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[ ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS I _

ME1351 : HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER _ CONTENTS
For B.E. VI Semester Mec

hanical Engineering -(R'egulation
-- ---
:201l4f,
CHAPTER 1: CONDUCTION
l. CO~OU,~TlONt_
BaSIC Concep!) -
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
...
- Conduction
f '
~H;at Transfer 1.1
. d Radiation - General Differential equation 0 Heat . 1.1.1. Modes of Heat Transfer _ I. I
Convection an .. d C I' . 1.1.2. Fourier Law of Conduction .. .1.2
Con ducii
UCllon - FOllrl'er Law of Conduction - Cartesian an y mdncal
.
1.1.3. General Heat Conduction Equation in
C oor d·lilates - One Dimensional Steady State Heat . Conduction -
Conduction through Plane Wall, Cylinders and Spherical Systems _ Cartesian Co-ordinates . 1.2
Composite Systems - Conduction with Internal Heat Generation _ 1.1.4. General Heat Conduction Equation in
Extended Surfaces - Unsteady Heat Conduction - Lumped Analysis _ Cylindrical Co-ordinates 1.9
Use of Heislers Chart. 1.1.5. Conduction of Heat through a Slab or Plane Wall.. .1.14
2. CONVECTION 1.1.6. Conduction of Heat through a Hollow Cylinder 1.16
1.1.7. Conduction of Heat through a Hollow Sphere 1.17
Basic Concepts - Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients - Boundary
1.1.8. Newton's Law ofCooling........................ . 1.19
Layer Concept - Types of Convection - Forced Convection _
1.1.9. Heat Transfer through a Composite Plane Wall
Dimensional Analysis - External Flow - Flow over Plates, Cylinders and
with inside and Outside Convection 1.19
Spheres - Internal Flow - Laminar and Turbulent Flow - Combined
1.1.10. Heat Transfer through Composite Pipes (or) Cylinders
Laminar and Turbulent - Flow over Bank of tubes - Free Convection _
with Inside and Outside Convection 1.22
Dimensional Analysis - Flow over vertical plate, Horizontal plate,
Inclined plate, Cylinders and Spheres. 1.1.11. Solved Problems 0" Slabs 1.25
1.1.12. Soilled University Problems 011 Slabs 1.74
3. PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT
EXCHANGERS 1.1.13. Solved Problems 011 Cylinders 1.111
1.1.14. Solved University Problems 011 Cylinders 1.144
Nusselts theory of condensation - Pool boiling, flow boiling,
1.1.15. SO/lied Problems 011 Hollow Sphere 1.160
correlations in boiling and condensation. Types of Heat Exchangers _
1.2. Critical Radius of Insulation 1.167
LMTD Method of Heat Exchanger Analysis -- Effectiveness _ NTU
I? I Critical Radius of Insulation for a Cylinder 1.167
method of Heat Exchanger Analysis - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient _
Fouling Factors. 1:2:2: Solved Problems 1.169
4. RADIATION 1.3. Heat Conduction with Heat Generation 1.179
1.3.1. Plane Wall with Internal Heat Generation 1.179
Basic Concepts, Laws of Radiation - Stefan Boltzman Law, Kirchoff 1.3.2. Cylinder with Internal Heat Generation 1.183
Law - Black Body Radiation - Grey Body Radiation Shape Factor 1.3.3. Internal Heat Generation - Formulae Used 1.185
Algebra - Electrical Analogy - Radiation Shields - Introduction to Gas
Radiation. 1.3.4. Solved Problems 011 Plane Willi with Internal
5. MASS TRANSFER Heat Generation 1.187
1.3.5. Solved Problems 011 Cylinder with
Basic Concepts - Diffusion Mass Transfer - Fick's law of diffusion _ Internal Heat Generation 1.196
Steady State Molecular Diffusion - Convective Mass Transfer _ 1.3.6. Solved Problems Oil Sphere with
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy _ Convective Mass lnternul Heat Generation 1.202
Transfer Correlations.
Note : . (Use of Standard Heat and Mass
pernulled 117 the University Examination).
Transfer Data Book is 1.4. ~.i:SI. T;~~·~·~t~·Fi;~~·::::::::·
..::::·.:·.·.:::·.:::::::::::::::
..::=:':::::::
::~~~
1.4.2. Temperature Distribution and Heat
Dissipation in Fin . 1.206
1.4.3. Application......... . 1.21
r.:
1.4.'-l. Fill Ftliciellc)' ·· . ..1.217 ( 'onteuts ( .3
1.~.5. Fin rfkcriVt'ness. " .. 1.217
1.~.6. Ftll"lllllllicUsed..... . 1.2IS 2.4.3. Free (or) Natural Convection . 2.9
I A. 7. So/I't!d Proh/ellH" 1.219 2.4.4. Forced Convection .. ..2.10
1.4.8. SII/I'd U"itl(!f.5i~I' Prublctn« 1.245 2.5. The Local and Average Heat Transfer Coefricients for
1.4.9. Pr()hkllll/Or Practice ················ ..· 1.263 Flat Plate - Laminar Flow 2.10
15. Transient Heat Condul~tioll (or) Unsteady State 2.6. The Local and Average Heat. Transfer Coefficients for
Conduction 1.264 Flat Plate-Turhulcnt Flow 2.13
2.6.1. l leat Transfer ocificient for Combination of
1.5. I. l3ior Number . . 1.264
1.5.:? Lumped Heat Anal)' is . 1.266 Laminar and Turbulent Flow... .. 2.15
2.7. Boundary Layer Thickness, Shear Stress and Skin Friction
1.5.3. Solved Problems -1_llIlIped lleat AII(I~I/JiJ ....•.........•. 1.269
'.5.4. Solllcd University Prohlelll.,·-Llllllped Coefficient for Turbulent Flow 2.IR
2.8. Heat Transfer 1'1'0111 Flat Surfaces - Formulae Used 2.23
tteot AII(I~I'jiJ ........•..........•..•......••....•...•..•.........•.•...••. 1.288
2.8.1. Problems 011 Flat Surfaces - Forced Convection 2.26
I. -.S Heat Flow in Semi-lnfiutie Solids 1.306
2.8.2. Solved University Problems 011 Flat Surfaces -
1.5.6. SO/lied Problems - Semi-illfillite Solids 1.30R Forced Convection 2.83
1.5.7. Transient Heat Flow in an Infillite Plate ... 1.329
2.9. How over Cylinders and Spheres 2.115
1.5.8. Solved Problems - lufintie Slllitl,· 1.332 2.9.1. Formulae Usedfer Flow Over Cylinders
I.S.9. SO/lied University Problem" - Infinite Solids 1.351 and Spheres 2.116
1.6. 1'11'0Mark QlleJtiOlIl & AII.'"II'en 1.374 2.9.2. Solved Problems - Flow Over Cylinders 2.117
2.10. Flow over 'lalli, of Tubes 2. 122
CHAPTER II : CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 2.10.1. Formulue Used lor Flow Over Balik of Tubes 2.123
2.1. I)i 111(~ns
iona I A IIa lysis -..-..-..-..-..-..- -..-..-..-..-..-..- :~~ 2.10.2. Solved Problem 2.124
2.1.1. Dimensions ... 2.1 2.11. Flow through it Cylinder -Internal Flow 2.126
2.11.1. Formulae usedfor Flow tit rough
2 1.2. Buckingham 1I Theorem. . .. . 2.2
Cylinders (lnternul flow) 2.127
2.1.3. Advantages cf Dimensional Analysis . 2.3
2.11.2. S;)lved Problems - Flow through Cylinders
2.14. Limitations of Dimensional Analysis 2.3
2.2. (lnteruat Flow) 2.129
Dimensionless Numbers and their Physical Significance 2.4
2.11.3. Solved University Problems - Internal Flow 2.150
2.2.1. Reynolds Number (Re) 2.4
2.12. Free Convection 2.162
2.2.2. Prandrl Number (Pr) 2.4 2.12.1. Formulae Used/or Free Convection 2.162
2.2.3. Nusselt Number (Nu) 2.5 2.12.2. Solved Problems 011 Free Convection (or)
~;~~t~::t~~r~,~~::;
2.2.6.
(~~?••.•.••••••••••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••.•.••••.•.•
;;
~e\Vlonion and Non-Newtollioll Fluids 2.6 2.13.
Natural Convection
2.12.3. Solved University Problems - Free Convection
Problems for Practice
2.165
2.194
2.217
2.14. TII'o Murk Questions {lilt! Allswers 2.219
2.3. EL;;;~~~:~~::;~p·:~:.::::·:::::.::::~~~:::
..:::::::::::::::::::~~::::::::::::::~:7; CHAPTER III: PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT
2 ~ I. Types of Boundary L~;~;~·:::············································";'8 EXCHANGERS
2.:.~. !iydrodynalllic Boundary 1.~··~·r:·· ·· ······· .. ······· .. ····2·9
2.).). r~lenn;]IUoUfldarylayer y .. · ····· 2·9 3.1. Boiling and Condensation ~.I
2.4. 3.1.1. Introduction . ).1
i~lIlve~~~:lt~;;:~ 'l'~~'"rC' ..···..·..: ,..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2: 9 3.1.2. Boiling . .... 3.1
2 -u. Types ofC~nveoc!i onveC!rOfl 2.9 3.1.3. Condensation
. .
3.1
.3.1
011.... . 2.9 3. 1.4. Applications .
C.4 Heat and Mass Tram/a Contents C.5
3.1.5. Boilll1g Heat Transfer Phenomena 3.2 4.3. Emissive Power 4.1
3.1.6. Flow Boiling... ········ .. · · 3.4 4.4. Monochromatic Emissive Power 4.2
3.1.7. Boiling Correlations J.) 4.5. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission 4.2
3.1.8. Solved Prohlellls 3.7 4.6. Concept of Black Body 4.3
3.1.9. Solved A11IUIUniversity Problems 3.23 4.7. Planck's Distribution Law 4.4
3.1 10. Condensation. . 3.29 4.8. Wien's Displacement Law 4.4
3.1.11. Modes of Condensation · 3.29 4.9. Stefan-Boltzmann Law · 4.5
3.1.12. Filmwise Condensation 3.29 4.10. Maximum Emissive Power 4.5
3.1.13. Dropwise Condensation ..· 3.30 4.11. Emissivity 4.6
3.1.14. Nusselt's Theory for Film Condensation 3.30
4.12. Gray Body 4.6
3.1.15. Correlation for Filmwise Condensation Process 3.30
4.13. Kirchoff's Law of Radiation 4.6
3.1.16. Solved Problems Oil Laminar Flow,
4.14. Intensity of Radiation 4.6
Vertical Surfaces 3.32
4.15. Lambert's Cosine Law 4.7
3.1.17. Solved Problems Oil Laminar Flow,
4.16. Formulae Used 4.7
Horizontal Surfaces 3.54
3.1.18. Solved Anna University Problems 3.61
4.17. Solved Problems 4.8
3.1.19. Problems for Practice 3.65 4.18. Solved University Problems 4.25
3.2. Heat Exchangers 3.66 4.19. Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 4.31
3.2.1. Introduction 3.66 4.20. Radiation Exchange Between Two Black Surfaces separated
3.2.2. Type of Heat Exchangers 3.66 by a Non-absorbing Medium 4.31
3.2.3. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 3.73 4.21. Sha pe Factor 4.36
3.2.4. Assumptions 3.73 4.22. Shape Factor Algebra 4.36
3.2.5. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference for 4.23. Heat Exchange Between Two Non-Black (Gray)
Parallel Flow 3.73 Parallel Planes 4.37
3.2.6. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference for 4.24. Heat Exchange Between Two Large Cocnentric Cylinders or
Counter Flow 3.77 Spheres 4.41
3.2.7. Fouling Factors 3.81 4.25. Radia tion Shield 4.45
3.2.8. Effectiveness by Using Number of 4.26. Solved Problems 4.49
Transfer Units (NTU) 3.82 4.27. Solved Problems 011 Radiation Shield 4.60
3.2.9. Problems on Parallel Flow and Counter 4.28. Solved University Problems 4.79
Flow Heat £\:cllangers , 3.82 4.29. Electrical Network Analogy for Thermal Radiation Systems
3.2.10. Problems 011 Cross Flow Heal Exchangers (or) by Using Radiosity and Irradiation 4.IOO
32I Shell and Tube Heal Exchangers 3.1 09 4.30. Radiation of Heat Exchange for Three Gray Surfaces 4. 104
3'2'1~' Solved Anna UI1iversity Problems 3.117 4.31. Solved Problems 4.105
3'2'13' Solved Problems Oil NT(! Method 3.J24 4.32. University Solved Problems 4.129
m1
3'2' 14' ; b"1University Solved Problems 3.138
" . ro ems for Practice 4.33. Radiation from Gases and Vapours 4.153
3.2.15. Two M k . ..· ..·..· · 3.145 4.34. M ea n Bea m Length 4.154
ur Questions and AI1swers 3.146
4.35. Solved Problems · 4.155
CHAPTER IV : RADIA nON 4.36. Problems for Practice 4.166
4.1. Introduction .. 4.37. Two Mark. Qlte.5tiOl1!iand Al1swers 4.168
4.2. Emission Properties 4.1
· · · · · 4.1
~C~.6~~R~ea~t~a~n~d~~~a~s~s~r.~ra~n~sfi~e_r -
=C-H-AP-T-E-R-V-:~M7.A~S~S~T~RA~NS~F~E~R~------------------
5.1.
5.2.
J ntroductlon
.
Modes of Mass Transfer ·..·
·
· · ·..·
------
5.1
S.1
5.3. Diffusion Mass Transfer ..· ·..· ·· · · · S.1
5.4. Molecu~ar ~iffusion ·..· · · ·..·..· · 5.2
5.5. Eddy Dlffuslon 5.2
5.6. Convection Mass Transfer ·..· · 5.1
5.7. Cocentrations ·· · ·..·· ·· ·..··..·· 5.2
5.8. Fick'~ Law of Diffusion ·..·..·..· 5.3
5.9. Steady State Diffusion through a Plane Membrane 5.4
~.I O. So/J'ed Problems Oil Concentrations 5.6
Chapter 1: Conduction
~.II. Solved Problems Oil Membrane 5.17
5.12. Solved Univeristy Problems on Membrane 5.21
5.13. Steady State Equimolar Counter Diffusion 5.23
cr Basic Concepts
5.14. Solved Problems Oil Equimolar Counter Diffusion 5.26
5.15. Solved University Problems 011 Equimolar CF General Differential
Counter Diffusion 5.31 Equation
5.I6. Isothermal Evaporation of Water into Air 5.34
5.17. Solved Problems on Isothermal Evaporation 0" Fourier Law of Conduction
of Water into Air 5.35
5. J 8. Solved University Problems Oil Isothermal Evaporation C7 Internal Heat Generation
of Water into Air 5.44
5.19. Convective Mass Transfer S.54 c:r Extended Surfaces
5.20. Types of Convective Mass Transfer 5.54
5.21. Free Convective Mass Transfer 5.54 c- Unsteady Heat Conduction
5.22. Forced Convective Mass Transfer 5.S4
5.23. Significance of Dimensionless Groups 5.54
cr Solved Problems
5.24. Formulae Used for Flat Plate Problem.') 5.56
5.25. Solved Problems on Flat Plate 5.57
(7' Solved University Problems
5.26. Anna University Solved Problems 011 Flat Plate 5.65
5.27. Formulue Used for Internal Flow Problems 5.68
5.28. Solved Problems on Intemal Flow 5.69
5.29. University Solved Problems 5.72
5.30. Problems for Practice 5.75
5.31. Two Mark Questions and Answers 5.76
ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS ........ S.1 - S.71

DO
CHAPTER-I
1.CONDUCTION
1.1 HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy
from one region to another region due to temperature difference.
1.1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer

* Conduction
* Convection
* Radiation
Conduction
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region
of high temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium
(solid, liquid or gases) or between different medium in direct physical
contact.
In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the kinematic
motion or direct impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found only
in solids.
Convection
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between
a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
temperatures.
Convection is possible only in the presence offluid medium.
Radiation
The heat transfer from one body to another without any

transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic
wave phenomenon.
'2
I.': Heat tnd HII.\.\' Transfer
1.1.2 Fourier tal" or Conduction Conduction 1.3
Rate of heal conduction is proponional 10 the area mea lIred O.

1101'111:11to the iirection of heat OO\V and io the temperature gradient
in that direction.
Q
O. °C.·Ch)
Element volume
\ here
A - Area in 111-
dT _ Temperature gradient in k/m

dr
Fig. 1.1.
k - Thermal nducti iry in W/m"-
Net heat conducted into element from all the coordinate
Thermal conducti it)' is defined a the abilit fa ub tan e
directions.
to conduct heat.
Let q x be the heat flux in a direction of face ABO and
[The negative sign indicates that the h at 0 w in a dire ti n
q¥ dx be the heat flux in a direction f face EF H.
along which there is a decrease in temperature]
The rate f heat' fl '"nine. t th e Iernent .In x diirection through
1.1.3 General heat conduction equation in the face AB 0 i
cartesian coordinates
Consider a small rectangular element fide dx, d I and I Q, dz I ... (1.2

d: as shown in Fig.I.I.
where k hermal nducti ity, W/mK
The energ balance of this rectangular element i btain d
from first law of thermodynam ics. ernperature gradient
Net heat
conducted into Heat
generated
1 Heat
st red
l
The rate
the fa e EFGH i
heat fl \ ut f tJre e Iernent In
. x directi n thr ugh
=> element from

all the coordinate
\\ ithin the t = in rhe
Q +dx Q
ax ) dx
l directions element j elern nt../

-k
aT
-d I d:
x
... 1.1
Conduction 1.5
/4 Heata~_ .. ~
Subtracting ( 1.2) - (1.3) . Net heat conducted into element from all the coordinate
directions
= -k
Ox -
aT dydz _I-k
l. .~.QI
ox
dydz=
M
Q(I' + dxl x AX
~ [kx aT Jdx dy dZ]

~[ :.[ kx :] + ky :] + ![ k, :] ] dx dy dz
ax ax
... (1.7)
= ·-k..t -
er dydz
of
+ kx -8 dydz +
ax x Heat Stored in the element
We know that,
He~t stored} Mass Of} { SpeCifiC} { Rise in }

{
m the = { the x heat of the x temperature
=> Q _Q
.I' (.I' + dx) ax [kx ax
= .1_ or] dx dy dz ... (1.4) element element element of element
aT
m x Cp?< at
Similarly !
,. aT
Q)' .- Q (y + (M = ~ [ky :;] dx dy dz .•. (1.5) p x dx dy dz x Cp x at
[v Mass = Density x Volume]
••• (1.6)
Heat stored in } er
{ the element = p Cp at dx dy dz ... (1.8)
Adding (1.4) + (1.5) + (1.6)
Heat generated within the element

Net heat conducted = a~ [k'l: g: Jdt dy dz + Heat generated within the element is given by
Q = q dx dy dz ... (1.9)
1.6 Heal ami Mass Tran.~ler
Conduction I.?
Substituting eqllation (1.7), (1.8) and (1.9) in equation {I.I)
Case (i) : No heat sources
(\'1) ~ I;_ [k\
..
c [k,.
~,\ 1 + 0'.... c~]
0· a~ [k:
+ ~
0_
J] dx L~l' dz
reduces
In the absence
to
of internal heat generation, equation (1.10)
02r 02r 02r or ..• (1.11 )

+ q dx dy dz P Cp or dx dy dz ax2 +-+-
0,2 az2 at
at oc
This equation is known as diffusion equation (or) Fourier's

equation.
Case (ii) : Steady state conditions
Considering the material is isotropic. So, In steady state condition, the temperature does not change
k, = ky = k, = k = constant. with time. So, or = O. The heat ~onduction equation (1.10)

at'
reduces to
&r &r -~r]
-+-+-k+q=pC-
or
ax2 0~ c:z2 P at iJ2r 02r q
+-+- +- =0 ... (1.12)
0'2 o:z2 k
Divided by k,
(or)
iJ1r in q p Cp or
+-+-+- =-- ) q
0,1 &2 k·' k at V-T + - = 0
k
or ... (1.10)
This equation is known as Poisson's equation.
a: at In the absence of internal heat generation, equation (1.12)
becomes :,
It is a general three dimensional heat conduction equation
... (1.13)
in cartesian coordinates
k
where, a: =;: Thermal diffusivity = -- - m2/s (or)
. . .. pCp .
Thermal diffusivity is nothing but how fast heat is diffused

through a material during changes of temperature with time. This equation is known as Laplace equation.
-
I. 8 Heal and Ma.H' Transfer
Out! (iii): One dimensional steady state "e(lf condllcliOll--- Conduction J, 9
If the temperature varies only in thex direction the e . 1.1.4 General Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical
, ,quatloll Co-ordinates
(1.10) reduces to
o2T q The general heat conduction equation in cartesian

---- 1 z- 0 coordinates derived in the previous section is used for solids with
ax'; I.; •.• (1.14)
rectangular boundaries like squares, cubes, slabs etc. But, the
In the absence of interns I heat generation, equation ( 1.14) cartesian coordinate system is not applicable for the solids like
becomes: cylinders, cones, spheres etc. For cylindrical solids, a cylindrical
coordinate system is used.
'" (1.15) Consider a small cylindrical element of sides dr, dcj> and dz
as shown in fig.I.2.
Case (iv): Two dimensional steady slate "eat conductio"
If the temperature varies only in the x and y directions, the
equation (I. 10) becomes:
... (1.16)
I
In the absence of internal heat generation, equation (I. 16)
: dr
redcues to I
J~_(r,4J,z Elemental volume

tYT if1 / '
/
=0 (I. 17)
ax2
-j----
oyl ... /
dz Q(r+dr)
Case (,~: Unsteady state, one dimensional, without internal
heal generation :
, oin un~teady state, the temperature changes with time,

i.e., -a, :t: O. So, the general conduction equation (I. J 0) reduces to
Fig.J.2
()
... (1.18) The volume of the element dv = r d~ drdz .

o: ("'"
I Let us assume that thermal conductivity k, Specific heat ep
and density p are constant.
1.10 Hea/I.Jf1J Mass Transfer
Conduction 1.11
The energy balance of this cylindrical element is obtained
from first law of rhrmodynamiocs. Heat entering in the element through (~, z) plane in time dB.
Net heat Or=-k(rd~dz) cr de

or
I conducted into
element from
Heat}-'
generated
(Heat
I stored
}
Heat leaving from the element through (~, z) plane in time de.
+ within the = ~ in the
{
all the coordinate
directions
element L element Qr + ell'
= Q r + _E_(O
or r
)dr
... (1.19) Net heat conducted into the element through (~, z) plane in
time de.
Ne! heat conducted into element from (II/ the co-ordinate = Qr- 0,. + dr
directions
Heat entering in the element through (r, ~) plane in time de
= - -#- (Q ) dr
or r
Q_
-
= -k (r d~ dr) ~ de
az
= - :,. [-k (rd~.dz). [ :Jde Jdr
/ Heat lea ing from the element through (r, ~) plane in time de.
Q= T d: = Q= +
o
oz (Qz) dz
k (dr d~.dz). +or
L1/: aT]
or
de
Net heat conducted into the elem~nt through (r, ~) plane in

time de.
= Q= - Qz + dz
Net heat conducted
.=- -#-- (Q_) dz through (~, z) plane
k (dr. rd~.dz) [~T
a,.1
+ _!_
r
~T
cr
J de
az -
I... (1.21)
= ! [k (rde.dr). [~J de J dz Heat entering in the element through (z, r) plane in time de.
-- k. [OZTJ- . Q~ = -k tdr.dz) or de
0:;2 (dr~rd~.dz) de ra~
Heat leaving from the element through (z, r) plane in time de.
Net heat couducred _ OZT .
through (r,~) plane - k [oz2] (dr.rdq,.dz)de ... (1.20)
I. 12 Heat and Mass Transfer
Net heat conducted into the element through (z, r) plane in
Conduction 1.1J
rime de.
t, Net heat conducted into element from all the co-ordinate
Q, - Q~ ., d~ = - ,.a~ (Q+) rd$
directions
=_ __L [ -k tdr dz). or de] rd¢

= k (dr rd</>dz) de r 0.2T
1_or2 r
+.!.._ aT
or
I -&T +-
+-- &T-/
2
r2 ocp2 i3z _
ro$ ro~
... (1.23)
= -OT] (dr
k -04>a ['-r D~ dtk dz)
If
de Heat generated within the element
Total heat generated within the element is given by

= k [l_ 8$2
_r2
&TJ (dr rd~ dz) de
. Q = ci (dr rd</>dz) de . .. (1.24)
Heat stored in the element

cPT .
W J (dl rd$ dz) de
/Net heat conducted _ . ['
L~hrOugh (z, r) plane - k 7i ... (1.22) The increase in internal energy of the element is equal to
the net heat stored in the element.
Net heat conducted into element from all the co-ordinate Increase in internal energy
directions
k ~; (dr rd$ dz) de = Net heat stored in the element
+
= p (dr rd$ dz)Cp or x de ... (1.25)
00
k (dr rd~ dz) r&T

Lor2
+ .!.._
r
OT]
0,.
de Substituting equation (1.23). (1.24) and (1.25) in (1.19)
C~~n
+
(1.19) ::::::> k (dr rd$ dz) de 1- &T
_ 0,.2
+L or
,. a,.
+ .L acp2
,.2
&T I ~!
OZ~
J-
k (dr rd~ dz) de
+ q (dr rd</>dz) de
[Adding equation 1.20, 1.21 and 1.22J
p (dr rd$ dz) ep L'T x de
re
= k (dr rdql dz) de r- &T + iYT +_}_ oT I a2r J- Divided by (dr rd$ dz) de
oz2 or2 ,. or +-;2 ~)~2
::::::> k r &T
L or2
+ _!_ OT_ + .L &T + &TJ' + .
,. 8,. ,.2 0$2 oz2 q =- p. C, :-
Conduction 1./5
. we knoW that,
From Fourier law of conduction,
dT
Q=-kA -
dr
... (1.26)
=> Q.dr = -k A dT
It is a ~general three dimensional heat conduction equat' IOn
in c~'lindrical co-ordinates. . b tl e limits of 0 to L
Integrating the above equation etween 1
flT + L aT + .L &T + &T + ~ = l_ aT
OIl r r ,.2 13cp2 az2 k ex ae and TI to T2·
L T2
=> f Q dr = - f k A dT
o TI'
If the flow is steady, one dimensional and no heat generaion , L T2

=> Q f dr = - kA f dT
equation ( 1.26) becomes:
o TI
L T2
&T + _!_ aT = 0 ... (1.27) => Q [x] =-k A [T]
13,.2 r a,. o TI
(or)
=> Q [L - 0] = -k A [T2 - Tj]
_!__ _{__
,. dr
l,. . drdT J = 0 ... (1.28)
... (1.29)
1.1.5 Conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall Q = kA [T 1 - T 2]
L
--J d~'1---
Consider a slab of TI- T2
Q L
uniform thermal conductivity
kA
k, thickness L, with inner
temperature T I, and outer ~T overall ... (1.30)
Q =
temperature T 2' R
Let us consider a small where

elemental area of thickness 'dx'. ~T = T1- T2
L --.J R = C. - Thermal resistance of slab.

