || to axis 8.4281255643 µm Oseen theory for equivalent diameter cylinder--mass corrected
*********************** *********** ***********
Dilution factor for particles in nebulized suspension (B&W 21-1; W&B 22-1)
Droplet volume median diam 5.7 µm
Droplet sigma(g) 1.8
Percent singlets desired 95 %
Volumetric fraction of partic 0.1
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Required dilution factor = 514.87355361
*********************** *********** ***********
Solute particle from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
Liquid flow rate thru orifice 1.80E-07 m^3/min
Orifice frequency 55000 Hz
Solute concentration 1 kg/m^3
Solute density 1350 kg/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Volumetric concentration = 0.0007407407
Droplet size = 47.052927333 µm
Particle size = 4.2573764955 µm
*********************** *********** ***********
Flow rate through a venturi meter at standard conditions (W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)
Discharge coefficient 0.985 =0.985 for standard conditions
Upstream pressure 101.3 kPa
Throat pressure 99.3 kPa
Throat diameter 0.01 m
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Pressure drop = 2 kPa
Upstream gas density = 1.293 kg/m^3
Flow rate = 0.0043998828 m^3/s
= 263.99296809 L/min
= 263.35510092 L/min Lippmann's formula
*********************** *********** ***********
Flow rate through a critical orifice (B&W 21-7; W&B 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al., Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977) for using syringe needles or Zimmernman and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips
Note units
Discharge coefficient 0.628 Determined for each type of orifice; Approx. 0.61 for thin orifice, standard conditions: 0.63-0.70 for longer orifices, e.g., syringe needles
Orifice diameter 1.23 mm
Upstream pressure 92.902763158 kPa Downstream pressure must < 0.53 of upstream pressure
Specific heat ratio 1.4 =1.4 for air
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Upstream gas density = 1.1858171053 kg/m^3
Flow rate = 0.0001314548 m^3/s
= 7.8872872133 l/min
*********************** *********** ***********
Air velocity from Bernoulli's theorem -Pitot tube-(W&B 22-12; Lippmann in Air Sampling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
Liquid column height differ 0.005 m Hg Liquid density (kg/m^3)
Liquid density 13600 kg/m^3 water 1000
Gas density 1.293 kg/m^3 mercury 13600
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Velocity = 32.105780308 m/s
33.373019799 m/s Lippmann's formula
*********************** *********** ***********
Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
Pressure 101.3 kPa
Flow rate 0.05 m^3/min
Tube length 8 m
---------------------- ---------- ------------
Air velocity = 42.441318158 m/s
Air density = 1.2047857752 kg/m^3
Air viscosity = 1.80711E-05 Pa*s If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar
Reynolds number = 14147.643997 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
Pressure drop = 50366.641211 N/m^2
= 7.3100014819 lb/in^2
= 202.19446492 in (H2O)
*********************** *********** ***********
Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)