Fig 1.3
-
~~~~~~~~--------~-----------
/.16 Heal and MLI.\"J Tram/er
6 C' nduction of Heat Through Hollow Cylinder
l.L 0 Conduction 1.17
onsidcr a hollow cylinder
27tLk [T, - T2]
ofillllcr radiu rl' outer radius r2, Q== ... (1.31)
inner tcrnperatllr~ T I' outer In(;n
temperature T2 and thermal
TI- T2
cOllducti, it ". Q
--In-
1
2nLk
('2rl )
Let II c 11 idcr a small
T2
elemental area of thickness "dz" ~ .1Toverall ... (1.32)
Q ==
R
From Fourier law of
where
c nduction, we know that,
dT
Q=-kA -
dr
Fig 1.4 R = 2nLk
1 (r21 Thermal
Inrtr resistance of the hollow cylinder.
Area of a cylinder is 27trL
A = 27trL 1.1.7 Conduction of Heat Through Hollow Sphere
s, Consider a hollow sphere of

dT inner radius rl, outer radius r2, inner
Q = -k27trL -
dr .ernperature T I, outer temperature
d,. T2 and thermal conductivity k.
Q x -
,. = -k27tL dT
Let us consider a small
Integrating the above equation from rl to "2 and TI to T2·
elemental area of thickness 'dr'.
~, dr T2
Q J r = - k27tL f dT From Fourier law of heat
conduction, we know that
rl TI
Q = -kA dT
dr
Area of sphere is 4m-2 Fig 1.5
Q [111'2 <In rJl = - k27tL [T2 - TI1
A = 47tr2
ciT .,. (1.33)
= Q = - k 4m2
Q /11 [:~ 1 = 27tLk [T, - T2J e1r
p'n eep
•
------------------ Conduction 1.19

1.1.8 Newton's Law of Cooling
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newtons law of cooling

lntegrating on both sides
r 12 ... (1.36)
Q dr:;;; _ j 47tk dT
where
:::>
rl
,.1 11
T) A - Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
'2 (-
:::>
Q I d~ == - 41tk . dT h - Heat transfer co-efficient in W Im2K
. r 1
'1 1
Ts - Temperature of the surface in K
'2 12
Q \=1-1 == - 41tk [T] T a: - Temperature of the fluid in K.
:::> r Tl
r1
:::>
Q lL- l1
'1 '2
== - 41tk[T2 - Td
1.1.9 Heat Transfer Through a Composite
Inside and Outside Convection
Plane Wall with
Consider a composite wall of thickness L1, L2 and L3 having

(r2-rl)== 41tk[T1-T2] thermal conductivity kl> k2 and k3 respectively. It is assumed that
:::> Q rl r2 the interior and exterior surface of the system are subjected to
I I
41tk [T, - T2] convection at mean temperatures T and T b with heat transfer co-
Q
... (1.34)
:::> Q == r2 - '1 efficient hQ and hb respectively. Within the composite wall, the slabs
r1 r2 are subjected to conduction.
T1- T2
:::::> Q== r2 - rl
41tk (rl r2)
ilT overall ... (1.35)

:::::> Q=
R
where Convection
_ r2 - '1. .
R - 4 k( - Iherrnal resistance of hollow sphere. A
1t '1 '2)
Fig 1.6
~ Conduction /.21
1.20 Heal and Mass Transfer
From Newton'S law of cooling, we know that, Adding both sides of the above eq ua tiIons
il Heat transfer by convection at side A is
Q = ha A [Ta - T, [From equn. (1.36)]
=> Ta - Tb = Q·hA[_1_ +
a
_!j_ + -+
k( A
L2
k2 A
L3 + I
k3 Ahb A
1
J ... (1.37)
Heat transfer by condl1ction at slab (I) is

=> Q=
Q = k, A [T, - T.,]- -[From equn. (1.29)] ... (1.38) _I + __s_L2 L3 I]
L( [ ha A +-+-+
k( A k2 A k3 A hb A
Heat transfer by conduction at slab (2) is
~Toverall
Q= k2A[T2-T3] ... (1.39) => Q = R ... (1.42)
L2 where
Similarly at slab (3) is
Q= k3A[T3-T4J ... (lAO)
L3
Thermal resistance , R = R a + R I + R 2 + R 3+ R b
Heat transfer by convection at side B is
... (1.41)
We know that, We know that,
To-T, =Qx_1 [From equn. (1.37)] R=_l_

haA UA
T,-T2 =Qx~
Ta-Tb .:::...
=> Q= __
. k( A [From equn. (1.38)]
_I_
UA
T2 - T~) = Q x~ L2
k2 A
[From equn. (1.39)]
=> Q = U A [T a - T b ]/ ... (1.43)
T3 - T4 =Q x ~ where
k3 A [From equn. (1.40)]
T4-Tb=Qx_'_ '(0" IS t he overall heat transfer co-efficient (W /m2K).

hb A [From equn. (1.41)]
~I
-~
r where
Q = .1Toverall
R •" (1.48)
t,1.1J Solved Problems On Slabs
Conduction I. 25
fZJ Determine the heat transfer through the plane of length

6 111, heigh' 4 m and thickness 0.30 m. The temperature of
inner and outer surfaces are 100 C and 40 C. Thermal
0 0
conductivity of wall is 0.55 WlmK.
Give" :
we know that, Inner surface Temperature, T I = 100° C + 273 = 373 K
Outer surface Temperature, T 2 = 40° C + 273 = 313 K
I Thickness, L = 0.30 m
R= VA
Area, A =6 x 4 = 24 m2
Ta-Tb
~ Q= Thermal conductivity, k = 0.55 W/mK
_I_
VA
~ Q = VA [To - Tb J ... (1.49)
where
U = Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
Tofilld:
I. Heat transfer (Q)
Solution :
We know that, heat transfer through plane wall is
Q = .1Toverall
R
[From Equn. 110. {I. 30) or
HMT DOlO book (C P Kothandaraman) page no. 43 (Sixth editiont]
1.• 6 Heat and Mass Transfer
where Conduction 1.27
Tofi"d:
Thickness of insulation (L2)
SOIUlion:
Let the thickness of insulation be L2
We know that,
373-313 AToverall
= 2640 watts [From £qun no. 1.42 (or) HMT Data book
0.30 Q = R
page no. 43 & 44 (Sixth edition)]
0.55 x 24 where
AT=Ta-Tb (or) T)-T3
Q = 2640 watts I
L
I +_)_+ __~ + __L3 +_ J
Result:
R = ha A k) A k2A k3A hb A
Heat transfer, Q = 2640 W
In A wall of 0.6 m thickness having thermal conductivity oJ ::::> Q =
I L) ~ L3 I
1.1 WlmK. The wall is to he insulated with a material having haA+ k)A+ k2A + k3A + hbA
an average thermal conductivity of 0.3 WlmK.lnllerandouter
Heat transfer co-efficients ha' hb and thickness L3 are not
surface temperatures are 1000 C and 10 C respectively. If
0 0
given. So, neglect that terms.

heat transfer rate is 1400 Wlm1 calculate the thickness oj
insulation. Wall Insulation [T)- T31
I- -I- -I ::::>Q=
Given: L) L2
--+--
k) A k2 A
Thickness of wall, LJ = 0.6 III
[T)-T31
Thermal conductivity of wall,
L) L2
kJ = 1.2 W/mK -+-
k) k2
Thermal conductivity of
insulation, k2 = 0.3 W/mK ~nl 1273-283
::::> 1400 = 0.6 + .!:1.
Inner surface Temperature,
1.2 OJ
TJ = 1000° C + 273 = 1273 K
Outer surface Temperature, [L2 = 0.0621 ~
T) = 10° C + 273 = 283 K Result : .' = 00621 m

Thickness of I11sulatJOll, Lz .
Heat transfer per unit area,
0/A = 1400 W/m2
ZFF
III The wall of {I cold room is composed of three layer. Til
layer is brick 30 em thick. The middle layer is cork e OilIer Conduction 1.29
thick, the inside layer is cement J 5 em thick. The temp 20 c",
of the outside air is 25° C and 011 the inside air is _20~~/II'es Tofintl:
film co-efficient for outside air and brick is 55.4 Wlm2/( . ~he Heat flow rate (Q/A)
co-efficient for inside air and cement is J 7 Wlm2 K. Fin~ ~i/",
solution: . . b
~wro~ ~ Heat flow through composite wall IS given y
Take
k for brick = 2.5 WImK ~Toverall [From Equn no. 1.42 or
Q == R
HMT DolO book page No. 43 and 44]
k for cork = 0.05 WlmK
where
k for cement = 0.28 WlmK
Given:
Thickness of brick, L3 = 30 em = 0.3 m
Thickness of cork, L2 = 20 em = 0.2 m
Thickness of cement, L) = IS em = 0.15 m
=> Q =
Inside air temperature.T a = -20 C + 273
0
= 253 K
Outside air temperature, Tb = 2S C + 273 = 298 K
0
Film co-efficient for inner side, ha = 17 W/m2K

Film co-efficient for outside, hb = 5S.4 W/m2K => Q/A
1 L( L2 L3 1
-+-+-+-+-
kbrick = k3 = 2.S W/mK ha k( k2 k3 hb
kcork = k2 = O.OSW/mK 253 - 298
kcement = k) = 0.28 W/mK => Q/A ==
1 + 0.l5 +_Q1__+..Ql_+_l_
17 0.28 0.05 2.5 55.4
Inside Cement Cork Brick
Outside
I Q/A == -9.S W/m2!
k( k2 k)
The negative sign indicates that the heat flows from the outside
into the cold room.
Result:
Heat flow rate, Q/A == -9.5 W/m2
1.30 Heat and Mass Transfer
(!] A wat! of II cold room is composed of three layer; Tile (JUte, Conduction 1.31
layer is brick 20 em thick, t"e middle layer is Cork 10 c", Film co-efficient for outside air and brick, hb = 45.4 W/m2K
thick, the inside layer is cement 5 em thick. The temperature Film co-efficient for inside air and cement, ha = 17 W/m2K
of the outside air is 25° C and tltat on the inside air is -20 C 0
K) = 3.45 W/mK
TI,efilm co-efficient for outside air and brick is 45.4 WI",2 K
K2 = 0.043 W/mK
and for inside air 011(1 cement is 17W/m2 K.
K( = 0.294 W/mK
Find i) Thermal resistance ii) The heat flow rate.
Tofind:
Take
I. Heat flow rate
k for brick = 3.45WlmK
2. Thermal resistance of the wall
Ii for cork = 0.043 WlmK
sotutio» :
k for cement = 0.294 WlmK
Heat flow through composite wall is given by
Given :
~Toverall
Q= [From Equn (1.42) (or)
R
HMT Data book page No.43 &44J
In ide Outside
where
ement Cork Brick ~T=T{/-Tb
kJ k2 kJ I L( L2 L) I
R =--+--+--+--+--
ha A kJ A k2 A k) A hb A
=>Q
j kne f brick LJ = 20 em = 0.2 m

=> O/A
f ernent LJ = 5 em = 0.05 m
253 - 298
=> QIA
UI ide air temp ~rature, Tb = 250 C 273 = 298 K _1_ + 0.05 + __Q:l_ + 0.2 + _1_
17 0.294 0.043 3.45 45.4
III ide air len perature, To = -200
273 = 253 K
lOlA =-17.081 W/m21
/. 32 Ileal and Mass Transfer
COnd/l(;liml I. JJ
TIle negative sign indicates that the heat flows fro~
e OUt.
into the cold room. s~ (i;"C'II .'
<h, (PT2 <T (
Inner layer middle laye outer layer
For Unit Area k, kJ

k2
I LI L2 L) I
~ R =-+-+-+-+-
ha kl k2 k) hb
Thermal conductivity of inner layer, k I = 8.5 W/mK

_1_ +0.05 + _QL + _Q1_ +_1_ Thermal conductivity of middle layer, k2 = 0.25 W/mK
17 0.294 0.043 3.45 45.4
Thermal conductivity of outer layer, kJ = 0.08 W/mK
Inner thickness, LI = 2S em = 0.25
~ IR = 2.634 KJW I III
Midddle layer thickness, L2 = S ern = 0.05111

Rault: Outer layer thickness, LJ = 3 em = 0.03 III
I) Heat flow rate, Q/A = -17.081 W/m2 Inside wall temperature, T t = 6000 C + 273 = 873 K
OUI ide wall temperature, T4 = 50° C 273 = 323 K
2) Thermal resistance, R = 2.634 K/W
Tofintl .'
I. Equivalent electrical circuit
(I] A furnace wall is made up 0/ three layers, imide layer MI~~
thermal conductivity 8.5 WlmK, the middle layer MIll' 2. Heat flow per m2
conductivity 0.15 WlmK, the outer layer with cO/l(luClivi~ 3. Thermal resistance
0.08 WlmJ(. T,.'lerespective thickness of the inner, n~i{ldlea~
4. Interface temperatures
outer layers are 15 em, 5 em , and 3 em respectively- T~
inside {/~d outside wall temperatures lire 6000 C and ~O·~
respectively. Draw the equivalent electrical circuit f~
conduction 0/ Ileal through the wall and find t"ernl ~
resistance, heat flewlml and interface temperatures-
Solution: .---=--------------..._ Conduction 1.35
1. Equivalent electrical circuit for COIl(llICtioll 873 - 323
9.25 + 0.05 + ~QL.
8.5 0.25 0.08
~IQ/A = 909.97 W/I11~
3) Thermal Resistance
2. Heat flow through composite wall is given by
L\ToveraJl [From Equn. 110. (1.42) (or) (Neglecting ha' hb terms)

Q=
R HMT Data book page No. 43 & 44J
where
L\T=Ta-Tb =T,-T4
For unit area
, L, L2 L3 I
R = ha A + k, A + k2 A + k3 A + hb A
~ Q = 0.25 -I- 0.05 + 0.03.

8.5 0.25 0.08
4) Interface temperatures
We know that,
[Convective heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given. r, - '14 T, - 1'2 T:2 - T 3 T 3 -- T4 1)
So, neglect rh{lt terms] =:) () -- -,-{--- = -R-,-= --~ = R3 ... (
= - ...
-.-.--~.-.---- =-"> Q = T,-T2
R,
I: 36 Hear and Mass Transfer
Conduction 1.37
Resllll:
I. Heat flow per m2, Q/A = 909.97 W/m2

klA
2. Thermal Resistance, R = 0.604 K/W
TI -T2
Q/A
LI 3. Interface temperatures, T 2 = 846.23 K
kl
T) = 664.23 K
909.97 = 873 - T2
0.25 @ A mild steel tank of wall thickness 20 111111 contains water fll
8.5 100" C. Estimate lite loss of heat per square metre area of lite
I T2 = 846.23 Kj tank surface, if lite 11IIIk is exposed 10 OIl atmosphere til
15° C. Thermal conductivity of steel is 50 WlmK, while hem
transfer co-efficient for lite outside wid inside II,£, tank are
Silllilarly
10 WI1112K and 28.50 WI",2K respectively. WIItII will he lite
(1) =:>
o = T2-T3 lemperalllN' Oil lite outside o.f lite tank wall.
, R2 Given :
L2 Thickness of steel wall
where, R2=--
k2A LI = 20111111
= 0.02 In
Inside Outside
Q = T2-T3 Inner water temperature

L2 Ta = 100° C + 273 = 373 K
k2A Atmospheric air temperature
T2 - T3 Th= WC+273=288K
Q/A
Thermal conductivity of
~
k2 steel, k I = 50 W /mK
Inside heat transfer co-
909.97 = 846.23 - T3 2
efficient, ITa = 2850 Whn K
0.05 -
Outside heat transfer co-
0.25
efficient, hb = I 0 W/I11~K
I T3 = 664.23 K I
where
Conduction 1.37
Q = TI - T2 Reslllt:
LI
I. Heat flow per m2, Q/A = 909.97 W/m2
klA
2. Thermal Resistance, R = 0.604 K/W
Q/A TI - T2
=-L- -
I 3. Interface temperatures, T 2 = 846.23 K
~
T 3 = 664.23 K
873 - T2
909.97 = ----=-
0.25
8.5
@] A mild steel tank of wall til ick ness 20 111mcontains water (It
/ 00° C Estimate tile loss of heat per square metre area of tile
I T2 = 846.23 Kj tank surface, if tile tank is exposed to an {Itmo."plwre (It
/50 C. Thermal conductivity of steel i...50 WlmK. while heat
Similarly transfer co-efficient for tile out s ide and in ...ide tile ttlnk are
JOWl",] K am/ 2850 Wlm2 K respectively. What will he the
(1) ~ Q = T2-T3 temperature Oil tile outside 01 the tank wall.
R2 Given:
L2
where, R2=-- Thickness of steel wall
k2A
L, = 20mm = 0.02 m Inside Outside
Q = T2 - T3 Inner water temperature
L2
Ta=100°C+273=373K To
k2A
Atmospheric air temperature ha
T2 - T3 Th= 15°C+273=288K
Q/A
~ Thermal conductivity of
k2 steel, k I = 50 W ImK
Inside heat transfer co-
909.97 = 846.23 - T3
0.05 efficient, "a = 2850 W 1m2 K
1\ -----\
...-
0.25 Outside heat transfer co-
efficient, lIb = 10 W/m2K
/ T3 = 664.23 K I
I. 38 !...~:!.!~
and Mass Transfer
------- .. _--- ----------_
To .Ii" tI :
Conduction 1.39
i) Ileal loss per square metre area of the tank Surface ( /
"
We know that,
"
II) T ,Hl1\"doutsi c temperature, T 2 , Q 1\)
TG -Tl ~ T1I -T, _~ T,-T2
__ = T2-Tb_
Q = -R- =R;-- R, Rh
Solutio" :
=> Q = T -T,
_G __
AToverall Ra
Heal loss, Q = ---R--- [From Equn, I/o. (I.42j~
1
where I-IMT Data book page NO.4J & 44J where, Ra = -, A
1£1
I-H=Ta-Tb
R I
= --+--+--+-
L, L2 LJ +__I
ha A k, A k2 A k3 A hb A
_ Ta-T,
=> Q/A - I/h
a
373 - T,
=> 843.66 =
1/2850
(Neglect L2, L3 terms)
=> IT, = 372.7 KI
=> f)/A Similarly
I LJ I
-+--+--
h{/ kJ fib
'_.) Q/;\ 3 73 - 288 Ll

where, R, = k,A
--'- -I- _O_:_Q£ + .L
, ----- --------
:- (V/\
- _. ---.
2S50
-, S43.6(j
--------.-
-_- .-._------ "_-

50
Willi ~1
1
'() T,-
L,
kJA
T2
=> Q/A
372.7 - T2
=> 843.66 = 0.02
Conduction I..J I
50 Hot gas temperature. Ta = 2100 C
I T] = 372.4 K I Room air temperature. T b = 50 C + 273 = 323 K

Heal now b) radiation from gases 10 inside surface of the
Result: wall. Ol{ 1 = 25.2 kW/m2 = 25.2 x 103 W/m]
I. Heat loss per m2, (Q/A) = 843.66 \Vlm2 Convective transfer at interior, "0 = J 2.2 W/m2K
2. Outside surface temperature, T2 = 372.4 K Thermal conductance of the wall = 58 W/mK
o A steam boiler furnace is made of fire clay. rite hOI CQJ

Ileal now by radiation
QI{2 = 8.2 kW/11l2 = 8.2
from external
10·) WlrnK
surface to surroundinc
temnerature imide the boiler furnace

r
is 2100 t, roo-.., (II,.
Illleril r wall urface temperature, 1'1 = 1080°(, + 273
temperature is 50 'r, heat flow by radiation from caSel" 10
= 1353 K
inside surface of the wall is 25.2 k Wlm], cOllveclio" ""(11 Tafind :
transfer co-efficient at tlte interior surface is 12.2 1¥111I'/(, i) External surface temperature, '1']
thermal conductance of the wall is 58 WII1IK, heat flow ~v ii) E.\lerll,il C nvc rive c nductancc. hh
radiation from extemal susface to slirrouluJi"K is Solution :

8.2 kWln'; and interior wall sill/ace temperature is 1080"('. We kn: \ Ihill
Calculatefor external surface

Total hca: }
I. Sur/ace temperature Heat Inn fer h~ l le at Irat I . fer h)
e n Ic r i n ~ () =
2. Convective conductance nvc ti n (II interior radiation at interior
the \I all
Given:
r
,I " TrLlm!er
1.42 Heal (11/(/ Mass
('(lnductiun 1.43
We kn \\ !haL Resull:
'1 - T, T, - T2 _ T2 - '1'"
T-l"_.-!!----R
.-E-- _ R I
- 0
,,/;
I. [.x!<.:rfl<ll .urface temperature, "'2 = 703.4 K
o -s: R (I
2. _xlemal convective co-efficient, hh = 77.3 W/m~K.

T, - TZ
~Q==~ @ A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer
consists o/I/Ia.\'OII(/ry brick 2() cm thick (lJ tlt er m al
WJ- T2 conductivity fl.66 WlntlC, lite second layer consists of 3 em
LA,I---
J .V't"" - RI thick 1/101'1111' of tltermal conductivity 0.6 WlmK, lite third layer
consists oJ 8 em thick lime MOlle of thermal conductivity
1353 - T2
3 .644 == I
l''- Re5istance = d
con uctancc
J 0.58 WlmK and the outer layer consists of 1.2 em thick plaster
-8
0/ thermal conductivity 0.6 WlmK. The heat transfer co-
efficient Oil the interior 1I11(1 exterior of the wall lire
5.6 WIIII1K and II Wlm2K respectively. Interior room
temperature is 2rc and outside air temperature is -5" C.
External surface temperature, T 2 = 703.9 K
Calculate
Heal loss due to radiation at exterior (I) Overall heat transfer co-efficient
b) Overall thermal resistance
c] The rate of heat transfer
Hear 10>5by vection at exterior d) The temperature {II the junction between the mortar and
lite limestone
= T! -I hea entering - Heat loss by radiation at exterio
Given :
= 37.644 - 8.2 Y 103
k2
--..'Qc = _9.!
---- lib A T ,= 29, 4

~Tl
I
rr2 eDT,
I . lib
II / A / IT! - Th) -= 29,441 ! I asouary Mortar

.
Limestone Plaster'
I
hb / I / [ O~.9 - 323 j :: 29,444

!
-1 ----'
F.\lCrnal 'omccl; e CO-Cf!lCI'CIlt I )
__ , 'b:: 77.3 W/III-K
/I('a1 and Mm.' Transfer _~ ~ ~_
,= __= ,~._,_c_ .~
Thickncss , (1I1;1:-ollary. 1., = 0 em r-, 0.20 rJ1 -, Conduction 1.../5
Thcnna I (I '1ivity
IH.lIII.. ~I .!-' 0.66 \\ IIIIK T,,- T"
_.
1 hidlll::-'l f me rtar, L_ = 3 em == 0.0" rn 0 -
I _'_'1_ ~ "1 ~ L
henna! ondu tivuy Oflllol1ar. "2:;- 0.6 W/IIlK h,A kl A k A k A k" A
. hi ~1l~:\S of limcst ue. L, = ~ ern == 0,08 III
2C)S - 268
ThLTm. I 'Olldllclivily, "3 == 0.58 W/I11K - O/A
I 0.20 + 0.03 0.08 + 0.012 + .L
Thi I..n~ss f Plasicr. L4 = I.~ em == 0.012111
5.6 0.66 0.6 0.58 0.6 II
Thermal OJ1dll uvity, "4 z: 0.6 W/mK
Ileat trallsfer per L1l1itarea, Q/A = 34.56 W/m2
Interior 111;31 trnnsfcr, co-efficient h" = 5.6 W/m2K
Exterior hctlllrallsfcrco-cfficient, hh = II W/m2K V. e knov that.
lntcr: r room ll:rnpcratIJrc, To = 22" C 273 = 295 K Heat transfer, Q= UA (Til _ T b) [From equation no.I.4J I
Ollh';dc air Itl1lpcratIJre Tb = - o C - 27" = 26R K. where. U - overall heat transfer co-efficient
Tolind:
. ) (h c.:rall lint transfer co-efficient, U
11) (h'~rjJII !lrcnlltll reo istancc, (I<) 34.56

U == _.::.._:_.:.;:_::-
. Ih·allrall·fl:r/lll-. (()fA) 295 - 268
d) '111(' temperature at the junction between ihc Mortar and
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1.28 W/m2K
Ilw limes! ne. (Tl)
We know (hat,
Solution :
Overall Thermal resistance (R)
I LI L2 LJ L4 I
R = -- --+--+--+--+--
.II "11 Il( \\ thrnugll COIJIP( sire wall is given by hI A kl A k2 A k3 A k4 A hb A
'\ I )\I'J' 11 For unit Area

C) / h()1JI Equn. I/O. (In) or
H I L, L) LJ L4 1
I IAtr /)11/0 hook j}(lJ,{(' No. -I3cC-I-Ij R = -+ -+-- +-+-+-
\111 "'1.' h(l k1 "2 kJ "<j hb
" I (I I;,
I., L,
_I + 0.20 + 0.03 + O.OS + 0.012 +_1
56 0.66 0.6 0.58 0.6 II
1<
\
.1
/\ 0.78 K!WJ
I 46 Hid
__:_____ eo a17 Mass Tran.~fer
Interface
..' te mperature between mortar and
-------
the linrel'IOIIe, T -..........
Interface temperatures relation . 3 Conduction 1.47
Q _ To--TI "1-T2 "2-T3 _ T3 -"4 T4-l

--~=-R-I-=~ -~-==~R 5
..> 4
TS-Tb 278_3 - T3
Q=
=~
~
T,,-' TI k2A
=> Q=
Ra 278.3 - T3
Q/A
295 - TI ~
Q k2
)/ha A
278.3 -- T3
295 - TI 34.56 =
Q/A 0.Q3
11170 0.6
295 - T,
34.56
1/5.6 Temperature between Mortar and limestone (T]) is 276.5 K
Result:
IT, = 288.8 K) I) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1.28 W/Il12K
2) Overall thermal resistance, R = 0.78 K/W

T,- T2
=> Q=--- 3) Heal transfer, Q/A = 34.56 \\ /m2
R,
,1) Temperature between mortar and lilllcstone,(T3) = 276,5 K
288.8 - T2 [!J The wall of (/ refrigerators is made lip oftwo mild steel plates
Q
L, 2.5 111111 thick with (I 6 em tltick glass wool ill between the
k,A plates. The interior temperature is' -20" C, while tile outside
of the refrigerator is exposed /0 40" C. Estinuue tile heat flow:
288.8 -, T2
Q/A Thermal conductivity of steel alit! glass wool are 23 WllltI(
L, and 0.015 WlmK respectively.
", (Madurai A{/III01'Oj University /l.'OI'-I.}-I)
__ _3!8.8 - ~~
34,56 - 0.20 Ll = LJ
= 2,5 111111 =-= 0.0025 III
0,66 L'l = () ern = 0.06 III
I IT? = 27S,3E]
I. 48 Heal and Mass Transfer
I - Conduction 1.49
Mild steel Glass wool Mild steel Convective heat transfer coefficient is 1I0t given.
So, neglect ha' lib terms
Ta k, k2 k3
Tb
I I
~QIA.
.
~
L,
• I-
L2
-/-
L3
..,
Ta = -20 C; Tb = 40 C
0 0
- -.---.
-20 - 40
Q/A
0.0025 + 0.06 + 0.0025
k, = k3 = 23 W/mK; k2 = 0.015 W/mK 23 .015 23
Tofind : I Q == -14.99 W/m2!

i) Heat flow, (0) The '-ve' sign indicated that the heal flows from the outside
into the refrigerator.
Solution:
Result :
Heat flow through composite slab is given by
i) Heat flow, Q == -·14.99 W/m2.
,1 To vera II
Q [From Equn. no. (1.42)]
R
where
IZ!fl The inside temperature of the refrigerator is -1tl" Cand outside
surface tempera/lire is 30t) C and area is 301111. This
refrigerator consists of 2.2 ntnt of steel at the inner surface,
15 111m plywood at the outer surface and J() em ofglass wool
ill between steel (lilt!plywood. Calculate the heat Ion and the
capacity of the refrigerator ill tons of refrigeration.
Assume k(sleelj == 20 WlmK. k(p()'",oot!) == 0.05 WlmK.
k(g/as!J'H'oo/)== 0.06 I-Vlm/(.
o Given :
Inside Temperature, T, =_IOL'C f'273 =-=263
· 1.50 Heat and Mass Transfer
Conduction /.51
kI k2 k) where
Glass wool Plywood

Steel
(DTI ~DT2 ~ T) ~~
Outside temperature, T4 == 30° C + 273 == 303 K

(Convective heat transfer co-effficients ha and hb are not
2 given. So, neglect that terms)
Area, A ==30 m
T)-T4
Thickness of steel, L) == 2.2 mm == 0.0022 m
Thickness of plywood, L3== 15 mm == 0.015 m
Thickness of glass wool, L2 == 10 cm == 0.10 m

263 - 303
Q
Thermal conductive of steel, k) == 20 W ImK
0.002 + 0.10 + 0.015
Thermal conductivity of plywood, k3 == 0.05 W/mK 20 x 30 0.06 x 30 0.05 x 30
Thermal conductivity of glass wool, k2 == 0.06 W/mK

IQ =-610.1 W==-0.610KWI
Toflnd :
The -ve sign indicates that the heat flows from the outside
i) Heat loss, Q
into the refrigerator.
2) Capacity of the refrigerator
We know that
Solution: 3.5 kW ==I ton
:=)O.610kW== 0.610 ton

Hear flow throu?h composite wall is given by 3.5
==0.174 ton
t1To vera lJ
Q= [From Equn. no.(/.42) ~
R HMT Data book page No.43 & 441 :=) Capacity of the refrigerator ==0.174 ton
'{
r 52 HealandMassTrc.!'!!f!!_.--------
"-~
Result: I' id Conduction I 53
Heat transfer, Q ::::610 W .iqut surface conductance, h(/ - 560 W/m2K .
Capacity of the refrigerator:::: 0,174 ton Steam surface' con d uctance, hh = 5400 W/Ill2K
Steam
, , temperature, Tb = ) ) 00 C·
_,+ 27"., -- .,83
" K
f1D A s'tetlm to liquid heut exclulIlger area of 25 Liquid temperature: T(I = 70" C + 273 = 343 K
cOllslrllelell ",illi 11.5 •em
I
nickel
7'1
and• •0.1
.. '
en, /
p (II'"n
.'"' ;, k2(copper) = 350 W/IllK
copper Oil lite steam S/{Ies. I lie re.\'ISIIV/~V of (I .Vfller t> OJ
k) (Nickel) = 55 W/IllK
deposil 011 lite steam side is {}.0015Kiw. The steun, (I1lti/it-sCa/!
surftlce C{JIIt/uel'IIIee lire 5400 WI", 2K and 56() W. 14~ Toflnd :
reJpeClive~y.Tile Itealeds'lell", is filII Ou C (flllillefllet[ ~",2k i) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, (U)
is' al 70° C. "ql/id 2) Temperature drop across the scale deposit. (T, -- T4)
Calculate Solutio II :
J) Overall steam IO/iquidllelll transfer co-efficient Heat transfer through composite wall is given by
2) Tempemllire drop IICrOS,\'lite settle deposit

Q = ~Toverall r
Front Equn. no, (I. 42) or
Take R lIMT Data hook page No.43 & :J:J}
k(copper) = 35(1 W'ImK filii/ k(Nickel) = 55 WlmK. where
Given :
[
Outside R = _I_+_L_I_ ... L2 ,L) I
Inside ha A k A . kA kA + _-
, 2
T
3 "b A
Liquid side 1\2 Steam side Ra + R, + R2 + RJ + Rb

T2
G:~~.:
Til 11(/ R,~ value is given, R" = k~~ = 0.00) 5 K/W
Copper ~
I L,
R ---t--
lin A "I A
_-'- __ + 0,5 x 10-2 + 0, ) x 10-2

350 x 25,2 + 0,0015
560 x25.2 55 x 25,2
Thickness of Nickel , L I -- 0 ).- em = 0,5 x 10-2 111 + I
5400 x 25,2
Thickness of copper
t' ' L'2-- 0 , I cm=O.1 x 10--111 ~ ~IR J.~58~x~IO~-_J~K~/W~1
Resistivity of scale, R_l = 0,0015 K/W
/.5.1 Conduction/.55
fllJ A wall of fllrll(~c~ is made up of 13 em thict: of fire day,of
(I
thermal condllctlv/~" fJ.6 WlmK alU160 em thick of red brick

of conductivity
. . I.
0.8 . WlmK. Tire inner ~nd outer surface
temperature of wall are 1"000 C and 75 C Determine
0
0
1. Tile amount of heat loss per square metre of lire

furnace wall.
2. It is desired 10 reduce lite thickness of lite red brick
layer ill litis furnace to half by filling in the space
between lite two layers by diatomite whose k = 0.11J
+ 0.00015 T. 'Calculate lite thickness of the material.
Give" :
k, k2
Furnace Fire clay Red Brick
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U 25 W/m2K
Temperature drop (T~.) - T4 ) across the scale is given by
L1T
Q=-- [.: I:H = T3 - T4] I·
Rsca/e L,=13cm= 0.13m
, L1T k, = 0.6 W/mK

25.2 x W = 0.0015
L2 = 60 em = 0.6 111
~ltlT=37.8°CI k2 = 0.8 W/mK
Result: T, = 1000° C + 273 = 1273 K
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, (U) = 25 W/m2K T3 = 75° C + 273 = 348 K
Temperature drop across the scale, (T3 - T41 = 37.8 0 C

Tofind: f the furnace wall.
I) Heat loss per square metre 0
.2) Thickness of the material. whose k=OIII+O.OOOIST

.
__ ._-" - ---
.
Sol"tim, :
CondUCI;OJ1 1.57
2.
1. I teat transfer through composite wall is given by
Diatomite Red brick
Q = Il To\'<:.~~~I
...
[From EC/III1. no. (1.42)'»,
R Furnace 13
where JlMT Data book page No.43 & 44]
K.
.'
We know that,
TI -T3
~Q = ·-----;---·i,_ .~+~+-1- Q
=
T, - T.f
R =
T I - T2 _ T2 - T3
-R-,- - R2
= Tr T4
R3
••• ( I)
h~-A+ k, A + "2 A kJ A hb A
T,- T2
Neglect unknown terms => Q = R)
~Q = ...-1273·- 348
-_. __.._ -- 1273-T2
Q =
L,
k, A
1273 - T2
=> Q/A =
1273 - T2
=> 956.8 = ,.: A = 1m2 J
I.,
k,
1273 - 1"2
-0.13
0.6
---
/. 58 Heal and Mass Trumjer
------------------- Conduction J .59
T) - T4
Q=
L3
kJ A .956.8 =' 358.8 .... '(2)
.. ' , L2
. T) - T4 k;
QIA =
__!2__ Given thermal conductivity for diatomite is
kJ
k = 0.111 + 0.00015 T
::::::>k2=0.111 +0.00015T
where
T4 - Outer surface temperature of red brick'
k2 = 0.111 + 0.00015 [T2: T31
k) - Thermal conductivity of red brick
L) _ Halfofthe 2
thickness of the red brick == 0 6 = O.3m = 0.111 + 0.00015 [1065.6 +
2
706.81
T) - 348 I k2 = 0.243 WimK I , (

~ Q/A ==
0.3 Substitute k2 value in Equation (2)
D.8
~ 956.8 == 358.8
~ 956.8 = T) - 348 ~.
0.3 0.243
IT
~ IT) = 706!KJ ~. L2 = 0.091 m
Thickness'ofthe diatomite, L2 = 0.091 m ), '" .

T
(I)~ Q= T2- 1. Remit:
R2 Heat loss, Q = 956.8 W 1m2
1065.6-706.8 Til ickness of the, d iatOl;nite, L2.=' 0.091 m
Q=
I (10 Heat and Muss r,'(/l1s[er
-'[ijl A [urnace wull hi made of inside silica hrie~
~ • • 'J ther
~;:::-::--------- ~C~o'~ld1!_''!'£Cli(}~!J_._61
contlllctivill' 1.7 W/mK, 12 em thick and outside m ",~ where
• •• ~ ~ IV (Ig'l~f'
brick of thermal conductivity .1••1 ,,'/mK, 22 em thic ",, Sf = TI -lJ
temperature Oil the inside of the wall of the silica bk: rh,
. magnesite. bri
92(1UC (111(1olltsult! nc«t. sur/ace tem'Pe r'rk'~ R = --I_+~+~+~ ... 1
rmUre' ha A kI A k)- A k3 A h A
120" C. Calclliate the heatflow tit rough tit is compos I'te IVaI(~ b
lf the ('011 tact resistance between the two wall is 0.003Ktlt

find tile temperlllllre of the surfaces at the illter/ace. I
___I + __LI + __L2 L,

+_J_+ I
Given: r----.---r------~ h(/ A kl A k2 A k) A fib A
k1 k2 Neglect unknown terms (11(1, hb and L))
(~TI (DT2 ~~T3 TI -T3

=:>Q=------__.:__-
Silica Magnetic LI L)
--+---
brick brick kl A k2 A
TI - T3
Q=
RI + R2
Thermal conductivity of silica brick, kl = J.7 W/mK
1'1 - T3 [where, Rc is contact resistance
Thickness of silica, LI = J 2cm = O. J 2 III
RI + R2 + Rc between walls]
Thermal conductivity of magnesite, k2 = 5.5 W/mK
Thickness of magnesite, ~ = 22 ern = 0.22 m
Inner surface Temperature, TJ = 920" C + 273 = J J 93 K
Outside surface temperature, T 3 = 120 C + 273 0 = 393 K 1193 - 393
Q=
Contact resistance between t, .•vo wall, Rc = 0.003 K/W
Tn find:
1193 - 393
Temreralurc of thee surf lace
SUI .
at the Interface, (T 2) Q/A =
0.12 + 0.22 + 0.003
So/utioll : 1.7 5.5
HCallraJl!.,fer thr " .... 7042.9 W /m2 I
. oUb" composite wall is given by
Q :; {From £qlll1. no. (J.42)fI)
43 c( 4J
R II MT 0(1£0 hook page No.
1.62 Heal and Mass Tra:.:'.:.:ls~ife=-r ~
We know that, Conduction 1.63
Given:
Inner Brick Insulation Timber Outer
Hot Cold
1193 - T2
Q=
Ll
kl A
1193 - T2
Q/A
0.12
Diameter of the aluminium rivet, d = 4 em = 0.04 m
1.7
Thermal conductivity of the aluminium rivet,
1193 - T 2
7042.9 = kriv<:l = 200 W ImK
0.12
Area of the surface, A = O.I m2
1.7
Th ickness of the brick, L I = 12 ern = 0.12 m
IT2 = 695.8 K I Thermal conductivity of the brick, kl = 0.90 W/mK
Result: Thickness of the Insulating material, L2 = I.S em = 0.015 111
Thermal conductivity of the Insulation, k2 = 0.170 W/mK
Thickness of the timber, L3 = 22 em = 0.22111
IE] A composite insulatine wall has three layers of material /JeI~ Thermal conductivity of the timber, k) = 0.11 W/mK
together by 4cm dian:eter aluminium (k :: 200WlmK) riV~ Hot surface temperature, T1 = 2200 C + 273 = 493 K
per O.J m2 of surface. The layers of materials consist 0
Cold surface temperature. T4 = ISO C + 273 = 288 K
12 em thick brick (k= 0.90 WlmK) with hot surface 01
220°C, 22 em thick timber (k = O.J 10 WlmK) with colt!sl'rf{lC~Tofind:
at 150 C. These two layers are interposed by a third layer0, Percentage of increase in heat transfer rate.
.. I . J 70 W/"'~'
IIlSU ttttng material 1.5 em thick of conductivity O.
CI I . .~r~
a ell ate the percentage of increase ill "eat trans)'
due to rivets.
1.6./ Heal Gild Mas ,. Transfer
_ ... ----------
Solution: (',,"dUCli(J11 I.fij
Lrivel
Heat transfer (without rivet) Q Rrivd :::
R krivCI x Arivet
where 0,12 + 0.015 + 0.22
[Front fI!IIT d book '0I') 20a x 1.25 x 10-.1

~T == T I - lt~ 1/(1
I~e /IV.';] &
Rriv":l == 1.42 K/W

1.1 L.., L"
R
17(/ A kl A k] A k,A h, We know that
"1"1- T-t
__ L__ == _I _ +- _'- -
Rc:quiv:llenl Rwall I{riwt
=> Q
II L L,
~-- --T--
Ila !\ kl A k1 A k, !\ /ill !\ I x ~1.·~_~i.!!IEivct_. -I- -_1-
.'
R Arca \\ ithour rivet I{rivel
L .. , (I)
where
<) = __ I + __LI l.~

+_- f----
I.} I
f--.--.
R== ",,/\ klA k!A kjA "I,A
{From 1I.\.It dat« hook page no. n/
Neglect 11(/. "b terms
LI L, LJ
O.(H) O. I O. I 70 A 0.1 0.11 0.1 R==--+---+--
klA kzA kjA
~----- - ---- +-. _Q·~L_
R == _.Q.JL_ + 0.015
'----------_ O.QO x 0.1 0.170 x 0.1 0.11 . 0.1
ow con idcriug rivet
I{ = 22.2 K/W
Rivet area ~'rrf.l J2
Substituting R value ill Equn (I)
- It/t! " (O.04)~
==_L ,(i~'! .. 1.~5,( 10-·;)
[!\rca~~~~).-~:·.I>S_-· 10-3 JlI21
_1.----
R.;qul\'al.:nl 22.2 0.1
r
iusid« fC!"'flt!rllfllre is 23') C. ",I'glcclillf: thr th ermal

resiSfllll c! of.5 nun mortar joint between marble lI11dbrick.
fill I ttiefotlowing.
1. Overall transmitance for the wall
•. He II loss through II,e 14'(/11
:. Temperature of lire brick - pine interfa e
T I - T~ -I. Thermal conductivity 0/ tire mortar.

[Assume ,\lorlar brick interface temperature i 21" C,
Given : heat loss is reduced by J 0%/
. :e=' ing thickne s of mortar
Q v
• T,
, n.age (} TI
p~ I rivet.
e .e
Q, lnvidc T
0
l{l" hb
ha
4.13-9.22
= / 100
15 .13
'% ]
., ickncvs of marble, L = 75 mm = J.O 5 m
~ A lurJ(e composite wall ill made up (Jf 75 mm tnJlrhltl
'l hcn (II conducti i y of marble, k4 = ',25 ImK
thermal conductivity 1.25WlmK, 7fJmm brick 0/ conducfit1 Lhickncw brick I.} = 70 mm = O,07() m
fJ.fi2WlmK, 2fJ5mm pine of conductivity O,J2WIK aI
T hcrmal c. nducii it)' of brick, k3 = 0,62 W/mK
I 75mm Imide ptaster 0/ conductivity (J.25WlmK. 1he (Julsj
. ..Ie uJ 'I hickncss of pine, 1'2 = 205 rnrn - 0,205 m
unit surface conductance I,,, 33Wlm2X and m'ilu
IUft j
,'iur/tu:e .onductance I,,, 12Wlm2K. Outside tempet" Thermal c nductivity of pine k2 = 0,12 W/mK
2fJ0(' and Thicknc: s f plaster, LI = 175 mrn = 0,17 m
'1hcrmal conductivity of plaster, kl = 0,25 W/mK
!_._(i8 .!"I<!~I/ and Mass li'ow/el'
--------_ ... .__._-----
Outside surl;lce cOllductance
, "
hl == 3'J WI I11K
2. -----~
I.
Inside surtilce conducrauce
'0
h == I'"- U'/ 'K
no 111-
---._--- ('OIlC/llc1ioll
Outside ICllIpt:ratlln..:, Tb::: 20" C + 273 :.::293 K -------. -. --- __ oo •• _
_L + O.O.~, + _QJ~~ + ,_!_

+ 0.175 + _Q)J!~~
Insidl.:· kll1pl:ralllrc, To == 2]0 C + 273 == 2% K 12 0.25 0.12 0.62 1.25 33
l'vlortar joinllhid:lh.::-;s = .5 111111 == 0.005 111 3
'C)I/\
To/illll: 2.69
I. Overall trunsuuuance, (U) r.lcallransfer

~----- __rate,
-.--
Q/A == ;'.11
- -_.
W/m2/
2. Heal luss. (Q)

We know that,
3. Tempcnuurc of brick-pine interface, (TJ)
I lcat transfer, Q = IJ x ACTa" Tb) IFrom cqun, "0. (1.43)1
-L Thermal conductivity of the mortar
[Mortar hrick interface lelllperu/ilre i.v] It:
1.11 = lJ y. (296 - 293)
heal/ass is reduced by 10%/
SOIIlI;oll :
Heat transfer through composite wall is given by We know that, Interface temperatures relation
,\Tovl.!rall
() ~=
R
where
1'4 - 1 ~ _ 15 - "" . , . (,)
Sf:; Ttl ·-lb = ~- - -Ti;,--
1 LI L2 LJ L,J_'
R = 7;-;;11.- -I- "'1-" + "'2" + kJ ,,- + k,J" + lib A (1) ::::> Q=
/.,' I{"
( 'r,IIIItIl:I!lIn I 'II
}) .12 ,'f !
II. ()
(1.1 ~
2() •. 1 'f I
II. 115
0.12
Il, I)
.I~ K\ L" 293.22 K I
T
TClllpcralUJ'c or brick - pille interface 2() .22 K I
'1',
~I) -:- c= RI lical loss is reduced by 10%
C
L\
KIA CmlsitierillJ; tl,iclme.\·s of tire mortar,
295.9 - T
Q/A
L\ TI
kl
Inside
295.9-T2
1.11
0.175
0.25
\T2 295.12 KI
0
Mortar brick interface temper~tllre is 21 C
1 -' Q =>T4=21°C
T4 = 210 + 273
295.12-T3
~
k2/\
££IIIi1t1M'6~'_
I. 72 Heal and Mass li'an~k/'
_--_._----.---_. - ..__ .-.. _---_----_-
Mortar thickness, 1'4 = 5 Illlll = 0.005 III

0.99:: T5 -- 293.03
We know that, 0.075
1.25
IT5:: 293.08 K]
294 - 293.08
Q ::----~
L4
T(,- Tb k4 A
(2) => Q =
---_._-
Rb 0.92
Q/A = 0.005
Q= T6-2~~. k4
1
hhA
T6 - 293
Q/A= _--
.i.
3
Thermal conductivity of the Mortar, k4 = 538 x 10- W/I11K
T6 - 293
0.99 = --.' ..-~-
j_ Result :
33 2
I. Overall transmittance, U = 0.37 W/m K
293.03 ~"] 1. Heat loss, Q = 1.11 W/1112
3. Temperature ofhric~ - pine interface = 293.12 K
T< - T(J 3
=:~
4. Thermal COlldllctj\,jl~ of the Mortar := 5.38;.10- \\'/IllK
L~
~~ ;\
15 - 293.03
Q/A
0.075
1.25
/. 74 Heal and Mass Trans er
1.1.12 SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON SLAIl .r

Conduction 1.75
Inner surface temperature T 800 C
0 2
f1] A [urnace wall consists of three layers. Th~ ' 1- + 73=1073K
Outer surface temperature, T 4 = 50 C + 273 = 323 K
0
litem thickness is made offire brick (k= 1.04 Wlt,,~Yer~
intermediate layer of 25 em thickness is made if ). 1~ Tofilltl :
o nzlll'o
brick (k = IJ.69 WlmK) followed by (I 5cm/hick co ' ~~ I) Rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall, (QI A)
trcrele II'
(k = 1.37 WlmK). When the furnace is in continuou' ~ 2) Temperature at the interface of the fire brick and masonry
,\ °perllJ' brick, T2 .
tire inner surface of tirefurnace is at 800 C while t'
0
I~
Ire 0llt
concrete surface is at 50"C. Calculate the rate oifl, ~ 3) Temperature at the interface of the masonry brick and
. rellllo~ concrete, T3.
per unit area 0/ tire wall, the temperature at the illl""
r., ' • erj lice q
tirefirebrick (lilt/ masonry brick am/the lel1l1Jerlilll Solution :
I Ire 11/ IN
interface 0/ tire masonry brick (111(/ COil crete. (i) Heat loss per square metre (QIA)
[Anna Uuiv -June'06j
Heat transfer Q = ~ Toverall
, R [From HMT data book
Give" :
where page no.43 & 44 (Sixth editionj]
Inner Fire Masonry Concrete Outer

side brick brick wall side
( T, <PT2 ~DTJ <DT4
=> Q =
I L, LJ L3 I
--+--+---+--+-
ha A k, A k2 A k3 A hb A
[Convective heat transfer co-efficients ha, hb are not given.

So, neglect that terms]
Thickness of firebrick, L) ==. I Ocm == 0, 10m
Thermal conductivity of fire brick, kl == 1,04 W/Il1K

Thid;ness of masonry brick; L2 == 25cm = 0.~5 III
Thermal conductivity of masonry brick, k? = 0,69 W/IllK

Q/A
Th ickness of '-"0 ncre t e wa II,L.1 = 5cI11 == 0,05- m
Thermal conductivity of concrete wall, k3 == 1.3 7 W/n1K
_~--:---:- ~C~'o_o'lI(jIIlCliO"
I. 7
Similarly
(I)~ Q= TrTJ
R2
where.
LJ
RJ = _-_
- k2 A
ii) Iff1nftK,~ tepualU,es (T] and Tj)
T2 - T3
~ Q=
We that,
J rdL-rf see temperat ures re lat iem
~ Q/A
1515.24 = 927.30 - T)
I ere, 0.25
0.69
~78.30KJ
'r ,- T2 Result :
0"---'
I. Q/A = 1515.24 W/m2
~-
kl A
2. T2=927.30K
'1',- T2
Q/A 3. T3=378.30K
III All external wall of II house is made up of 10 em commo«

brick (k = O.7 WlmK) followed by II 4 em tayer (II gypsum
1073··· "'2
1515.24 = _-' .,.- plaster (k = 0.48 WI",K). Whu: thickness of Iml.,·(v plIL'ked
0.10
insulatlon (k = 0.065 WlmK) slwulll be lidded to reduce
1.04
the I,eat loss II"ougl, the wal! by 80%.
3·~i.·.Kl
[li~_~~~. [May 200-1 _ AIIIW Univ. Ocl-99 & Oct 20tJ/- ,\4. Uj
1.78 Heat {llId Mass Tran.lfer
Give" : Conduction I. 79
Thi(;kness of brick, LI = = O.lm
10 em . where
Thermal conductivity of brick, kl = 0.7 W/IllK R. = _l_A [-1-'ha ,_.!::Lk,. +-+-+

-r
L2 kL) -,.1]
k 2 ,3 Ib
Thickness of gypsum, L2 = 4 em = 0.04 III
[The term's /7'1'
, and hb are not eziven . S0, neg Iect t Iiat terms)
Thermal conductivity of gypsum, k2 = 0.48 W/mK
Thermal conductivity of insulation k- = 0 065 WI IllK R = _l_[.!::L + J:L + _s_ 1
'J' A k, k2 k)
Considering two slabs, i.e., neglect L3 term

Brick Gypsum
sr [''- A = I 1112)
Q =----
_s_+~
k, k2
kI k2
6T
100 ",,' - .....__::::...:_~ r Assume heat
_QJ_ -I- 0.04
0.7 0.41\
transfer CO) == 100 WI
Ilril:~ (iYI ~IIIII II 'III luss is red" .cd h)' IilJ% e111l:10 insulllt ion. So, hcnr trnnsfcr
IS () W,
" I ()
.(d')
o
I 10.1 I ().()il I 1'1 I
I 0.7 OJIS (l.()(,.
1il [lnd :
. I t I . thrOl1uh II
Thi ·!.:II('. S 01' msulnrion to reduce tile leA oss '
r~ 0.0. ~Ii 111/
wall hy 80%, (L1)· .
Result :
Solution : ,1T overall Thickness of insulauon I.J 0.0 XX III
J [eat flow rate, Q = R ,/1
4J I~
'[From I-1M?'data hook page /11)
__j
I.SO Heat atld Mass Tratlsfer
-II) A composite wt,lI consists of 10cIII Ihick lay~
Conduction /.8/
brick, " = fl. 7 WlmK and 3('''' II,ick pla.'iter,1c == 0.5 W/~
ilI.mltlti"g nUlterialof" = fI.ORWIIIIK is to he tltldedlo (~
the I,et,tlrtlmft!r 111T0III:" II,e wull by 411%. Fintl its th' rr~
. Id~
{Dec- 200-1 .11I1I1I Uuiv & Dec-lO(lj :ll/l/u Viii! Considering two slabs, i.e., neglect LJ term
Give" :
Thickness of brick, L I = 10 em = 0.1 111
~IOO = -~
~T
__
Thermal conductivity of brick, k I = 0.7 WImK [Assume heat
_QJ_ + 0.03
Thickness of plaster, L2 = Jcm = 0.03 m transfer (Q) = 100 WI
0.7 0.5
Thermal conductivity of plaster, k} = 0.5 W/mK
Thermal conductivity of insulation, k 3 =: 0.08 W/mK
~ I IH = 20.28 K I
Heat loss is reduced by 40% due to insulation. So, heat transfer
~:---~ast~ is60 W.
Insulation
~T
I k, k, I
Q = -
R
~T
Q=
----_._._ ----_. -_.__ !

I 1
-
A (~+~+~l
kl k2 k3
f---. L I - --ic- - I. !---..j
20.28
Ttl find : 60 =
Thickness of insulation to reduce the heat loss through !Ii

_!_
1
[_QJ_
0.7
+ 0.03 + _!::L_
0.5 0.08
1
wall by 40%, (LJ).
Solulio" :
sr overall
:::) 60 r _QJ_ + 0.03 +
l
0.7 0.5 0.08
~1 = 20.28
Heat now rate, Q -=

R
where :::) 0.1 + 0.03 +..!::L = 0.338
0.7 0.5 0.08
R = J__
A
(_L11(/ + .!:Lkl + .!:L
k2
+
kj
+
.!:l_ _I 1
lib
L3
:::) 0.08 =0.135
The terms I/{/ and "" are not given. So, neglect that ten11S.
7
I.S2 Heal 0/1(/ Mass nOl15jer
IL = 0.0108 In I ( 'ouduct inn 1.83
'If/jiuff :
RemIt: i) II ;It 10. s per quar metre, (011\)
ii) Interface temperature: (T2 and T )

Thicknc s of insulation, L) = 0.0 I08 111
o A sw{ace is made lip of 3 layers one of fire brick 0

HlIIII
SO/lIlioll
(i)
:
/JI'(I1/0.H per square metre (QIA)
insulating brick and one of red brick. The inner (III 'd Oil)
nIl
/Frolll IIMT data hook
surface temperatures are 900 C lind so: C rejfJective~ll. n 0
I kat Iran fer. Q ==
Tavera II
R [lag(' 170 . .J3 Gild ./4 J
respective co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thelal'~
where
are 1.2, 0.14 and 0.9 WlmK lind tile thickness of 20 em,8
and L/ em. Assuming close bonding of the layer.\·at
interfaces. Find the heal/on' per square meter and illlerf~ 1.1
--j--
L2
temperatures. [/11. U OCI-9 J I- I k2 A
Given :
lnsulatins
-~0 L 1
Fire Red brick Outer , LI L2
Inner --j-- -- -'-~-
brick brick side h"A KIA k2A k, A hb A
side
[Convective heat transfer co-efliciellts h(/, hb arc nut given.
<In I (bT ~ .I-
(
T3 (
So" ucglcct tha: 1 rill J
kl k2 k3
-....0 =
LI L_
--j--
kIA k2 A
f-- LI --tc- L
Inner temperature, T, = 900 C + 273
0
= 1173 K
01
--'1'1'-- ----
"4
Outer temperature, T4 = 30° C + 273 = 303 K LI I., L.
Thermal conductivity of fire brick, k, = 1.2 W/rnK ~'~ ~
~
Thermal conductivity of iusulatins o
brick '- k? = 0.14 \\/111 1173 - J03
Thennal COlldllCti it of red brick, k) = 0.9 W/rnK 0._ 0.08 ill
1.2' 0.14 0.9
Thi knes f Iire brick, LI = 20 CI11 = 0.2 III
Thic~ne f' III ulatiug brick, L2 = 8 CIll = 0.08 111 Q/A
Thicklle s r re d brick, L3 = II em = 0.11 III
/. 84 Heal and Mass rransfer
(ii) Interface teperatures (T) am/ Tj) ~
We know that, Interface temperatures relation ---------------____:_._--
Condur, I.85 ;0/1
Q/A
TI - T"
Q
R
1004.457 - T3
1011.2546= ----.::....
0.08
where 0.14
LI
R1=---
kl A
Result:
TI - T2 (i) Heat loss per square meter (Q/A)
LI Q/A = 1011.2546 W/m2

kl A
(i i) Interface temperatures (T 2 and T 3)
TI - T2
Q/A T2 = 1004.457 K
L,
1;- T3 = 426.597 K
1011.2546= 1l7J-T2
0.2
[I) The wall of a furnace is made lip of 2.f0 mm fire clay of
thermal conductivity 1.05 WlmK, 120 mm thick of ins Illation
1.2
brick of conductivh, O.15 WlmK anti 200 mm thick red brick
IT 2 = I 004.4 57 K I of conductivity 0.85 WlmK. The inner and outer surface
Similarly temperatllre oj wall are 850 C tlntl 65- C respectively.
G
Co/cilIate the temper(l/ures at the contact surfaces.
[Bharathida an niversity ov- 95}

Given:
Thickne of fire cia L1=2S0mm =0. 5m

Thermal conducti ity, kl = 1.05 W/mK
Thi knes of insulation bri ., ~ = 120 m = 0.1 In
Thermal ndu tivity, 2 = 0.15 W/mK
/. 86 Heal and
Thickness
Mass Transfer
of red brick, L3
Thermal conductivity, k3 ==
== 200 nun
0.85 W/mK
== ---
0.2 rn __
Conduction 1.87
[Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.
Inner surface temperature, T1 == 850 + 273 == 1123 K So, neglect that terms]
Outer surface temperature, T 4 = 65 + 273 == 338 K T,-T4
~ Q =
L, L2 ~
k, A + k2 A k3 A
Fire Insulation
Redbrick TI-T4
clay brick QfA =
_s_+ ~ +S_
• T, (~T2 °nj <D k, k2 k3
1123-338
k, Q/A = ------
k2 kJ 0.25 + 0.12 + 0.2
1.05 0.15 0.85
I Q/A = 616.46 W/m21
We know that,
Souaion :
Heat ro eft composite slab is gi en by T, - T2
1~ Q=--
.... [From H \17 data book page no. 43 & 4.{ RJ
T 'erall where
~ Q=
fA =
>

Conduction 1.89
1123 - T2
=> 616.466 = 0.25 @] A furnace wall made up of 7.5 cm offire plate anti O.65 em of
1.05 mild steel plate. Inside surface exposed /0 hot glls lit
650" C anti outside air temperature 27" C. The convective
Ilea/transfer co-efficient for inner side is 60 WIm1K. The
.' cOnl'ective heattmnsfer co-efficient for outer side is 8 Wlm1K.
Calculate the heat lost per square meter area of the furnace
Similarly wal! and also find outside sutface temperature.
T2 - T3 {M U. April-98]
(I)=> Q=~-
Given:
where
Fire Mild steel
plate plate
Outside
Jnside
T(I' n, n2 ( TJ T/J'
=> Q= hb
Ita
k, k2
976.22 - T3 f.c-- L, -----fo--- L2 --l

=> Q/A Thickness of fire plate, LJ == 7.5 em == 0.075 III
L2
k2 Thickness of mild steel, L2 == 0.65 cm == 0.0065 m
T a = 650 C + 273 = 923

0
Inside hot gas temperature, K
976.22 - T3
=> 616.46 == Outside air temperature,
0
T b == 27 C + 273 == 300 K
0
0.12
0.15 Convective heat transfer co-efficient for
inner side, ha == 60W/m2K
Convective heat transfer co-efficient for

outer side, hb= 8 W/m2K.
Result:
Tofi IIlI :
(i) 1'2 == 976.22 K
(i) Heal lost per square meter area, (QI A)
(ii) T3;: 483.05 K (ii) Outside surface temperature, (T3)
Solution :
Conducnnn I.91
(i) Heat lost per square meter area, (QIA)
Thermal conductivity for fire _ plate (Refract ory clay)
(ii} Olltside surface temperatllre, r.~
k, = 1.0035 W/IIIK. We know that, Interface temperatures retarion
{From H.UT data book page no. 9 (I- iflh edition or page I) .
• . • . JlO. - Sitt" edlt,
Thermal conductivity for mild steel plate
k2 = 53.6 W/I11K ... ( I)
[From HMT data book page liD.
where
Toverall
Heat flow, Q
R
where
TrTb
~ Q=
J
LI ~
--+---_ fib A
kJ A k2 A
TJ - Tb
QIA
J
~Q fib
T) - 300
2907.79 = ,
[The term LJ is not given. So, neglect that term I 8
~Q
Ta- Tb IT3 = 663.473 K I
Result :
(i) Heal lost per square meter area, (Q/A)
Q/A
.. Q/A = 2907.79 W/m2
(i i) Outside surface temperature, (T 3)

Q/A = 923 - 300
_, + 0.071+ 0.0065. I .. T] = 663.473 K.
60 1.035 53.6 t-"8
I QI1\ = 2907.79 W/m2!
(b!
( 'flliilliNil/il I 'J 1
1\'1
[] -
"j I.) Lj
I I I
h(l II kl A ,,~ A
"I A hi) /I
t I' ''fill .. I A t. IJ, .:Iori/. I Il'hul 1'1Ilt! II", 1..1 II lid "b nn IIO( II,lv·,1. So. nogl tthar rerrns]
Fh Imllilll(inA
bl'k~ brick
6 0
Q/A
0.23 0.115
--+--
kI OL 0.27
872 W/m2!
I--- Ll--~-- L
Result:
Thi kness f fire bri k. L] = j ern = 0.23 III
Rate of heat lost per square meter, (QI A)
r i kness f insulating brick, L_ = I!. - ern = 0.115m
Q/A = 872 W/m2
Thermal c ndu tiviry of fire brick kI = 0.72 W/rnK
e al conductivity of insulating brick, k2 = 0.2 \\/rr [!] TI,e inner dimension of a freezer cabinates are
60 em x 60 em. The cabinates wall consists of /HIo 2 mm
perature difference, 6T = 650 K
thick steel wall (k = 40 WlmK) seperated by a 4 em layer of
Tofind: fiber glass insulation (k = 0.049 WlmK). TI,e inside
10 per square meter, Q/A temperature is 10 be maintained at _I5 D

C and the outside
temperature on a hot summer day ;J 45° C. Calculate the
SOlUlvm: maximum amount of heat transfer, assuming a heat transfer
To /erall co-efficient of 10 Wlm] K both on inside and outside of tile
R cabinate a/JO calculate outer surface temperature of tile
4J'
[From IIMr data book page no. cabinate.
[M. U. Oct-2002}
JUt"
/. 94 Heat and Mass Transfer
Give" " Conduction 1.95

where
Steel Fiber L\T=Ta-Tb
Steel
glass
, L J I~ l:J )
R = --+--+--+--+-
(DT2 ha A k A k2 A kJ A hb A
<DT3 ( J
<Drl
kl k2 k3 ~ Q =
Area, A = 60 ern x 60 ern = 0.36 m2 258 - 318

Q/A
Thickness of steel, L) = L3 = 2 mill = 0.002 III
_'-- + _0.002_ + 0.04 + 0.002 +_,_
) OxO.36 40x0.36 0.049xO.36 40x0.36 )Ox0.36
Thermal conductivity of steel, ", = k3 = 40 W/mK
Thickness of fibre glass, L2 = 4 ern = 0.04 III /Q =-21.25W]
Thermal conductivity of fibre glass, k2 = 0.049 W/IllK [The negative sign indicates that heat flowsfrom outside 10 inside]
Inside Temperature, To = _150 C + 273 = 258 K (ii) Outer surface temperature (T~
Outside Temperature, T b = 450 C + 273 = 318 K We know that,
Heat transfer co-efficient, 110 = lib == 10 W/1112K. Q T -Tb

= __:::_[/-"-
TI - T2 _ Tr T3
R R, - R2
Tofind :
T 3 - T4 = T4 - Tb .•. (I)
(i) Maximum amount of heat transfer, (Q)
R3 Rb
(ii) Outside surface temperature, (T4)
Solutio" "
(i) Maximum (111101111'

O/hNI"Tnm/er
-21.25=
Heal flow, Q ~ .1Tovera" 0.36 x 10
R
[From /I MT data book page 110.43 & 4t
--
1. 96 Heal and Mass Transfer
Conduction I. 97
Result:
Tojiml:
(i) Maximum amount of heat transfer,Q :::-2 I .25 W
(i) Rate 0f heal loss per m2 of tank surface area (QI A)
(ii) Outer surface temperature, T4 = 312.09 K (ii) Tank outside surface temperature (T2)
Soilltio" :
l!1 A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm Contllins IIIUle'l
.1Toverall
90 C. Calculate tile rate of heat loss per ml Of tank surfll/J.
0
Heat loss, Q = R
area when the atmospheric temperature is 15 C. rite tile,.". 0
where
conductivity of mild steel is 50 WlmK ami tile hea: trUIU!,
.1T = T{/- Tb
co-efficient for inside ami outside tile tank are 2800 "-
II WlmlK respectively. Calculate also tile temper(lturt~ __ 1_+_S_+~ +_!1_+_I_
R - haA k, A k2A kJA hbA
tile outside surface of tile tank.
[M U. Apr-2000] [LJ' ~ not given.So, neglect that terms]
Give" :
Inside
k
T(I>
ha
<P 1 ~P2
=> Q/A = _1_+ _s_ +_1
ha k, hb
363 - 288
Q/A = 1 0.01 I
Thickness of wall, L, = 10 mm = 0.01 m +-+-
2800 50 II
Inside temperature of water, T a = 90° C + 273 == 363 K
Atmospheric temperature, Tb = 15° C + 273 == 288 K

[ji:__~19.9W/2]
Heat transfer co-efficient for inside, ha = 2800 W/J112K
Heat transfer co-efficient for outside, hb == II W/J112K
Thermal conductivity of mild steel, k = 50 W/mK

8
__..
1. 98 Heat and Mass Transfer
We know that,
Conduction 1.99
_ T2-T
Q - ---..Q_ ==> I T2 = 362.5 K I
Rb ". (I) Result:
(i) Heat loss per m2 surface area, Q/A = 8)9.9 W/m2
where, Ra= -
haA (ii) Outside surface temperature, T2 = 362.5 K
363 - T)
Q=
1 I2!l Consil/ering the heating surface of a steam boiler to be plane
wall oftllickness 1.2 em and having k = 50 WlmK. Determine
haA
the rate of heat flow and surface temperatures for tile
363 - T) following data.
QIA
1 Flue gas temperature 1000°C
Boiling water temperature 200° C
363 - T) Heat transfer co-efficient on gas side 100 Wlm1 K
819.9 = ----!....
_1_ Heat transfer co-efficient on steam side 500 Wlm2K

2800 [Manonmanium Sundaranar University April- 97]
Given:
Thickness
kl
(I) ~ LI L, = 1.2 ern = 0.012 m Tb
where, R, = k A Ta
I Thermal conductivity, hb
ha
T)-T2 k, = 50 W/mK ( TI (DT2
Q=
. LI Flue gas temperature,
kl A Ta = 1000 C + 1273 K
0
Ll ..j
Boiling water temperature, I-
T,-T2
Q/A
___!j_ Tb = 200 C + 273 = 473 K
0
k, h 100 W/m2K
Heat transfer co-efficient on gas side, a =
, 2K
id h =500W/m
362.7-T2 Heat transfer co-efficient on steam 51 e, b
819.9
. ' ild steel k = 50 W/mK
0.01 Thermal conductIvIty of rru ,
50
._-----
Tojintl:
(i) Heat transfer rate. Q/A - -~---_._. COlldl/(:/ioll J. J 0 J
T -T
(i i) 1I1' t'act' teperutures, (T, [lllll Tz) ( I) ::':> Q;-: _!.I_I-
R(I
Solution :
C.J' - '1'
__T (I_I
lIeat II uisfer. Q ['.: R =_1 _I
(I 'I
(I' A
\T=T (I
- l (.)/A = ,r_I' '1'_1
1
L, II"
R= - ~
.1 A k ~.'\ ,,,A
}
(l).~59 ::: -
1_7. -1'1
_ ___:_
_1.
[lZ L, values an:' II t uiveu. oo, negle~.t(h,l!(
100
R= _-
..
1,A A
T1- T2
=:> Q = -_-"'--_=---_- (I Q==
1 L, I R,
_-~--+--
h A ", A I A
TI - T_
Q=
LI
kl A
T1 - T2
QfA =
~
800 kI
=> Q/A =
I 0.012 +_1 619 - T2
100 50 500 65,3 59 ==
0.012
I Q/A 65.)59 W/m2 1

SO
Interface temperatures relation => IT2 = 603.3 KJ
1 - Tb
o = .is.-R~ =
1.102 Heal andMass Transfer
Result: ~
(i) Heat transfer, Q/A = 65,359 W/m2 Conduction 1./03
(i i) Surface temperatures, T1 = 619K 1,,:;:: 15em=0.15m

L2 = 10 em = 0.1 m
T2=603.3K
L) = 12 em = 0.12 m
k'a = 1.45 W/mK, Ala = .60
[ll) A composite slab is made ofthree layers 15 em, 10 c",
k'b==2.5 W/mK, Alb=·40
12 em thickness respectively. Tirefirst layer is made 0' m ~
'J a'e~ k2a == 12.5 W/mK, A2a = .50
with k = 1.45 WlmK, for 60% of tire area and lire re
S" k2b == 18.5 W/mK, A2b = .50
material with k = 2.5 WlmK. The second layer is madt;
k) = 0.76 W/rnK
material with k = 12.5 WlmK for 50% of area and res,;
T a == 26 0
C + 273 = 299 K
material with k = 18.5 WlmK. The third layer is madeols;",
Tb == -20 0
C + 273 = 253 K
material of k = 0.76 WlmK. The composite slab is expOil
ha == 15 W/rn2K
on one side to warm at 26 C and cold air at -20· C n
0
hb == 20 W/m2K
inside heat transfer co-efficient is 15 Wlm2 K. The outsideh, Tofind :
transfer co-efficient is 20 WI",2 K determine heat flow rt
(i) Heat flow rate, (Q)
and interface temperatures.
(ii) Interface temperatures, (T, , T2, T3 and T4)
[MU Nov-~
Solution:
.1Toverall [From HMT data book. page

Heat flow, Q==
A,a = 60% R no.43 & 44}
A2a = 50%
A) = 100% where
k1a k2a
(
(DT, (DT2 ( T)
A,b = 40% A2b = 50%
I LI L2 +_3_+_
L I
k,b k2b k) - --+--+-- A k Abh
- - A a h a A Ik I A2kJ- 3 '3 b
COl/duc/ion 1.105
Similarly
•.. (I)
... (3)
where
0.1
12.5 x 0.5 = 0.016 K/W
I Ra = 0.066 K/W I [R20 = 0.016 K/W]
0.1
18.5 x 0.5 = 0.0108 K/W
... (2)
IR2b = 0.0108 Kiwi
L 0.15 (3) ~ R2 == 0.016 x 0.0108

R 10 -- k x A
I --- == o. I 724 KlW 0.0161-0.0108
In 10 1.45 x 0.6
I R2 = 0.0064 ~
I Ria = 0.1724 Kiwi R~ = ~;_c__QJl_

.) :\3k3 ) xO.76
Rib = __ L_;_I_ _ 0.15 = 0.15 K/W IR3 = O.)578~

klb x Alb 2.5 x 0.4
Rb = _1_ ..= _I -
I RIb = 0.15 KIW I Ab hb I x 20
Substitute R In and Rib value in (2) ~0.05 K/\\]
(2) => R 1 = o. I724 x O.) 5

0.1724 + 0.15 (I) =:> Q = ---=..:29~9--..::..2~53:-----
0.066 0.08 + 0.0064 + 0.15789 + 0.05
I I
-1-
RI =0.08 K/W
Conduction 1.107
(ii) Interface temperatures (Tl' T2, T3 and T.f) TrT4
(4):::> Q==~
We know that,
279.532 - T4
127.67= 0.15789
[T4 = 259.374 K I
Result:
T -T] (i) Heat now rate, Q = 127.67 W
(4)~ Q==T
a
(ii) Interface temperatures, (TJ, T2, TJ and T4)
299- T] T] = 290.57 K
0.066
T2 == 280.35 K
127.67 == 299 - T]
0.066 TJ = 279.532 K
IT] == 290.57 K I T4 = 259.374 K.
(4):;" Q== T]-T2

. ~ Afurnace wall consists of steel plate of20 mm thick, thermal
R]
conductivity 16.2 WlmK lined on inside with silica bricks
127:67 == 290.57 - T2 ISO mm thick with conductivity 2.2 WlmK and on the outside
0.08 with magnesia brick 200 mm thick, of conductivity
IT2 == 280.35 K!. 5.1 WlmK. TIre inside and outside surfaces of the walt are
maintained at 650 C and 150 C respectively. Calculate the
D D
i
."(4) ~ 1:
Q ==--1:_l T
.. heat loss from the wall per unit area. If the heat loss is
reduced to 2850 Wlm2 by providing an air gap between steel
"J R2
) 127.67 == 280.35 - Ii.
and silica bricks, find the necessary width of air gap if the
thermal conductivity of air may be taken as 0.030 WlmJ(.
0.0064 .
[Madurai Kamaroj University April 97J
[!! == 279.532 KJ
1.J08 Heat and Mass Transfer
Give" : ________ ----------------------~C~·o~,,~d~uc=Il~·o~n~/~./

kI k2 k3
where
T2 6.T= TI-T4
I LI Ll L3 I
R =--+--+--+--+-
ha A kl A k2 A k) A hb A
Steel Silica Magnesia TI - T4
Steel plate thickness, L, = 20 mm = 0.02 m

Neglecting unknown terms (ha and hb)
Thermal conductivity of steel, kl = 16.2 W/mK
TI-T4
Thickness of the silica, L2 = 150 mm = 0.150 m Q=-------
LI ~ L3
Thermal conductivity of silica, k2 = 2.2 W/mK --+--+--
kl A k2A k3 A
Thickness of the magnesia, '-3 = 200 mm = 0.2 III
Thermal conductivity of magnesia, k3 = 5.1 W/mK 923 -423

Q = ---~-----
-0,~.0:..::..2_
0.150
+--+-- 0.2
Inner surface temperature, T I = 6500 C + 273 = 923 16.2xl 2.2xl 5.lxl
Outer surface temperature, 1'4 = 150 C + 273
0
= 423 K
500
Heat loss reduced due to air gap is 2850 W/m2 Q = 0.1086
Thermal conductivity of the air gap kair = 0.030 W/mK
Tojind:
IQ = 4602.6 W/m2
Heat loss is reduced to 2850 W1m2 due to air gap. So, the new
(i) Heat loss [without considering air gap]
thermal resistance is
(ii) Thickness of the air gap
~T
Q=
SOIIlI;oll : Rnew
Heat transfer through composite wall is given by Iwith~
considering air gap]
Sf
Q=-
R
/./10 Heal and Mass Transfer
923 - 423 Conduction 1.111
Rnew =
1.1.13 Solved Problems On Cylinders
2850
o A Itollow cylinder 5 em inner radius and 10 em outer radius
Rnew = 0.1754 K/W I has inner surface temperature of 200 C anti outer sur/ace
temperllture of 1000 C. If the thermal conductivity is
0
70 WlmK,jind heat transfer per unit tength.

Thermal resistance of air gap
Given:
Rair = Rnew - R
Inner radius, "1 = 5 ern = 0.05 m
0.1754 - 0.1086 Outer radius, r: = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Inner surface temperature,
T 1 = 200 + 273 = 473 K
Outer surface temperature,
I Rair == 0.066 K/W I T2=100+273=373K
Thermal conductivity, k = 70 W/mK
We know that,
Ttl find :
Lair
Rair == k air )( A Heat now per unit length
Solution :
[.: A = 1m
Lair Heat transfer through hollow cylinder is given by
0.066 == 0.030)( 1
6Tovcrall
Q= __::.:...::.:..:::oc [From equn. 110.1.32 or
::::>
I 3
Lair == 1.98)( 10- rn _ 1 where
R HMT data book page 110.43 & 44J
3
Thickness of the air gap == 1.98 x 10- In
I
R=--ln- [r2]
Result: 2n:Lk rl
.I . ) - 4602 W/m2
(i) Heat loss (Wit rout air gap -
. _ 98 x 10-3 rn
(ii) Thickness of the air gap, Lair - I. ::::> Q =
I
--/11 [r2- ]
2n:Lk rl
------
...
&.~ \
/. 1/2 Heal and Mass Transfer
-----~ Conduction I.J 13
2itkL (1', - T2)
=> Q outer temperature, T2 = 27.9° C + 273 = 300.9 K
/11 [;:n Heat transfer, Q = 120 W
Toft"d:
=> Q/L
Thermal conductivity, k
SolutiOJl :
2rrx 70(473-373) Heat transfer through hollow cylinder is given by
=> Q/L = -----___:_
L\ Taverall
IIl[O~O~ 1 Q=---
R
[From equn. 110.1.32 or
HMT data book page 110.43 & 44]
I Q/L = 63453.04 W/m = 63.453 kW/m./ where
Result:
R = _I_ 111 [r2]
Heat transfer per unit length, Q/L = 63.453 kW/m. 211Lk rl
III Determine thermal conductivity of asbestos powder pllckedu ~ Q

between two concentric copper pipes 25 111m and 36 m __ I 111 [r?
-=- ]
211Lk rl
diameter length. The inner pipe housint; has (I heating Coi/I
which 120 HI power is supplied. The average telllpef(/Iu't~ 315.4 - 300.9 [':L=lmj
~ 120 = --------
inner (111(1outer pipes are 42.,r C (11/(127. 9° C re.\pectively I 111[_0,_0'_8]
211 x I x k 0.0125
Give" ..
Inner diameter, D, = 25 mrn /k 0.48 W/IllK I
Inner radius, r, = 12.5 mm
Result:
=0.0125111 T2
Thermal conductivity, k == 0.48 W/mK.
Outer diameter, D2 = 36 mm
Outer radius, r2 = 18 mm = 0.018 III
Inner temperature, T, = 42.4° C + 273
=3J5.4K
9
J.1J4 Heal and Mass Transfer
Condllclion 1.11 5
III A hotlow cylinder 5 em inner diameter an~'
diamel~r has inner surface temperature of 200 c", Olllrt 0 473 - 373
surface temperature of 100 C Determine Iteatj1C llnd 0111(1
0 o
, Ow tilr I ln [0.05 ]
the eylmder per metre length. Also determine tit e temper QlIg 2n L x I 0.025
.
of the point half wa) between 'he inner and out er Sur I:11/41r
0
Take k = ] WlmK. 1 ft!,
::::> [OIL = 906.47 W/m I
Gil'm:
(ii) Temperature between inner and outer surfaces, (T)
dl = 5 em = 0.05 m
Put T2 = T and 1"2 = r in heat transfer equation
'1 = 0.025 m
d = 10 em = 0.1 m
r = 0.0- m
::::> 0
--InJ [ -r 1
2rcLk '1
T1 = _00t> C = 4 3K rl + r:
.: r= -2-
T 2 = 100e C = 373 K T]-T
::::> Q/L = ------- 0.025 + 0.05
k = I W/mK. __ 1 / /I [0.0375]
_- ::::> r=
2
2rc x 1 0.025
Tofind: ::::> r = 0.0375 III
473 - T
(i) Heat flow per meter, (Q/L) ::::> 906.4 7 = -..-:...:.-=----=---
_I_ / [.QJ>J 75 ]
(ii) Temperature between inner and outer surfaces, (T). 2rc /I 0.025
Solution:
(i) Heat flow per meter (Q/L)

IT = 414.5 K I
~ T overall [From HMT(kll(/~(X

Q= Result:
R page /10.43 & ~j
(i) Heat flow per meter, Q/L = 906.4 7 W /m
where
(ii) Temperature between inner and outer surfaces,
T=414.5 K.
R = --/11
I l _1_
I" 1
2nLk 1"]
An insulated steel pipe carr) ing a hot liquid. Illller d'

r:tl Condllction 1.1/7
~ of tile pipe is 25 em, wall thickness hi 2 em ti,' 1.lallieler Temperature of hot liquid, T a == 100° C + 273
. ". • ' lelliless
insulation IS 5 em, temperature of hot liquid is 10 of 0
Ta == 373 K
temperature of surrounding is 20° C, inside heat tr 0 (',
co-efficient is 730 w. .
/
/m
2K an d outside Ileal tr alls/er Temperature of surrounding, T b == 20° C + 273
. 2 (IIIS/
co-efficient is 12 Wlm K. Calculate tile IIeat loss per er Tb == 293 K
length of the pipe. '"elre
Inside heat transfer co-efficient, ha == 730 WIm2K
Take kstee/:::: 55 WlmK, killslliatillg lIIateria/:::: 0.22 W/"'K
Outside heat transfer co-efficient, hb == 12 W/m2K
Given,'
ksteel == 55 W/mK
kinsulation == 0.22 W/mK
Tofind,'
Heat loss per metre length
SO/lItiOI1 :
Heat flow through composite cylinder is given by

~Toverall
Q = [From eqllll. no. 1.48 or HMT data book
R page no. 43 & 45 (Sixth edition})
where
~T=Ta-Tb
Inner diameter, d( ::::25 em
Inner radius, 1'( :::: 12.5 ern

R
h =0.125 ml 2nL [h:" +
radius, 1'2 = /'( + thickness of wall

Ta- Tb
0.125 + 0.02 =:> Q =
[1'2 0.14Sml III [~~ 1 III [~~ 1

+--,j
radius, 1'3== r-, + thickness of insulation
2rrL r '
harl + k(
+
k2 hbr3
== 0.145 0.05
~3 == 0 195 mJ
","78 "7
1.118 Heat and
Q-
;:::>--
L
I
Mass Transfer
I
-21t [ 730)(.125 +
11 m
373-293
I [.145]
+
111 [~]
~
--------
+~
1
----Hot air temperature,
Inner diameter, d,
Inner radius,
== 10
Ta
cm
r, == 5 cm == 0.05 m
== 40° C + 273
== O. I m
==
Conduction 1.119
3 13 K
55 0.22 12x.19j
Intermediate radius, r2 == r, + 4 em =5 + 4 = 9 cm = 0.09 m
Outer radius. rJ = 1'2 + 3 ern =9 + J== 12 ern = 0.12 m

@/L == 281.178 W/m] k,=o.IW/mK
Result: k2 == 0.32 W/mK

Heat transfer per metre length, Q/L == 281.178 W/m.
ha == 50 W/m2K
hb == 15 W/m2K
III Hot air at 40° C flowing through a steel pipe of 10 f.
Outer temperature of air, Tb == 10 + 273 = 283 K
diameter. The pipe is covered with two layer of ;nsulali"l f
, I
material of thicklless 4 em an d 3 em and Ihtu Tofind:

"
corresponding t"ermal cOlldllctivities are 0.1 a.1

Heat lost per metre length of steam pipe
0.32 WlmK. The ills ide and outside convective heat tram/e
co-efficient are 50 WlmlK and 15 WlmlK. Tile OUID Solution:
I
temperature is 10° C. Find the neat toss per meier Itngrl Heat flow through composite cylinder is given by
of steam pipe. llToveraJl [From equn. no. 1.48 or
Q =-.=.:..::.:.=.:.
Given: R HMT data book page 110.43 & 4jj
where
llT= Ta-Tb
R 2.L [,,~, +
I
2nL
J. J lU Heal and Mass na"'::,jPI'
Q
=>-=
L
Inner air temperature. T a '"
ITa = 363 K I
Inner diameter f the copper, d1 '" 5 em
Q/L 24.37 W/m radius, 1'1 '" 2.5 cm
Result,'
II'I '" 0.025 III I
Heat tran fer p r unit len III / = _4. \ 1m
Thermal ndu tivitv. k, = 80 \\/mK
[1] Air at 90° C flows ill a copper tube or 5 ell, .
'J
.
tnner d,u,"
L11 r r diu' I the PI cr, 1'_ '" Inner radiu thicknes of
with thermal con d uctiviry 380 Wlm/( and wirt, O. elflr wall
wall which is healed from tit ' (/111 ide by water II( 1]0'1 1'2 0.025 0.007 III
A scale of O. 4 em thick i Iep ositcd 0" lite outer surfa I,

tile tube whose th ermul on du uivitv is I.S2 W/mK. nl. ~_ 0.03}3
(111(1water side unit urfa e ontluctance are 220 1I1"r radiu , r« '" '2 + thickness of .cale
(In,l3650 W/m? K resp tctivelv. alc ulate
= 0.032 0.004
l. Overall Harer 10 air tran imittance
2. Water 10 air h eat ex h ang e
I r, = 0.0361nl
id icrnp r lure f water, Tb LO° 27

3. Temperature drop a ross II,e scale deposit. L11 =
= "9" K
Give" :
\ ter Thermal ndu livily k = 1.82 W/I1lK
. urfa e nul,
d n .e fair, ha = 2 .. 0 W/m-K
urfa e ndu I n e
f water, h = "650 Whn-K
To filld :
vera ll he I Iran er .eff ieru
2 v arer I air heal Iran f r, Q

, T T)
ihe ale dep II, ( , - 2
) Temperature dr p
1.122 Heat and Mass 1'ransfer
--
Solution:
Conduction I. 123
Heat flow through composite cyl inlier is . We know that,
given by
T overall Heat transfer, Q = U A T
Q
R [Fro", C(i7L1n
HM'{ (.uta
I
book pag
. 110. J 4
. • where
where e 110.43 & I
U - overall heat transfer co-efficient
~T Ta- r, A - Area = 21t rJ L
R = _I
2nL
l-I harl
+
In l:~\
k(
+
In [:~
k2
1
+-L
hbr3 Q/L
6T= Ta-Tb
Q =
= U
U x 21t r3 L
x 21t r3
x (T a - T b)
x (T a - T b)
~ -739.79 = U x 2 x It x 0.036 x (363 - 393)

Ta-T
~ Q=
IU
l
= 109.01 W/m2K I
.L In l:~I In (~~ 1
1 Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 10901 W/m2K.
2nL h:rl k( k2 + I
hb'3
Interface temperatures
T Ta - Tb = Ta - T I
Q=-=
R R Ra
I II [.036)
JD2
2n:L 220~.02S 1.82
- 1
3650~. :
T3 - Tb
Rb
... (1)
\ here
'j
ha hea f1 fr m out ide to inner S·' 1

R)=-
- 2nL
/ 1)1/ 1/('(1' (/lid M(I,VV 'l'''(lmjl'I'
'f) 'f I
('(111{/," I 1m I 12
~()
11f-J7' t"
A 1'1('/'/ "lpI' o] 12(1 """ 1,,111'( "'"m('ll'( , I"(j" .. "1m lillie,
711 . /'' 1;'11 (

/111 111('11" 11,/,11 1111"111,,1 ('''''(/11('111111 H W./nIK ,
HI/'" two /11)11"1II/I"tl/IIIIIIIII
. , "/1 "",t!
('11('" hlllllll)( II /""·,,,,£,U II/
.H 11,,11. Tlu: th rr nut] ('111/(/11('1",11 II/ Ihe /Iffl Inwlll//flll
"",11·,1,,/ ts 1I.1I,f W/",K 11111/ III", (lj th « ,rl'l'/iII" I,
() '1 r 11.// W/",K. till' trmprrutur» 1'./ tI", /111/111' tub» I'llf/II('I' I"
~.
L 24(r C "lid IIIII'I~/I"(' IIIII,I"'C ,I/Ifjll"e 1'./11,,' IIIfIIllIlll/1l If
MJ" C. (',,/('11/"'(' 1/11' /11,1,1 11/ ""III/lI'f metre h'IIl1lh 1// pipe
11' (//11/1"(' IlIlcrjIlC(' tempcrutur« helHiCCII thr twn IlIyef.f of
ill.I'II/'" irm,
Gille" :
-739.79
-7.6 K
7.6 K I
I sea I e depo
Temperature across tne J'I'J T, - T2 == 7.6 K
Inner diameter, dI == 120 mm
Result: 1', == 60 111111
109.0 I \Vln/
I) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, ;;::
II', == 0.060 III 1
2) Heat exchange Q/L = - 739.79 W/lll 'd L
. j1 from 0/11 / Outer diameter, d2 == 140111111
[Negative sign indica I S 1/7(11 h II OW
inner side] 1'2 == 70 mill
J) Temperature dr par the al dep it, [ '2 == 0.070 Ill]
~("fr'beMMMM'."W:r::
/.1]6 Heal and Mass Transfer

Conduction 1.127
radius, r3 = r2 + thickness of insulation
----;:ieat transfer co-efficients ha and lib are not given. So, neglect
= 0.070 + 0.055
[1"3 = 0.125 In I th,t rerms
I
[
r,
111 r2j III [;~ j
+ _::j;; IJ
~ R=- +
radius, r4 = rJ + thickness of insulation 27tL k, k2 k3
= 0.125 + 0.055
[r4 = 0.18 m I z» Q=
TI- T4
Thermal conductivity, k, = 55 W/mK

k2 = 0.05 W/mK
I
[ III [;: 1
+
111 [;~ j + In [;; I]
21tL k, k2 k3
k3 = 0.11 W/mK
Inner surface temperature, T, = 240 C + 273 :: 513 k

0
Q 513 - 333
~ L
Outer surface temperature, T4 = 60° C + 273 :: 333k
Ill [ 0.070] In [ 0.125 ] III [...Q.:..!!_] ]
Tofind : I 0.060 0.070 0.125
- [ + +----=-
21t 55 0.05 0.11
i) Heat loss per metre length of pipe (Q/L)
ii) Interface temperature
insulation (TJ)
between two layer;
~I Q/L = 75.83 W/m I
We know that,
Sohaion :
Interface temperatures relation
Q = 6Toverall
_;::..;..:;.:_= IFrom ,equn. 1I0lil Q
T, - T4
= ---'---'-
T, - T2
R ... (I)
HMT data hook page 1I0.m. R R,
where
T, - T2
(I) ~ Q =
where [ III [;:2 ] J

I
> -
I"1--- ,
21tL kI
COlldll(·,irm I. 1]1,1
Q -----
_I [/11 [~Jl Q/L •

TZ .- TJ
_--=---;:..___
21tL k
I
2. [~t;
IJ
512.7-TJ
75.83 =
I I" [.QJ.£]j
0.070
21t I 0.05
=> 75.83
=> [_·rJ__ 3 7_2_.7_K_-]
Resut«:
I) Heat loss per metre length of pipe, Q/L '" 75.83 WIlli
512.7 K 2) Interface temperature between two layers of insulntion

TJ = 372.7 K.
(I) => Q III A steel pipe of /70 "'''' inner ,dame/er tllldl90 """ outer
diameter with thermal conductivity 55 WlmK is covered
with two layers of insutation. rile thickness IIf 'lie first
where [
layer is 25 mm (k = 0./ WlmK) III1tI the second layer
R2= _1- thickness is 40""". (k = 0./8 WlmK). rile temperature of
21tL
the steam and inner surface of tile steam pipe is J20· C
allll outer surface of the insulation is Sf)" C. Ambient air
temperature is 25~ C. rile surface co-efficient for inside
::::>Q (IIId outside surfaces tire }JO Wlm]K alltl 6 Wlm]K
respectively. Determine IIII! heat loss per metre letlgll. of
tlte steam pipe and layer of cantuct temperutares t,,"1 atso
calculate the overall IIellt transfer co-efficiellt.
10
j
Given: Conduction 1.131 I.
i.
Thermal conductivity of first layer, k2 = 0.1 WImK
Radius, '4 = r3 + thickness of insulation of second layer

= 0.12 + 0.040 In
Ir4=0.16ml
Thermal conductivity of second layer, k3 = 0.18 W ImK

air Temperature of steam and inner surface of the steam pipe
Ta = T I = 3200 C + 273
ITa=TI=593KI
Outer surface of the insulation, T4 = 80° C + 273
IT4 =353 K I
Inner diameter, d) = 170 mm
Temperature of air, T b = 25° C + 273
'1 = 85 rnrn ~Tb=298KI
I '1 = 0.085 m I Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side, ha = 230 W/m2K
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side, hb = 6 W/m2K

Outer diameter, d2 = 190 mm
Tofind:
r2 = 95 mm
i) Heat loss per metre length, Q/L
I "2 = 0.095 m I ii) Contact temperatures, (T2 and T3)
iii) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U

Thermal conductivity of steel, kl = 55 W/mK
· f firslla)~
Radius, ') = '2 + thickness of insu Iatlon 0 Solution:
= 0.095 + 0.025 m Heat transfer through composite cylinder is given by
I,) = 0.12 III I ~Toverall

Q=_:.....::..::.=
R
I I L' llcut utu! AlII.\',I' '/hl/I,I/,·,.
We I,IIUW Ihnt.
1kill 1l'lIl1sfcl'. () U'I' A x 6'1'
o U 2nl'4L x ('I'o-T,)
OIL :: U x 2n 1'4 (To - T b)
[.: A = 2n 1'4 L)
T(/ -T b 368.5 = U x 2 x nx 0.16 (593 - 298)
Q=
Overall heallrilnsfcr co-cflicicnl, U :: 1.24 W/m2K
/trter/ace temperatllres
21tL
T( - T2 T2 - T3 = T3 - T4