number/cc 1.7052E+13 particles/m^3
----------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
Particle mass 3.351032E-11 mg/particle
Aerosol mass concentration 0.5714180046 g/m^3
571.41800458 mg/m^3
571418.00458 mg/m^3
Page 19
A B C D E F
1 Aerosol Calculator
2 by Paul Baron
3 For comment and feedback: pbaron@cdc.gov
4 1-Oct-01 Version date
5 This program is freeware
6 The program is free of charge for individual use, but the author requests that it
7 not be sold or used commercially without written consent of the author.
8
9 Note: Some calculations require that the Iteration option be turned on (e.g., use 100 iterations):
10 Change under Tools menu/Preferences (or Options)/Calculation (check help menu if not found in this location)
11
12
13 Note-----> Many equations from Willeke and Baron (W&B), Aerosol Measurement, Van Nostrand Reinhold 199
14 from Baron and Willeke (B&W) Aerosol Measurement, 2nd Edition, J Wiley and Sons, 2001,
15 and from Hinds, Aerosol Technology, J. Wiley and Sons, 1982 [2nd edition 1999]
16 Hinds equations from 1st and 2nd edition are same except as noted
17 *********************** *********** ***********
18
19 Particle Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)
20 Temperature 293.15 Kelvin
21 Pressure 101.3 kPa
22 Particle diameter 5 µm
23 Particle velocity 1 cm/s
24 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
25 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
27 Reynolds number (Re) = 0.0033334601 If Re < 0.1 then flow is laminar
28
29 *********************** *********** ***********
30
31 Tube Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)
34 Tube diameter 5 cm
35 Air velocity 1 cm/s
36 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
37 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
38 Air viscosity = 0.000180711 poise If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar
39 Reynolds number (Re) = 33.334600835 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
40
41 *********************** *********** ***********
42
43 Air pressure from ideal gas law (B&W 4-3; W&B 3-3)
45 Gas density 0.001205 g/cm^3 = 1.205 x 10-3 g/cm^3 for air at NTP
46 Molecular weight 28.96 g/mole = 28.96 for air
47 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
48 Air pressure = 1014117.8058 dyne/cm^2
49 101.41178058 kPa
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50
51 *********************** *********** ***********
52
53 Gas molecular velocity (B&W 4-5; W&B 3-5)
55 Molecular weight 28 atomic units
56 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
57 Gas molecular velocity = 47038.22192 cm/s
58
59 *********************** *********** ***********
60
61 Molecular mean free path (use constants for appropriate gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6)
64 m. f. p. (ref) 0.0674 µm
65 Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin Constants for viscosity and mean free path calculation
66 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ T(ref) = 296.15 and 760 mm Hg pressure
67 Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-06 cm Gas µ(ref) S
68 or = 0.0665323454 µm air 183.14 110.4
69 Ar 222.00 141.4
70 *********************** *********** *********** He 199.10 73.8
71 H2 88.41 66.7
72 Gas viscosity (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-10; Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. CH4 108.39 173.7
73 Temperature 320 Kelvin C2H6 93.13 223.2
74 Reference temp. (T(ref)) 293.15 Kelvin i-C4H10 75.89 255
75 Reference viscosity (µ(ref)) 183.25 micropoise N2O 145.57 241
76 Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin CO2 147.75 230.5
77 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
78 Viscosity = 195.95628258 micropoise
79
80
81 *********************** *********** ***********
82
83 Knudsen number (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-7)
86 m. f. p. (ref) 0.0674 µm
87 Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 Kelvin
89 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
90 Molecular mean free path = 6.653235E-06 cm
91 6.653235E-08 m
92 Knudsen number (Kn) = 1.3306469077
93
94 *********************** *********** ***********
95
96 Air Density compensated for temperature and pressure
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99 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
100 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
101
102 *********************** *********** ***********
103
104 Slip Correction Factor (B&W 4-9; W&B 3-9; Hinds 3-22) Values of alpha for slip correction factor
105 Also from Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. 21(2):161-68 (1990) eqn 8 Gas alpha
106 Pressure 101.3 kPa air 1.207
107 Particle diameter 0.01 µm Ar 1.227
108 alpha for gas 1.207 He 1.277
109 mean free path for gas 0.0664 µm H2 1.141
110 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ CH4 1.154
111 S.C.F. (Hinds) = 22.5000 C2H6 1.254
112 S.C.F. (Rader) = 17.0290 i-C4H10 1.186
113 S.C.F. (W&B) = 22.9743 N2O 1.207
114 CO2 1.208
115 *********************** *********** ***********
116
117 Diffusion coefficient (B&W 4-12; W&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35, 7-7), mechanical mobility (B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and me
120 Molecular weight 28.96 g/mole = 28.96 for air
121 Particle/molecule diameter 4 µm
122 Particle density 1 g/cm^3
123 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
126 Diffusion coefficient = 1.51E-09 cm^2/s molecular range
127 Diffusion coefficient = 6.18E-08 cm^2/s particle range
128 Mechanical mobility = 1.53E+06 cm/(dyne*s)
129 Mean thermal velocity = 0.0554453656 cm/s
130
131 *********************** *********** ***********
132
133 Root mean square Brownian displacement (Hinds 7-18)
137 Time 100 s
138 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
141 Diffusion coefficient = 5.33E-04 cm^2/s
142 R.m.s. displacement = 0.326555304 cm
143
144 *********************** *********** ***********
145
146 Peclet Number (B&W 4-16; W&B 3-16)
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150 Collecting surface dimension 0.001 cm
151 gas velocity 10 cm/s
152 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
156 Peclet number (Pe) = 18.754975942
157
158 *********************** *********** ***********
159
160 Schmidt Number (B&W 4-17; W&B 3-17)
164 gas velocity 10 cm/s
165 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
166 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
169 Diffusion coeff. = 5.33E-04 cm^2/s
170 Schmidt number (Sc) = 281.31394216
171
172 *********************** *********** ***********
173
174 Drag force on a particle (B&W 4-22; W&B 3-22; Hinds 3-18)
178 Particle velocity relative to air 10 cm/s
179 Dynamic shape factor 1
180 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
183 Drag force on particle = 4.841692E-06 dynes
184
185 *********************** *********** ***********
186
187 Drag coefficient of a sphere (B&W 4-19, 23, 24; W&B 3-19, 23, 24)
191 Particle velocity 100 cm/s
192 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
193 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
195 Reynolds number = 0.3333460083
196 Drag coefficient = 74.195662301
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197
198 *********************** *********** ***********
199
200 Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (B&W 4-28; W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
205 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
206 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
209 Settling velocity = 4.8454009817 cm/s
210 Reynolds number = 0.1292156061 Large Re, settling velocity only accurate to within about 10%; see alte
211
212 *********************** *********** ***********
213
214 Aerodynamic diameter from physical diameter of a particle (doesn't take slip correction or shape factor into account)
215 (Hinds 3-28)
218 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
219 Aerodynamic diameter = 7.0710678119 µm
220
221 *********************** *********** ***********
222
223 Physical diameter from aerodynamic diameter (Carpenter and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(4) 268)
224 NOTE: Use iteration so that answer converges.
225 Pressure 101.3 kPA
226 Aerodynamic diameter 7 µm
228 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
230 -intermediate number- 7 Should be close to aerodynamic diameter above
231 Physical diameter = 4.9415452041 µm
232
233 *********************** *********** ***********
234
235 Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)
238 Pressure 100 kPa
241 Particle shape factor 1
242 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
243 Air density = 0.0011893246 g/cm^3
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247 Drag coefficient = 11895.348389
249
250 *********************** *********** ***********
251
252 Stopping distance, relaxation time for a moving particle (B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
254 Pressure 65 kPa
256 Particle velocity 214.8 cm/s
258 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
259 Air density = 0.000773061 g/cm^3
263 Stopping distance = 0.1354861708 cm
264 Relaxation time = 0.000630755 s
265
266 *********************** *********** ***********
267
268 Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)
273 Initial particle velocity 214.8 cm/s
274 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
275 Air density = 0.0011893246 g/cm^3
278 Stopping distance = use W&B 3-36 cm
279
280 *********************** *********** ***********
281
282 Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)
286 Jet velocity 339.53054526 cm/s
287 Jet diameter 0.25 cm
289 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
290 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
291 Air viscosity = 0.000180711 poise If Re < 1500, then may have gravitational effects on cut point
292 Nozzle Reynolds number = 565.90575988 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
293 Froude Number = 470.53465782 Ratio of inertial to gravitational force; if Fr > 470, results accurate to w
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A B C D E F
295 Stokes number = 0.1990459823 50% cut point for rectangular jet at 0.83
296 sqrt(Stokes number) = 0.4461456962 ------> 50% cut point for round jet at 0.47
297
298 *********************** *********** ***********
299
300 Particle velocity in electric field (B&W 4-43; W&B 3-43; Hinds 15-16)
304 No. charges on particle 10
305 Electric field 1 statV/cm
306 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
309 Drift velocity = 0.002866843 cm/s
310
311 *********************** *********** ***********
312
313 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 4-51; W&B 3-51; Hinds 2nd ed. 8-6)
314 Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin Thermal conductivities
315 Pressure 101.3 kPa Stearic Acid 0.0003
316 Particle diameter 3 µm Sodium chlorid 0.016
317 Particle thermal conductivity 0.016 cal/cm*s*K Iron 0.16
318 Thermal gradient 400 K/cm Mercury 0.02
319 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ Asbestos 0.00019
320 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3 Carbon 0.01
321 Air viscosity = 0.000180711 poise Sodium fluores 0.00103
322 Mean free path = 6.653235E-06 m Granite 0.005
323 Slip correction factor = 1.0553093473 Glass 0.002
324 Thermal conductivity of air = 0.0001456717
325 H = 0.074436915
326 Thermophoretic velocity = -0.024115943 cm/s for d>mean free path
327
328
329 *********************** *********** ***********
330
331 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 8-75; Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W., and Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758
332 Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin
335 Particle thermal conductivity 0.016 cal/cm*s*K
336 Thermal gradient 400 K/cm
337 C(thermal slip) 1.17
338 C(momentum exchange) 1.14
339 C(temperature jump) 2.18
340 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
341 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
343 Mean free path = 6.653235E-06 cm
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A B C D E F
345 Thermophoretic velocity = -0.106306377 cm/s
346
347 *********************** *********** ***********
348
349 Saturation vapor pressure of some liquids (B&W W&B 4-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
350 Temperature 293.15 Kelvin Fluid a
351 a 8.108 Water 8.108
352 b 1750 Methanol 7.879
353 c 38 Ethanol 8.045
354 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ n-butanol*
355 Saturation v.p. = 17.75 mm Hg for 273 to 330 Dibutyl phthala 16.27
356 = 23665.71 dyne/cm^2 some compounds, e.g. n-butanol use a different equation (no "a" coeff
357
358 *********************** *********** ***********
359
360 Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 2nd ed. 13.2)
362 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
363 Saturation v.p. = 4.93 mm Hg for 273 to 373 K
364
365 *********************** *********** ***********
366
367 Kelvin diameter is the diameter of a drop that neither shrinks nor grows at a specific saturation vapor pressure ratio (W&B 4-2, 19-3
369 Liquid surface tension 72.7 dyne/cm surface tension of water is 72.7 dyne/cm at 20°C
370 Molecular weight 18 grams/mole
371 Liquid density 1 g/cm^3
372 Saturation v.p. ratio 1.011
373 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
374 Kelvin diameter = 0.2100209853 µm
375
376 *********************** *********** ***********
377
378 Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (W&B 4-2)
381 Molecular weight 66 grams/mole
382 Liquid density 1.5 g/cm^3
383 Droplet diameter 0.10667 µm
384 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
385 Saturation v.p. ratio = 1.0504719357
386
387 *********************** *********** ***********
388
389 Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)
390 Ambient temperature 293.15 K
391 Saturation ratio of air 1.1
392 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
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393 Droplet temperature = 294.32172645 K
394
395 *********************** *********** ***********
396
397 Rate of droplet growth due to condensation for droplet smaller than mean free path (B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)
399 Vapor molecular weight 18 g/mole
400 Liquid surface tension 72.75 dyn/cm
401 Initial particle diameter 0.01 µm
403 Saturation ratio 1.05
404 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
405 Saturation vapor pressure = 17.498308792 mm Hg
406 artial press. at drop surface = 21.695874211 mm Hg
407 Rate of particle growth = 61.095896515 µm/s
408
409 *********************** *********** ***********
410
411 Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet larger than mean free path (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
414 Vapor diffusion coefficient 0.24 cm^2/s
416 Initial particle diameter 5 µm
418 Saturation ratio 1.04
419 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
421 Drop surface temperature = 293.62406277 K
422 artial press. at drop surface = 18.0184926 mm Hg
423 Molecular mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
424 Fuchs correction (f) = 0.9810417203
425 Rate of particle growth = 3.8735870807 µm/s
426
427 *********************** *********** ***********
428
429 Droplet evaporation time for water (B&W 5-8; W&B 4-7; Hinds 13-18)
431 Vapor diffusion coefficient 0.24 cm^2/s
433 Saturation ratio 0
434 Initial particle diameter 20 µm
436 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
438 emperature at drop surface = 278.36 K
439 Vapor press. at drop surface = 6.6218044951 mm Hg
440 Time to droplet evaporation = 0.3034566099 s Accurate for 10 to 50 mm droplets
441
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A B C D E F
442 *********************** *********** ***********
443
444 Coagulation coefficient, continuum regime (B&W 5-10; W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
448 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
451 Coagulation coefficient = 5.609722E-10 cm^3/s Needs Fuchs correction for particle diameter <0.1 µm
452
453 *********************** *********** ***********
454
455 Coagulation coefficient corrected for free molecular regime (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aerosols 290-293)
460 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
463 Mean free path = 0.0006653235 cm
464 particle mean free path = 4.764278E-06 cm
465 particle time constant = 2.717264E-13 s
466 d = 6.470197E-06 cm
467 b= 0.037711469
468 Diffusion coefficient = 0.0032803652 cm^2/s
469 Coagulation coefficient = 6.218212E-10 cm^3/s
470
471 *********************** *********** ***********
472
473 Time dependent coagulation, monodisperse aerosol (B&W 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
477 Initial concentration 1000000 particle/cm^3
478 Time 100 s
479 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
482 Coagulation coefficient = 5.044231E-10 cm^3/s
483 Conc'n at time (t) = 951979.93198 particle/cm^3
484 Particle size at time (t) = 0.2541347638 µm
485 Time to half conc'n = 33.041044828 min
486 Time to double size = 3.8547885632 hours
487
488 *********************** *********** ***********
489
490 Coagulation: number concentration and particle volume after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd e
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A B C D E F
491 Initial number concentration 1.00E+07 particle/cm^3
492 Coagulation coefficient 5.6E-10
493 Initial particle size 0.2 µm
494 Time 120 s
495 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
496 Final particle concentration = 5980861.244 particle/cm^3
497 Final particle size = 0.2373788856 µm
498
499 *********************** *********** ***********
500
501 Polydisperse coagulation coefficient--continuum regime (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
503 Particle count median diamete 0.2 µm
504 Geometric standard deviation 2
506 Coagulation time period 120 s
507 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
509 Z = 0.4804530139 intermediate number
510 age coagulation coefficient = 9.590516E-10 cm^3/s Note: good only for modest changes in particle size
511 Final number concentration = 4.65E+06 particle/cm^3
512 Final diameter = 0.2581670665 µm
513
514 *********************** *********** ***********
515
516 Polydisperse coagulation from Park et al J Aerosol Sci.30:1 3-16 (1999)
518 This calculation may take several hundred iterations to converge. Don't change values more than a factor of 100 to prevent blowup o
519 Decrease iteration inertia to increase convergence rate. Increase inertia if solution oscillates, especially at small N/N(0)
520 Temperature 293.15 degrees Kelvin
522 Mean free path (reference) 0.0674 µm
523 Sutherland constant (S) 110.4 degrees Kelvin
524 Particle volume mean diamete 0.0102 µm
525 Particle density 1.5 g/cm^3
526 Geometric standard deviation 1
528 Caogulation time 100 s
529 Iteration inertia 1 Range: 0.1-1000
530 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
531 Viscosity = 0.000180711 poise
532 Molecular mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
533 Knudsen number(Kn(0)) = 13.045557919
534 K(c0) = 1.493509E-10
535 Dimensionless time = 0.0014935086
536 v(g0) = 5.556472E-19 cm^3
537 Zo = 0
538 p= 2
539 q = 46.598888463
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A B C D E F
540 H= 4
541 b(0) = 0.7071738339
542 Kfm = 3.169497E-07
543 Kco = 1.493509E-10
544 s= 0.0918617467
545 Z(inf) = 0.0770793812
546 Z(inf,fm) = 0.0922953237
547 d= 1.1004607584
548 intermediate number = 0.9927395946
549 t' = 0.0014935086
550 ometric Standard deviation = 1.0315453138
551 inal volume mean diameter = 0.010210022 µm
552 N/N(0) = 0.9927395946
553 Final Concentration = 9.9274E+04 particles/cm^3
554
555 *********************** *********** ***********
556
557 Particle size from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])
558 Solution flow rate 0.2 cm^3/min
559 Orifice vibration frequency 118 kHz
560 Solution concentration (Vol/V 6.30E-04
561 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
562 Generator droplet size = 37.786155304 µm
563 Final particle diameter = 3.2392630845 µm
564
565 *********************** *********** ***********
566
567 Aerosol droplets from nebulized suspension of particles containing single particles, i.e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7)
568 Vol. med. diam. of droplet dis 3 µm
569 Sigma (g) of droplet distributi 2
570 Ratio of singlets 0.95 i.e., droplets containing singlets/droplets containing particles including singlets and m
571 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
572 oncentration of suspension = 2.1245E+09 particle/cm^3
573
574 *********************** *********** ***********
575
576 Inlet efficiency for an isoaxial horizontal sharp-edged inlet: aspiration + transmission (B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14,
578 Pressure 65 kPa
581 Inlet diameter 0.46 cm
582 Inlet length 20 cm
583 Air velocity in inlet (Vi) 50000 cm/s
584 Velocity ratio (Vw/Vi) 1 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic
585 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
586 Air density = 0.000773061 g/cm^3
588 Flow Reynolds number = 98391.368703
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591 Relaxation time = 2.500911E-07 s
592 Stokes number = 0.0271838118
593 Aspiration efficiency = 1 Belyaev & Levin
594 Gravitational parameter = 2.133386E-07
595 Gravitational efficiency = 0.9995563
596 Inertial transm. efficiency = 1
597 Vena contracta efficiency = 1
598 Isoaxial inlet efficiency = 0.9995563
599
600 *********************** *********** ***********
601
602 Aspiration efficiency-all forward angles (B&W 8-20, 8-21, 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-22)
603 Hangal and Willeke Eviron. Sci. Tech. 24:688-691 (1990)
609 Sampling angle 46 degrees between 0 to 90°
610 Air velocity in inlet (Vi) 34 cm/s
611 Velocity ratio (Vw/Vi) 5 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic
612 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
613 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
618 Stokes number = 0.0212519538
619 -intermediate number- 0.0584662014
620 inertial parameter = 0.5359339707
621 Aspiration efficiency = 2.3255211232 valid for 45<angle<90; 1.25<R<6.25; 0.003<St<0.2
622 inertial parameter = 0.0262970654 Overlapping equations 45<angle<60--check validity conditions
623 Aspiration efficiency = 1.0650403177 valid for 0°<angle<60°, 0.01<St<6
624
625 *********************** *********** ***********
626
627 Aspiration efficiency of thin-walled sampler in calm air and low velocity air(Grinshpun, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(
632 Tube diameter 2.5 cm
633 Angle from vertical 0 degrees from vertical (0°-90°)
634 Angle relative to external win 0 degrees (0°-90°)
635 Relative flow 1 1 if inlet faces wind; -1 if turned away from wind (U0)
636 Mean inlet flow velocity (U) 6.79 cm/s
637 Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 2.00
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638 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
639 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
644 Wind Stokes number(w)= 0.0001586222
645 Inlet Stokes number(i)= 7.939204E-05
646 Aspiration efficiency = 1.0042181826 for calm air, Stk(i) -->0
647 Aspiration efficiency = 0.0042181826 for calm air, Stk(i) -->8
648 lm air aspiration efficiency = 1.0040462211 for calm air, Stk(i) intermediate range
649 St(i,theta) = 7.939204E-05
650 beta = 7.703647E-05
651 delta = 0.0042226308
652 E(a,mov) = 1.0000770365 modified Durham & Lundgren eqn.
653 E(a,calm) = 1.0040462211
654 Aspiration efficiency = 1.0021902089
655
656 *********************** *********** ***********
657
658 Aspiration efficiency of a blunt sampler worn on the body. (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai, Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93
664 Sampler diameter 3 cm
665 Air velocity in Inlet (U) 10 cm/s
666 Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 4
667 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
670 Stokes number = 0.0416704976
671 r= 0.1
672 Phi = 0.0025
673 St1 = 0.0307030851
674 alpha1 = 0.0076173026
675 A1 = 1.0485074629
676 St2 = 0.0056555566
677 alpha2 = 0.0328196592
678 A2 = 0.984997593
679 Aspiration Efficiency (0) = 1.0327773272 forward sampling
680 Aspiration Efficiency (pi/2) = 0.3003220601 right angle sampling
681 Aspiration Efficiency (pi) = 0.834380329 180 ° sampling
682 ration Efficiency (average) = 0.874472196 direction averaged sampling
683
684 *********************** *********** ***********
685
686 Gravitational losses in an inlet (B&W 8-23, 8-24; W&B 6-23, 6-24)
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692 Inlet length 100 cm
693 Sampling angle (theta) 45 degrees keep between 0 to 90°
694 Air velocity in Inlet (U) 3947.0504828 cm/s
695 Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 1.5 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic, < 1 for superisokinetic
696 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
697 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
702 Stokes number = 3.2603437192
703 ravitational dep. parameter = 0.0136866063
704 K(theta) = 0.0131377704
705 Fraction penetrating = 0.8332804688
706
707 *********************** *********** ***********
708
709 Inertial losses in a sharp-edged inlet (B&W 8-25 to 8-29; W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
715 Sampling angle (theta) 90 degrees
716 Air flow direction into inlet down (up or down)
717 Air velocity in Inlet (U) 10 cm/s
718 Velocity ratio (R=U0/U) 4 R is 1 for isokinetic, > 1 for subisokinetic, < 1 for superisokinetic
719 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
720 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
725 Stokes number = 0.0416704976
726 I(vena contracta) = 0
727 (alpha) = -9.83282E-39
728 I(wall impaction) = 0.0589309828
729 tial transmission efficiency = 0.7706934729
730
731 *********************** *********** ***********
732
733 Sampling criteria in still air (B&W 8-38 to 8-41, 8-43; W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-10,10-12,10-15)
Page
A B C D E F
737 Particle velocity 9.9990795567 cm/s
738 Sampler diameter 3.2575 cm
740 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
741 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
745 Relaxation time = 0.0006993638 s
746 Flow rate = 83.333333333 cm^3/s or 5 L/min
747 Davies criteria (settling)= 2.4871864556 cm diameter inlet for unbiased sampling
748 Davies criteria (inertia)= 1.6676465889 cm diameter inlet for unbiased sampling
749 Agarwal/Liu criteria = 0.0095963337 cm diameter inlet for less than 10% bias
750 Based on Grinshpun et al. = 1.0202203263 cm largest diameter inlet for unbiased sampling (B&W 8-43)
751
752 *********************** *********** ***********
753
754 Penetration efficiency of an inclined tube under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&
755 Temperature 300 degrees Kelvin
760 Tube length 457.3 cm
761 Incline angle (0-90) 0 degrees from horizontal
762 Mean flow velocity 266.80 cm/s
763 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
764 Air density = 0.001177567 g/cm^3
766 Flow Reynolds number = 1864.5728106 -laminar-
769 This value must be << 1 --> 0
770 -intermediate number (k)- 0.4252097414
773 Fraction penetrating = 0.4168920406 for laminar flow
774 Fraction penetrating = 0.4858484783 for turbulent flow
775
776 *********************** *********** ***********
777
778 Particle concentration exiting a tube under turbulent flow conditions (B&W 8-55; W&B 6-41)
Page
A B C D E F
785 Incline angle (0-90) 0 degrees
787 Initial particle concentration 1000 particles/cm^3
788 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
792 Outlet concentration = 927.89411458 particles/cm^3
793
794 *********************** *********** ***********
795
796 Diffusion losses in a tube--fraction passing through tube (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)
797 Temperature 300 Kelvin
802 Air flow rate 250 cm^3/s
803 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
804 Air density = 0.001177567 g/cm^3
807 Diffusion coeff. = 1.29E-07 cm^2/s
809 Schmidt number = 1209199.3494
810 Sherwood number = 624.62395568 for laminar flow (W&B 6-43) ????
811 Sherwood number = 920.71482033 for turbulent flow (W&B 6-45)
812 µ = 7.776331E-08 dimensionless diffusion parameter
813 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999533844 laminar flow from Gormley and Kennedy (W&B 6-46)
814 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999514284 laminar flow (W&B 6-42, 6-43)
815 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999284047 turbulent flow (W&B 6-42, 6-45)
816
817 *********************** *********** ***********
818
819 Penetration efficiency of a tube under turbulent flow conditions, inertial deposition (B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
827 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
828 Air density = 0.001177567 g/cm^3
830 Flow Reynolds number = 1864.5728106 -laminar-
832 Stokes number = 0.0010317139
833 tau+ = 0.011563542
Page
A B C D E F
834 V+ = 8.02293E-08
835 V(t) = 1.660078E-06 cm/s
836 ertial penetration efficiency = 0.999966653
837
838 *********************** *********** ***********
839
840 Turbulent diffusional losses in a tube (Hinds 7-31, 7-32)
844 Tube width 1.0922 cm
846 Air velocity 444.8 cm/s
847 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
848 Air density = 0.001177567 grams/cm^3
853 Deposition velocity = 0.0541684776 cm/s
855
856 *********************** *********** ***********
857
858 Loss in a bent section of circular tubing (B&W 8-66 to 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
861 Particle Diameter 0.01 µm
862 Particle Density 1.2 g/cm^3
863 Tube air velocity 224.2 cm/s
865 Angle of bend 180 degrees
866 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
867 Air density = 0.001177567 g/cm^3
868 Air Viscosity = 0.0001840324 poise
870 Stokes number = 4.415998E-07 If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar
871 Reynolds number = 5921.2587535 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
872 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999986127 for laminar flow (W&B 6-52) ????
873 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999960836 for turbulent flow (W&B 6-53)
874
875 *********************** *********** ***********
876
877 Losses in bends of circular cross section tubing (turbulent flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3
882 Flow rate 250 cm^3/s
Page
A B C D E F
883 Tube bend angle 180 degrees
884 Tube bend radius 15.24 cm The curvature ratio (bend radius/tube radius) should be within 2 - 10
886 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
888 Air density = 0.001177567 g/cm^3
890 Kinematic viscosity = 0.1562818885 cm^2
891 Mean axial velocity = 266.83683632 cm/s
892 Reynolds number = 1864.8302469 --not valid: laminar flow
893 Stokes number = 0.0457196577 (based on tube radius)
894 Fractional penetration = 0.8164926805 penetration und (W&B 6-53, based on tube radius))
895 Percent penetration = 81.64926805 (W&B 6-53, based on tube diameter))
896 Percent penetration = 90.359115207 Pui, Romay-Novas, Liu, 1987, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 7, 301
897 Percent penetration = 71.516390563 McFarland et al. (error in reference eq'n 13d corrected: 0.132 --> 0.01
898
899 *********************** *********** ***********
900
901 Loss at an abrupt contraction in circular tubing (B&W 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25)
903 Pressure 83 kPa
906 Tube air velocity 17.6 cm/s
908 Contraction diameter 0.53 cm
909 Contraction angle 60 degrees
910 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
911 Air density = 0.000970585 g/cm^3
913 Nozzle Reynolds number = 144.06998438
915 Stokes number = 5.4934E-07
917 Fraction penetrating = 1 W&B 6-54
918 Fraction penetrating = 0.4519675182 min penetration for laminar flow (B&W 8-69)
919 Fraction penetrating = 0.2597078402 min penetration for turbulent flow (B&W 8-70)
920 Fraction penetrating = 0.9999999731 B&W 8-71
921
922 *********************** *********** ***********
923
924 Transport efficiency, turbulent flow, due to thermophoretic losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to 8-75)
925 Temperature of particle 293.15 Kelvin
929 Tube length 100 cm
930 Flow rate 10000 cm^3/s
931 Particle thermal conductivity 0.00064 cal/cm s K
Page
A B C D E F
932 Air thermal conductivity 6.2E-05 cal/cm s K
933 Thermal gradient 400 K/cm
934 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
935 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
937 Mean free path = 6.653235E-06 cm
939 H= 0.1235638829
940 hermophoretic velocity (1) = 0.040032013 cm/s for d>mean free path (B&W 4-51, Hinds 8-6)
941 hermophoretic velocity (2) = 0.0332420978 cm/s for d>mean free path (B&W 8-73); velocity too small when particle th
942 hermophoretic velocity (3) = 0.1134150185 cm/s for d<mean free path (B&W 8-74)
943 hermophoretic velocity (4) = 0.06123773 cm/s for all d, (B&W 8-75)
944 Transport efficiency (1) = 0.9998742436
948
949 *********************** *********** ***********
950
951 Particle loss in an enclosed rectangular vessel undergoing uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36)
956 Time period 10 s
957 Initial particle conc. 100 particles/cm^3
958 Vessel height 10 cm
959 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
960 Air Viscosity = 0.000180711 poise
963 Final concentration = 92.505811817 particles/cm^3
964
965 *********************** *********** ***********
966
967 Particle loss in an enclosed spherical vessel undergoing uniform stirring
968 Dennis, Handbook on Aerosols, NTIS TID-6608 eqn 3-19
973 Time period 10 s
974 Initial particle concentration 100 particles/cm^3
975 Sphere diameter 0.1 cm
976 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
Page
A B C D E F
981
982 *********************** *********** ***********
983
984 ICRP model deposition in respiratory system--average for males, females, and three exercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)
986 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
987 Inhalable fraction = 1
988 Head airways deposition = 0.7911514076
989 Tracheobroncial deposition = 0.1977490985
990 Alveolar Depostion = 0.0158821521
991 Total Deposition = 0.9659475984
992
993 *********************** *********** ***********
994
995 Hatch-Choate equations for lognormal distributions of spherical particles (W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
996 See Sizedis spreadsheet to calculate actual size distributions
997 Count median diameter 0.3 µm
998 Sigma (g) 1.7
999 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1000 Mode diameter = 0.226380256 µm
1001 Count mean diameter = 0.3453525036 µm
1002 Length median diameter = 0.3975611726 µm
1003 Surface median diameter = 0.5268496198 µm
1004 Mass median diameter = 0.6981831753 µm
1005 Mass mean diameter = 0.8037310253 µm
1006
1007 *********************** *********** ***********
1008
1009 Filter efficiency (B&W 9-1; W&B 10-1)
1010 Single fiber efficiency 0.0646
1011 Solidity or packing density (a 0.2
1012 Filter depth 0.1 cm
1013 Fiber diameter 5 µm
1014 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1015 Filter efficiency = 0.9836342367
1016
1017 *********************** *********** ***********
1018
1019 Single fiber efficiencies (B&W 9-5, 9-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)
1027 Gas velocity 15 cm/s
1028 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1029 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
Page
A B C D E F
1033 Peclet number = 11839.397395
1034 K (hydrodynamic factor) = 0.2447189562
1035 Diffusion efficiency = 0.0162363729
1036 R= 0.1
1037 Interception efficiency = 0.030165652
1038 Stokes number = 0.0307462795
1039 Impaction efficiency = 0.0191482999
1040 Gravitational parameter = 6.700639E-05
1041 Gravitational efficiency = 6.70019E-05
1042 Total single fiber efficiency = 0.0656173267
1043 Filter efficiency = 0.9846605718
1044
1045 *********************** *********** ***********
1046
1047 Most penetrating size and minimum filter efficiency (B&W 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
1053 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1057 Most penetrating size = 0.4296921436 µm
1058 Minimum efficiency = 0.0050636978
1059
1060 *********************** *********** ***********
1061
1062 Pressure drop across a fibrous filter (B&W 9-21; W&B 10-21; Hinds 9-36)
1069 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1073 Pressure drop (Hinds) = 20109.709854 dyne/cm^2
1074 Pressure drop (W&B) = 14178.105173 dyne/cm^2
1075
1076 *********************** *********** ***********
1077
1078 Penetration efficiency through tubular section of open-pore foam. Vincent, Aitken, and Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
Page
A B C D E F
1079 For additional information see Lee Kenny Health and Safety Lab report IR/EXM/99/01 Sheffield, UK
1080 Foam Diameter 24.5 mm
1081 Foam Thickness 10 mm
1082 Flow rate 3.5 l/min
1083 Porosity 45 pores per inch
1085 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1086 Face velocity = 0.123735726 m/s
1087 Stokes number = 0.0997199384
1088 Gravitational parameter = 0.0060105738
1089 Fiber diameter = 9.407087E-05 m
1090 Penetration fraction 0.9324279746 m
1091
1092 *********************** *********** ***********
1093
1094 Particle motion in an oscillating field (B&W 17-4 to 17-13; W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
1097 Oscillation frequency 20000 Hz
1098 Aerodynamic diameter 0.1 µm
1100 Particle charge 30 unit charges
1101 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1102 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
1104 Kinematic viscosity = 0.1499942965 cm^2
1106 Particle relaxation time = 8.879857E-08 s
1107 Frequency (omega) = 125663.70614 radians/s
1108 xi = 309.01348655 (B&W 17-4; W&B Eq. 17-4)
1109 alpha = 553.34872007 (B&W 17-10; W&B Eq. 17-10)
1110 Phase lag = 0.2202290627 radians (B&W 17-8; W&B Eq. 17-8)
1111 tude ratio (acoustic field) = 0.9999801876 (B&W 17-7; W&B Eq. 17-7)
1112 Phase lag = 0.6393231739 radians (B&W 17-12; W&B Eq. 17-12)
1113 tude ratio (acoustic field) = 0.9999377469 (B&W 17-13; W&B Eq. 17-13)
1114 litude ratio (electric field) = 2.4419839657 ( cm/s)/(statvol (B&W 17-15; W&B Eq. 17-15)
1115
1116 *********************** *********** ***********
1117
1118 Gas velocity in a nozzle under compressible flow (B&W 17-27; W&B 17-27)
1121 Pressure drop 10 kPa
1122 Gas molecular weight 28.97 g/mole
1123 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1124 Gas velocity in nozzle = 13224.307 cm/s
1125
1126 *********************** *********** ***********
1127
Page
A B C D E F
1128 Weber number is the ratio of the inertial to the surface tension forces (W&B 17-32)
1131 Droplet diameter 20 µm
1133 Surface tension 20 dyne/cm
1134 Air velocity 15000 cm/s
1135 Droplet velocity 1000 cm/s
1136 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1137 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3 Droplets will show increasing distortion up
1138 Weber number = 23.613801194 to We = 12 and break up above the range 12-28
1139 Droplet breakup time = 2.057866E-08 s in steady accelerating flow
1140 In turbulent flow it may break up if We>6.5
1141 *********************** *********** ***********
1142
1143 Sonic velocity (W&B 17-34)
1145 Ratio of specific heat capaciti 1.4 = 1.40 for air
1146 Molecular weight 28.96 g/mole
1147 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1148 Sonic velocity = 34317.069972 cm/s
1149
1150 *********************** *********** ***********
1151
1152 Average angular deflection of a fiber from alignment by an electric field due to Brownian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
1154 Fiber length 10 µm
1155 Fiber aspect ratio 100
1156 Electric field strength 1000 stV/cm
1157 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1158 Angular deflection = 0.0006030506 degrees
1159
1160 *********************** *********** ***********
1161
1162 Relative light scattering intensity as a function of fiber length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-36)
1163 Fiber length 4 µm
1164 Fiber rotation angle 5 degrees
1165 Light wavelength 0.6328 µm
1166 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1167 Relative intensity = 0.001450864
1168
1169 *********************** *********** ***********
1170
1171 Limiting electrical mobility of particles passing through a parallel plate mobility analyzer (W&B 18-12)
1172 Mean air velocity 5 cm/s
1173 Distance between the plates 2.985 cm
1174 Voltage 1.667778519 statVolt
1175 Length of plates 30.48 cm
1176 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
Page
A B C D E F
1177 Limiting particle mobility = 1.7528119783 cm^2/stV*s
1178
1179 *********************** *********** ***********
1180
1181 Mean electrical mobility of particles deposited near the end of a cylindrical mobility analyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
1182 Total flow rate 833.33333333 cm^3/s
1183 Aerosol flow rate 83.333333333 cm^3/s
1184 Outer radius of analyzer 2.985 cm
1185 Collector rod radius 1.151 cm
1186 Rod voltage 0.0633333333 stV
1187 Collector rod length 30.48 cm
1188 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1189 Mean particle mobility = 62.200486394 cm^2/stV*s
1190
1191 *********************** *********** ***********
1192
1193 Mean electrical mobility of particles exiting a radial mobility analyzer (B&W 18-30)
1194 Sheath flow rate 833.33333333 cm^3/s
1195 Exit flow rate 83.333333333 cm^3/s
1196 Radius of inlet flow 2.985 cm
1197 radius of exit flow 1.151 cm
1198 Rod voltage 19 V
1199 Plate spacing 3 cm
1200 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1201 Mean particle mobility = 3.0368221827 cm^2/V*s
1202
1203 *********************** *********** ***********
1204
1205 Mean electrical mobility of particles passing through the TSI differential mobility analyzer (W&B 18-14)
1206 Total flow rate 833.33333333 cm^3/s
1207 Aerosol flow rate 83.333333333 cm^3/s
1208 Slit flow rate 16.666666667 cm^3/s Long TSI DMA Old TSI DMA
1209 Outer radius of analyzer 2.985 cm 0.01958 0.02985 m
1210 Collector rod radius 1.151 cm 0.00937 0.01151 m
1211 Rod voltage 0.0633333333 stV
1212 Collector rod length 30.48 cm 0.4444 0.3048 m
1213 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1214 Mean particle mobility = 61.545744432 cm^2/stV*s
1215 Mobility spread = 7.8569035445 cm^2/stV*s
1216 2.306881E-19
1217 *********************** *********** ***********
1218
1219 Electrostatic force between two particles assuming point charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 15-11)
1220 # of charges/Particle1 100 unit charges
1221 # of charges/Particle2 100 unit charges
1222 Distance between 1 & 2 0.001 cm ********Conversion Factors*******
1223 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ Quantity CGS units SI units
1224 Force between parts. = 2.306881E-09 dynes Charge 1 StatCoulomb 3.3E-10 Coul
1225 Current 1 StatAmpere 3.3E-10 Amp
Page
A B C D E F
1226 *********************** *********** *********** Potential 1 StatVolt 300 Volts
1227 Charge/electron4.8E-10 StatCo 1.6E-19 Coul
1228 Electric field strength between parallel plates (Hinds 15-12)
1229 Potential between plates 0.3335557038 stV
1230 Plate separation 1 cm
1231 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1232 Field strength = 0.3335557038 stV/cm
1233
1234 *********************** *********** ***********
1235
1236 Electric field strength between concentric tubes (B&W 18-26; Hinds 15-13)
1237 Potential between tubes 11000 V
1238 Outer tube diameter 6 cm
1239 Inner tube diameter 2.25 cm
1240 Radial distance to calculate fi 2.5 cm
1241 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1242 Field strength
1243 at 2.5 cm = 14.953333235 stV/cm
1244
1245 *********************** *********** ***********
1246
1247 Electrical mobility of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
1251 # of charges on part. 1 unit charges
1252 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1255 Electrical mobility = 0.0032859577 cm^2/stV*s
1256
1257 *********************** *********** ***********
1258
1259 Terminal electrostatic drift velocity of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)
1264 Electric field strength 3.3333333333 statvolt/cm
1265 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1269 Terminal velocity = 13.69758762 cm/s
1270
1271 *********************** *********** ***********
1272
1273 Number of charges accumulated by a particle due to diffusion charging (B&W 18-20; W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
Page
A B C D E F
1276 Ion concentration 1.00E+07 ions/cm^3 Typical concentration is 10^7 ions/cm^3
1277 Charging time 1 s
1278 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ This is only accurate within an order of magnitude for
1279 Number of charges = 106.48758416 particle diameter 0.1<diam<2µm and ion conc.>106
1280
1281 *********************** *********** ***********
1282
1283 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to field charging (B&W 18-21, 18-22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
1286 Ion concentration 10000000 ions/cm^3 Typical concentration is 10^7 ions/cm^3
1287 Charging time 1 s Typical dielectric constants
1288 Field strength 16.666666667 stV/cm Quartz 4.3
1289 Dielectric constant 5.1 Water 80
1290 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ Conductors infinite
1291 Number of charges = 2608.5473687 unit charges This result is within a factor of 2 down to 0.4 µm and
1292 accurate above 4 µm
1293 *********************** *********** ***********
1294
1295 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to combined diffusion and field charging under moderate conditions (W&B 18-3)
1296 See Pui, Fruin, and McMurry Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8(2):173 for ion properties
1299 Ion concentration 1.00E+07 ions/cm^3
1300 Charging time 1 s
1301 Field strength 16.666666667 stV/cm
1302 Dielectric constant of particle 5.1
1303 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1304 Ion Knudsen number = 0.29 for positive ions
1305 Number of charges = 1.9883723813 unit charges
1306
1307 *********************** *********** ***********
1308
1309 Saturation charge for field charging conditions--Pauthenier's limit (Hinds 15-26)
1311 Field strength 33.333333333 stV/cm
1312 Dielectric constant 4.3
1313 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1314 Saturation charge = 5688 unit charges
1315
1316 *********************** *********** ***********
1317
1318 Limiting number of charges on particles (Hinds 15-28)
1320 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1321 Max negative charges = 1.56E+05 unit charges
1322 Max positive charges = 3.65E+06 unit charges
1323
Page
A B C D E F
1324 *********************** *********** ***********
1325
1326 Rayleigh limit - maximum number of charges on a droplet before it shatters (Hinds 15-29)
1328 Surface tension 72.7 dynes/cm
1329 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1330 Rayleigh limit = 1408 unit charges
1331
1332 *********************** *********** ***********
1333
1334 Boltzmann distribution - fraction of particles carrying a specific charge (B&W 18-19; W&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
1336 Diameter 1 µm
1337 Number of charges 2 unit charges
1338 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1340 Fraction with charge = 0.1072124014 either + or - charge Within 7% for d(p) > 0.02 µm
1341 Fraction with charge = 0.075352905 More accurate over limited range; polarity dependent (B&W 18-19)
1342
1343 *********************** *********** ***********
1344
1345 Fraction of charge remaining on a particle after exposure to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds 15-33)
1346 Exposure time period 10 s
1347 Ion concentration 5.00E+04 ions/cm^3
1348 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1349 Fraction of charge = 0.2573886637
1350
1351 *********************** *********** ***********
1352
1353 Loss of unipolar charged particles in a conductive tube due to space charge (Kasper J Colloid Int Sci (1981)81:32 eqn 7)
1358 length of tubing 260.5 cm
1361 Initial concentration 10 particles/cm^3
1362 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1365 Mechanical mobility = 1.6959E+08 cm/(dyne*s)
1367 Rate constant E = 1.227551E-06
1369 Loss = 2.85633521 %
1370
1371 *********************** *********** ***********
1372
Page
A B C D E F
1373 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
1374 NOTE: Use iteration so that answer converges
1375 This calculation may take several hundred iterations to converge. Don't change values more than a factor of 100 to prevent blowup o
1376 Temperature 293.15 K
1379 # of charges on part. 1.00E+03
1380 Length of tubing 1.000E-02 cm
1381 Tube diameter 1.000E-01 cm
1382 Mean flow velocity 2 cm/s
1383 ------------------------------------ ------------------
1386 Mechanical mobility = 169592777.52 cm/dyn*s
1387 -intermediate number- 0.0003907418 <- These two values are
1388 -intermediate number- 0.0003907418 <- equal when converged
1389 -intermediate number- 0.0630593502 Will not calculate above 0.99 or below 0.01
1390 Fraction deposited = 0.0630593502 Parabolic flow profile
1391
1392 *********************** *********** ***********
1393
1394 Radial velocity of a conductive fiber in a gradient electric field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
1396 Dielectric contant of medium ( 1.001
1397 Fiber dielectric constant 5
1398 Permittivity of free space 1.00E+00
1399 Fiber diameter 1 mm
1400 Fiber length 100 mm
1401 Potential across electrodes 11.83 stV
1402 Outer electrode radius 0.793 cm
1403 Inner electrode radius 1.111 cm
1404 Evaluate at radial distance = 0.884 cm
1405 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1407 Field gradient = 3563.5815533 stV^2/cm^3
1408 aspect ratio (beta) = 100
1409 ectric constant ratio (alpha) = 4.995004995
1410 f(beta) = 0.999570101
1411 g(beta) = 13.89244232
1412 velocity = 1.25E-02 cm/s
1413
1414 *********************** *********** ***********
1415
1416 Coincidence loss in a particle counter (B&W 15-30; W&B 15-30)
1417 Detection volume 5.00E-04 cm^3
1418 Particles concentration 1.00E+02 particles/cm^3
1419 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1420 Observed concentration = 95.12294245
1421 Percent coincidence = 4.88 %
Page
A B C D E F
1422
1423 *********************** *********** ***********
1424
1425 Velocity distribution approaching Poiseuille flow in Centerline relative
1426 a circular tube after initial startup of flow velocity
1427 Bird Stewart and Lightfoot, "Transport Phenomena" p129 factor v(z)/v(max)
1428 Temperature 293.15 Kelvin 0.05 0.2
1429 Pressure 101.3 kPa 0.1 0.4
1430 Tube radius 5 cm 0.15 0.53
1431 Time after startup 10 s 0.2 0.66
1432 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 0.3 0.8
1433 Air viscosity = 0.000180711 poise 0.4 0.88
1434 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3 0.5 0.92
1435 factor = 0.0599977186 --> v(z)/v(max) should be close to 1 for Poisseuille flow
1436
1437
1438 *********************** *********** ***********
1439
1440 Saturation ratio as a function of particle size for a solute droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed 23-17])
1442 Liquid surface tension 72.75 dyne/cm
1443 Molecular weight of liquid 18 g/mole
1444 Liquid density 1 g/cm^3
1445 Molecular weight of solute 58.45 g/mole
1446 # of ions per solute molecule 2
1447 Solid particle diameter 0.152 µm
1448 Density of pure solute 2.165 g/cm^3
1449 Weight of solute 3.980955E-15 g
1450 Droplet size 1.5 µm
1451 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1452 saturation ratio = 1.0000469157
1453
1454 *********************** *********** ***********
1455
1456 Vapor pressure ratio at ideal solution droplet surface (B&W 19-5; W&B 19-5)
1459 partial molar volume of solven 0.2 cm^3
1460 number of moles of solute 1.00E-20
1461 Droplet size 0.005 µm
1462 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1463 ure ratio at droplet surface = 0.9745476417
1464
1465 *********************** *********** ***********
1466
1467 Diffusion losses in a cylindrical tube--fraction passing through tube under laminar flow (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; H
Page
A B C D E F
1474 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1475 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
1479 µ (Hinds) = 0.0058166516 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
1480 raction penetrating (Hinds) = 0.8440415659
1481 µ (W&B)= 0.01827355 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
1482 raction penetrating (W&B) = 0.8299618102
1483
1484 *********************** *********** ***********
1485
1486 Diffusion losses in rectangular tube (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7-33, 7-34)
1490 Channel length 100 cm
1491 Combined chan. width 10 cm
1492 Channel height 1 cm
1494 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1498 µ (Hinds) = 0.0022320375 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
1499 raction penetrating (Hinds) = 0.9472690016
1500 µ (W&B)= 0.0059521 (dimensionless diffusion parameter)
1501 Fraction penetrating (W&B) = 0.9508108274
1502
1503 *********************** *********** ***********
1504
1505 Diffusion penetration through circular parallel plates (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23)
1509 Inner diameter of disks 0.98 cm
1510 Outer diameter of disks 3 cm
1511 Spacing between plates 0.1 cm
1512 Air flow rate 0.1 cm^3/s
1513 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1517 µ = 0.0037636418
1519
Page
A B C D E F
1520 *********************** *********** ***********
1521
1522 Diffusion losses in an annular tube (B&W 19-25; W&B 19-22, 19-24)
1526 Inner tube diameter 0.98 cm
1527 Outer tube diameter 1 cm
1529 Air flow rate 0.1 cm^3/s
1530 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1534 µ(W&B) = 0.173550776
1535 Fraction penetrating(W&B) = 0.0164315843 Valid only for penetrations less than 0.1
1536 Peclet number = 3601.2515432
1537 Fraction penetrating(B&W) = 0.0538587603
1538
1539 *********************** *********** ***********
1540
1541 Diffusional loss in a parallel plate channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
1546 Geometric mean volume diam 0.2 µm
1547 r(g,0) 1.00E-05
1549 Geometric standard deviation 1.5
1550 Mean velocity through channe 1.00E+00 cm/s
1551 Length of channel 0.2 cm
1552 Channel height 0.1 cm
1553 Initial concentration 1.00E+08 particles/cm^3
1554 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1556 Mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
1557 Knudsen number = 0.6653234539
1558 B = 6.292927E-11
1559 v'(0) = 3.162278E-08
1560 w'(0) = 1.2031609254
1561 w' = 1.2031210695
1562 eometric standard deviation = 1.4999455318
1563 om. mean volume diameter = 0.2000241564 µm
1564 Final number concentration = 1.00E+08
1565
1566 *********************** *********** ***********
1567
1568 Diffusional loss in a tubular channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
Page
A B C D E F
1573 Geometric mean volume diam 0.2 µm
1574 r(g,0) 1.00E-05
1576 Geometric standard deviation 1.5
1577 Mean velocity through channe 1.00E+00 cm/s
1578 Length of channel 0.2 cm
1579 Channel height 0.1 cm
1580 Initial concentration 1.00E+08 particles/cm^3
1581 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1583 Mean free path = 0.0665323454 µm
1584 Knudsen number = 0.6653234539
1585 F = 1.317132E-10
1586 v'(0) = 3.162278E-08
1587 w'(0) = 1.2031609254
1588 w' = 1.2030775333
1589 eometric standard deviation = 1.4998860286
1590 om. mean volume diameter = 0.2000505525 µm
1591 Final number concentration = 9.99E+07
1592
1593 *********************** *********** ***********
1594
1595 Diffusional penetration through a screen (B&W 19-26 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech.
1598 Particle diameter 0.01 µm Should be < 1 µm
1599 Number of screens 10
1600 Fiber (wire) diameter 0.002 cm
1601 Thickness of one screen 0.005 cm
1602 Solid volume fraction of scree 0.345
1603 Air velocity into screen 8.7253607682 cm/s
1604 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1608 Peclet number = 32.728786259
1609 Hydrodynamic factor (k) = 0.2154708512
1610 Single fiber efficiency = 0.2668251513
1611 Fractional penetration = 0.011406469
1612 Pressure drop = 504.92692834 dyn/cm^2
1613
1614 *********************** *********** ***********
1615
1616 Diffusion losses in a coiled tube (B&W 19-36, 37; W&B 19-35, 36)
Page
A B C D E F
1621 Tube coil diameter 10 cm
1622 Tube length 94.247779608 cm
1623 Air flow rate 166.66666667 cm^3/s
1624 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1625 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
1629 Tube Reynolds number = 1414.7643997
1630 Schmidt number = 1480447.6631
1631 of boundary layers (delta ) = 0.2571297386
1632 Dean number = 141.47643997
1633 Sherwood number = 47.863581851
1634 Penetration = 0.8199929357
1635
1636 *********************** *********** ***********
1637
1638 Potential field required to levitate a spherical particle (B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
1639 Spherical particle diameter 1 µm
1640 particle density 1 g/cm^3
1641 Electrode spacing 2 cm
1642 Charge on particle 100 unit charges
1643 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1644 Particle mass = 5.235988E-13 g
1645 Required potential field = 0.021388732 stV
1646
1647 *********************** *********** ***********
1648
1649 Shape factor for agglomerates (B&W 23-38, 23-42, 23-43, 23-44)
1650 # of particles in agglom. (N) 10
1651 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1652 Linear chain (c) = 1.3306067895
1653 Large N (c) = 1.0426804972 out of range
1654 Small N (c) = 1.2882495517
1655 Independent particles (c) = 4.6415888336
1656
1657 *********************** *********** ***********
1658
1659 Aerodynamic diameter of a prolate spheroid and cylinders (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&B 25-2 to 25-6)
1660 Griffiths and Vaughan, 1986 Ann. Occup. Hyg.17:53-65 (originally from Cox 1970, J. Fluid mech. 44:791)
1661 Fiber diameter 2.5 µm
1662 Fiber density 1.23 g/cm^3
1663 Aspect ratio 50
1664 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1665 D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.4417912857 µm Cox's eq'n for a cylinder(W&B 25-6)
1666 D(ae) for motion || to axis 8.1053362013 µm Cox's eq'n for a cylinder(W&B 25-5)
Page
A B C D E F
1667 e factor for motion _|_ to axis 13.058401808 Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (W&B 25-4)
1668 pe factor for motion || to axis 8.1167916416 Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (W&B 25-3)
1669 D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 5.4254098644 µm Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (G&V 2, 3 and 11)
1670 D(ae) for motion || to axis 6.8815357069 µm Oseen theory for prolate spheroid (G&V 2, 3 and 11)
1671 D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.2105439435 µm Oseen theory(G&V 2, 3 and 12) for equivalent diameter cylinder--vol
1672 D(ae) for motion || to axis 7.8773919343 µm Oseen theory(G&V 2, 3 and 12) for equivalent diameter cylinder--vol
1673 D(ae) for motion _|_ to axis 6.6447429066 µm Oseen theory for equivalent diameter cylinder--mass corrected
1674 D(ae) for motion || to axis 8.4281255643 µm Oseen theory for equivalent diameter cylinder--mass corrected
1675
1676 *********************** *********** ***********
1677
1678 Dilution factor for particles in nebulized suspension (B&W 21-1; W&B 22-1)
1679 Droplet volume median diamet 5.7 µm
1680 Droplet sigma(g) 1.8
1681 Percent singlets desired 95 %
1683 Volumetric fraction of particle 0.1
1684 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1685 Required dilution factor = 514.87355361
1686
1687 *********************** *********** ***********
1688
1689 Solute particle from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
1690 Liquid flow rate thru orifice 0.18 cm^3/min
1691 Orifice frequency 55000 Hz
1692 Solute concentration 1 g/liter
1693 Solute density 1.35 g/cm^3
1694 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1695 Volumetric concentration = 0.0007407407
1696 Droplet size = 47.052927333 µm
1697 Particle size = 4.2573764955 µm
1698
1699 *********************** *********** ***********
1700
1701 Flow rate through a venturi meter at standard conditions (W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)
1702 Discharge coefficient 0.985 =0.985 for standard conditions
1703 Upstream pressure 76 cm Hg
1704 Throat pressure 74.5 cm Hg
1706 Throat diameter 1 cm
1707 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1708 Pressure drop = 1.5 cm Hg
1709 Upstream gas density = 0.001293 g/cm^3
1710 Flow rate = 4399.17365 cm^3/s
1711 = 263.950419 L/min
1712 = 263.31178237 L/min Lippmann's formula
1713
1714 *********************** *********** ***********
1715
Page
A B C D E F
1716 Flow rate through a critical orifice (B&W 21-7; W&B 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al., Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977) for usin
1717 Note units
1718 Discharge coefficient 0.628 Determined for each type of orifice; Approx. 0.61 for thin orifice, sta
1719 Orifice diameter 0.123 cm
1720 Upstream pressure 697 mm Hg Downstream pressure must < 0.53 of upstream pressure
1721 Specific heat ratio 1.4 =1.4 for air
1722 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1723 Upstream gas density = 0.0011858171 g/cm^3
1724 Flow rate = 131.45478689 cm^3/s
1725 = 7.8872872133 l/min
1726
1727 *********************** *********** ***********
1728
1729 Air velocity from Bernoulli's theorem -Pitot tube-(W&B 22-12; Lippmann in Air Sampling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
1730 Liquid column height differen 0.5 cm Hg Liquid density (g/cm^3)
1731 Liquid density 13.6 g/cm^3 water 1
1732 Gas density 0.001293 g/cm^3 mercury 13.6
1733 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1734 Velocity = 3210.5780308 cm/s
1735 3337.3019799 cm/s Lippmann's formula
1736
1737 *********************** *********** ***********
1738
1739 Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
1742 Flow rate 50 l/min
1745 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1746 Air velocity = 4244.1318158 cm/s
1747 Air density = 0.0012047858 g/cm^3
1748 Air viscosity = 0.000180711 poise If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar
1749 Reynolds number = 14147.643997 If Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent
1750 Pressure drop = 503666.41211 dyne/cm^2
1751 = 7.3100014819 lb/in^2