R( R2 R3
T4 - Tb
"'-- ... (I)
Rb
593 - 298
--------------------------._----
II 0.095]
[ _-
I I + [I 0.085 - +
21t L
r 230 x 0.085 55 where
_I [/11 [.::~ 1]
_____!--,
1 + [III [W]]
2nL --k --
l
111 [~] + 6 x 0.16
[ 0.1 0.18
___ '_r ,_- '11._

- - -~/-=-I -. f):-
r f)/I, 6~~_~
1
2nL
Conduction 1.135
593 - T2
=> Q/L = ----!:...__-
592.9 _....;.._
=-_. -T3 __
-I
27t
r/n[~]l 55
368.5
_1_
I [ 0.12
"o:o9f ] 1
[
2X7t 0.1
593 - T2
=> 368.5
3.21 x 10-4 ~ [TJ = 4?5.88 KJ
Result:
=> IT2 = 592.9 K I I) Heat transfer, Q/L = 368.5 W /m
T2 - T3 2) Interface temperatures, T2 = 592.9 K

(I) => Q = ----
R2 TJ = 455.88 K
where 3) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1.24 W/m2K
In [;~ 1
R2= .L
27tL
[ [2] A steel pipe of 20 em outer diameter wit" thermal
k2 J conductivity 50 WlmK of 6 mm inner thickness carrying
saturated steam. Steel pipe is covered with insulating
material of 5 em thickness. The thermal conductivity of
=> Q = the insulating material is 0.09 WlmK. TIre inside film "eat
transfer co-efficient is /100 Wlmz K and outside film heat
_I ['n [~] 1 transfer co-efficient is 12 Wlm] K. It is fo und til at the heat
27tL k2 loss is more and it is proposed to add another layer of
6 em thick insulating material of Slime quality without
592.9 - T~ challgi"g outer conditions. Delermine lire percentuge of
=> Q/L = .)
reduction ill heal trails fer.

Givell :
Ctrse (i)
Outer diameter, d2 = 20 Clll
Outer rad ius, '2 = 10 cm
("2 == O. 10 III j
1.136 Ileal a"d Mass Trm1.~·le"
Conduction 1.137
ToJinti :
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer.
SolUlioll :
ca« (i)
~ToveralJ
01 = R
Inner radius, 1'1 == "2 - thickness ~T
o. 0 - 0.006
In[~n In [~~ I 1
r
I
27tL ha'rl +-.!....kl~+-k,:_:.._+-h r
._I "_: __ O_. 094 III I 2 b 3
Thermal conductivity of steel, k 1 = 50 W/mK

.11'
Radius, I'J = r2 + thickness of insulation 01 =---------------------------
= o. ] 0 -1- 0.05 _,
27txI [ 1100x.094
I (J_Q_]] ['"
+ ['11 .094 + __ !_.15]
.I~ +-- I 1
50 0.09 12x.15
I I'J = O. I 5 III I
Thermal conductivity of insulating material, I 01 = 1.2386T
k2 = 0.09 W/mK
2 Case (ii)
Inside heat transfer co-efficient, Ita = 1100 W/f11 K
6Toverall
Outside heat transfer co-efficient, lib = 12 W/m2K 011 = _;___
R
Case (ii)
Radius, 1'3 r: + thickness of insulation (old)
. I'all0n (new)
+ thickness of msu
0.101- 0.05 + 0.06 27rL
I 1'3 = 0.2 111 /
011 =
I
2),[xl
r
I
1100x.094
+ [I n [.094
~o
1-+~~+r [-d..
I0 ] In
0.09 ~
I
-- -------------------
Given:
~C~'o~nd~u~c~/io~n~/~./~3~9
I QII = 0.772,1T I
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer
Steam pipe diameter, dI '= 15 em

1.238,1T - 0.772 tlT x 100 radius, '1'= 7.5 em
1.238 tlT
1'1'= 0.075 ml
1.238 - 0.772 x 100
Magnesia diameter, d2 = 25 em
1.238
radius"2 = 12.5 em
1'2 '= 0.125 m I

Result : Asbestos diameter, d3 '= 30 em
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer, Q = 37.7 %.
radius.v , '= 15 em
I1fI A J 5 em outer diameter steam pipe is lagged /0 l~~ 1'3=0.'5ml

, meter
dill with maen esi a of til erma I COli ducllfl' Thermal conductivity of Magnesia, kl '= 0.05 W/mK
o 0 diam111
0,05 WlmK and further lagged with 3 em d Thermal conductivity of Asbestos, k2 = 0.07 W/mK
, , 'I 007 W/1fJ
lanllnllleti asbestos of thermal conductiv! y, ( Inner steam temperature, Ta = 200 C + 273
0
= 473 K
doPl
Inner temperature of steam is 20 0 C all " 0
Outer temperature, T b = 250 C + 273 = 298 K

of sit
temperature is 25° C. Calculate the mass pI Length of the pipe, L = 120 m
, e AsS
condensed per hour for 120 m length of pIP'
Latent heat of the steam, hfg = 1900 kJ/kg
latent heat of steam is 1900 k l/kg.
J. J 40 Heat and Mass Transfer
Tofind:
___ ----------------------- ~C~o~n~d~~~·II~-O~,,~J.~J~4J
Mass of the steam condensed h
per our. ~ Q = 10,294 W
Solution:
[Heat transfer, Q = 10,294 w]
Heat transfer through composite li .
.1T cy Inder IS given by ~ Q = 10.294 kW
Q = overall
R = 10.294 kJ/s
where
= 10.294 )( 3600 kJ/h
Q = 37058.4 kJ/h
Mass of steam condensed per hour m = _9__

R = l'Jg
27tL
37058.4
1900
-~ Q
Ta-Tb I In= 19.5 kg I
[ ) + In [~~ I 111 [;~ I +_1_
Result:
Mass of the steam condensed per hour = 19.5 kg.

2nL harl kJ + k2 hil3
Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.So,neglca

that terms @] A steel pipe lias 18 em inner diameter (k = 70 WlmK)
with 1.4 em wall thickness. A liquid temperature pussillK
through tile tube is 200· C and ambient air temperature is
~ Q =
23· C. Tile inner unit surface conductance of tile liquid is
690 Wlm2 K. Calculate tile heat trailsfer rate antl the over
all heat transfer co-efficient for this system of tl
thermocouple embedded IllIlfway through tire pipe

til 170· C.
473-298 __
~ Q ==
2 x 7( x 120
[
111 [~]
0.05
1+ [:l§l] 0_07
Given,'
____~~~----------------------~C~o~nd~u~c/~
Solution:
Heat transfer at halfway is given by
~T
Q= -
R
where
R =
[_I + In [;:1]
Inner diameter, d1 = 18 cm 21tL hdJ kJ
radius, rl = 9 cm
To- T"
=> Q=
[ I 1n['2r 1]
Thermal conductivity of steel, k) = 70 W/mK 21tL ha'J + kJ
radius, r2 = rl + wall thickness

[Put 1'2 = ,]
r2 = 0.09 + 0.014 To-T"
=> Q=
I r2 = 0.104 m I [_I + In[:']]
ha,) kJ
Liquid temperature, To = 2000
C + 273 = 473 K 21tL
Ambient air temperature,
Inner surface conductance,

T b = 230 C + 273 :: 296 K
ha = 690 W/m K
2 => Q/L = -[~"":"":';;__In
I
473 - 443
I
1
[-0.097---=-J
0.09
Temeperature at half way, T h = 170 C + 273
0
2 x 1t 690 x 0.09 + 70
Th = 443 K
Tofind: r +'2 - 097
where I' = - - . m
2
I. Heat transfer at halfway
2. Overall heat transfer co-efficient.

[Q/L = 10,976 W/m I
_!_. 144 Heal and Mass Tramjer
we know
Q= _-------------~C~o~n~du~clion
1.145
Gillen:
~ Q =
10,976 - U x 2 x 1t x 0. 104 x (473-296)

l
I.
~ lu = 94.89 W/m2K.1
Result: Ambient air
I) Heat transfer at halfway, Q/L = 10,976 W/Ill

Inner diameter of steel, d I '"'5 em = 0.05 m
2) Overall heat transfer co-efficient U = 94.89 W/m2K.
Inner radius, rl = 0.025 m
Outer diameter of steel, d2 = 7.6 em = 0.076 m
Outer radius, r2 = 0.038 III
Radius, r) = r2 + thickness of insulation

1.1.14 University Sol\'ed Problems On Cylinder
= 0.038 + 0.02 m
f1) A steel tube with Scm I D, 7.6clII OD III1lI II = 15 W/",,(: r) = 0.058 III
covered with (III insuiative covering oflllicllllfsJlc",'
Thermal conductivity of steel, kl = 15 W/moC
II = 0.2 W/","c. A 1101 Iteas (II JJO°C with I, = 400 U~I'
flows inside II,e lube. Tile outer surface of lire i/lSMJ-
Thermal conductivity of insulation, k2 = 0.2 W/mOC
. . 0 uri If
ss exposed to cooler air (II JO"C with I, = 6 ",f«' Hot gas temperature, Ta = 330° C + 273 = 603 K
Calcuate the heat toss from tilt! tube 10 tile (Iirfor [0" Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side. ha = 400 W/m2°C
tile tube (IIId the temperature drops reslillillg fro.:
1llbt Ambient air temperature, T b = 30° C + 273 = 303 K
tllerm,,1 resistances of tile IIuI gIll' flow, tile stetl ,
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side, lIb = 60 W/m20C
insutatto« layer lind tile outside air.
[May 2005 . AIII/(ll Length, L = 10 m
"
-
Toftnd:
____
------------------------~C~O~~~~"~~~J·IJ
i) Heat loss Q
603 303
ii) Temperature drops; (T - T ) (T
,
Q
and (T
I,
_ T ),
I -T ) (T
2, 2 -IJ)
::>
Q -
- 1 [ 1 1 °
[ 038]
2 x 7t X 10 400 x 0.025 + 15 In 0:025
J b
Solution:
+_1 In[_0._05_8]+ 1 ]
0.2 0.038 -60-x-'0;"".0-5-8
Heat flow
Q = .1Toverall IQ = 7451.72 WI
R
[From equn 1.48 or HMTtk
where We know that,
page no.43 & 45 (Sixrtn e~
Interface temperatures,
R =_1_
21fL
+ -In
1 I .
{r...i+_1 (I)~Q
k3 '3 hb'4,
TQ-T1
=
~ Q =
1
-x---
1
21fL hQ'1
21fL [-h'11"1+ -'kJ 111['2]+_1k2 In['3]
'J '2
7451.72 =
:3 In [;: h-~4J
(The terms K3 'and z, are not given. So neglect Ihaltenf ~TQ-TI = 11.859K
[Temperature drop across hot gas flow, TQ- T 1 = 11.859 KJ
l. 1-18 Heal and Mass Transfer
~ . Conduction 1.149
~ drop across the InsUlation, T2 - T 3 = 250.75K \
T 3- Tb
(1) ~ Q =: Rb
= __ T..:....1 _- _T-=..2 _
T 3- Tb
I _I Inl!i \ =:
2itL kl rl J
2~L (h:rJ
... R 1=-I [I ,..
_ 2nL kllll-
( h.
451.72
= T..!.I
__
--T-=2~----
1- r,
2 x it x 10 IS
_I In l- 0.038
0.025
1) 7451.72
= -----~~----~ 3
2 x ~ x 10 ( 60 x ~.0581
~ T 3 - 1 b = 34.07 K
emperature drop across the outside air, T 3 - T b = 34.07 K
Temperature drop across the steel tube, TI- T2 = 3JIOK'
(I)=> Q = T2-T3
R2 Result:
(i) Q 7451.72 W
T2 - T3
= ---=--~-- (ii) Ta - T ( =: 11.859 K
-2~L (-~2 In [~~ 1] T(-T2 = 3.310K
[
.: R2 = _I (_I In(!'l\·l
2nL k2 '2
T2-T3 = 2S0.7SK
T 3 - T b = 34.07 K
7451.72 = T2 - T3
1 [_I In [ 0.058 ] ]
2 x n x 10 0.2 0.038
fJI A steel tube (k= -/3.26 WI",Kj of 5.08 CIII •
I!J and 7. 62 em outer diameter is cOveredHlil"2 '"""ef . dlQ",. Conduction 1.151

. .s C", lIljt~, ---Thermal conductivity of insulation, k2 = 0.208 W/mK
insulation (k ;:;:
0.208 WlmK) the Inside SUI':I'.
l
. lelllne,JQceolt~tl~ Hot gas temperature, T a = 3 16° C + 273 = 589 K
receivers heat fro", a 1101gas at the
r Q/llfe! Ambient air temperature, Tb = 30° C + 273 = 303 K
with heat transfer co-efficient of 28 WI",2g 3J6'(
.
outer surface exposed to the amh,ent air Q/30.C. lJI~ilt
. ~ Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side, ha = 28 W/m2K
transfer co-efficient of 17 WI",]/(. Calcula/e" "'Ilk ,."<t Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side, hb = 17 W/m2K
3m length of the tube. eallollA _
Length, L ==3 m
[Madras University OCI ~J9~ Tojind:

Given:
i) Heat loss, Q
Solution,'
.1Toverall
Heat flow, Q == R
where [From HMT data book page no,43 & 45}
I
R==-
21tL
Steel tube thermal conductivity, k, = 43.26 W/mK
Inner diameter of steel, d, = 5.08 cm == 0.0508 m
Inner radius, r, == 0.0254 m ~Q=
Outer diameter of steel, d2 == 7.62 cm == 0.0762 m _1_ + _, In

27tL [ harl kJ
[;2] + tin [;n
J 2
k;"I In'3
['4]+_1]
Outer radius, r2 == 0.0381 m
ht/'4
Radius, r3 ::: r2 + thickness of insulation
Radius, r3 == 0.0381 + 0.025 m
'3 ::: 0.0631 m
I. /52 Heal and Mass Transfer
[The terms k.3 and r4 are not' given. So --- --- Conduction 1.153
, neglecllh
T ~~ Give" :
Q = a-Tb ~I
_I [_I _I
21tL hell
+
k) In rj
[r2]
+I-In[.!i]l
-....._
<,
1
2 2r + ';',
h~!
589 303
Q
I + _I _--------[Om '
[ 28 x 0.0254 43.26 In ~I
+-I-In[ 0.0631] I
0.208 0.0381 +~006 . JI
IQ = 1129.42 W Inside temperature, T1 =

0
250 C + 273 = 523 K
Inner diameter, dl = 80 mrn = 0.080 m
Inner radius, rl = 0.040 m
Result:
Wall thickness, == 5.5 mm
Heat loss, Q = 1129.42 W Radius, r2 = rl + thickness of wall
= 0.040 + 5.5. x 10-3 m
Urll I "2 = 0.0455 111 I

/1) A hot steam pipe having (Ill inside !)'urfi,,:e lempera/
2500 C has (In inside diameter of 80 111mand a wall 'hick~ Radius, r3 = r2 + thickness of insulation (I)
of 5.5 mm. II is covered with a 90 mm layer ofinsu/~
= 0.0455 + 90 x 10-3 m
having thermal conductivity. 010.5 WlnrK followed . '"ofb)'1
V
mm layer of insulation having thermal conductlv/~ .D I r3=0.1355111
WI, .r t ula/l '
mK. Tlte outside surface temperature o,,ns - Radius, r4 = r3 + thickness of insulation (II)
lODe A ",etlltl
. Calculate heat loss per metre lellgtll. JSU 3
= 0.1355 + 40 x 10- m
conductivity of the pipe as 47 Wlm K.
M d. U . /,silY Apr
[ a ras University Apr 2002, Baralh~yar /1/ve . "4 = 0.1755 111
Thermal conductivity of pipe k == 47
' I W/rnK
Thermal conductivity of Insulation (I) _
, k2 - 0.5 W
Thermal conductivity of insulation (II) _ IrnK
. ' k3 - 0.25 W
Outs Ide temperature, T 4 == 20°C + 273 IrnK
_1_ In [~I +
== 293 K 21tL
Tofind :
Heat transfer per metre length. ~ 0 == _---;~:__:_:----=5~2=-3 =-- !:229~3 _
j
Solution:
Q ~Toverall
= __;:::....:...:.:..:..:..:
R
_I_
21tL l /n[O.0455]
0.040
47
+
In[O.1355j
0.0455 +
0.5
,n[0.1755
0.1355
0.25
1
[From HMTdalabool
where [lage no,43 & 4J} ~ lOlL = 448.8 W/m I
Result:
Heat transfer, Q/L = 448.8 W/m.
o A thick walled tube of stainless steet lt: = 77.85 kJlllr m·CJ

25 mm ID alll150 111m OD is covered with a 25 mm layer of
ashesto~'lk = 0.88 k.l/hr m"Cj. If the inside walltenrperc,ture
of the pipe is maintained at 550" C and the outside of the
=> Q == insulator at 45" C. Calculate the I,eatloss per meter lengt"
In [;n
In [~]
of the pipe.
[Madras University April 1995. EEEl
21tL [ h~rl + -k-=-I--=- + k2
Given:
In [;4 ]
_::.--3_+_
I Inner diameter of steel, dl == 25 nun
+ kJ hbr4 Inner radius, rl == 12.5 rnm => 0.0125 m

Outer diameter, d2 == 50 rnrn
Heat transfer coefficients ho' hb are not given. So, n~
hat terms.
----
solution:
__ ------------------
Heat now through
To crall
m ite
_:C~·o:n~d~uc~tl~·o~n~/.
yl inder : i en b\
{From Hi fT
T:
R r:e no n rJ
o
R=-
I
2 L
l~ haT
I
I
f-1
on e ti e heat tran er -effi len ha and h are n t ive
0.0 rn rn= m o ne le t tha term .

T(I- T
(it un inless el =>
1= Ihr rn° . =
_._5
3
me _I
2nL
l"'[:~\ In l:~\1
KI k2 _
o VIm 'C
= J/~ rn ::::) .021
Ta- T
=> IL
Similar!
~II err al C nducti it 0 as .st s. 2 = 0.88 kJ/hr 1'(
_1-
2n
l'n
kl
l:~\ In l:~\1 k2
2 = 0.24 Wlm:i_ 550 - 45
l' [~lll/n[~11
IL
·1 (I = 5500
1 n 0.012 0.025
21t 2 \ .625 0.244
To find: [Q/L = \ 103.9 W/m I

I. Heat loss per metre length
Result:
(i)Q/L= II03.9W/m.
----------------------~==~~
Solution:
Conduction1.J 59

ill A steam pipe of 12 em outer diameter is at 197. !iT overall
lagged to a radius of 10 em with asbestos Of C.llt Q=
'J Ihtl"'.
R [From HMT data book
conductivity of 1WlmK. The temperature 0" SUr page no. 43 & 45]
'J rO"ft~i.
is 25" C and heat transfer co-efficient
outside;s 12 IJI ..,
"/fIIll
Calculate the heat loss per meter length of tl'e pipe.
[Madras University, OCll9r,
Given:
R=_1 11 +
21tL haTl l
=> Q =
--1 [ I +
21tL harl
Neglecting unknown terms

Ta-Tb
d)=12cm => 0 =
r) = 6 em => 0.06 m
r2 = 10 em => 0.1 m
k) = 1 W/mK => OIL = 470 - 298

.:..:....::..---=c::...=:..----
Ta = 1970 C + 273 = 470 K

_1
21t
[In [~]
I
+ 1
12xO.1
1
T b = 250 C + 273 = 298 K
hb = 12 W/m2K
[OIL = 804.01 W/m \
Tofind:
Result:
I. Heat loss per metre length Heat loss per meter length = 804.01 W/m.
Result:
(i) Q/L
IIJ A steam pipe

= 1103.9 W/m.
of 12 em outer diameter is at 197.

--
solution:
~Toverall
Conduction 1.159
lagged to a ra d·IUS 0if 10· em witli ashestos 01' hc'/'i Q=

R
'J t trill {From HMT data boole
conductivity of 1 WlmK. The temperature 01" sun • page no.43 & 45]
D
'J oundi
is 25 C and heat transfer co-efficient outside is 12U'/~~
Calculate the heat loss per meter length of the pipe.
Given:
[Madras University, OCI199il
R = _I [] + In [~] + In [;n + _I ]
27tL harl k, k2 htl"3
=> Q =
Neglecting unknown terms

Ta-Tb
d,=12cm => Q =
T) = 6 em => 0.06 m
T2=IOcm=>0.lm
k, = 1 W/mK :::) Q/L =

470 298
--_'!~~~--:-
T a = 1970 C + 273 = 470 K I
27t
[/n[~]I 1
+ 12 x 0.)
1
T b = 250 C + 273 = 298 K
hb = 12 W/m2K
[Q/L = 804.0) W/m)
Tofind: Result·
I. Heat loss per metre length Heat Joss per meter length = 804.01 W/m.
Co"duction /./6/
1.1.15 Solved Problems on Hollow sPher~ -----Jo;ide temperature, T a 5 00" C + 2 7J - 77 J K
II] A hollow sphere (k = ~5 WlmK~of 120 m~ outside temperature, T b = 50 C + 2'73 == J23 K

0
and 350 mm outer diameter It; covered 10 Ill,

roftnd:
ins ulatlon (k=JO WlmK). rite illsicle (:; IIl)lt,. Heat loss, (Q).
temperatures (Ire 500" C and 50" C respecli"el),. C:;'1;4,
the rate of heat flow through this sphere. clllt" Solul;Oll :
Heat loss through hollow sphere is given by
Given:
6Toverall
Q= [From HAfT data book page /JO.
R
43 (~45(.5ixlh cdiuon]
where
I
R =-
4n
=>0 = ---------------
_I [_IhJf + _I [.l.._..!_]+ _Ik [.l_ fJI J+_Ilib"; ]
4n kl'l '2 Z'1
Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.So, neglect that

terms.
Thermal conductivity of sphere, k I = 65 W/mK
=>Q=
Inner diameter of sphere, d I = 120 rnrn
_I [_I [ITj- r;1]+ k;-1 [Ir:;-"'3I] J
4n kl
Radius, rl = 60 mm = 0.060 m
Outer diameter of sphere, d2 = 350 mm 773 - 323
Radius, r2 = 175 mm = 0.175 m

Radius, rj = r2 + thickness of insulation
•. [*[O~ - o:7shk[o:75 -oiss]]
rj = 0.175 + 0.010 ~ [§ = 28361 W I
Refllll:
Ir3=0.185ml
Heal transfer, Q = 28361 W
Thermal conductivity of insulation, k2 = 10 W/rnK
12 _j
}./62 Heal and Mass Transfer
o A ho/low sphere 1.2 m Inner diameter alld .~__ Conduction 1.163

7
diameter is having a thermal ClJnlfUClivil 1. /Jr, o~
The inner surface temperature is 70 K an/ Of I "'/IIf(
R == .t,
47r
[-!_-
11,./
a
+ _Ikl'l [J_ --,:;I] +-h I]
b'2
2
lemperatllre is 300 K. Determine, Oilier slill~
T)- T2
(i) heat transfer rate 0=---
(ii) Temperature fII it fffdillS of 650 "'III. -4~-. [h~-:-12-+ -k-II [,.11 -
(1 ..
;2 ]+~]_-
11b'2
Given: [The terms ha and' hb are not given. So, neglect that terms]
d) == 1.2 m ~) -. T2
T ... (I) .
r) == 0.6 m
•• 1,
d2 == ).7 m
r2 == 0.85 m 70 - 300
k) =J W/mK
T) == 70 K
T2 == 300 K ~ [0 = - 5896.1iW]
r = 650 mm = 0.65 m
[The negative sign indicates that heat flows from outside to inside]
To/inti :
(ii) Temperature at a radius = r = O.6~m
(i) Heat transfer rate, (Q)
(ii) Temperature at a radius of 650 111111 Put 1'2 = T and '2 = ,. in equation ( J )
TJ -T
Solution: (I) :::> Q= -------
(i) Heal transfer rate, (Q) 4~ [* [*-f-]]

Heat transfer, Q = L\T overall ._ 5896. J 4 == __ ____:_7..::__0~T
__ .
. R
where
.
[Front IiMT data book page na
4.1&/';
47r [+ I 1
0 6 - 0 ~5 lJ
[T == J30.1ii]
...
I. /64 Heal alld .V{ClS.I.!!_U:_'_ls-=-;fi_e,_" ----- _
ReJlt/t:
(i) Heat trallster rate, Q = - "896.1 W
....----h \I re
*
(ii) Telllperallin.: at a radiu f 650111111 sr=T,-Tb =T,-T:
T = I 0.15 K
ill A hoI/ow Jphere hus inside surface

I.:!J.
tempeT(UIITe .r
OJ J (/0'
I{ = -; [t- I
[*- /- -1-1
IIbr.-
(11111 the» olltJl~/e .Htrj(l~e temperatllre t'f JO'[ T, - T_
/,J k =111WI",K. (a/CII/flfe (I) hcat tost by CQllt/II" C.
_
. if
"
inside diameter oj.\ CIII and outside dlflmeler of 15 CIII("
. r.
((lUll fIJI
_I I-_I-
h
-I
k, r,'J'
III _1-2
'ieat/m'l. bvJ COIltI uctton, / equal/oil/or.'
"
(I I' I{I ill wul]
iii
ere« . l 1'1
'. hbJ'~
equut to sphere area. lh(·t'·rITI·;'
, and\1 II b aree n01'given. .o. ueplcct thai terms)
r \ ladras "iverSI/Y,lprlr "
:;-:, (
Give« :
T, = J 000 C f- 27 J = -7 K
T 2 = 300 C + 27 J = 30" K
k, = 18 W/IllK
d, = 5 em "" 0.0:5 III

1
4• b~[ 0 ~_5 - 0 ~J: lJ
1', = 0.025
d2 = 15 CIII
III
= 0.1 - III
'-- iJ
(ii) 1Jt'{/( lost ( If the 111'('(1 is (!lJIIIIIIO the pluin Willi area] Q/
f2 = 0.07 - III
Tofiud :
.. O. 7. - 0.0 S
(i) Heal 10SI, Q
(ii) Heat lost (Ifthe area i equal I III plain ,\all area
)::; ) [L:.:0.5m l
So! 111;011 :
(i) Heut tost (Q)

[Frolll /1 \ tt II ,l!
Heat 11m. () = _L\_'_'o_e_ra_1I .1 III
!}!!!_~·~====I~-··---~
/. /66 Heat (mel MaH Transfer
l\~2~(rf + r~)
~ Critical Radius of !""ularion 1.167
CAL RADIUS OF INSULATION
eRIT.I .
We know that, ~ Addition of insulating
material on a surface does not reduce.
f heat transfer rate always. In fact under certain
~T mount 0 . .
the a it actually increases the heat loss up to certain thickness
R . stances I '. .
circum on . The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer IS
. ulall . .... .
TI - T2 of InS . um IS . ca lied critical radius of insulation and .the corresponding
.
L maxim . lied critical thickness. If the thickness IS further
'ckness Ie; ca .
kA rill d he heat loss Will be reduced.
increase ,t
Critical Radius = rc
1
L 1 Critical thickness = rc - rl
I
1
I
1
573 - 303 1
1
0.05 Q 1
IS x 21t(0.0252 + 0.0752) 1
1
1
1
10,= 3S17.03W I
1
1
r 1
Result:
i.-c-::::: =,~_.J_, _,rc'-----J
.I{i) Heat lost, 0 = 2290.22 W Fig 1.8
(ii) Heat lost (If the area is equal to the plain wall area),
1.2.1Critical Radius of Insulation For A Cylinder
0, = 3S17.03 W.
Consider a cylinder having thermal conductivity k. Let r, and
ro inner and outer radii of insulation.
Tj-Ta;:
Heat transfer, Q
In (~)
21tkL [From equII.no.(I.31)}
P'IZWfiJlfwttd6'1f{WiUMM
('1'11/('(1/ /«(Ir/i",v of Imllllll/rm I 1(i(J
, () ..,
I'tl )
III ( "1 I1J A II dl!t'Irit'fI/ wlrr (~l/ {J", "'''Illit 1I1It/ / III", llill"'I!It!I'
I
d/JJlpfllt,,"]fI(JW I" uir nt lJ"C 11", convectio» heat ITf1I1.~fer
7tkL ;1 C(I-(:fllclt'"1 heIHIt!t'II lilt' wire ,.."r{fln' flllt! uir ts /J If!1m) K.
I ,
Here Ao I ' Th« ttiermat CfJlltllI('I"'i~v uf wire is (J. J81 WI",/(. (;11/('1111"1'
I 11,£,crtticul "111111,\' of ;I1,wlllllm, tll1Il tI/.WI dt~/ermille the
I
T; - Toc
/ I lenlpt!Ttllllre oftlu: wire ~fit is insutoted 1(1 II,e crttical
II,ic:kllt!!i," of insulatinn,
Q= ---
I" (;~ J ( June 2006 - Anna Univ]
----+---
Znkl, 2nrOLh Give" :
Length of the win', L = 10 rnm
To find the critical radius of insulation, difTereniiale~l
Diameter of the wire, d = 1 mm
respect to 1"0 and equate it to zero.
Radius of the wire, r = O.S mm = O,S x 10-3 m
dQ
0- (T; - T,,oJ [2n~Lro - 2n~Lr[1 Heat transfer, Q = 200 W'
Surrounding temperature, Tb = 2SoC + 273 = 298 K
---
2rrkL
In (;0, J+ 2nhiLro Convection heal transfer co-efficient
surface and air, hb = 15 Wm2K.
between the wire II
since (T; - To:)"# 0 Thermal conductivity of wire, k = 0,S82 W/mK
~ J _ I 2 =0
2nkLro 2nhLrO air Q, hb T b (wire
jd-Olr""--------:-·,:::<·o--....,.'_:]
ro~+~rc I 1 ~ __ _L .:
1'0 filld :
I. Critical radius of insulation, r('
2, Temperature of wire, >10
U I and ~{(]5SrrollSfer ri(ieal Radius of bmdatio1/ 1.1 I
1.1 O nea .
. of 6 IfInI with 1 mm thic« insulatiolt
diameter
Sol.ti"" : r,] A ""re . .
t:J. ':::::(1.11 WI",K). 1/II,e COIII'eCIH't'ht'allransft'r
co-efficient
We I..lhl\\ rhat.
=-k
rio "I' the ill!iliialing surface and air is lJ 'Jim) K find
bt'tl.·t!<c . '.' . '
('ritical rldius of insulati ll.' II critical Ihlckness 0/ insulation 'IIId also find the
t/'( . I I ,/'.
/{Iut! 0/ change tn tne neat transfer rate if the critical
piTC el, • lJ .
:; 0.58_ Tt,dius .s used.
IS
Gil·tn:
I 'c = 0.0388 ~
dl==6J1Hll
Heal transfer through an insulated wire when critical ra '1 == 3 mrn = 0.003 m air
is IL~ is siven by . '2 =='1 + 2 == 3 + 2 = 5 mill
= 0.005 m
Q== k==O.IIW/mK
In (~~)
___ +_1- hb ==25 W/m2K
2itL kl 111/.
Tofind:
I. Critical thickness
2. % of change in heat transfer
Ta - 298
200 = ------------- Solution :
I [In [g.~~:] I. Critical radius,
k
h
[From equn. no. (I.50)}
2it x 10 0.582
+ J
J 5(0.0388)
J
r = _Q.JJ_ = 4.4 x 10-3 m
c 25
200 :; T(/ - 298 . I' c = 4.4 x 10-3 m I

0.146
Crilicallhickncss, Ie='e -'1
~ era:: 327.28 K J = 4.4 x 10-3 - 0.003
= 1.4 )( 10-3 m
Relult:
Crilicallhickllcss, Ie = 1.4 x 10-3 m (or) 1.4 mill
Ie" .
. rrtrca] radlllS of insulation, rc = O.0388mm
2. Tcmpcralu re o ,. llcwire,T
I 2
54 .i>: D
e
a=327.28K(or)
...
po
1.172 Ileal and Mass TranJ/er
2. Heat transfer through an inslliated ~~:-~

'''"els' Critical Radu if I. .
Q _
(T _ T )
a
, given by
b ~, .--~ ~~~o~n~s~ul~m~/o~I1~I.~/7~3
I - __I
27rL
[In [~l
k,
~j
+ __
hi r
[FronIHA'
Page
1rdQ1Q
~
= 12.57 - 12.64
12.64
x '00
J 2 II04J~1
0.55 %
27rL (T a - Tb)
Result:
= -In--;(--=O-=.0--=-0-5:--)
--- I. Critical thickness, 'e = 1.4 x 10-3
0.003 2. Percentage of increase in heat transfer by using critical
----_+
O. 1) 25 x 0.005 radius = 0.55 %.
II] A wire of 7 mm diameter is covered witlt (III insulating
2nL (T a - Tb)
material (k = I W/mK). rite wire temperature (l1U1 ambient
Q, = 12.64
temperature are BOt}C and 15° C. If the inside convective
Heat flow through an insulated wire when erilicalradi Ileattrtlllsfer co-efficient is B.2 Wlm2K, find tile minimum
used is given by tllickness of insutation and also find tile percentage of
increase ill the heat dissipation.
Given:
__I [In [;~~ ] + 1 ] d, = 7 I11Ill
2nL. kJ hbrc /', = 3.5 111111 = 3.5 x 10-3 III
k = I W/Il1K
Ta = 80° C + 273 = 353 K
=
3 Tb = 15° C + 273 = 288 K
111[4.4 x 10- )
_.:__0_._0_03_- + I ---10-1 ha = 8.2 W/m2K
25 x 4.4 x .
0.11
Tofind :
2rrL (T a - Tb) I. Minimum thickness of insulation
Q2=
12.572 . 2. % of increase in the heat dissipation.
) . fl bv uSing I
... J e-rcentage of increase ill heat 0" .
critical r~dills = Q2 - QJ x 100

OJ
= ••• ,
Critical Radiu5 ot I . I .
r-------_~ . 'J nsu at/on 1175
Solution:
I. ritical radius. "c =

k
II ------ 89.74 W/m
Percentage of increase in heat dissipation

Irc = 0.121901 \ Q2 - QJ
----'- x 100
01
Criti al thickness, Ic=rc-rl
-,-8-,-9_.7_4 _-_;1...:..1_;.7-=-2 x 100
= O. 12 19 - 3.5 x 10- 3 11.72
'c=0.11801 665.69 %
\ Minimum Insulation thickness, tc - 0.118 m Result:

) . Minimum insulat ion thickness, 'c = O. J J 8 III
2. Heat loss without insulation
2. Percentage of increase in heat dissipation = 665.69 %.
2nL (T a - T b)
III A steam pipe J 0 em inner diameter J J em outer diameter is
covered with an insuluting substance (k = J WlmK). The
steam temperature and the ambient temperatures are
200" C and 20" C respectively. If tire convective heat transfer
2nL(353 - 2RR)
co-efficient between the insulating surface alii/ air is
1 8 Wim2 K. Find the critical radius oJ ;I/\'II/al;OI1 (lilt! the
8.2 x 3. 5 x I 0-:1 heal 10.'11per metre of pipe for the vulue of r(~ And II/SO
find the outer surfcc temperature.
\ Ql/L = 11.72 W/m \
Given :
I kat los. with insulation d, = 10cm=0.1111
/'1 == 0.05 III
d == 11 III = 0.11 III
1'2 == 0.0)) ITI.
k.l I .
kl == I \\' lllK
- - ~~ == ~ -
=. " \\' r - -
-_.-:--
I. J 76 Heat and Mass Transfer
Cri/ical Radius oj Insulation t.tr;
I
R=-
21tL [ --+-In
I klI
hal'l
If']
[1'-'I2] + k; In 3
'2
I" '
I
I,
Q =
t
I
-- I [I --+ -In
21tL
I ['-'I2] +-In-
kl hal'l
I f'3]
k2 '2 1
Tofind :
(i) Critical radius of insulation, "c
(ii) Heat lost per meter at "c
+ _Ik3 In[''3
b
4]+ _Ih '4 ]
[The terms ha, k2 and k3 are not given. So, neglect that terms]
I
(iii) Outer surface temperature, TJ r
Ta-Tb
Solution:
1. Critical radius of insulation (rcJ

k
rc =_
Put I' 2 = I' c and 1',
1'1 = _ in the above equation.
h
r = I
c 8
Irc = 0.125 III I
2. Heat lost per meter at 'rc' .
~=----~4~73~2~93~----~1
[From HMT do/a book page no:. 43&Jj)
L [ I I (0.125)+ I
We know that, 21t -I n 0.055 8xO.125
H ea t tl ow, _ £1ToveraJl
Q - R
where [1-~ 621 W1m I
13
__j
Heat Conduction With Heat (,eneralion 1.i79
1.178 /leal (/lid Moss 71'aIl5fer
(iii) Ollter SIIr/ace temperatllre (T3) t-IEATCONDUCTION WITH HEAT GENERATION

1.3 . .
We kllo\\ that, In many practical cases, there IS a heat generation within
rn Typical examples are
Ie syste .
11
E lectrJc"1 COl s
).. Resistance heater
). Nuclear reactor
QfL
4. Combustion offuel in the fuel bed of boiler furnaces.
T - 293 In electric coi I and resistance heater, heat is generated due

621 10 electric current flowing in the fire. In nuclear fuel element,
2~ [s ,,11251 heal is generated by nuclear fission.
= 91.S K I 1.3.1 Plane wall with internal heat generation

Consider a slab of thickness L, thermal conductivity k, as
Result: shown in fig. 1.10.
riti alradius fin ulati n rc=O.125m Con ider a mall elemental area of thickness dr .
•1 Heat 1 t per meter, IL = 621 W/m
III utcr urfa e temperature, T = 391.8 K
Qg
~
()
L
Fit! I. If}
-
dMmSff~a~n~sift_er _ Heal Conduction With Heal Generation /.18/
I 180 Heal an .
• 1 w of conductLOn, we know that
• I
~q' x2
From Founer sa. - --= Cjx+ C2
. dT :::>T+ k 2
Q =-kA -
Heat transfer at r, x dx . " (1.5 I)
'" (1.56)
ducted out at x + dx r:
Heat con 2
dT _ kA d T dx The temperature on the two faces of the slab (Tw) is the
Qx+dx = -kA dr dx2 ' .. (1.52)
because it loses the same amount of heat by convection on
saJ11e
Heat generated within dx Sides.
tWO .•
boundary conditions; CI = 0
Qg= q A dr • " (1.53) ApP IY •
T ee - _!_ i.. x2 + C2
We know that, (1.56):::> 2 k
Qx + Qg = Qx+dx L
APply T = T w' x = 2"
::::)T w = -
,
+ q (L)2
k 2 + C2
,
::::)
2
kA d T +
dx2
q A dr = 0
2
::::)
dT +_!_ dx = 0 ... (1.54)
dx2 k
Integrating above equation

Substituting C t and C2 value in equation (1.56)
(1.54) ::::)
J
ddx2T2 +J qk dx =f0 I q
•
.,
•
qL
2
T = - 2k .r- + 0 + Tw + 8k
••• (1.55)
::::)
q 2 2
--.
_"
T = Tw + -8k (L - 4x ) ... (1.57)
Integrating
(1.55)::::) J~ +: Jx=JC t
d Mass Transfer -~ Heat Conductiun with Heat Generation 1./83
2 Heaton
J.l8 ature T max (at the centre) is b ~\'ith internal heat generation
' temper 0 ta' Z CyJlll, '
The Olaxunulll , (1,5 7),
1.3.
Int~
, :: 0 in Equation 'der a cylinder of radius r and thermal condUclivit k
by putllng x ConSI 'I I' d Y ,
, genera ted (Qg) 111 t re cy III er due to passag'e of an e Iectnc'
~eat IS
rrenl, ,
ell Fourier's law of conductIOn, we know that
( 1,58) Fwm. '
d2T
_+-
qr
= 0 ... (1.60)
r dr2 k
Heat flow rate
i :
Q:: _qA L Integrating .
2 ,
Heat transfer by convectIOn r I i:I+I~=Jo
dr2 k
Q :: h A (Til' - Too)
dT q r2 _ C,
=> Q:: 1- q AL :: h A (Til' - T ex,)
_
dr
+---
k 2
.L q AL :: hAT II' - h A Too dT

-+-
qr
2
hAT 11':: h A Too + 2 q AL

,. Integrating
dr 2k
dT + j
qL
Til':: Too +?Ji' j Tr q
2k
r = J ~I
Surface or Wall temperature C I /n r + C2 '" (1.61)
qr2
:::> T:: - -- + C I In r + C2
'" (1.59) 4k
Apply boundary conditions
(1.61):::> Tw=-
~I'J
-+C, [PUI T :: T w ' r = roJ
4k -
dM~s~~a~n~if_e, _
J.}84 Heal an Heal Cnnduclion wilh Heat Generalion 1.185
. ,( I 63) and ( 1.64)

Equat rng .
2L':= hx2nroL(Tw-TaJ)
1('0 q
d C value in Equation (1.61)
APply CI an 2 - h x 2 x (Till - Too)
'0 q >
. 2 (V6
qr T +
_+0+ HI 4k 2h TIII- 2h Too
::> T '" - 4k '0 q :=
+3- [rg - ,2J 21t T 11':= '0 q+ 2h T co

T'" T II' 4k
'oq
Till -
-T 00
+--
2h
At centre
r :: 0, T'" TllIax temperature, T 111-- T00 + roq
211 ... (1.65)
q ?
::>
- T +-
Tmax - II' 4k
[roJ Similarly,
For sp here , temperature at the centre

• 2
Maximum Temperature, Tmax T + qro '" (1.6.' q'r2

II' 4k TC = T III + __
6k
0_ ... (1.66)
We know that,
Heat generated
1.3.3 Internal Heat Generation - Formulae used
2 •
Q = 11'0 Lq .,' (1.6))
Forplane wall "
Heat transfer due to convection
I. Surface temperature, T + qL
TII'= 00 2h
1.Maximum temperature, T rna'

ciL2
T 1\1 +--
Q = h x 211ro L (Till - TO') , " (1.641 8k
" tk\l{ (Ilk' M(l~S TroflSjer Ikt/t Conduction with Heat Gene rutton
. \ 1./87
Solved Problenls 011 Plane Wall with Internal Heat
1).4, .
Generation
r; Fluid temperature, K
I An tltctric c;lrrellt is. passed through a plane wall of
~ _ Ilt':It generation, W 1m3
_ Thickness, m
o l'
t/,;ckneS J5f} mm W"'C" generates
50,000 Win/. tt« convective "eat transfer coefficient
''£'(It at tile rate of
h _ Heat transfer co-efficient, 2

W Im K between w(llI and ambient air is 65 WI",] K. ambient air
It",peratttre is 28°C (1/1(1the thermal ('ontlll('tivity of tile wal!
k - Themal conductivity, W/mK.
",alerial is 22 WlmK. Calculate:
J, Sur/(Iu temperature
Q 2. Maxim"m temperature in tile w(,11

I. Heal generation, q =V
Given:
2. Jlaximu", temperature Thickness, L = 150 mm = 0.150 m
qr2 . • 3
Heatgeneration, q = 50,000 W 1m
Tmax = Tw+ 4k
Convective heat transfer coefficient. h = 65 W/mlK
J. Surface temperature
rq Ambient air temperature. T I = 28°C + 273 = 301 K
T w =T (X)
+-
2h
where
Tofind:
V - Volume - 1t r2 L I. Surface temperature
r - radius - n. 2. Maximum temperature in the wall
Solution:
For sphere
Weknow that.
I. Temperature at the centre Surface temperature
Tw = T" + 1~ [FI'IIIII Fil'I. I/O. 1.5YJ
50 000 )( 0.150
301 + 2)( 65
lilt, 358.6 K I
&z_i1.4fufJHl
as
Heal Conduction with Heal G .

H lS:J ~Tr~a~11J~if4.::t!r:__ _ eneratlon 1.1119
1.188_ !~~?:.~~~
c -_ J
• llperalure 51'11;011 :
-~"
"""" un urn
i 1
It I
q. L-, oW Ihal,
-
, Ina(
.1'It' +-8k r From £~/I"" n . 0
I
.j8j
I.
. lun lemperalure, T max -- T w .

+ - qL2
50,000 x (0.150)2 MaX,111 8k
.. 3 8.6 +
8)( 22
_ T + 65 x 105 x (0.025)2
423 - w
T Itl"~ '" 364.9 K 8 x 25
423= Tw+20.31
.,,,,It .'
I $UI f~ c 1~'II)p\'rllllrC Til' - )' lUi K ~'" = 402.6 K I
-: M~,"nll1ltllrllllwrf\IUrt', Tnl(\\ 1f,·1.1) K
qL
Surfllce ICl1Ipcl'lllure. T",;:o T +-
['I '" rk 'rril' """,'III is 1'4"·WC/IAN'''J:A u ptunr "'(III I'flh/t .• 211
I.:J' \ • ""1'lJ
: ("'!!Ii fMI!,J 1.'(1 ",," "'10/(, "'/tJeA 1;,\' ".\','cI II' h"1I1 " JI"id III
,til' C '1)r .1"" trlll'flllll'If i,\ 0.( , /I,. I,' ",,I. Thr'lfIiII
NilI' .1(L.6 )03 t lIS x I05 )\ 0.025
.l!4fol""rl v v] tlll'rl,rt( i.\· .'.( ... ",1\, ('"iI"111I11' tb« Arill -It
InM 1'1'1'-C' !.'kll' t'J ,",';"'11/'" (h,· 11''''1,,'rlllllr,' '~llhi" rl,lIt
lit XI ,7W~Ill~KJ
.' iser.
\\ '\ \\ I ~ I 11111 {l 120m

1].411electric current is pm;,H'" II",IIIgl, a co"'pol'ilf! "",11n",de
"I' of '''-0 layers. First layer is steel of 10 em thickness m,d
ftrond laycr;s bran of 8 em thickness. The outer surface
'tmptralllre of steel ami brass are maintained at 120~C and
65"Crespectively Assuming tluu the contaa between 01'17 slab
_-3 =·L . K.
rtlJi"l:: is perfect and lite heat generation is 1,65,000 Wlmj•
Dtltr"'ine
litJ! rnn-fer CO-efficient, (h)
I, Heal flux througn lite Oilier surface of brass slab
2, Inter/ace temperature.
-. \
Man' 7ram/er
1190 Heaton d . " , .. ~-- ~ -==
, fi aee! ls ~5 WIttiK. K/or brass is Hfllt', ~
Ttlkt k or, IIPr'( '" (I)
Given:
'l1sfer through tccl,
Hca t tra
T
-Sf
R
T)-T2
[': R= l]
LI kA
k)A
Let interface temperature T2 is greater than TI, So,

T2-T)
... (2)
Thickness of steel, L) = 10 ern = 0.10 111
Thickness of brass, L2 = 8 CI11 = 0.08 m

Heat transfer through brass is given by
Surface temperature of steel, T) = 120 C + 273
0
= 393 K
~T
Outersurface temperature of brass, T) = 65° C + 273 = 338K R
Heatgeneration, qg = 1,65,000 W/m3 T2 - T) ... (3)
k) =45 W/mK L2
k2A
k2 = 80 W/mK
To filld: Total heat transfer [Adding (2) + (3)]
1) Heat flux. thr gh

. ou the surface of the brass slab, q?
~~~ -
ce temperature T 2 T - T)
S0111;011:
I ' ,.
- Q= +---
L2
Let
k2A
q -H
1 eat flux. th
q _H rough the surface of the steel slab.
2 eal flux th
rOugh the surface of the brass slab.
with He C
QJ enenu ion 1.193
,= .J;. = 45
~ L
T - .>38 m equation I ,
0.08
80 He.a generation, q
1,65,00
1,65,000 - 3 .020
T q2 1,3 ,980 \ 1m2
Heat nux throu h he
= T (4'4.5 - 1O()(J1 - 1,78,6]6.3 - 3]8000 surfa e f the brass slab
Rault:
=T2(144.'41-[5,16,6361
(i) q2 = I 30,980 1m2
::::> 1,.1i .I)(J(J+ 16636
' " = T2 [1454.51 (ii) T2 = 468. K.
T2=46~.6 K
lJ A plane wall 10 em thick generates heat at the rate of