1752 = 202.19446492 in (H2O)
1753
1754 *********************** *********** ***********
1755
1756 Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)
1758 number/cc 1.7052E+07 particles/cc
1759 ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
1760 Particle mass 3.351032E-11 mg/particle
1761 Aerosol mass concentration 0.5714180046 g/m^3
1762 571.41800458 mg/m^3
1763 571418.00458 mg/m^3
Page
G H I J K L
1 INDEX
2 -Location- -Calculation-
3 $A$19 Particle Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2.41)
4 $A$31 Tube Reynolds Number (B&W 4-1; W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)
5 $A$43 Air pressure from ideal gas law (B&W 4-3; W&B 3-3)
6 $A$53 Gas molecular velocity (B&W 4-5; W&B 3-5)
7 $A$61 Molecular mean free path (use constants for appropriate gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6)
8 $A$72 Gas viscosity (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-10; Rader, J. Aerosol Sci. 21:2 161-168 )
9 $A$83 Knudsen number (B&W 4-10; W&B 3-7)
p menu if not found
10 in this location) $A$96 Air Density compensated for temperature and pressure
11 $A$104 Slip Correction Factor (B&W 4-9; W&B 3-9; Hinds 3-22)
12 $A$117 Diffusion coefficient (B&W 4-12; W&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35, 7-7), mechanical mobility
l Measurement, Van
13 Nostrand Reinhold 1993, $A$133 Root mean square Brownian displacement (Hinds 7-18)
nd Edition, J Wiley
14 and Sons, 2001, $A$146 Peclet Number (B&W 4-16; W&B 3-16)
1982 [2nd edition
151999] $A$160 Schmidt Number (B&W 4-17; W&B 3-17)
16 $A$174 Drag force on a particle (B&W 4-22; W&B 3-22; Hinds 3-18)
17 $A$187 Drag coefficient of a sphere (B&W 4-19, 23, 24; W&B 3-19, 23, 24)
18 $A$200 Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (B&W 4-28; W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
19 $A$214 Aerodynamic Diameter from physical diameter of a particle (doesn't take slip correctio
20 $A$223 Physical diameter from aerodynamic diameter (Carpenter and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Ass
21 $A$235 Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)
22 $A$252 Stopping distance, relaxation time for a moving particle (B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3
23 $A$268 Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)
24 $A$282 Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)
25 $A$300 Particle velocity in electric field (B&W 4-43; W&B 3-43; Hinds 15-16)
26 $A$313 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 4-51; W&B 3-51; Hinds 2nd ed. 8-6)
27 $A$331 Thermophoretic velocity (B&W 8-75; Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W., and W
28 $A$349 Saturation vapor pressure of some liquids (B&W W&B 4-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
29 $A$360 Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 13.2)
30 $A$367 Kelvin diameter is the diameter of a drop that neither shrinks nor grows at a specific sa
31 $A$378 Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2)
32 $A$389 Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)
33 $A$397 Rate of droplet growth due to condensation for droplet smaller than mean free path (B
34 $A$411 Rate of water droplet growth due to condensation for droplet larger than mean free pat
35 $A$429 Droplet evaporation time for water (B&W 5-8; W&B 4-7; Hinds 13-18)
36 $A$444 Coagulation coefficient, continuum regime (B&W 5-10; W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
37 $A$455 Coagulation coefficient corrected for free molecular regime (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aer
38 $A$473 Time dependent coagulation, monodisperse aerosol (B&W 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-1
39 $A$490 Coagulation: number concentration and particle volume after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12
40 $A$501 Polydisperse coagulation coefficient--continuum regime (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&
41 $A$516 Polydisperse coagulation from Park et al J Aerosol Sci.30:1 3-16 (1999)
42 $A$557 Particle size from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds
43 $A$567 Aerosol droplets from nebulized suspension of particles containing single particles, i.e
44 $A$576 Inlet efficiency for an isoaxial horizontal sharp-edged inlet: aspiration + transmission (
45 $A$602 Aspiration efficiency-all forward angles (B&W 8-20, 8-21, 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-2
46 $A$627 Aspiration efficiency of thin-walled sampler in calm air and low velocity air(Grinshpu
47 $A$658 Aspiration efficiency of a blunt sampler worn on the body. (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai,
48 $A$686 Gravitational losses in an inlet (B&W 8-23, 8-24; W&B 6-23, 6-24)
49 $A$709 Inertial losses in a sharp-edged inlet (B&W 8-25 to 8-29; W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
Page
G H I J K L
50 $A$733 Sampling criteria in still air (B&W 8-38 to 8-41, 8-43; W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-1
51 $A$754 Penetration efficiency of an inclined tube under laminar and turbulent flow conditions
52 $A$778 Particle concentration exiting a tube under turbulent flow conditions (B&W 8-55; W&
53 $A$796 Diffusion losses in a tube--fraction passing through tube (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 1
54 $A$819 Penetration efficiency of a tube under turbulent flow conditions, inertial deposition (B
55 $A$840 Turbulent diffusional losses in a tube (Hinds 7-31, 7-32)
56 $A$858 Loss in a bent section of circular tubing (B&W 8-66 to 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
57 $A$877 Losses in bends of circular cross section tubing (turbulent flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-
58 $A$901 Loss at an abrupt contraction in circular tubing (B&W 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25
59 $A$924 Transport efficiency, turbulent flow, due to thermophoretic losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to
60 $A$951 Particle loss in an enclosed rectangular vessel undergoing uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36
61 $A$967 Particle loss in an enclosed spherical vessel undergoing uniform stirring
62 $A$984 ICRP model deposition in respiratory system--average for males, females, and three ex
63 $A$995 Hatch-Choate equations for lognormal distributions of spherical particles (B&W 22-17
64 $A$1009 Filter efficiency (B&W 9-1; W&B 10-1)
d mean free path65
calculation $A$1019 Single fiber efficiencies (B&W 9-5, 9-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; H
66 $A$1047 Most penetrating size and minimum filter efficiency (B&W 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 1
67 m.f.p.(ref) $A$1062 Pressure drop across a fibrous filter (B&W 9-21; W&B 10-21; Hinds 9-36)
68 0.0674 $A$1078 Penetration efficiency through tubular section of open-pore foam. Vincent, Aitken, and
69 0.0703 $A$1094 Particle motion in an oscillating field (B&W 17-4 to 17-13; W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
70 0.1943 $A$1118 Gas velocity in a nozzle under compressible flow (B&W 17-27; W&B 17-27)
71 0.124 $A$1128 Weber number is the ratio of the inertial to the surface tension forces (W&B 17-32)
72 0.0545 $A$1143 Sonic velocity (W&B 17-34)
73 0.0333 $A$1152 Average angular deflection of a fiber from alignment by an electric field due to Brown
74 0.0193 $A$1162 Relative light scattering intensity as a function of fiber length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-
75 0.0439 $A$1171 Limiting electrical mobility of particles passing through a parallel plate mobility analy
76 0.0438 $A$1181 Mean electrical mobility of particles deposited near the end of a cylindrical mobility an
77 $A$1193 Mean electrical mobility of particles exiting a radial mobility analyzer (B&W 18-30)
78 $A$1205 Mean electrical mobility of particles passing through the TSI differential mobility anal
79 $A$1219 Electrostatic force between two particles assuming point charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 1
80 $A$1228 Electric field strength between parallel plates (Hinds 15-12)
81 $A$1236 Electric field strength between concentric tubes (B&W 18-26; Hinds 15-13)
82 $A$1247 Electrical mobility of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
83 $A$1259 Terminal electrostatic drift velocity of a charged particle (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-
84 $A$1273 Number of charges accumulated by a particle due to diffusion charging (B&W 18-20;
85 $A$1283 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to field charging (B&W 18-21, 18-2
86 $A$1295 Number of charges accumulated on a particle due to combined diffusion and field char
87 $A$1309 Saturation charge for field charging conditions--Pauthenier's limit (Hinds 15-26)
88 $A$1318 Limiting number of charges on particles (Hinds 15-28)
89 $A$1326 Rayleigh limit - maximum number of charges on a droplet before it shatters (Hinds 15
90 $A$1334 Boltzmann distribution - fraction of particles carrying a specific charge (W&B 18-11;
91 $A$1345 Fraction of charge remaining on a particle after exposure to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds
92 $A$1353 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J.
93 $A$1373 Loss of unipolar particles in a conductive tube due to image forces (Yu and Chandra J.
94 $A$1394 Radial velocity of a conductive fiber in a gradient electric field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
95 $A$1416 Coincidence loss in a particle counter (B&W 15-30; W&B 15-30)
96 $A$1425 Velocity distribution approaching Poiseuille flow in
97 $A$1440 Saturation ratio as a function of particle size for a solute droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed
98 $A$1456 Vapor pressure ratio at ideal solution droplet surface (B&W 19-5; W&B 19-5)
Page
G H I J K L
99 $A$1467 Diffusion losses in a cylindrical tube--fraction passing through tube under laminar flow
100 $A$1486 Diffusion losses in rectangular tube (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7
101 $A$1505 Diffusion penetration through circular parallel plates (B&W 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-2
102 $A$1522 Diffusion losses in an annular tube (B&W 19-25; W&B 19-22, 19-24)
103 $A$1541 Diffusional loss in a parallel plate channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T
104 $A$1568 Diffusional loss in a tubular channel--polydisperse aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56
105 $A$1595 Diffusional penetration through a screen (B&W 19-26 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29
106 $A$1616 Diffusion losses in a coiled tube (B&W 19-36, 37; W&B 19-35, 36)
107 $A$1638 Potential field required to levitate a spherical particle (B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
108 $A$1649 Shape factor for agglomerates (B&W 23-38, 23-42, 23-43, 23-44)
109 $A$1659 Aerodynamic diameter of a prolate spheroid and cylinders (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&
110 $A$1678 Dilution factor for particles in nebulized suspension (B&W 21-1; W&B 22-1)
111 $A$1689 Solute particle from vibrating orifice generator (B&W 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
112 $A$1701 Flow rate through a venturi meter at standard conditions (W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air S
113 $A$1716 Flow rate through a critical orifice (B&W 21-7; W&B 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al.,
114 $A$1729 Air velocity from Bernoulli's theorem -Pitot tube-(W&B 22-12; Lippmann in Air Sam
115 $A$1739 Pressure drop in a length of smooth cylindrical tube (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot. Tran
116 $A$1756 Aerosol mass concentration (assuming spherical particles)
&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and mean thermal velocity (Hinds 7-10)
117
118
119
120
121 Conversion Factors
122
123 Length
124
125 1 micrometer (µm) = 10^-6 m = 10^-4 cm = 10^-3 mm = 10E3 nm = 10^4 Å = 3.937 x 10^-5 in. = 3
126 1 nanometer (nm) = 10^-3 µm = 10^-9 m
127 1 Ångstrom (Å) = 10^-4 µm = 10^-10 m
128 1 inch (in.) = 2.540 cm
129 1 foot (ft.) = 12 in. = 0.3048 m
130
131 Volume
132
133 1 µm^3 = 10^-15 l = 10^-18 m^3 = 6.102*10^-14 in.^3 = 3.531*10^-17 ft.^3
134 1 liter (l) = 10^15 µm3 = 10^-3 m3 = 61.02 in.^3 = 3.531 x 10^-3 ft.^3
135 1 m^3 = 10^18 µm3 = 10^3 l = 6.102 x 10^4 in.^3 = 35.31 ft.^3
136 1 in.^3 = 5.787*10^4 ft.^3 = 1.639*10^3 µm^3 = 1.639*10^-2 l = 1.639*10^-5 m^3
137 1 ft.^3 = 1.728*10^3 in.^3 = 2.832*10^16 µm^3 = 28.32 l = 2.832*10^-2 m^3
138
139 Force
140
141 1 dyne = 10^-5 N = 2.248 *10^-6 lb = 1.021*10^-3 g
142 1 Newton (N) = 10^5 dyne = 0.2248 lb = 102 g
143 1 pound (lb) = 4.448*10^5 dynes = 4.448 N = 453.6 g
144 1 gram (g) force = 980.7 dyne = 9.807*10^-3 N = 2.205*10^-3 lb
145 1 grain (gr) = 63.55 dynes
146 1 poundal = 1.383*10^4 dynes
147
Page
G H I J K L
148 Temperature
149
150 degrees Celsius (°C) = T K - 273.16 = 5/9 (T °F -32)
151 degrees Kelvin (K) = T °C + 273.16 = 5/9 (T °F + 459.69)
152 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) = 1.8 T °C + 32 = 1.8 T K - 459.69
153 degrees Rankine (R) = T °F + 459.69
154 where T is temperature in the indicated units
155
156 Pressure
157
158 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013*10^6 dyne/cm^2 = 1.013*10^5 N/m^2 = 14.70 lb/in.^2 = 760 mm Hg =
159 1 dyne/cm^2 = 9.869*10^-7 atm = 0.1 N/m^2 = 1.450*10^-5 lb/in.2 = 7.501*10^-4 mm Hg = 4.015*
160 1 inch of water (in. H2O) (at 4 °C) = 2.458*10^-3 atm = 2491 dyne/cm^2 = 249.1 N/m^2 = 3.613*10
161 1 mm of mercury (mm Hg) (at 0 °C) = 1.316*10^-3 atm = 1.333*10^3 dyne/cm^2 = 1.333*10^2 N/m
162 1 Pascal (Pa) = 10 dyne cm^2 = 1 N/m^2
163 1 torr = 1 mm Hg
164
165 Viscosity
166
167 1 poise (P) = 1 g/cm.s = 1 dyne.s/cm^2 = 0.1 Pa.s
168
169
170
171 Electrical units
172
173 1 ampere (amp) = 2.998*10^9 statamp
174 1 statampere (statamp) = 3.336*10^-10 amp
175 1 volt (V) = 3.336*10^-3 statV
176 1 statvolt (statV) = 299.8 V
177 1 farad (F) = 10^6 µF = 8.987 statF
178 1 statfarad (statF) = 1.113*10^-12 F
179 1 ohm = 1.113*10^-12 statohm
180 1 statohm = 8.987*10^11 ohm
181
182 Commonly Used Constants
183
184 Boltzmann's c k 1.381*10^-16 dyne.cm/K
185 Avogadro's n N(a) 6.022*10^23 molecules/mole
186 gas constant R 8.314*10^7 dyne.cm/mole.K, 82.06 cm^3.atm/mole
187 Stefan-Boltzm s 5.670*10^-5 dyne/cm.s.K^4
188 elementary ch e 1.602*10^-19 C, 4.803*10^-10 statC
189 permittivity o e(0) 1 electrostatic unit, 8.854*10^-12 F/m
190 speed of ligh c 2.998*10^10 cm/s
191 gravitational g 980.7 cm/s^2
192
193 Air at 20 °C and 1 atm (NTP)
194
195 density 1.205*10^-3 g/cm^3 = 1.205 g/L = 0.075lb/ft.^3
196 viscosity 1.832*10^-4 P = 1.832*10^-5 Pa.s
Page
G H I J K L
197 mean free pat 0.0665 µm
198 average molec28.96 g/mole
199 specific heat r 1.4
200 diffusion coef 0.19 cm^2/s
201
202
203 Water at 20 °C
204
205 viscosity 0.01002 dyne.s/cm^2
206
207 surface tensio 72.75 dyne/cm
208 vapor pressur 17.54 mm Hg = 2.338 kPa
209
only accurate to within about 10%; see alternate ca
210 Water Vapor at 20 °C
211
212 Diffusion coef0.24 cm^2/s
213 Density 0.75.10^-3 g/cm^3
or shape factor into
214account)
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
namic diameter 230
above
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
Page
G H I J K L
246
247
248
249
250
251
36; Hinds 5-19, 252
20, 21)
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
ve gravitational291
effects on cut point
292
tional force; if Fr
293> 470, results accurate to within 15% (Huang & Tsai, 2001, J. Aerosol Sci. 32:375-87)
294
Page
G H I J K L
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314 (cal/cm s K)
315 Magnesium oxi 0.0003
316 Castor Oil 0.00043
317 Quartz 0.023
318 Fused Silica 0.0024
319 Glycerol 0.00064
320 Castor Oil 0.00043
321 Paraffin Oil 0.0003
322 Clay 0.0017
323 air (293 K) 6.2E-05
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
is, D. R., 1980,331
J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
Page
G H I J K L
344
345
346
347
348
349
350 b c
351 1750 38
352 1233 45
353 1554 50.2
354 46.78 9.136
355 5099 109
utanol use a different
356 equation (no "a" coefficient)
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
ration vapor pressure
367 ratio (W&B 4-2, 19-3; Hinds eqn 13.5)
368
72.7 dyne/cm at 20°C
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
72.7 dyne/cm at 20°C
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
Page
G H I J K L
393
394
395
396
W 5-3; W&B 4-3;
397Hinds 13-10)
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
B&W 5-4 to 5-6;
411W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
Page
G H I J K L
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
r particle diameter
451<0.1 µm
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
Hinds 12-12,12-15)
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd ed 12-16])
490
Page
G H I J K L
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
st changes in particle
510 size
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
more than a factor
518of 100 to prevent blowup of result.
ates, especially at
519small N/N(0)
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
Page
G H I J K L
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
no multiplets (B&W
567 21-1; W&B 5-7)
568
569
containing particles
570 including singlets and multiplets
571
572
573
574
575
&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16,
576 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, Hinds 10-7)
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
Page
G H I J K L
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
25<R<6.25; 0.003<St<0.2
621
<angle<60--check
622validity conditions
623
624
625
626
Willeke and Kalatoor,
627 Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
turned away from
635wind (U0)
636
637
Page
G H I J K L
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
ncent and Mark.658
Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93-113, 1996
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
Page
G H I J K L
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
or subisokinetic,695
< 1 for superisokinetic
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
or subisokinetic,718
< 1 for superisokinetic
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
Page
G H I J K L
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
ravitational settling
754 (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
Page
G H I J K L
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
23; W&B 6-42,796
6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
ey and Kennedy813
(W&B 6-46)
814
815
816
817
818
W 8-61 to 8-65;819
W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
Page
G H I J K L
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
), McFarland et877
al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997
878
879
880
881
882
Page
G H I J K L
883
radius/tube radius)
884should be within 2 - 10
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
987, Aerosol Sci.
896Technol. 7, 301
reference eq'n 13d
897corrected: 0.132 --> 0.0132)
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
ent flow (B&W919 8-70)
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
Page
G H I J K L
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
W 8-73); velocity
941too small when particle thermal conductivity is more than 10 times that of air
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
Page
G H I J K L
981
982
983
cise levels (Hinds
9842nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
Page
G H I J K L
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
Mark, J. Aerosol1078
Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
Page
G H I J K L
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
bove the range1138
12-28
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
n motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
Page
G H I J K L
1177
1178
1179
1180
yzer (B&W 18-29;
1181W&B 18-13)
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
Page
G H I J K L
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
1273
1274
Page
G H I J K L
1275
1276
1277
n an order of magnitude
1278 for
m<2µm and ion1279conc.>106
1280
1281
1282
W&B 18-2; Hinds128315-25)
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
or of 2 down to1291
0.4 µm and
1292
1293
1294
ng under moderate
1295conditions (W&B 18-3)
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
Page
G H I J K L
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
d range; polarity dependent (B&W 18-19)
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
lloid Int Sci (1981)81:32
1353 eqn 7)
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
Page
G H I J K L
erosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
1373
1374
more than a factor of 100 to prevent blowup of result.
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
Page
G H I J K L
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
se to 1 for Poisseuille
1435 flow
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
72.75 dyne/cm1458
at 20°C
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
B&W 19-20, 19-21;
1467 W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)
1468
1469
1470
Page
G H I J K L
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
Cheng, Yeh and1595
Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
Page
G H I J K L
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
Page
G H I J K L
pheroid (W&B166725-4)
pheroid (W&B166825-3)
pheroid (G&V 1669
2, 3 and 11)
pheroid (G&V 1670
2, 3 and 11)
nd 12) for equivalent
1671 diameter cylinder--volume corrected
nd 12) for equivalent
1672 diameter cylinder--volume corrected
nt diameter cylinder--mass
1673 corrected
nt diameter cylinder--mass
1674 corrected
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
mpling Instruments,
1701 ACGIH 1995 p 145)
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
Page
G H I J K L
nn. Occup. Hyg.171620:189-194 (1977) for using syringe needles or Zimmernman and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips
1717
of orifice; Approx.
17180.61 for thin orifice, standard conditions: 0.63-0.70 for longer orifices, e.g., syringe needles
1719
st < 0.53 of upstream
1720 pressure
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
ng Instruments1729
ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
port Phenomena. pp182-7)
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
Page
M N O P Q R S T
1
2
; W&B 3-1; Hinds 3 2.41)
W&B 3-1; Hinds 2-41)4
5
6
nts for appropriate7 gas) (B&W 4-6; W&B 3-6)
0; Rader, J. Aerosol8 Sci. 21:2 161-168 )
9
10
11
&B 3-12; Hinds 2-35,
12 7-7), mechanical mobility (B&W 4-14; W&B 3-14; Hinds 3-16) and mean thermal velocity (Hinds 7-10)
13
14
15
W&B 3-22; Hinds 163-18)
19, 23, 24; W&B 173-19, 23, 24)
ime (B&W 4-28;18W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)
diameter of a particle
19 (doesn't take slip correction or shape factor into account)
diameter (Carpenter
20 and Barr, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(4) 268)
21
a moving particle
22(B&W 4-34, 36; W&B 3-34, 3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)
23
-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)
24
W 4-43; W&B 3-43; 25 Hinds 15-16)
W&B 3-51; Hinds26 2nd ed. 8-6)
Talbot, L., Cheng,
27 R. K., Schefer, R. W., and Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)
uids (B&W W&B 284-1, 19-1, 19-2; Hinds 13.2)
29
rop that neither shrinks
30 nor grows at a specific saturation vapor pressure ratio (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2, 19-3; Hinds eqn 13.5)
oplet at Kelvin diameter
31 (B&W 5-2; W&B 4-2)
Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)
32
sation for droplet33smaller than mean free path (B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)
ondensation for droplet
34 larger than mean free path (B&W 5-4 to 5-6; W&B 4-4; Hinds 13-13)
&W 5-8; W&B 35 4-7; Hinds 13-18)
gime (B&W 5-10; 36 W&B 4-9; Hinds 12-9)
free molecular regime
37 (Fuchs, Mechanics of Aerosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)
perse aerosol (B&W
38 5-11, 5-13; W&B 4-10, 4-12; Hinds 12-12,12-15)
nd particle volume39after a time (B&W 5-11, 5-12; W&B 4-10, 4-11; Hinds 12-12, 12-14 [2nd ed 12-16])
continuum regime 40 (B&W 5-11, 5-12, 5-14; W&B 4-10, 4-11, 4-13)
al J Aerosol Sci.30:1
41 3-16 (1999)
nerator (B&W 21-2,42 21-3; W&B 5-1, 5-2; Hinds 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])
ension of particles
43containing single particles, i.e., no multiplets (B&W 21-1; W&B 5-7)
tal sharp-edged 44
inlet: aspiration + transmission (B&W 8-8, 8-14, 8-16, 8-18; W&B 6-8, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, Hinds 10-7)
es (B&W 8-20, 8-21,
45 8-22; W&B 6-20, 6-21, 6-22)
ampler in calm air46and low velocity air(Grinshpun, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)
er worn on the body.
47 (B&W 8-31 to 8-34; Tsai, Vincent and Mark. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(1) 93-113, 1996
8-23, 8-24; W&B 486-23, 6-24)
B&W 8-25 to 8-29; 49 W&B 6-25 to 6-29)
Page
M N O P Q R S T
38 to 8-41, 8-43;50 W&B 6-31 to 6-34; Hinds 10-10,10-12,10-15)
ube under laminar 51and turbulent flow conditions, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)
nder turbulent flow
52 conditions (B&W 8-55; W&B 6-41)
ssing through tube53 (B&W 56 to 8-60, 19-19 to 19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)
turbulent flow conditions,
54 inertial deposition (B&W 8-61 to 8-65; W&B 6-47 to 6-51)
55
ng (B&W 8-66 to56 8-68; W&B 6-52, 6-53)
on tubing (turbulent
57 flow) (B&W 8-68; W&B 6-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997
ar tubing (B&W58 8-69 to 8-71; W&B 6-54, 17-25)
ue to thermophoretic
59 losses (B&W 4-51, 6-72 to 8-75)
r vessel undergoing
60 uniform stirring (Hinds 3-36)
vessel undergoing 61uniform stirring
system--average62 for males, females, and three exercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)
l distributions of63
spherical particles (B&W 22-17; W&B 9-17, 9-18; Hinds 4-47)
64
-8, 9-11, 9-13; W&B
65 10-5, 10-8, 10-11, 10-13; Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)
lter efficiency (B&W
66 9-17, 9-18; W&B 10-17, 10-18; Hinds 9-34, 9-35)
B&W 9-21; W&B 6710-21; Hinds 9-36)
section of open-pore
68 foam. Vincent, Aitken, and Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993
(B&W 17-4 to 17-13;
69 W&B 17-4 to 17-13)
essible flow (B&W 70 17-27; W&B 17-27)
al to the surface71
tension forces (W&B 17-32)
72
from alignment by 73an electric field due to Brownian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)
function of fiber74
length (B&W 17-36; W&B 17-36)
es passing through 75a parallel plate mobility analyzer (W&B 18-12)
eposited near the76end of a cylindrical mobility analyzer (B&W 18-29; W&B 18-13)
xiting a radial mobility
77 analyzer (B&W 18-30)
assing through the
78 TSI differential mobility analyzer (W&B 18-14)
les assuming point79 charges (W&B 3-48, Hinds 15-11)
l plates (Hinds 15-12)
80
tric tubes (B&W8118-26; Hinds 15-13)
le (B&W 4-44, 4-45;
82 W&B 18-8; Hinds 15-21)
a charged particle
83 (B&W 4-44, 4-45; W&B 18-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)
particle due to diffusion
84 charging (B&W 18-20; W&B 18-1; Hinds 15-24)
particle due to field
85 charging (B&W 18-21, 18-22; W&B 18-2; Hinds 15-25)
particle due to combined
86 diffusion and field charging under moderate conditions (W&B 18-3)
onditions--Pauthenier's
87 limit (Hinds 15-26)
88
charges on a droplet
89 before it shatters (Hinds 15-29)
articles carrying 90
a specific charge (W&B 18-11; Hinds 15-31)
ticle after exposure
91 to a bipolar ion cloud (Hinds 15-33)
ive tube due to image
92 forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
ive tube due to image
93 forces (Yu and Chandra J. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)
n a gradient electric
94 field (B&W 18-50 to 18-52)
(B&W 15-30; W&B 95 15-30)
96
le size for a solute
97droplet (Hinds 13-14 [2nd ed 23-17])
droplet surface (B&W
98 19-5; W&B 19-5)
Page
M N O P Q R S T
-fraction passing99 through tube under laminar flow (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)
B&W 19-22, 19-23; 100 W&B 19-22, 19-23; Hinds 7-33, 7-34)
parallel plates (B&W
101 19-22, 19-23; W&B 19-22, 19-23)
&W 19-25; W&B 10219-22, 19-24)
nnel--polydisperse
103aerosol (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
polydisperse aerosol
104 (Lee and Kim AS&T 31:56-65 1999)
en (B&W 19-26105 to 19-30; W&B 19-25 to 19-29; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)
W 19-36, 37; W&B 106 19-35, 36)
herical particle 107
(B&W 20-1; W&B 20-2)
23-38, 23-42, 23-43,
108 23-44)
heroid and cylinders
109 (B&W 23-46 to 23-50; W&B 25-2 to 25-6)
ed suspension (B&W
110 21-1; W&B 22-1)
generator (B&W111 21-2, 21-3; W&B 22-2, 22-3)
tandard conditions112(W&B 22-6; Lippmann, Air Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)
&W 21-7; W&B113 22-7): See also Kotrappa et al., Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20:189-194 (1977) for using syringe needles or Zimmernman and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg
-Pitot tube-(W&B 11422-12; Lippmann in Air Sampling Instruments ACGIH 1989 p. 80)
ylindrical tube (Bird,
115 Stewart and Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. pp182-7)
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
mm = 10E3 nm = 10^4 Å = 3.937 x 10^-5 in. = 3.281 x 10^-6 ft.
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
.^3 = 3.531*10^-17
133 ft.^3
134
135
639*10^-2 l = 1.639*10^-5
136 m^3
8.32 l = 2.832*10^-2
137 m^3
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
Page
M N O P Q R S T
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
3*10^5 N/m^2158 = 14.70 lb/in.^2 = 760 mm Hg = 406.8 in. H2O = 1.013*10^5 Pa = 101.3 kPa
50*10^-5 lb/in.2159= 7.501*10^-4 mm Hg = 4.015*10^-4 in. H2O
m = 2491 dyne/cm^2
160 = 249.1 N/m^2 = 3.613*10^-2 lb/in.^2 = 1.868 mm Hg
atm = 1.333*10^3 161dyne/cm^2 = 1.333*10^2 N/m^2 = 0.535 in. H2O = 1.934*10^-2 lb/in^2
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
81*10^-16 dyne.cm/K
184
22*10^23 molecules/mole
185
14*10^7 dyne.cm/mole.K,
186 82.06 cm^3.atm/mole.K
70*10^-5 dyne/cm.s.K^4
187
02*10^-19 C, 4.803*10^-10
188 statC
ectrostatic unit,189
8.854*10^-12 F/m
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
Page
M N O P Q R S T
Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355
1716 (1984) for using pipet tips
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
Page
U V W X Y Z
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
r Zimmernman 113
and Reist Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
Page
Density = 1.20 g cm-3
New SMO Inlet, Pressure = 1013 mb
Flow = 15 lpm
1.0922-cm ID, 266.8 cm/sec flow velocity, 250.0 cm3/sec flow, Re = 1865
Bend radius = 3 inches = 7.62 cm
Inlet section 1
7.62-cm radius of curvature, tube length = 23.94 cm
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
Gravitational Diffusional Turbulent
Diameter Inertial (897) penetrating through
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9918 1.0000 1.0000 0.9918
0.02 1.0000 0.9967 1.0000 1.0000 0.9967
0.05 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
0.2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9972 0.9971
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9768 0.9768
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8452 0.8452
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.4809 0.4809
Losses in inlet system tubing bends

Physical Penetration
Diameter efficiency
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10
Flow = 15 lpm
Bend radius = 6 inches = 15.24 cm
Inlet section 1
15.24-cm radius of curvature, tube length = 47.88 cm
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9870 1.0000 1.0000 0.9870
0.02 1.0000 0.9948 1.0000 1.0000 0.9948
0.05 1.0000 0.9984 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984
0.1 1.0000 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993
0.2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9896 0.9895
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9493 0.9493
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.7152 0.7152
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.2587 0.2587

Diameter efficiency
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
1463.4-cm straight vertical
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.8872 1.0000 1.0000 0.8872
0.02 1.0000 0.9504 1.0000 1.0000 0.9504
0.05 1.0000 0.9840 1.0000 1.0000 0.9840
0.1 1.0000 0.9930 1.0000 1.0000 0.9930
0.2 1.0000 0.9967 1.0000 1.0000 0.9967
0.5 1.0000 0.9986 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986
1 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
2 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 0.9995 0.9990
5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9838 0.9835
10 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.7761 0.7759

Diameter efficiency
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10
Flow = 15 lpm
Crossing line to tower at 60-degrees from horizontal
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9291 1.0000 1.0000 0.9291
0.02 1.0000 0.9699 1.0000 1.0000 0.9699
0.05 1.0000 0.9905 1.0000 1.0000 0.9905
0.1 1.0000 0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 0.9959
0.2 1.0000 0.9981 1.0000 1.0000 0.9981
0.5 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
1 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995
2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9998 0.9995
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9925 0.9924
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.8903 0.8902
Inlet section 2
914.6-cm straight @ 60 degrees from horizontal
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9145 1.0000 1.0000 0.9145
0.02 1.0000 0.9632 1.0000 1.0000 0.9632
0.05 0.9999 0.9883 1.0000 1.0000 0.9882
0.1 0.9998 0.9949 1.0000 1.0000 0.9947
0.2 0.9995 0.9976 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971
0.5 0.9976 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
1 0.9918 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9912
2 0.9699 0.9996 1.0000 0.9997 0.9692
5 0.8296 0.9998 1.0000 0.9898 0.8210
10 0.4858 0.9999 1.0000 0.8535 0.4146
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9973 0.9972
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9586 0.9586
Losses in inlet system tubing after bend