4 x 104 WlmJ when an electric current is passed through it.
Theconvective heat transfer co-efficient be/ween eachface
of tile wall and the ambient uir is 50 WIlli]K. Determine
(a) the surface temperature
(b) tlte maximum air tempera/lire on the wall. AJ .ume

lite ambient air temperature to be 20°C and tile thermal
conductivity of the Willi material to be 15 W/",K.
[ 10 lr ts /17 iv r 'tv :-Ipnl 8)
1.194 Heaton
dM~sva.~n~~~er
__ ------------_
T ~~
Heat Conduction with Heat G
_:.:..:.-__ ------_.:_.:..._.:.~~~elnerat
te wo/l of Im thick is poured with
ion J. J 95
~nN~n
(t1 ,4 C or concrete generates 150 W/m3 h
• . e
~ Jr(ltlO1l 'J eat. If hoth th
Gi,'t" : L ::::10 em == 0.10 m hY" or the wall are maintained at 350 C. e
Thickness, .faCes 'J. . Find th
. '_4xI04W/m3 sur)" m temperllture In tIre wall. e
He.atgeneration, q - ",~I"'U
. heat transfer co-effie ient, h = SO W 1m2 K [Madras Univenity'
' Apri '19 9]
Convective
0
. . temperature Too = 20 C + 273 = 293 K
Ambient air '
G'plt" . : 1
Thennal c.onduetivity, k = 15 W/mK. Thickness, L == ~
Heat generation, q == 1SO W 1m3
Tofind:
0
I. Surface temperature Surface temperature, Tw = 35 C + 273
_. Maximum temperature in the wall. r., == 308 K
SMwW": qL Tofind:
Surfac.e temperature, Tw = To:: + -
2h Maximum temperature in the wall
{From equn no(1.59 ]
Solution:
= 293 + 4 x 104 x 0.10
2 x 50 Maximum temperature
qL2
Tmax == Tw+-
8k
Maximum temperature, T max- - T w + -

qL2 Thermal conductivity of concrete, k = 1,279 W/mK
8k
{From HMT data book.
(From equn no. (1.58)]
Page No.18 (Sixth editiont]
= 333 + '4 x 104 x (0.10)2
8 x IS
1SOx (1)2
T max = 308 + -----~---
Result:
~ max = 336.3 K.I 8 x 1279 x 10-3
Surface temperature T _
, w - 333 K ReSUlt:
lT max = 322.6 K. \
Maximum t .
emperature T
, max = 336.3 K. Ma .
X1mum temperature, Tmax = 322.6 K.
1.19 fle(ll o/ld Moss 7i'ol7sfer
-- " problems on Cylinder with internal

1••3 ;}
rn A copper wire of 40 mm diameter ~carries 250

l!.J
resiSlanceofO.25 x Iv·
. .
cO'{1perWife IS 250' ell' ,
A--J
cmllellglilsurfacetem
bi
n
'Per(lfll
anc 'If ant U!I1t air t empert
III.I·u
'tOIJ
heat ge IICtatio
A (Illd l
=
Heat Conduction
==
1.56
156 W/rn.
Y 102 Wlm
Wit
.h
Heat C·lenl!f
allon
.
-1.197
We kllow that,
10. C. If lite Ihermal cOlldllctivity of tile c opper illite
IV'
(I
. Q
J 75 WlmK, calculale "e i, Heat generated, q = - :::----..::__-
V 1I % 1'2 /. I.
I. Hea/lransfer co-efficienl between wire .S.lIr/ace
ambient air. lind q =_ _.!..;J 5~6,--_
2. Maximumlemperalllre in tile wire. 1I x (0.020)2 x I
Gillen .'
Diameter, d '" 40 mrn '" 0.040 rn
I (I::: 124140 Wlm.1)
We know that,
Radiu , r'" 20 mm = 0.020 m
urrent, I = 250 A.
Maximum temperature
• 2
'1' _" q r:
Resistance, R .. 0.25 x 10-4 (2 ern/ length max - 'w -1--
4k [From £'1111'1 no.t / (2)1
urfacc temperature, Tw = 2500 273=523K

523 "'" 124140 / (O.()2U)2
Ambient air temperature, T - 10° . + 27 - 2RJ K 4 Y 175
'1hermal conductivity, k - 175 WltnK 52J.()7 K.