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8176
0.02 0.9197
0.05 0.9741
0.1 0.9885
0.2 0.9942
0.5 0.9954
1 0.9905
2 0.9685
5 0.8125
10 0.3538
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9095 1.0000 1.0000 0.9095
0.02 1.0000 0.9609 1.0000 1.0000 0.9609
0.05 1.0000 0.9875 1.0000 1.0000 0.9875
0.1 1.0000 0.9946 1.0000 1.0000 0.9946
0.2 1.0000 0.9975 1.0000 1.0000 0.9975
0.5 1.0000 0.9989 1.0000 1.0000 0.9989
1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
2 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 0.9997 0.9993
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9888 0.9886
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.8400 0.8399
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9311 1.0000 1.0000 0.9311
0.02 1.0000 0.9707 1.0000 1.0000 0.9707
0.05 0.9999 0.9908 1.0000 1.0000 0.9907
0.1 0.9998 0.9960 1.0000 1.0000 0.9958
0.2 0.9995 0.9981 1.0000 1.0000 0.9976
0.5 0.9977 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9969
1 0.9919 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9914
2 0.9702 0.9997 1.0000 0.9998 0.9697
5 0.8313 0.9999 1.0000 0.9929 0.8253
10 0.4217 0.9999 1.0000 0.8950 0.3774
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9973 0.9972
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9586 0.9586

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8149
0.02 0.9183
0.05 0.9736
0.1 0.9883
0.2 0.9941
0.5 0.9954
1 0.9906
2 0.9688
5 0.8136
10 0.3038
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.8872 1.0000 1.0000 0.8872
0.02 1.0000 0.9504 1.0000 1.0000 0.9504
0.05 1.0000 0.9840 1.0000 1.0000 0.9840
0.1 1.0000 0.9930 1.0000 1.0000 0.9930
0.2 1.0000 0.9967 1.0000 1.0000 0.9967
0.5 1.0000 0.9986 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986
1 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
2 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 0.9995 0.9990
5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9838 0.9835
10 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.7761 0.7759
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9440 1.0000 1.0000 0.9440
0.02 1.0000 0.9765 1.0000 1.0000 0.9765
0.05 0.9999 0.9926 1.0000 1.0000 0.9925
0.1 0.9998 0.9968 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
0.2 0.9995 0.9985 1.0000 1.0000 0.9980
0.5 0.9976 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9970
1 0.9918 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9914
2 0.9699 0.9998 1.0000 0.9999 0.9696
5 0.8296 0.9999 1.0000 0.9949 0.8253
10 0.4169 0.9999 1.0000 0.9238 0.3851
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9973 0.9972
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9586 0.9586

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8059
0.02 0.9137
0.05 0.9719
0.1 0.9875
0.2 0.9937
0.5 0.9952
1 0.9904
2 0.9684
5 0.8094
10 0.2864
F r a c ti o n o f P a r ti c le s P a s s in g In le t T u b in
SMO Inlet Passing Efficiency, 0.43-in ID Tubing, 15 lpm flow rate, Re = 1865,
particle density = 1.20
1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
Column B Column B Column I Column P
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.01 0.1
Particle Diameter 1
(mm) 10
Notes and assumptions:
Calculations will be done at 1013mb (sea level pressure)