TQfind.'
I) IIcul IrllIl.,'cr
Lrrnux 52io7 KJ
o we ,'I"
C" .
ucrcnt, h
IV~ kunw thill- ,
2) MaxilllUllltclIlpl;;/,uturc T I'll
. ' max. SIl/'li,CC l'Ollll)CI'l'Illll'U, '1' T I-
Sy I utlun ; '" II
II'UIIIUII ler, o 12R / F/'(JIII /':1/1111 1/11. (/ 1/5)!
(2 0)2 x (0.2 . -3 _1(1 I U.(U) ~ 121114~

It
1.62 W/I,; II I
Heal Conduction With fI .
/./98 Heal and M(J$sTransfer
_--------.:.::~~e'(I(l11
Gen eru/lnn 1.19fJ
'null :
I. Heattransferco-efficient, h = 5.17 W/m2K.
2. Maximum temperature, T max = 523.07 K.

q = 13 x 103
7t x r2 x I
llJ A cop~r wire of 1m long is used as a heating e/e~", .
IJ kW /teater. TIre copper surface temperature is /j III.
.
tDJJbielll air te"'Peratwe is 11"C, outside Surface co-elfi ~
is 11 kWI",1X. Tlrenrud conductivily and resist an ~
copper lITe 15 WlmK and 0.11 n respectively. Ca/culale
u~. Surface temperature, Tw = T + ~ {Fro", Equn.
follJlwillg • co 2h
,,0./.65J
1. DilDlldU of copper wire
2. /lJlJe of CIUTUII flow.

1573 295 + r x 4138
G;reJr : r2
Length, L = 1m 2"1.1)(103
Heal transfer, Q = 1HW = 13 x loJ W 4138
1278
r x 2200
Surface temperature, T", = 1300" C + 273 = 1573 K
Ambeint air temperature, Too= 220 C + 273 = 295 K
1278 = 1.88
r
Outside surface co-efficient,
or Ir 1.47xIQ-3 ml
Heal transfer co-efficeiet, h = 1.1 kW/m2K
= 1.1 x loJ W/m2K
Id = 2.94 x 10-3 m I
Weknow that,
ThennaJ conductivity, k = 15 WImK
Resistance, R = 011 O. Q = 12R
Toruul:
13 x 103 = )2 x 0.21
1) Diameter of copper wire, d
2) Rate of current flow , I
::)
! 1 = 248 A I
2 (J / I () ) m.
.-----
: ([~ . , - I k IJ.O,)') (2
f JI II is pcmtd through a "ainle" "ttl ..

() == J2p.
MK, Jmm ill diamet f. The resiui II '41ht
t if] jiO em and 'he I n;(lh ofth. ~i, ::; (20(1r / ((UfJ"Ij
. uid iu J /(1' ;;;iJh heal/ramIer >-e/li.","
uku« the eentre I mp fa[ure 'iflhe ( == J9~
[Modr t Lm enlly, Ap J (,_~ ()
/L
)960
q = ----, -=-,-
(J/IQ-"r / I
_. .,.
(
..l~
'f C - ~-:; = )< 3

q alue in Equn I)
"'! .- m1 ( / loj (
4 y 19
... (J) ( tre temperature of wire, T = 399.' K

{From Equn no (/ ,.,."
Area
Heat Conduction with Heat Generation 1.203
1.202 Heat and Moss Transfer
250
1.3.6Solved problems on Sphere with 4/3 1tr3
Internal heat generation
= 250 x 4 x 1t x (0.050)2
q
4/3 1t (0.050)3
rIl A sphere of J 00 mm diameter having thermal conduelill'
x
0.18 WlmK. The outer surface temperatu Fe IS. BOCllyOI7

250 WI",z of e"ergy is released due to I,eat sou rce. CalclI Qlld
G = 15.0~0 W/m31
I. Heat generated /tllt
2. Temperature at the centre of the sphere.
Give" : Temperature at the centre of the sphere

Diameter of sphere, d = 100mm - T +-
qr2 [From Equn no.(/.66))
Tc - w 6k
r = 50 mm = 0.050 m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.18 WlinK 15000 x (0.050)2

= 281 +----'---'-
6 x 0.18
Surface temperature, T w = 80C + 273 = 281 K
Energy released, Q = 250 W/m2. ~c = 315.7K ]
Tofmd: I
1. Heat generated, q.
2. Temperature at the centre of the sphere
r-
I I. Heat generated,
.
q = 15,000 W/m
3
2.Centertemperature, T c = 3 15.7 K
SOIUlwlI :
Heat generated, q = _g_

V
q/A Q/A [.: Q/A = 250 W/m2]