Calculations assume density = 1.20 g cm-3 for H2SO4 and sea salt aerosol at 80% RH
Temperature = 300.00K (26.85C, 80.3F)
Loss mechanisms investigated are gravitational settling, diffusional, turbulent diffusion, and inertial deposition
Since all tubing is either metal or conductive silicone, electrostatic losses have been neglected. Thermophoretic losses have also been negle
Calculations taken from (LINE) in aerocalc spreadsheet (cgs units page)
Tubing lengths and radii of curvature were either measured or estimated and should be pretty accurate.
Flow rates are as follows through 0.43-inch (1.0922-cm) ID tubing:
10 lpm flow rate translates into a flow volume down the tube of 166.7 cm3/sec, or a flow velocity down the tube of 177.9 cm/sec
15 lpm flow rate translates into a flow volume down the tube of 250.0 cm3/sec, or a flow velocity down the tube of 266.8 cm/sec (optimum
Inlet Configuration #1: Crossing tube at 60-degree angle from horizontal
Inlet section 1
0.43 inch ID stainless steel tube, oriented vertically
Length = 22 feet = 6.707 m = 670.7 cm
Tube ID = 0.43 in = 1.0922 cm, area = 0.9369 cm2
Inlet section 2
0.43 inch ID stainless steel tube, oriented at a 60 degree angle to horizontal
Length = 30 feet = 9.146 m = 914.6 cm
Inlet section 3
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm
Inlet section 1
Length = 33 feet = 10.061 m = 1006.1 cm
Inlet section 2
0.43 inch ID stainless steel tube, oriented at a 45-degree angle to horizontal
Length = 21 feet = 6.402 m = 640.2 cm
Inlet section 3
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm
Inlet section 1
Length = 48 feet = 14.634 m = 1463.4 cm
Inlet section 2
Length = 15 feet = 4.573 m = 457.3 cm
Inlet section 3
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm
mophoretic losses have also been neglected.
wn the tube of 177.9 cm/sec

wn the tube of 266.8 cm/sec (optimum flow rate)
F r a c ti o n o f P a r ti c le s P a s s in g In le t T u b
SMO Inlet Passing Efficiency - 0.500-in ID Tubing

1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
Column B Column B Column I
0.400 Column P Column W Column AD
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.01 0.1 Particle Diameter 1(mm) 10

1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
Column B Column B Column I
0.400 Column P Column W
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000

1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
Column B Column B Column I Column P
0.400
Column W
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Flow = 10 lpm
Inlet section 1
Bend at top of stack tube, length = 23.94 cm
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9893 1.0000 1.0000 0.9893
0.02 1.0000 0.9957 1.0000 1.0000 0.9957
0.05 1.0000 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987
0.1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
0.2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9960 0.9960
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9530 0.9530
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8098 0.8098
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9096 1.0000 1.0000 0.9096
0.02 1.0000 0.9609 1.0000 1.0000 0.9609
0.05 1.0000 0.9875 1.0000 1.0000 0.9875
0.1 1.0000 0.9946 1.0000 1.0000 0.9946
0.2 1.0000 0.9975 1.0000 1.0000 0.9975
0.5 1.0000 0.9989 1.0000 1.0000 0.9989
1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
2 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9996 0.9994
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9942 0.9942
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.8914 1.0000 1.0000 0.8914
0.02 1.0000 0.9524 1.0000 1.0000 0.9524
0.05 0.9999 0.9847 1.0000 1.0000 0.9846
0.1 0.9997 0.9933 1.0000 1.0000 0.9930
0.2 0.9992 0.9969 1.0000 1.0000 0.9961
0.5 0.9966 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9953
1 0.9881 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9873
2 0.9565 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9560
5 0.7580 0.9998 1.0000 0.9950 0.7541
10 0.2227 0.9999 1.0000 0.9921 0.2209
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9513 1.0000 1.0000 0.9513
0.02 1.0000 0.9797 1.0000 1.0000 0.9797
0.05 1.0000 0.9937 1.0000 1.0000 0.9937
0.1 1.0000 0.9973 1.0000 1.0000 0.9973
0.2 1.0000 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
1 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9979 0.9978
Losses in all parts of inlet system

Aerodynamic Penetration
Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.7631
0.02 0.8927
0.05 0.9649
0.1 0.9844
0.2 0.9920
0.5 0.9935
1 0.9863
2 0.9516
5 0.7180
10 0.1775

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.7713
0.02 0.8966
0.05 0.9662
0.1 0.9850
0.2 0.9923
0.5 0.9936
1 0.9864
2 0.9554
5 0.7534
10 0.2192
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9291 1.0000 1.0000 0.9291
0.02 1.0000 0.9699 1.0000 1.0000 0.9699
0.05 1.0000 0.9905 1.0000 1.0000 0.9905
0.1 1.0000 0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 0.9959
0.2 1.0000 0.9981 1.0000 1.0000 0.9981
0.5 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
1 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995
2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9979 0.9978
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9676 0.9675
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9145 1.0000 1.0000 0.9145
0.02 1.0000 0.9632 1.0000 1.0000 0.9632
0.05 0.9999 0.9883 1.0000 1.0000 0.9882
0.1 0.9998 0.9949 1.0000 1.0000 0.9947
0.2 0.9994 0.9976 1.0000 1.0000 0.9970
0.5 0.9973 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9963
1 0.9904 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9898
2 0.9650 0.9996 1.0000 0.9999 0.9645
5 0.8031 0.9998 1.0000 0.9971 0.8006
10 0.3409 0.9999 1.0000 0.9560 0.3259
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9992 0.9991
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9881 0.9881

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8176
0.02 0.9197
0.05 0.9741
0.1 0.9885
0.2 0.9941
0.5 0.9951
1 0.9891
2 0.9640
5 0.7981
10 0.3115
Flow = 20 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9406 1.0000 1.0000 0.9406
0.02 1.0000 0.9750 1.0000 1.0000 0.9750
0.05 1.0000 0.9922 1.0000 1.0000 0.9922
0.1 1.0000 0.9966 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
0.2 1.0000 0.9984 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984
0.5 1.0000 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993
1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9998 0.9996
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9944 0.9943
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9167 0.9166
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9282 1.0000 1.0000 0.9282
0.02 1.0000 0.9694 1.0000 1.0000 0.9694
0.05 0.9999 0.9903 1.0000 1.0000 0.9902
0.1 0.9998 0.9958 1.0000 1.0000 0.9956
0.2 0.9995 0.9980 1.0000 1.0000 0.9975
0.5 0.9979 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971
1 0.9928 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9923
2 0.9736 0.9997 1.0000 0.9980 0.9714
5 0.8500 0.9998 1.0000 0.9924 0.8434
10 0.4782 0.9999 1.0000 0.8882 0.4247
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9687 1.0000 1.0000 0.9687
0.02 1.0000 0.9872 1.0000 1.0000 0.9872
0.05 1.0000 0.9960 1.0000 1.0000 0.9960
0.1 1.0000 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983
0.2 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9980 0.9979
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9689 0.9689

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8457
0.02 0.9331
0.05 0.9785
0.1 0.9905
0.2 0.9951
0.5 0.9961
1 0.9917
2 0.9708
5 0.8368
10 0.3772
Flow = 25 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9483 1.0000 1.0000 0.9483
0.02 1.0000 0.9784 1.0000 1.0000 0.9784
0.05 1.0000 0.9932 1.0000 1.0000 0.9932
0.1 1.0000 0.9971 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971
0.2 1.0000 0.9986 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
1 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9997 0.9995
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9881 0.9880
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.8311 0.8310
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9373 1.0000 1.0000 0.9373
0.02 1.0000 0.9735 1.0000 1.0000 0.9735
0.05 0.9999 0.9917 1.0000 1.0000 0.9916
0.1 0.9999 0.9964 1.0000 1.0000 0.9963
0.2 0.9996 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.5 0.9983 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9976
1 0.9943 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9939
2 0.9788 0.9998 1.0000 0.9995 0.9781
5 0.8789 0.9999 1.0000 0.9838 0.8646
10 0.5693 0.9999 1.0000 0.7770 0.4423
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9729 1.0000 1.0000 0.9729
0.02 1.0000 0.9889 1.0000 1.0000 0.9889
0.05 1.0000 0.9966 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
0.1 1.0000 0.9985 1.0000 1.0000 0.9985
0.2 1.0000 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9957 0.9956
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9349 0.9349

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8648
0.02 0.9419
0.05 0.9815
0.1 0.9919
0.2 0.9958
0.5 0.9967
1 0.9934
2 0.9774
5 0.8504
10 0.3436
Flow = 30 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9539 0.7747 1.0000 0.7390
0.02 1.0000 0.9808 0.9020 1.0000 0.8847
0.05 1.0000 0.9940 0.9684 1.0000 0.9626
0.1 1.0000 0.9976 0.9861 1.0000 0.9837
0.2 1.0000 0.9988 0.9934 1.0000 0.9922
0.5 1.0000 0.9995 0.9971 1.0000 0.9966
1 1.0000 0.9997 0.9984 1.0000 0.9981
2 1.0000 0.9998 0.9990 0.9994 0.9982
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9782 0.9776
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.7105 0.7102
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9440 0.7060 1.0000 0.6665
0.02 1.0000 0.9765 0.8688 1.0000 0.8484
0.05 0.9999 0.9926 0.9571 1.0000 0.9499
0.1 0.9999 0.9968 0.9811 1.0000 0.9779
0.2 0.9997 0.9985 0.9910 1.0000 0.9892
0.5 0.9986 0.9994 0.9961 1.0000 0.9941
1 0.9952 0.9996 0.9978 0.9999 0.9925
2 0.9822 0.9998 0.9987 0.9992 0.9799
5 0.8986 0.9999 0.9993 0.9704 0.8713
10 0.6565 0.9999 0.9996 0.6275 0.4117
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9759 0.9113 1.0000 0.8893
0.02 1.0000 0.9902 0.9632 1.0000 0.9538
0.05 1.0000 0.9970 0.9884 1.0000 0.9854
0.1 1.0000 0.9987 0.9949 1.0000 0.9936
0.2 1.0000 0.9994 0.9976 1.0000 0.9970
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9990 1.0000 0.9987
1 1.0000 0.9998 0.9994 1.0000 0.9992
2 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9998 0.9993
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9920 0.9918
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.8831 0.8830

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.4380
0.02 0.7158
0.05 0.9011
0.1 0.9558
0.2 0.9786
0.5 0.9894
1 0.9898
2 0.9775
5 0.8448
10 0.2582

Temperature = 300.00K (26.85C, 80.3F)
Inlet section 1
0.500 inch ID stainless steel tube
180 degree bend, 3" ROC, oriented vertically, length = 23.94 cm
Inlet section 2
Length = 22 feet = 6.707 m = 670.7 cm
Inlet section 3
Length = 30 feet = 9.146 m = 914.6 cm
Inlet section 4
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm




Flow = 10 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9096 1.0000 1.0000 0.9096
0.02 1.0000 0.9609 1.0000 1.0000 0.9609
0.05 1.0000 0.9875 1.0000 1.0000 0.9875
0.1 1.0000 0.9946 1.0000 1.0000 0.9946
0.2 1.0000 0.9975 1.0000 1.0000 0.9975
0.5 1.0000 0.9989 1.0000 1.0000 0.9989
1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
2 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9981 0.9979
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9708 0.9707
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.8914 1.0000 1.0000 0.8914
0.02 1.0000 0.9524 1.0000 1.0000 0.9524
0.05 0.9999 0.9847 1.0000 1.0000 0.9846
0.1 0.9997 0.9933 1.0000 1.0000 0.9930
0.2 0.9992 0.9969 1.0000 1.0000 0.9961
0.5 0.9965 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
1 0.9877 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9869
2 0.9551 0.9995 1.0000 0.9999 0.9545
5 0.7509 0.9998 1.0000 0.9974 0.7488
10 0.2056 0.9999 1.0000 0.9605 0.1975
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9513 1.0000 1.0000 0.9513
0.02 1.0000 0.9797 1.0000 1.0000 0.9797
0.05 1.0000 0.9937 1.0000 1.0000 0.9937
0.1 1.0000 0.9973 1.0000 1.0000 0.9973
0.2 1.0000 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
1 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9993 0.9992
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9893 0.9893

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.7713
0.02 0.8966
0.05 0.9662
0.1 0.9850
0.2 0.9923
0.5 0.9935
1 0.9860
2 0.9539
5 0.7466
10 0.1896
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9291 1.0000 1.0000 0.9291
0.02 1.0000 0.9699 1.0000 1.0000 0.9699
0.05 1.0000 0.9905 1.0000 1.0000 0.9905
0.1 1.0000 0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 0.9959
0.2 1.0000 0.9981 1.0000 1.0000 0.9981
0.5 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
1 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995
2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9998 0.9995
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9925 0.9924
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.8903 0.8902
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9145 1.0000 1.0000 0.9145
0.02 1.0000 0.9632 1.0000 1.0000 0.9632
0.05 0.9999 0.9883 1.0000 1.0000 0.9882
0.1 0.9998 0.9949 1.0000 1.0000 0.9947
0.2 0.9995 0.9976 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971
0.5 0.9976 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
1 0.9918 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9912
2 0.9699 0.9996 1.0000 0.9997 0.9692
5 0.8296 0.9998 1.0000 0.9898 0.8210
10 0.4858 0.9999 1.0000 0.8535 0.4146
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9973 0.9972
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9586 0.9586

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8176
0.02 0.9197
0.05 0.9741
0.1 0.9885
0.2 0.9942
0.5 0.9954
1 0.9905
2 0.9685
5 0.8125
10 0.3538
Flow = 20 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9406 1.0000 1.0000 0.9406
0.02 1.0000 0.9750 1.0000 1.0000 0.9750
0.05 1.0000 0.9922 1.0000 1.0000 0.9922
0.1 1.0000 0.9966 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
0.2 1.0000 0.9984 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984
0.5 1.0000 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993
1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9994 0.9992
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9804 0.9803
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.7359 0.7358
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9282 1.0000 1.0000 0.9282
0.02 1.0000 0.9694 1.0000 1.0000 0.9694
0.05 0.9999 0.9903 1.0000 1.0000 0.9902
0.1 0.9998 0.9958 1.0000 1.0000 0.9956
0.2 0.9996 0.9980 1.0000 1.0000 0.9976
0.5 0.9982 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9974
1 0.9938 0.9995 1.0000 0.9999 0.9932
2 0.9773 0.9997 1.0000 0.9992 0.9762
5 0.8704 0.9998 1.0000 0.9734 0.8471
10 0.5422 0.9999 1.0000 0.6582 0.3568
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9687 1.0000 1.0000 0.9687
0.02 1.0000 0.9872 1.0000 1.0000 0.9872
0.05 1.0000 0.9960 1.0000 1.0000 0.9960
0.1 1.0000 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983
0.2 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9998 0.9997
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9928 0.9927
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8945 0.8945

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8457
0.02 0.9331
0.05 0.9785
0.1 0.9905
0.2 0.9952
0.5 0.9964
1 0.9926
2 0.9752
5 0.8243
10 0.2349
Flow = 25 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9483 0.7415 1.0000 0.7032
0.02 1.0000 0.9784 0.8862 1.0000 0.8671
0.05 1.0000 0.9932 0.9630 1.0000 0.9565
0.1 1.0000 0.9971 0.9837 1.0000 0.9808
0.2 1.0000 0.9986 0.9923 1.0000 0.9909
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 0.9966 1.0000 0.9960
1 1.0000 0.9997 0.9981 0.9999 0.9977
2 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9988 0.9974
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9588 0.9581
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.5209 0.5206
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9373 0.6650 1.0000 0.6233
0.02 1.0000 0.9735 0.8481 1.0000 0.8256
0.05 0.9999 0.9917 0.9499 1.0000 0.9419
0.1 0.9999 0.9964 0.9778 1.0000 0.9742
0.2 0.9997 0.9983 0.9895 1.0000 0.9875
0.5 0.9986 0.9993 0.9954 1.0000 0.9933
1 0.9950 0.9996 0.9974 0.9999 0.9919
2 0.9817 0.9998 0.9984 0.9984 0.9784
5 0.8958 0.9999 0.9992 0.9442 0.8451
10 0.6486 0.9999 0.9995 0.4109 0.2663
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9729 0.8969 1.0000 0.8726
0.02 1.0000 0.9889 0.9570 1.0000 0.9464
0.05 1.0000 0.9966 0.9864 1.0000 0.9830
0.1 1.0000 0.9985 0.9940 1.0000 0.9925
0.2 1.0000 0.9993 0.9972 1.0000 0.9965
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9988 1.0000 0.9985
1 1.0000 0.9998 0.9993 1.0000 0.9991
2 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9996 0.9991
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9848 0.9845
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.7889 0.7888

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.3824
0.02 0.6775
0.05 0.8856
0.1 0.9484
0.2 0.9751
0.5 0.9879
1 0.9887
2 0.9749
5 0.7971
10 0.1094
Flow = 30 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.0000
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.0000
0.02 1.0000 0.0000
0.05 1.0000 0.0000
0.1 1.0000 0.0000
0.2 1.0000 0.0000
0.5 1.0000 0.0000
1 1.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.0000
0.02 0.0000
0.05 0.0000
0.1 0.0000
0.2 0.0000
0.5 0.0000
1 0.0000
2 0.0000
5 0.0000
10 0.0000

Temperature = 300.00K (26.85C, 80.3F)
Inlet section 1
Inlet section 2
Length = 22 feet = 6.707 m = 670.7 cm
Inlet section 3
Length = 30 feet = 9.146 m = 914.6 cm
Inlet section 4
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm




Flow = 10 lpm
Inlet section 1
Bend at top of stack tube, tube ID = 0.375", length = 23.94 cm
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9893 1.0000 1.0000 0.9893
0.02 1.0000 0.9957 1.0000 1.0000 0.9957
0.05 1.0000 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987
0.1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
0.2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9961 0.9960
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9725 0.9725
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8236 0.8236
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.4361 0.4361
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9096 1.0000 1.0000 0.9096
0.02 1.0000 0.9609 1.0000 1.0000 0.9609
0.05 1.0000 0.9875 1.0000 1.0000 0.9875
0.1 1.0000 0.9946 1.0000 1.0000 0.9946
0.2 1.0000 0.9975 1.0000 1.0000 0.9975
0.5 1.0000 0.9989 1.0000 1.0000 0.9989
1 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
2 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 0.9998 0.9994
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9940 0.9938
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9111 0.9111
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.8914 1.0000 1.0000 0.8914
0.02 1.0000 0.9524 1.0000 1.0000 0.9524
0.05 0.9999 0.9847 1.0000 1.0000 0.9846
0.1 0.9997 0.9933 1.0000 1.0000 0.9930
0.2 0.9993 0.9969 1.0000 1.0000 0.9962
0.5 0.9969 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9956
1 0.9893 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9885
2 0.9608 0.9995 1.0000 0.9998 0.9601
5 0.7807 0.9998 1.0000 0.9918 0.7741
10 0.2803 0.9999 1.0000 0.8808 0.2469
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9513 1.0000 1.0000 0.9513
0.02 1.0000 0.9797 1.0000 1.0000 0.9797
0.05 1.0000 0.9937 1.0000 1.0000 0.9937
0.1 1.0000 0.9973 1.0000 1.0000 0.9973
0.2 1.0000 0.9987 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994
1 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997
5 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9978 0.9976
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9667 0.9666

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.7631
0.02 0.8927
0.05 0.9649
0.1 0.9844
0.2 0.9921
0.5 0.9938
1 0.9837
2 0.9329
5 0.6321
10 0.0948

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.7713
0.02 0.8966
0.05 0.9662
0.1 0.9850
0.2 0.9924
0.5 0.9939
1 0.9876
2 0.9593
5 0.7675
10 0.2174
Flow = 15 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9918 1.0000 1.0000 0.9918
0.02 1.0000 0.9967 1.0000 1.0000 0.9967
0.05 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
0.2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9917 0.9916
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9566 0.9566
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.7432 0.7432
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.2726 0.2726
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9291 1.0000 1.0000 0.9291
0.02 1.0000 0.9699 1.0000 1.0000 0.9699
0.05 1.0000 0.9905 1.0000 1.0000 0.9905
0.1 1.0000 0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 0.9959
0.2 1.0000 0.9981 1.0000 1.0000 0.9981
0.5 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
1 1.0000 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995
2 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 0.9993 0.9990
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9767 0.9766
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.6938 0.6937
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9145 1.0000 1.0000 0.9145
0.02 1.0000 0.9632 1.0000 1.0000 0.9632
0.05 0.9999 0.9883 1.0000 1.0000 0.9882
0.1 0.9998 0.9949 1.0000 1.0000 0.9947
0.2 0.9995 0.9976 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971
0.5 0.9979 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9969
1 0.9928 0.9994 1.0000 0.9999 0.9921
2 0.9737 0.9996 1.0000 0.9991 0.9724
5 0.8504 0.9998 1.0000 0.9683 0.8233
10 0.4794 0.9999 1.0000 0.6074 0.2912
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9623 1.0000 1.0000 0.9623
0.02 1.0000 0.9845 1.0000 1.0000 0.9845
0.05 1.0000 0.9952 1.0000 1.0000 0.9952
0.1 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979
0.2 1.0000 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990
0.5 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9998 0.9997
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9915 0.9914
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8755 0.8755

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8109
0.02 0.9167
0.05 0.9731
0.1 0.9881
0.2 0.9940
0.5 0.9956
1 0.9831
2 0.9290
5 0.5924
10 0.0482

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8176
0.02 0.9197
0.05 0.9741
0.1 0.9885
0.2 0.9942
0.5 0.9957
1 0.9914
2 0.9712
5 0.7971
10 0.1768
Flow = 20 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9933 1.0000 1.0000 0.9933
0.02 1.0000 0.9973 1.0000 1.0000 0.9973
0.05 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
0.1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996
0.2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9998 0.9997
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9873 0.9873
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9410 0.9410
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.6691 0.6691
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.1646 0.1646
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9406 1.0000 1.0000 0.9406
0.02 1.0000 0.9750 1.0000 1.0000 0.9750
0.05 1.0000 0.9922 1.0000 1.0000 0.9922
0.1 1.0000 0.9966 1.0000 1.0000 0.9966
0.2 1.0000 0.9984 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984
0.5 1.0000 0.9993 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993
1 1.0000 0.9996 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
2 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 0.9982 0.9980
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9396 0.9395
10 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.3807 0.3807
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9282 1.0000 1.0000 0.9282
0.02 1.0000 0.9694 1.0000 1.0000 0.9694
0.05 0.9999 0.9903 1.0000 1.0000 0.9902
0.1 0.9999 0.9958 1.0000 1.0000 0.9957
0.2 0.9997 0.9980 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977
0.5 0.9985 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977
1 0.9946 0.9995 1.0000 0.9998 0.9939
2 0.9802 0.9997 1.0000 0.9976 0.9776
5 0.8864 0.9998 1.0000 0.9185 0.8140
10 0.5938 0.9999 1.0000 0.2680 0.1591
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9687 1.0000 1.0000 0.9687
0.02 1.0000 0.9872 1.0000 1.0000 0.9872
0.05 1.0000 0.9960 1.0000 1.0000 0.9960
0.1 1.0000 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983
0.2 1.0000 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
1 1.0000 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
2 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9994 0.9993
5 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 0.9776 0.9775
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.7039 0.7039

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8401
0.02 0.9305
0.05 0.9778
0.1 0.9902
0.2 0.9951
0.5 0.9964
1 0.9806
2 0.9174
5 0.5002
10 0.0070

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8457
0.02 0.9331
0.05 0.9785
0.1 0.9906
0.2 0.9953
0.5 0.9967
1 0.9932
2 0.9749
5 0.7475
10 0.0426
Flow = 25 lpm
Inlet section 1
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9942 0.9882 1.0000 0.9825
0.02 1.0000 0.9977 0.9952 1.0000 0.9929
0.05 1.0000 0.9993 0.9985 1.0000 0.9978
0.1 1.0000 0.9997 0.9994 1.0000 0.9991
0.2 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 1.0000 0.9996
0.5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9986 0.9984
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9830 0.9829
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9255 0.9255
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.6010 0.6010
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0960 0.0960
Inlet section 2
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9483 0.7179 1.0000 0.6808
0.02 1.0000 0.9784 0.8747 1.0000 0.8558
0.05 1.0000 0.9932 0.9591 1.0000 0.9526
0.1 1.0000 0.9971 0.9820 1.0000 0.9792
0.2 1.0000 0.9986 0.9914 1.0000 0.9900
0.5 1.0000 0.9994 0.9963 1.0000 0.9957
1 1.0000 0.9997 0.9979 0.9997 0.9973
2 1.0000 0.9998 0.9987 0.9963 0.9948
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.8760 0.8753
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.1287 0.1286
Inlet section 3
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9373 0.6363 1.0000 0.5964
0.02 1.0000 0.9735 0.8331 1.0000 0.8110
0.05 1.0000 0.9917 0.9447 1.0000 0.9369
0.1 0.9999 0.9964 0.9755 1.0000 0.9719
0.2 0.9997 0.9983 0.9883 1.0000 0.9863
0.5 0.9988 0.9993 0.9949 1.0000 0.9930
1 0.9957 0.9996 0.9971 0.9996 0.9920
2 0.9840 0.9998 0.9982 0.9949 0.9770
5 0.9085 0.9999 0.9991 0.8349 0.7577
10 0.6854 0.9999 0.9994 0.0611 0.0418
Inlet section 4
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9729 0.8864 1.0000 0.8624
0.02 1.0000 0.9889 0.9525 1.0000 0.9419
0.05 1.0000 0.9966 0.9849 1.0000 0.9816
0.1 1.0000 0.9985 0.9934 1.0000 0.9919
0.2 1.0000 0.9993 0.9969 1.0000 0.9962
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9986 1.0000 0.9983
1 1.0000 0.9998 0.9992 0.9999 0.9989
2 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9986 0.9980
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9530 0.9527
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.4745 0.4744

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.3440
0.02 0.6491
0.05 0.8740
0.1 0.9431
0.2 0.9724
0.5 0.9855
1 0.9714
2 0.8977
5 0.3798
10 0.0002

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.3501
0.02 0.6538
0.05 0.8760
0.1 0.9439
0.2 0.9728
0.5 0.9871
1 0.9883
2 0.9700
5 0.6319
10 0.0026
Flow = 30 lpm

Temperature = 300.00K (26.85C, 80.3F)
Inlet section 1
Inlet section 2
Length = 22 feet = 6.707 m = 670.7 cm
ID = 0.375 in = 0.9525 cm, area = 0.7126 cm2
Inlet section 3
Length = 30 feet = 9.146 m = 914.6 cm
ID = 0.375 in = 0.9525 cm, area = 0.7126 cm2
Inlet section 4
Length = 8 feet = 2.439 m = 243.9 cm
ID = 0.375 in = 0.9525 cm, area = 0.7126 cm2




D1 = density of aqueous H2SO4 at 80% RH = ~1.2 g cm-3
Calculated from I.N. Tang paper: at 80% RH, H2SO4 grows in diameter by a factor of ~1.8
Assume R0 = 1.0, Rp = 1.8 --> V0 = 4.189, Vp = 24.429
Rp/R0 = 1.8 --> volume increases by a factor of ~5.832
Volume of water uptake = 24.429 - 4.189 = 20.240
Volume of original pure H2SO4 = 4.189
density of pure H2O = 1.00 g cm-3
density of pure H2SO4 = 1.84 g cm-3
Mass of pure water in aqueous particle = 20.420 x 1.00 = 20.240
Mass of pure H2SO4 in acqueous particle = 4.189 x 1.84 = 7.708
Mass fraction of water at 80% RH = 0.724
Mass fraction of H2SO4 at 80% = 0.276
Assume T = 300K for SMO
D2 = density of sea salt aerosol at 80% RH = ~1.2 g cm-3

from Lewis and Schwartz, 2004
Mass fraction of sea salt in a seawater droplet at 80% RH = ~23%
density of pure sea salt = ~2.2 g cm-3

Old SMO Inlet, Pressure = 1013 mb
Inlet section 1
Bend at top of stack tube
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9985 0.9976 1.0000 0.9961
0.02 1.0000 0.9994 0.9990 1.0000 0.9984
0.05 1.0000 0.9998 0.9997 1.0000 0.9995
0.1 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 1.0000 0.9998
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9982 0.9982
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9656 0.9656
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8574 0.8574
Inlet section 2
4.1275-cm I.D. stainless tubing, 1737.8-cm straight verical, 224.2 cm/sec flow velocity
Type of Deposition
Number fraction
(773) (814) (854)
section
0.01 1.0000 0.9731 0.8398 1.0000 0.8172
0.02 1.0000 0.9890 0.9319 1.0000 0.9216
0.05 1.0000 0.9966 0.9783 1.0000 0.9750
0.1 1.0000 0.9985 0.9905 1.0000 0.9890
0.2 1.0000 0.9993 0.9955 1.0000 0.9948
0.5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 1.0000 0.9977
1 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 1.0000 0.9987
2 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 1.0000 0.9992
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9988 0.9983
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9809 0.9807

Diameter efficiency
0.01 0.8140
0.02 0.9202
0.05 0.9745
0.1 0.9888
0.2 0.9948
0.5 0.9977
1 0.9987
2 0.9974
5 0.9640
10 0.8409
Volume Flow entering the inlet of the instrument is 180 lpm

Temperature = 300.00K (26.85C, 80.3F)
Inlet section 1
ID = 1.625 in = 4.1275 cm, area = 13.38 cm2
180 lpm flow rate translates into a flow velocity down the tube of 224.2 cm/sec
Inlet section 2
Length = 57 feet = 17.378 m = 1737.8 cm
ID = 1.625 in = 4.1275 cm, area = 13.38 cm2
180 lpm flow rate translates into a flow velocity down the tube of 224.2 cm/sec

SMO Inlet Calcs v2

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Index

on or shape factor into account)

3-36; Hinds 5-19, 20, 21)

Willis, D. R., 1980, J. Fluid Mech. 101:737-758)

B&W 5-3; W&B 4-3; Hinds 13-10)

rosols Dover 1989 pp 290-293)

s 20-3 [2nd ed 21-3])

un, Willeke and Kalatoor, Atm. Environ. 27A(9)1459-1470)

s, gravitational settling (B&W 8-51 to 8-53; W&B 6-37, 6-40)

19-23; W&B 6-42, 6-43, 6-44, 19-19 to 19-23)

-53), McFarland et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12) 3371, 1997

xercise levels (Hinds 2nd Ed., 11-1 to 11-5)

Hinds 9-13 to 9-33)

d Mark, J. Aerosol Sci. 24(7) 929-44. 1993

nian motion (B&W 17-35; W&B 17-35)

yzer (W&B 18-12)

lyzer (W&B 18-14)

-6, 18-7; Hinds 15-22)

. Aerosol Sci. 9:175 175-180 1978)

w (B&W 19-20, 19-21; W&B 19-20, 19-21; Hinds 7-28, 7-29)

9; Cheng, Yeh and Brinsko, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 4:165, 1985)

&B 25-2 to 25-6)

Sampling Instruments, ACGIH 1995 p 145)

nsport Phenomena. pp182-7)

J. 45:5 340-355 (1984) for using pipet tips

AEROSOL CALCULATOR PROGRAM

IMPORTANT! You should immediately make a backup copy of this program.

The program is available as an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (either IBM PC or Apple

Constants and Conversion Factors

Additional Spreadsheet Templates

Example Calculation using AeroCalc

If a calculation is carried out that requires several parameters to be determined, it may be

Particle settling velocity in Stokes regime (W&B 3-28; Hinds 3-21)

Settling velocity at high Re (W&B 3-33)

Particle diameter 15 30 60 120 240 480 µm

Figure for Example 2.

Aerodynamic diameter (mm)

Other spreadsheets provided.

Paul A. Baron, Ph.D.

Aerosol Calculator INDEX

*********************** *********** *********** Volume

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Settling velocity at high Re (B&W 4-33; W&B 3-33)

*********************** *********** ***********

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Stopping distance at higher Re (B&W 4-37; W&B 3-37)

*********************** *********** ***********

Stokes Number (B&W 4-39; W&B 3-39; Hinds eqn 5-24)

*********************** *********** ***********

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Saturation vapor pressure of water (Hinds 13.2)

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Saturation vapor pressure ratio of a droplet at Kelvin diameter (W&B 4-2)

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Droplet surface temperature of water (Hinds 2nd ed 13-15)

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