V
q/A '"
- 250
4/) nr3
T Fins 1.205
~~~------------------
t.4FINS
- It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate~
c. Th t:
~
Y Inere .
the surface of heat transler. e surraces used for in creasln. asln,e
transfer are called extended surfaces or fins. g heal
1.4.1 Types of fins

Some common types of fin configuration are shown' fi
In Ig.!.I!.
(iii) Splines
(i) Uniform ,traigl,t fin
(iI) Tap ered straight fin
(iv) Annular fill
,
I.206 Heal and Mass Transfer Fins 1.207
M P;IIjlns
Fig 1.11
Commonly there are three types of fin
1. Infinitely long fin
2. Short fin (end is insulated)
3. Short fin (end is not insulated)
1.4.1 Temperature distribution and heat dissipation in fin

Fig. 1.12 (a) and (b) shows the straight fin or longitudinal tin
of rectangular section and circular section respect ively, One end of
the fin is enclosed in a heating chamber and the other end is exposed
to atmospheric air.
Heat.iS transferred across the rcciangulllr fin and circular r~

by conduct~on. From the surface of the fin, heat is transferred 10 air
by COIIVCl:llon. Let Us consider a sm II I I I of'tll,'ckncss
". IS at a distance of x rro ., tha Cb cmcll It arelt
dx, which
II In elise.
¥AA&CiU&CiMiDNiRM
Heat artd Mass Transfer
I.l~~::...=-- _
---------_ Fins 1.209
state conditions, heat balance e~th
stca dY or at
A. follows.
enl IS as
(1,111
tCO
n dueted into the element = Heat . .
conducted out ofth
e
!-lea
-/-heat c onvected to the. surroundlllg air.
! pi
]I~ (
l(I1le
nl
Qr::: Q.r ...dx +

Q
conv •.• (1.67)
I
?
-c" where,
I "'C
t::
II
c..
( dT) (ddx- T) dx
2
.!::
f'l
'<x+d\
=-kA -dx -kA
2
f':l
OIl
::::
"t:l
:::: Qeonv = hA (T - T cx:)
::::I
......
0
::: h(P dx) (T - Tcx:)
::::I
rJl
Substituting Qx, Qr.,.dt and Qeonv values in equation (1.67)
~
'-
~ (167) ~ - kA - dT = - kA (dT'
- J - kA cilT.J dx
...; . dx dr .1.\-
·tc·
~ + h(P dx) (T - T.x:)
~ kA d1T = liP (T - T cx:)

dx2
~kA ( T-T.) .r:
d1T _ ~ (T _ Toc) =0
(tt2 kA
d2T
dx2
L
---=. ::=
... ~"_'_"""---
15
1,210 Heat and Ma.I',I' f'r(III.~I(!r Flns 1.211
where, JIl2 c _
lIP
kA
bsll'tllting , I 70
SlI At X -'
-' cr., T = T a. in equation (l. )
(T C/. -
T a: ) = C Ie -mrs:. + C 2em".
(PT
-
dx2
- JIl2 e =0
..• (1,68)
C2c"'OC =0
[':0 "'1' '
Equation (1,68) shows that the temperature is f ~f,,1
x and III, It is a second order, linear differential equatio a ,UnCtionOf
c",ct. ~ 0, So, [C2 = 01
solution is, n, ts Beneral
substituting. C 2 =Ovalucinequation(1.71)
... (1.69) T - CI + 0
The temperature distribution and heat dissipation d ().71)::=:>Th-oc-
Upon the following lin conditions. ePend!
Case (i): Infinitely Im,gjin

::=:> rTb-Toc= ell
, '
Suhstitutlllg e I lind C2 value in equation (1.70)
If a fin is infinitely long, the temperature at its end is e
that of the surrounding fluid, qUalto
(J.70)::=:> T - T a: = (T h - T)a: e -liLT + 0
At x = 0; T = Tb and At x == ac; T:: T",
Tb - Base temperature of fin

From equation (1.69), We know that
,
o == C I e-nlt + C emx
2 T-Toe IIIX
T - Toc == Cle-nu + C enlt Temperature distribution offin, Tb _ Toe = e ... (1.72)
2
... (I.70)
SUDstituting
[.: e == T - T«l
Where,
At X== 0; T = Tb
(l.70) ==> Tb - Base temperature, K
T a. - Surrounding temperature, K
T - Intermediate temperature, K
... (1.71)
.\'- Distance, ",
v:
I If /I I II
I.
11/- ~
~.'\
,,- heat transfer co-efficient, W/1112K

p- Perimeter, III
k -1 hcrmal onductiviry, W/I11K
r\ - Area. III
II through the fin is obtained by intoeg . Q z: /hP -A (T - 'r ,

... 11/
\
//'" " I
hea . rating the
II over the entire fin surface.
We kn w that,
Heat I t by nvection, Qeo,1\' == hA (T - T"..)
Q == hP dx (T - TCf_) (4jt(ilJ: Fill with insulated end 'Short jill)
if.
Thefin has a finite length and the tip of fin is insulated.
Q == fliP (T - T ) dx
o At r= L' dT == o·
'dx '
Q== Atx = 0; T == Tb
From equation (1.70), we know that,

T-1'
---- "'e II/X
(T - TrfJ == C I e-II/X + C2ellIX
Tb -T 'F..
dT
- 1'-T "(1',- r.: e:" J dx == C,e-lIIx x (-111) + C2efllx x 111
(_) ApplVilJ~ II Ii.

hI> (T - T,.) J C 11/\ dr . te trst bOLIndary condition, i.e., at x = L. --=0
ciT
o :::> 0 == C .-1111.", • dy
,e . x -1/1 + C°2\.·nllli. X III
hp I'll' r. ) _ I
. r l' 1/1.\ J
.r
//JC,e-IIIL =: I/I(',(;'IIIL
III ()
e,e- lIl). =: C
2e
ml
.
. .. (1.74)
.",.....- d "",,r,,,,ufe~r _
-
/.214 Heal an. 70) we know that, Fins 1.2/5
equation ( I. , . ting C, and C2 value in equation (1.70)
From -mx + C emf subsutu
(T - T a. )==C,e 2
d boundary condition, i.e., aLt::: 0, 1':::: (Tb - Tcr.)

x e-mx + (Tb - T a: )
Applying the Seeon Ib (T - T ex:) = 1+ e-2mL ---.:_ "elllX
1+ e+2111L
T ) == CleO + C2eO
(T b - a.
(Tb - 'I'a. ) '" C, + C2

[ --+_
e-nu
I + e-2mL
entX]
1+ e2111L
Tb - Ta. -
- C2 e2mL + C2
(T - T ex:)
- [e-
mx
+_elllY]
(Tb-Tex:) l+e-2mL l+e2l11L
Tb-Tex:
... (1.75) Multiplying the numerator and denominator by emL and e-mL
~ '" [e2mL +1]
e-nu emL
x __
. . C2 value in equation ( 1.74)
Subsu,utmg 1+ e·-2mL emL
Tb-Tocl
C '" --
,
I e2mL+1
x e2nrL
+-----
1+ elmL
e-mL
x __
e-mL
x --
e-2111L e-m(x-L) em(.\-L)
+ -------
elllL + e-IIIL e-mL + emL
C, =-------------
e2mL x e-2nrL + e-2nrL em(L-x) e-m(L-x)
+
enrL + e-IIIL e-IIIL + emL
.
(,=-
Tb- r,
... (1.76)
I + e-2mL
em(L-x) + e-m(L-x)
... (1.77)
em!.. + e-nrL
1.2/6 Heal. and Mass Transfer
In terms ofhypcrbolic function it can be w rltten
.
a~ .>: JhPkA ('1'
b - T,,) Ian h{nrL)
T- Tif. ,cos h 11/ (L-x)
cos h In
Temperature distribution of fin with insulated end

L
Heat
traJ1sferred
. sulaled In,
fOf 111
fi
Q JhPkA
-
(T b -. T,,) Ian h (/ilL)
.. (1.79)
cos h 111 (L-x)
cos h L •.• (1.78)
111 pJicalions
(,4.3'\P .' .
ain appllcallon of fins are
rhe J1l
cos II 111 (L-x) I. cooling of electronic component
=> T - T IX == (T b - T ,,) ----'--__:,_
cos h m L
2. Cooling of motor cycle engine.
=> dT = (T b _ T »( _ m sin II In (L-x) 3. cooling of small capacity compres: or

~ 1 c~hmL
4. Cooling of Iran formers
\\e know that, 5. Cooling of radiators and refrigerator: etc,
Heat transferred. Q = -kA dT

dr IA.4 fin efficiency
The efficiency f a fin i defined a the ratio of actual heal
= -kA (T b - T aJ x _ /11)( sin hili (L-x)
cos hili L transferredfin (0 the maximum po ible heal Iran ferred by the tin
Ofin
Q = kA m (Tb _ T,,) x sin h 111 (L-x) llr,n= -0
max
cos h 111 L
At x = 0, For insulated end
Ian II (mL)
Q=kAm(Tb-T"Jx sinh(mL)
l1fin =
cos h (/ilL) /ilL
'= kA III (Tb - T,,:) tan II (mL) 1.405 Fin effectiveness

. .' ~ II ilh lin 10 heal transfer
It IS defined as the ratio of heat trans er
'=kAxlhP
J kA (T b - T cJ tan h (/ilL) ilhout fin
[.: III = Rf] Fin effectivenes , E == Q\\iiholll fin
1.218 Ht!(/I and Mass Transfer
For insulated end Fins 1.219

tan h (mL)
Fin effectiveness, E = J ~d
Olrr
is insulated] [ _1_ < 301
d
stl .'
l· Ilire tlistrlblillOIl
kP fell,pera
iI) T _ T rIJ _ cos hill [L-x]
1.4.6 Formulae used ~ - cosh [mL)
[Refer HMT data book page
110. 49(SiXth . I trails/erred
edllj~
';
b)Hea
Q == (hpkA) '12 (T b - Too) tan h (mL).
1. INFINITELY LONG FIN (OR) LONG FIN
(I. Temperature distribution
~4 7 solved Problems
1..
I1J Find tire heat loss J,.om a rO.d of ~ mm in diameter IIntl
infinitely long when Its base IS maintained at 140" C. TI,e
where conductivity of tire material is 150 WlmK andth« lreattransfer
T b - Base temperature, K co-efficient on tire surface of the rod i.\·3()~ WIlli] K. TI,e
temperature oJ tire air surrounding the rod is 15" C.
T - Surrounding temperature, K
Given:
Fin diameter, d = 3 mm = 3 x 10-3 m
x - Distance. 11/
Base temperature, Tb = 1400 C + 273 = 413 K
lIP
kA
Surrounding Temperature, T,I'. = I So 273::_ nil K
Hea trans er o-efficien h = 3(J<J 'K

I .ieni, \\' m-K
To find :
" - ·IllUJII :
-:;. .
.2~
Fins 1.221
1.220 Heat and Mass Transfer -------------~
Area == 2L d2 . Tetnperature. T = 20°C + 273 = 293 K
4 olltldIII g
511rr \' == 20 em == 0.2 III
llce
Oist:l •.. tCInperature.
T == 60~ C + 273 = 333 K
lcdl!ltC
Illterll
IA == 7.06 x 10- 6 m2] 'fhenn:l
. 'tv k == 200 W/mK
IcOlldueUvi s :
P - Perimeter == nd
fofi"d : J. co-effie ient, Jr
1t x 3 x I 0-3 III tran!)ler
!-tea t
IP 9.42 x 10-3 m I solutiO" : rature distribution
ono tin tempe
Apply A, P, T i» T co' hand k value in equation (I) For l :::> [From HMT data book
T - Too == e-lIIx page 110 ~9J
(I) ~Q=(413-288)J300x9.42;( 10-3 x 150X7.06~ --:::-
Tb- Too
~ \Q = 6.838 Watts I ~==e-/II>.O.2
Result: 423 - 293

_III x 0.2
Heat loss, Q == 6.838 Watts. 0.307 == e
III (0.307) == -III x 0.2

\1l A long rod 5 em diameter its base is connected to afurnacl
== -/11)( 0.2
wall"t 150· C, while the end is projecting into the room a/ -\. \ 8
20· C. The temperatllre of the rod at distane of 20 cm apart G'' ---:=-S -.9-,-,rj
from its base is 60 C. Tile conductivity of tile material is
G
~rr dara book

[From f/ .
200 WlmK.Determine convective heat transfer co-efficien- We know that,
fhP page /lo.~9J
Give" : /II := rk~
where
Fumace
1500C 60"C 20De
A- Area
20cm I 4
Diameter of the rod, d ~ 5

Cm:: 5 )( 10-2
Base temperature, T b ~ \ 500 m
C + 273 =: 423 K
P _ Perimeter::: xd = 1( x 0.050
Ii"": st dissipate d , Q
~o.m;J for
He
solll ti~'': he length of the ro d IS

. 90 mrn, it is treated
_
1( d2 h
A - Area = 4 Sil1ce tid as s ort fin.
d is insLi ate .
::: _l!_ (0 050)2 ~t11e ell y:.
4 . ASS t transfer, Q::o (hPkA) 2 (T b-1 exl) tan h (mL)
,WI
fA ::: 1.96 x 10- 3 m2/ [From HMT data book page No49}
:2 Q ::0 (90 x 0.69 x 55 x 5 x 1O-3)Y2 (673 - 323)

30 x 0.157
(1) :::> 2.55 = tan h ( III x 0.09)
k > 1.96 x 10-3
30 x 0.157
6.50 = -k-X:=';"~.9-6~x:..!..'~0~-3-
[k :::369.7 W/mK I 90 x 0.69

== 55 x 5 x 10-3
Resull:
Thermal conductivity of the rod, k = 369.7 W/mK.
~::o 15.02 Ill-~
[!) A carbon steel (k :::55W/mK) 90 mm long rod wil/I croSJ
seclional area 5 x Nr] m2 and permiler 0.69 m is allac/ltd ~ Q ::: (90 x 0.69 x 55 x 5 x IO-3)Y2 (673 - 323)
10 a pintle wall which is mailltailled at (Itemperatllre of 400'(. tan h (15.02 x 0.09)
The surmunding environment is (II 50" C and heat trallS!fr
co-efficient is 90W/1112 K. Calclllale lite Ileat dissipated hy tilt [Q::: 1264.8 Watts]
rod.
luult:
Given :
Heat transfer, Q = 1264.8 Watts.
Length, L = 90 mm = 0.09 III
• if) I 5 em] area, J 50 mm
Area, A = 5 x 10-3 1112 ~ A stainless steel blade oj 80 mill ,Ollg, b of the bIad e IS.
Perimeter, P = 0.69 III
perimeter and the temperatur« at tlte use Til heat D
750'C. Tile blade is exposed to hot gas (It J 000 C. te is

Base temperature. Tb == 400 C + 273 == 673 K
0
I .face and the gas
transfer co-efficient betweell tlte blaM SIlT)'
Surrounding temperature, Too 0= SO" + 273 == 323 K
Heal transfer co-efficient, h == 90 W/m2K.
16
/.226 Heal and Mass Transfer
500 Wlm2KfIIlfltllermal c~. <.
500 x 0.150
the heat flow lit tile root of the blalle. A . "'/(.lJpl_ ""
,'f.~"",
firom the tip of tile blat/e.
e(~t
e l,~(', "0 "'i~ 10
t
30 x 5 x 10-4
11
Given:
~
Length, L:= 80 mm := 0.080 III
Q ::: 1.06 x (-250) [tan It ( 70.7 x 0.080)]
Area" A := 5 cm2 := 5 x 10--4 012 (I) -;?
::: _ 265 [tan It (5.65)J
Perimeter, P = 150 mill := 0.150 III
0
::: _ 265 x 0.999
Base temperature, Th = 750 C + 273 = 1023 K
Hot gas temperature, Too = 1000 + 2730

= 1273 K
~
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 500 W/m2K.
Thermal conductivity, k = 30 W/mK. Btsu1tHeat
: transfer rate, Q = - 2649. W .
Tofind:
A" alll",i"illlll alloy fin of .'i mm thick anti 40 mm 100'g
Heat flow @] /fIules from a H'{II/. The base temperature is 420° C ami
Solution:
pro
"mbient air temperature IS. 250C • 11,e heat transfer coefficient
T
No heat loss from the tip of the blade i , .. " tip isS IIlSU
i IHIed.
Q
between aluminiuIII rod (Inti environment is 2.'i Wlm2K.
.
Calclliate tile heat loss from tile fin of material taking its
Length
• of the blade IS 80 mrn, so, short fin. This is sho t fi
• r 111 end
Insulated type problem. thermal comtuctivity as 200 WlmK.
Heat transferred [Short tin, end insulated] Givtn:

Thickness, t = 5 mm = 0.005m
Q = (hPkA)~ (Tb- Too) tan h (mL)
Length, L = 40 mm = 0.040 m
[HMT data book page N049J
Base temperature, T b = 420° C + 273 = 693 K
= [500 x 0,150 x 30.x 5 x 1O-4]~ (1023 - 1273)
tan II ( rn x 0.080) Ambient temperature, Too = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
= 1.06 x (-250) tan h ( m x 0.080) ... (I.) Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 25 W/m2K.
where Thermal conductivity, k = 200 W/mK.
In fhP [HMT data book flag" No ~9J Tofind:
tkA I
Heat loss, Q
;
, I
..
.---
\
' '
~''4'el'ri'
I
f
,,7X Ile~ d M ,,11'clIIs~~er
~
S(}/II,loil :
" III' 1"llUlh of the tin is 40 nun, it is Ire'll"d
SInce c llad .\' tlr(' nuulc of ,\(111,,/.\, \(' -t
M"e ' e
0 V <" tI ~ hUll I'III
". . C~ , b,d, 11/11/
AsslIme cnd is inslIloted. ~ ;I /1" '5 It' neot- 1he ('TO,U !ICU/mlll/i" 'I' III , '. I. e
19 I 'S H 'J tile /, III IU/" ,
. ,sf;'rred I Shun till, end insulated I (II" e .,rimeter 0/ each blude 1\ 7 em. TI,e "(1\' • If
lleat t rlIl, " ' . , .",1, pc / . H( ", " .. 'empera''''e
1.5C , 1 {Jve r thc him e I." If) C. Temperll""" ' (, , ttu: , fIllll Of
Q (hPkA)i/2 (Tb- T .) tan h [ml.]
IS ... (I)
10111"'11 ~ " J2 50° C, th ermul elllll/llcilvily 1/ hi J (II
(I UAT duta I ook p / blade U

I '.... ij tu« IIIle is
(IRe No,49/ 1/1£ J( (lIId hell' tr(llu/a co-effictem ls /1 n WI 2
Will', .' m 1(.
. the /,Clf:ht of 'he bltule IICS:/{'('Iill" .. the " eat f1ow
]] ,,,,,,,e
where
2 x Length (Approximately)
oetC (lfi to the eml of the blade.
P _ Perimeter fro'" ,Ire g ,
::: 2 x 0.040
Give": Q- 8 W
[p ::: 0.08 I III
1~leattransfer
ctional
-
area of the blade A::: 4.5 m? = 4. / 10-4 m2
erOS se
.\ _ Area ::: t x L . ter p:= 7 ern := 7 . 10-2 III
perllne ,
::: 0.005 x 0.040 rr 800
0
273::: 1071 K
Gas temperature, if.) := J
IA ::: 2x 10-4m2 1
Rool temperature, Tb := 12 0° r 273 = 1523 K
Thermal condu ti it k= 22 W/mK.

where
2
[HMT data book page No.49)
Heattransfer o-e 1 ient. II::: 110 \ Im K,
m
Tojiml:
25 x 0.08
200 x 2 x 10-4 Heighl of the bl d L
So/ulioll :
Im 7.07 m-I! Negle ling h at n w Ir 111 the end fa e of the bl de [ livellj,
Substitute m, h, P, k, A, T b» Too values in Equation, (I). .ihis is hort fin, end in ulatc I) pc pr \ lein.
Heal Iran ferr d I h rt fin. end in. ulaied]

(I) ~ Q = (25 x 0.08 x 200 x 2 x 10-4]Y2 (693 - 298)
tan h ( 7.07 x 0.040) Q = hPk '12 Th- Tu I 11 h trnL!
.--\
Q-= -30-.7-7W-1
I. 232 Heal ane
I Mass Transfer
/YII
o- ./'
alllte middle of tl'e fin
ern/ure '
where
Ji ferrtP -:; 1.)2 in Equation (I)
_(hP
!11 _ JkA' I Pllt"
-r _ Tet) _ cos h m [L - Ll2]
-;::::.>
.s--e->
Ib-Too cosh(mL)
p Perimeter:::: 2 x L (Approx)
(I)
2 x 0.050 cos h 26.9 [0.050 - ~250]
Tet)
'f"_
[p O.G] -;::::.>
__.!--:::- ==
Ib - Too cos h [26.9 x (0.050)]
A - Area:::: Length x thickness ::::0.050 x 0.007

1- 295 _ }.234
~-
IA 3.5 x 10-4m21 ;:::J 393 - 295 2.049
1-295
== 0.6025
;:::J
393 - 295
j 140xO.1
55 x 3.5 x 10-4 [T == 354.04 K I
1m:::: 26.96 m-I I Temperature at the middle of the fin
[ T x= Ll2 == 354.04 K
T - Too
(2) ~
T b _ Too cos h (26.9 x 0.050)
i iii) Total !lcal dissipated
[From H MT data book page no. 49J
T - Too I
---
Tb-Too 2.05 Q == (hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (mL)
T -295 :::: [140 x 0.1 x 55 x 3.5 x 10-4]lh x (393-295)

---
393 - 295 2.05 x tan II (26.9 x 0.050)
=:> T-295 =47.8 I I Q = 44.4 WJ

I
~ IT = 342.8 K I Result:
1. Temperature at the end of the fin, T1'= L == 342.8 K
Temperature at the end oCthe fin, Tr _ L = 342.8 K 2. Temperature at the middle of the fin, T x = LJ2 :::: 354.04 K
-- . 3. Total heat dissipated, Q == 44.4 W
/
"
1.234 Heal and Mass Trans er
. Fins I'
tin IS 12 mm and there is n h ·~J5
Ial A rectangular ailiminium fins of 0.5 """ s ofpe .' 0 eai ]
~ I qll(l'e ellgtlt ' this is short fin end 1Il1isiated ty Oss frOllllhe
101'" are attac"ed Oil a ptane pltlte IV/iicll r., (lI/rll' l- {ill. So, pe problelll
lJ .' Il ",. < '"
80· C. Slirrolillflmg atr temperatllre is 22° C C(lil/IOilltl/ '" f tile _ [short fin, end insulated] .
liP 0 rallsfer
IlIImher 0/'fins required to generate 35>< J 0'-3 ;.v (llclllCitIIr !-Ieat t [From HMT data boo
rr 0lli t'4
k = 165 WII1IK and II = 10 WI",] K. Ass""" 'efll. 1'; e k page flo -I9}
from the tip 0/ tilt!fin.
e l
leQll
Q*e "0 - (I I P J(A)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (mL) .
all
~Q - [10><2>< (0-3>< 165x2.SxI0-7]~)«(3
Givell : ::;: h(l11xI2xI0-3) 53-295)
x tan
Fin dimensions = 0.5 mm square, 12 mm long
~ Q ::;: 0.0526 tan h (m x 12 x 10-3) ... (I)
So, Fin thickness (t) = 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10-3 rn
Fin breadth, (b) = 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10-3 m
Fin length, (L)= 12 mm = 12 x 10-3 m
Base temperature, Tb = 800 + 273 = 353 K (0)<2><10-3
Surrounding temperature, Too ::: 220 C + 273 :::295 K 165 x 2.5 x 10-7
Heat generation, Q = 35 x 10-3 W
Thermal conductivity, k::: 165 W/mK. ~
Heat transfer co-efficient, II::: 10 W/m2K. == 0.0526 tan h (22 x 12 x 10-3)
(I) ~ Q
Tojind: E 0.0135 W per fin I
Number of tins required.
Solutioll : We know that,
Heat generated
Fin area, A::: b I ::: 0.5 10-3 0.5 10--3
Number of fins required
x x x x Heat transfer per fill
/A::: 2.5 x 'O-7m 2/ 35 x 10-3 W

0.0135
Perimeter p::: 2 (b + t)
(for rectangular tin) 2.57 == 3
::: 2 [0.5 x IO-J + 0.5 x 10-3) I Number of fins = 3 I

rn-e-te-r,-p-:::-2-x-, 0---3-m
tr.p:-e-fJ:-· J Imlit:
Number of tins required is 3.
I
36 Heal and Mass Transfer
2
/. -~
@Tenthin brassfins (k -100 WlmK), O.7S mil, Iflick ~
axial/II on a lm long lind 60 mm diameter . Q'epi
J " eng,,, Qre4
which is surrounded by 27 C. rhe.fins are e. e cYIi""
"Xle"d "e,
from the cylinder surface and the heat transfer ed I.S c
between cylinder and atmospheric air is 1S Win 2 CO-emC!!;'"
I /( C ~I
the rate of heat transfer ami the lemperalur . (I/t'14IQ(
e lit Iii e Fins
fins when the cylinder surface is at 160" C. Ie e"d OJ
Thickness. t:: 0.75 x 1Q-3 m
Length, L = 1.5 x 10-2 m
(MU April 2
OOOJ
Given:
Number of fins = 10 We knOW that,
Heat transferred, Q1 = (hPkA)112 (T, - TI>:»)tan h (mL,) ... (I)
Thickness of the fin, t = 0.75 mm = 0.75 x 10-3 m (From HMT data book page no. 49)
Length of engine cylinder, Ley = I m

where
Diameter of the cylinder, d = 60 rnrn = 0.060 m 2 x Length of the cylinder
p _ Perimeter
Atmosphere temperature, Too = 27 C + 273 0
= 300 K
= 2 x 1
Length of the fin, Lf= 1.5 em = 1.5 x 10-2 III
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = IS W /1112 K.

Ip = 2ml
Cylinder surface temperature A= Area = Length of the cylinder x Thickness

or = 1 x 0.75 x 10-3 m
Base temperature, Tb = 1600 C + 273
Tofind:
= 433 K
IA = 0.75 x 10-3 m2 I
I. Rate of heat transfer Q
2. Temperature at the end of the fin
m
1H A
15 x 2
Solution: =
100 x 0.75 x 10-3
Length of the fin is I 5 . . .
the fin end is . . em. So, this IS short fin. Assumms Ihal
Insulated.
[m = 20 m-1
123H Ib!OI an~_~~~~'\'?~:!~I:r(j·~_ -e- z= s
~;__..,_,._
..(.;..:- (hPkA)Yl (Th- Toc) Illn II (nIl;
(I) ~..'> <', . jl
• 115 x 2 x 100 x n,75 ' 10 ,1 J ~ )!
1111111(20)< 1.5 x 10.2) . (4 3 3()())
0, :: 1.5)( 133 x 0,29
0, ::: 58,1 W
Heat transferred per fin = 58,1 W

0.95
Heallransferred for 10 fins = 58, I x 10::::: 581 \V
[QI::: 581 W l ... (2) :=

Tb - Too
_---
0,95
Heat transfer from un finned surface due to c onVection' 1'b- r
IS
T 1'00+ (1)
095
Q2 = h A sr
433 - 300
:::II x (n d Ley - lOx t x Lfi (1'b - 1'(1) := 300+---
0.95
[,.' Area of unfinned surface Area of cylinder - A rea offinl
=
=15x[(nxO,060xl)-(IOx075 . x I 0-3 x
1.5 x 10-2)] 1433-30°1 Result :
I Heat transfer, Q = 956,8 W
I 02 = 375.8 Wi· .. (3)
2. Temperature at the end of the fin, T = 440 K,
So, Total heat transfer, Q = QI + Q2
Q = 581 + 375.8 I [illA circum/erential rectangular fins 0/ 140 mm wide, ami J

mnl thick are/Wed Oil a 200 mm diameter tube. The fin base
ITotal heat transfer, Q = 956.8 W I temperatllre is 17()" C ami the ambient temperature is 25°C.
We know that, Estimate/in efficiency (//1(/ heat /Oo5S per fin.
Temperature dis
istnibuuon
. [short fin, end insulated] T{lke Thermal conductivity, k = 220 WlmK.
T T
- if) coshm{Lf-x] Heat transfer co-efficiem. h := 140 Wlm2X.
Tb - T =- __ __:.__..
rr_ cos h (mL )
f
(From IIMT do/a hook pag« /10.49J
fir seZW'l1
\
___ -----:----_ .._- 1.24/

1.24 Heal and Mass Trans er I [rze - r II
0 ________ /'":::
~ . / "Ill :::: 0.005 [(0.242» - _. (0. 100)1
Give":'d L::: 140 mrn == 0.140 m
WI e,
. k ss t::: 5 mill == 0.005 III ~>( lO"'lm21
Thlc «ie ,
. ter d == 200 mm ~ r == 100 111111
== 0 I III
[~--.--_j
Dlame , .
0
Fin base temperature, T b = 170 C + 273 == 443 K
0
Ambient temperature, Too = 25 C + 273 == 298 K
40
Thermal conductivity, k = 220 W ImK.
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 140 W/m2K. 30
Tofind: fill
I. Fin efficiency, T1 20
dliciellCY
2. Heat loss, Q
11
10
Solution:
A rectangular fin is long and wide. So, heat loss is calculated
by using fin efficiency curves.
{From HMT data book page no.50 (Sixth edition)] o 1.5 2 2.5 3
t
1.5 f_h \0.;
Corrected length, Lc = L + 12 Lc l kAm
= 0.140 + 0.005
2 From the graph, we know that,
ILc =0.14251111 [ flAlT claw book page 110.50]
05
'1 + Lc
0.100 + 0.1425
X . = LeI.)
ans -[ " 1
--
kA
III
.
1°·5
0.2425 m I
21t [I'2C2 - I}]

- ,r 1.5
- (0.14_:»
l 220 x
140
7.125 x 10-"
21t [(0.2425)2 - (0.100)2] , [~= 1.60 I

0.30650 1112.1
/.242 neaI and Mass Transfer
U
r2( == 0.2425 = 2.425 . d:::: 1.2 ern == 1.2 x 10-2 m

Curve~ - r, 0 I. 'fe'"
61 Oia(J1
eter,
Length, L == 6 cm = 6 x 10-2 rn
X axis. value is 1.60 . ht or
HelS ductivity, k = 25 W/mK.
(J1al con
Curve value is 2.425 filer . temperature, T co = 600 C + 273 = 333 K
Olm dmg . _
Sorr f r co-etliclent, h = 4:> W/m2K.
By using these values, we can find fin efficiency f at trans e
,~ rOil] Dr..
t:>'Gph He ature, T b == 1000 C + 273 = 373 K
Fin efficiency, 1') == 28 % temper
Base
Heat transfer, Q == 1') As h [Tb - TC()] 10 ft", : Fi efficiency, 1') fin

1 10
[From HMT data bookp
age n050j
. ture at the edge of the rod, T, =L
2. Tempera
=> Q = 0.28 x 0.30650 x 140 x [443 - 2981
3. n
,J
eat dissipation, Q
4. fin effectiveness, E
IQ= 1742.99 Wi
Result: So/Illion:
. .m 'ency (For insulated end)
l. Fin efficiency, TJ = 28 % J. Fm ell'C'
tan h mL ... (I)
2. Heat loss, Q = 1742.99 W TJfin == mL
1m A stainless steel cylindrical rod fin 0/1.2 em diameter and

6cm height with thermal conductivity 0/25 WlmK is exposed
where
m=
rtf hP
-
[From HMT data book page no.49]
kA
to surrounding with a temperature 0/60° C The heattrensfe:
P> Perimeter == nd == 0.0376 m
co-efficient is 45 Wlm2K and the temperature at the haseo!
the fin is 1000 C Determine 2
A - Area == TC/4 d == 1.13 x 10-4 m2
I. Fin efficiency
2. Temperature at the edge
3. Heat dissipation
0/ the rod.
~ m == j kAhP 45 x 0.0376
25x1.13xl0-4 I
4. Fin effectiveness.
~ [m m-II
/
Assume fin end is insulated = 24.4
I. ~"d Mass n'ollsjer
- tan 11(24.4 x 6 x I o-~~
<I) =:} thin = 24.4 x 6 x 10-1 ~
'llin = 0.61 (or) C~!..ill== 61 o/j

J) Tenlperalure llllile edge of the rod, tall h (24.4 x 6 x J 0-2)
Temperature distribution [short tin, end inslilated] ::= -.-t:s--~ J. J 3 x ] o-~
T - TX) cos" III [L - xJ

J --25 x 0.0376
= -------
cos" (/ilL)
cos II 11/ [L - L 1 ,tSIl/I:J. flO• e fJicienc)" 11 = 6) %

cos" (IIIL)
2. Temperature at the edge of rod, T, = L == 350.5 K
T - 333 " J~eatdissipation, Q = 2.48 W
J.
373 - 333 cos" (24.4 x 6 x 10-2)
4. Fin effectiveness, E = ] 2.2
T - 33J
0.439
373 - 33J ___--:S
Soh'ed lJni~'~rsity"ProbJems
~-. -----------
IT = 350.5 K I o All alliminilllll rod (Ii = 204 WlmK) 2ent in diameler and 2fkm
Temperature at the edge of the rod, Tx = L= 350.5 K. /ollgprolflllies fro", a wall which is mainlained al 300·C
TIlt end of the rod is insulated and the sutface o/Ihe rod is
J) Hetll tlissiplIlitJll[shor:jill, em/ lnstdated]
txposed 10 air III .woe Tile heat transfer co-efficient between
Q = ("PkA)~ (T s: Tx» tall" (mL) 'hi rod stir/ace (II1dair is JOWl",] K. Calculale I/It /Ielillosl
{ From NUT data book page no.49]
~I' the rod and the temperature of the rod at a dislance 0/
JOcm/rollltlll? WII/I.
~ = [45 x 0.0376 x 25 x 1.13 x 10-" 1!tS x (373 - 333)
x tan It (24.4 x 6 x 10--2) [Anna Univ- June 2006J
Givm:
19_:r-Q -=_-~i@-8 W
Thermal conductivity of aluminium rod, k = 204 W/mK
Diameter, d = 2cIlI "'-,0.02 III
r
"/,, , 41
. N~ t! er
tlr 111,1 HI,I,I ., 'il/I.
o.zo "'
_J:'I'
"
. II· I -
\.
0 'II' - II' '"
I\:\~ I Hil c\·nll"\'. 1'1\ - l\)1\" \' I ' I ~ I 1\

~I"\\ IlIhlhl 1\.11111''-'1,,1111 I, 1'", - Ill" \ \ I i 1- 10 I "
"I'~II1I;",~t~ I \.'" dl \.'1"111, I- II) \\1," "

1111
" 1.1 I '" I I
11 ,..1 .-
()_~IO.()'O('
I, Il'al h'~1h~ Ih{' hid, l.,.) x-'/Ol 1,11"IO"IYi'('1I
. _IIIIJ,(),III),I) 1(1)
\ 'I '11'1' \I'~'"11 \ 1\l'ill I\\d 11111 111:-1"11\.'\ 1'1' 10\.'111 I I) 1
. 1111 II \\1111
S.Ilt4fil'" :
I hllllt'l 1'1'1' Ih\1 t II, II - 0,0 I III
[<> ,... H),t)7 W I
,VI) ~1I0\V III It.
I t'''~lh l,l'lh( t II, I - 0,"0 m
. 'flilif' di~ll'ihlllinll Isho!'1 till, 'lid in ..lllIedl
'i'I)III P' ,
10 )0 '()'hill/(L- ')1
d
cos II (",1 )
So, Ihis is short lin.
We knov that, [From /I M1' III I book p(/~e 110. ·19 (Slxtlt t.:d:'/OII) 1
Heat transferred [short fill, end insulated]
I)UIX = 1OcIII = O. 10m
Q = (hPkA)Y: (Tb- Too) tan It (rnl.) ... (I)
T - 303 h [3.13(0.20 - 0.10)]
[From HMT data book page no. 49 (Sixth editioll)} ~
573 - 303 c h(3.13xO.20)
where,
T - 303
::) 0.8727
A - Area = 2!_ d2 573 - 303
4
_ 7t
- 4 (0.020)2
=> IT = 538.63 K I
IA = 3.14 x 10-4 rn2 I Illu!! :
P - Perimeter = 7td = 7t x 0.02 I. Heat lost by the rod, Q = 30.07 W

., [p = 0.0628 m] 2. Temperature of the rod at a di tance of l Ocrn from the
wall == 538.63 K
~~-J
~
Fm
-
1249
'''I; - 4"''\'
Fin . ThickneM. t• 0.76 mm

Length, L· 1.27 em
WC kllow that,
Diameter of the cylinder, d - 5 rn » 0.05 ITt Heal transferred, 01 ::: (hPi<A )1/2 (T b- T (J"J) tan h (mLp
Armo pheric temperature 1 = 45° ; 27 ... (I)

3 ....318 K
NUI1Ib<'r of fins = 10 ",here,
Thermal conductivity of fin, k = 120 W/nlK p _ Perimctcr::: 2 x Length of the cylinder

Thickness of the fin, I c: 0.76 111111 = 0.76 )( 10')
::: 2 x \
III
Length (heiglu) of the fin L/= 1.27 em = 1.27
Ileal transfer co-efficient. II = 17 W/m2K
10-2 III \p ::: 2m I
ylinder surface It'lllp<'ralure A - Area ::: Length of the cylinder x thickness
or
::: IxO.76x\0-3
Ba e temperaiure T h:: 1SO C + 273 == 4 3K
Tofind: \ A ::: 0.76 x \ 0-3 m2
I. Rate of hear transfer. Q
-. ernperaru-- at the end of the fin.

III == j kA hP
Solution:
1 e'
ng h 0 he fin is 1._ em S hi
. o. r IS IS short fin. Assumins \ 20 x 0.76 x 10-3
10en IS insulate . -
m == \ 9.30 O1-1J
L.
d Mass Transfer
1250 Heal an
.
(1) ~
Q, ::: (hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (ml )
f we nee d temperature at the end of fin. So
, ' put x == L
::: [17 x 2 x 120 x 0.76 x 10-3]~)( (423 ~._ ::: cos h [111 (l - L)]
xtanh(19.30xI.27 x 10-2) -318)
::7 Tb - T ~ cos h (mlf)
::: 1.76 x 105 x 0.240
T- r~ ::: _
..:.---:::-
Tb- r~
[Q, ::: 44.3 WJ ::7 cos h(19.30 x 1.27 x 10-2)
Heat transferred per fin = 44.3 W r-31S _

.-:-----:- -
423 - 3 IS 1.030
Heat transferred for 10 fins = 44.3 x 10
=443 W T-3IS
= 0.970
I Q, =443 wi ••. (2)
105
Heat transfer from un finned surface due to convection is :=> ~::: 4 19.94 K I
Q2 =hA~T
Result:
=h (nd Ley - lOx t x Lf) x (T b- To:» I. Heat transfer, Q = 723.21 W
[.: Area of unfinned surface = Area of cyl inder - Area of fin] 2. Temperature at the end of the fin, T = 419.94 K
= 17 x [(n x 0.05 x I) -
(10 x 0.76 x 10-3 x 1.27 x 10-2)] x (423 -318)
IQ2 = 280.21 Wi o Aluminiumfins 1.5 em wide and 10 mm thick are placed on a

2.5em diameter tube to dissipate the heat. rile tube surface
So, Total heat transfer, Q = Q, + Q2 temperature is 170° C ambient temperature is 20" C.
Calculate tile heat loss per fin. Take I, = 130 WI",2 C and
= 443 + 2S0.21
K == 200 WlmoC for aluminium.
[Q = 723.21 wi [Madras University Ocl-99, OCI-2001}
We know that, G;Vfn:
Temperature distribution [short fin end insulated]
Wide of the fin, b == 1.5 ern == 1.5 x 10-2 m
T-T '
co == ~s h [m (Lf- x)] Th'
Tb-T Ickness, t == 10 rnrn == 10 x 10-3 m.
co cos h (mLj)
~mt e er of the tube, d == 2.5 cm ::: 2.5 x ' .
IO'--m
-,\,.
d Mass Transfer ------- FillS I 2'
1.252 Ileal (111 ----~ ::: 130)( 0.05 x 200 x 1.5 x 1()-4]~-;---::':~
~c temperature, r, ~J7~0.~: + 2:3:::: 443)( <, o [xtanh(14.7xI.5XI0-2) (443-293)
Ambient temperatureT 00 - 20 l. -I- 273 ::::293 )( II)~~]

isfer. co-efficient h = ) 30 W 11112 "C
Heattral ~
Them1al conductivity k = 200 W/moC I( llsferred by fin, Q = 14.3 W
,1 ('lesttra
Tofind: I·
Heat loss . hi reclangular
jill has II lengll, 0/ J5 mm I~. k
..A;" I d " . lie nes« I
A sll" " TI,e tl,ernla con uctlVlty IS 55 IV/m"e T'l •
Solution: 11 I ",,1" " • I tiejill IS

t:J il. 10 II cOllvectloll envlronmellt at 20" C
Assume fin end is insulated; So, this is short fin end' ~ set! ,VI",] " e. Ca Icu Iate the I,elll loss 1'.0 b(IIId
t-"pO O"/j
Insulal SO J"a~
type problem. ed h$ll .F/50"e.
r,,'UreoJ .
Heat transfer [short fin, end insulated] It"rpe [Madras Umversity Apr-1002j
Q = (hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (ml.) '" (I)
~: L == 35 nun = 0.035 m
[FromllMT data book I) I Lellgd1,
age 1I0.49J
s t == 1.4 mm = 0.0014m
where Thicknes ,
A - Area = Breadth x thickness conductivity, k = 55 W/mo C
Thertna I
1.5 x 10-2 x 10 x 10-3 Fluid temperature, Too = 20 C + 273 = 293 K
0
1.5 x 10--4 m2 Base temperature, T b = 1500 C + 273 = 423 K

Heattransfer co-efficient, h = 500 W/m2 OC
P - Perimeter 2 (b+t]
I
= 2[(1.5 x 10-2)+(IOx IO-3)} r,p.d:

Heatloss, [Q1
IP = 0.05 m
;Wlllioll :
m = JhP ~ Since the length of the tin is 35 mrn, it is treated as short fin.
kA '~sumeend is insulated.
130 x 0.05 Heattransferred [short tin, end insulated]

200 x 1.5 x 10--4 Q = (hPkA)Y2 (T s: T~) tan h (mL) ..• ([)
14.7 m-I I [ From H MT dol a book page 110.49J
Fins 1.255
_ 25 COl ::; 0.025 rn

d d- .
/.254 Heal and Mass Transfer {tlte ro ' ::; 0.16 m
_: eler 0 J..,:;:::: 16 clTl
where 6j,~Oi~(1l {the rod, 600 C + 273 == 533 K
P _ Perimeter == 2 x Length (Approx' gthO T:;::::2
11a e J11perattlre, b ::; 160 C + 273 ::; 289 K
== 2 x 0.035 ll t ly) I;en
ase te erattlre, Too 2
e 1)11d'og tel11P a-:' t h::; 15 W 1m K.
~
== 0.07 m I surro
I f r co_eulclen ,
h at trailS e
Length thickness
vective e . k == 190 W ImK.
A-Area == x
Con dtlctiVlty,
..",81 COo
== 0.035 x 0.0014 rite 1 I"
[A == 4.9 x 10-5 m2 I 1Ifi~d: bY the rod.

Heallost
m 1IIl11ioll: the fin, d == 0.025 rn

.aJ11eter
of
DI - 0 16 rn
Length of the fin, L - .
500 x 0.07
55 4.9 10-5
L _...QJ2_ == 6.4 < 30
x x
d - 0.025
[m == 113.9 m- 1 I So, thiS
. .. h rt tin. Assume end is insulated.
155 0 I
We know that
Substituting h, p, k, A, T b: Too, m, L values in equation (I)
Heattransferred [short fin, end insulated]
(I) ~ Q== [500xO.07x55x4.9x 10-5]~x(423-293)
Q == (hPkA)I/2 (Tb- Too) tan h (mL)
... (\)
x tan h (113.9 x 0.035)
IQ == 39.8 w·1 where
Result: P-Perimeter= xd = n x 0.025 = 0.0785 m

Heat loss, Q == 39.8 W
[I] An aluminium rod 2.5 em in diameter and 16 em IO/lg

I P = 0.0785 m\
protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 260"C The rod A-Area =..!_ d2
is exposed to an environment at 16"C, Tile convective heat 4
transfer co-efficient is 15 Wlm1K. Calculate tile Ileal/Osl by = ~ (0.025)2
tile rod. Take k = 190 WimK.
-: [Madurai Komara) University Apri/-97} ~ = 4.9 x 10-4 m2 \
r
Fins 1.257
"6 u t 011(/ Mass transfer
I. ]) ne« "--- ______
III = R ---'-', (Jf

pi' ItrailS
ferred. ()
~e8
= {15- x 0.07~ 1/ 'Q~:

he bla
de length is 8 ern, it is treated as short fin A
. Ssume
1190 x 4.9 x 10-4 SiOCe I d
JIS iO
su ~te . s: red 1 short fin, end msulated]
.
[m = 3.5 1l1~
f
He
8
t trlll1sler
PkA)~(Tb-TCXl)tanh(mL) ... (1)
Q::; (h .
(I) ~ Q = (15 x 0.0785 x 190 x 4.9 x 10-4 ]~ x (533 [From HMT data book page n0.49]
x tan" (3.5 x 0.16) - 289)
where
IQ = 41.03 w.j
lesult :
m == 1* kA
Heat lost by the rod, Q = 41.03 W 465xO.12

==
32x 4.75 x 10-4
I!l A turbine blade 8 em 10llg made of Sillilliess Sleel
(It = 32Wln,K) has a cross sectionat area of if. 75 em} tIIltla
perimeter of 12 em: Tilt! bast! temperature of the billtleis
[m == 60.5 m-
I I
6IHr C Find the qualllily of I,eal given to blade if in the blade I) ::> Q == [465 x 0 12 x 32 x 4.75 x 10-4]Y2 x (873 -1123)
is exposed to Ilot gtlses 850"C. Take heat transfer co-efficient ( x tan h (60.5 x 0.08)
to be 465 WlmJK.
Given: [Q == -230.2 ~
length of the blade, L = 8 cm = 0.08111 [-ve sign indicates that heat flows from gas to turbine blades]
Thermal conductivity, k = 32 W/I11K.
ltsuJl:
Area, A = 4.75 cm2 = 4.75 x 10-4 1112. Heat transferred, Q = -230.2 W.
Perimeter, P = 12em = 0.12 111
Base temperature, Tb = 6000 C + 273 = 873 K '.!J

'jJ •
Aheatmgunit made in the form of a eyI'inaer
-l
I
S 6 em diameter
Hot gas temperature, T'Xl= 8500 C + 273 = 1123 K I and 1.2 m long. It IS. provided
. . 20 Iong!'tudinalfins 3. mm
With J
. .r. Of the eyltnuer.
H . Ifllck whicl, protrude 50 mm from tire sur,aee 'J bi t
eat transfer co"efficient," = 465 W/1112K. . 800 C The am len
The temperatllre at the base of the fin IS •
'11
J.2j Heal and Mass Transfer
'n"rnlllres is 2.~"C. Ttiefio» heat 'ral1\·r.
i
'
rem,."'. ''Jerco_ f t Iie fin is 50 mrn. Assume end is insul a tiS
en. 0 thi
l e el,lillller and JIIIS 10 'he :H"rolilldillg . :lJici(!11 -, I I'flgth o. lated Iype problem. ' IS
" . (Ur IS J 1ft V" V • d IIlSU
C leulnlt the rate of heat transfer from 'heli 0 If;/ ()~I (lfl ell
(/ 11111e(/ ",1,. . nor1
_IrrOllll(lillO. Take k = 90 '~/'
1 'ImA. 1v(1//, ~.
1,5 ferred lshort
.
fin, end IIlsulated]
jl " 0/
Ip
[ Man0l11110nilllll SlIl1daranar VI .
Heat trans 1/.
11lJerSily No Q, ::::= (hPkAV2 (1 b- T if) tan IT (mLf) '" (J)

~ '9(J
Gil'en: l} (From HMr datn book page n0.49]
Oiameter of the cylinder, d = 6 ern = 0.06 rn
\vhere
Length of the cylinder, Ley = J.2 III
. ter === 2 x Length of the cylinder
J11e
Number of fins = 20 p- Pen
=== 2 )< J.2
Thickness of fin (t) = 3 mm = 0.003 m
Length of fin, Lf = 50 mrn = 0.050 m [!_2_.4~
Base temperature, Tb = 80° C + 273 = 353 K === Length of the cylinder x thickness offin
A - Area
Ambient temperature, T IX = 25° C + 273 = 298 K
1.2 x 0.003
Film heat transfer co-efficient, h = J 0 W Im2K
Thermal conductivity, k = 90 W/mK. [A = -3.6 x 10-3 m21
Toftnd: ~hP
J11 = J kA
Rate of heat transfer
Sotution :
j 90x 3.6
IOx2.4
x 10-3
I
d=~jomrt_-- ~~~ ~~
L-- III = _ ~~f2J
. -i- ~-r-r-r-~
(I) ~ 0, = [10
x tan h
x 2.4 x
(8.6 x 0.050)
90 x 3.6 x 10-3)12 x (353-298)
01 = 62.16 W.
Thickness, t = 0.003 J11
Length, L = 0.050 m Heat transferred per fin = 62. I6 W
{-
Fins 1.261
Number of fins = 20
So, Total heat transferred, 0, :; 62.16 x 20 : d === 50 111 :; 0.050 rn
6jl'tJI 1.alTlcter.
10, :; 1243.28~ 0 t -x: 3 rnrn :; 0.003 m
. kneSS,
Heat transfer from untinned surface due to Cony . Inle L === 20 111111 :; 0.0 2 0 111
eCllon'
IS 1,,"l1oth,
02 = h A t1.T c;:> I conductivity. k= 45 W/mK
Ine(1J18
= h x [11 d Ley - 20 x t x Lji (T, - TyJ . . co-efficient, II = 100 W/m2K
nve etlan
Co _ 0 .., ~.."
[ .. Area of un tinned surface= Area of cylinder - A erature. 1 b:; 120 C + 27J = J9J K
. . reaoff!n) Base tem P
]0 [x x 0.06 x 1.2 - 20 x 0.003 x 0.050J f3'~ d'10 temperature, T C1J = 35° C + 273 = 308 K
,J,) - 298) Surroun II::>
[o_ = 122. 5 W 1 r,fif/d:

I'
I. Heat
n 0\ rate per fin, Q
So,
Total hear rraasf e t, Q=Q, +Q2 Fio efficienc ,
Q = _43.28 - 122. ~ , Fin effecti ene s. E
).
Q = 1366 If.! I )4IJlliDfI :

20 rnrn, it i treated as hart fin. urne
; e the fin len
Inlllt :
~: '. ilD lated,
Heal rans err [sbo fin, en i ula ed]
)Y2(Tb-T'f)Lanh(mL) .. ' I)
!l A dlcum/uential rtC/ungulor profile fin on a pipe of 0:; hP
5fJmmlluJutli!uneler nJ mm 'ltick uno 20 mm Mn;:. Thermal [FfI'Im HMT d. /0 Q(j. page!1O ,')/
fJntlucti.,il i. 45 WlmK. Convection co-efficient is
100 W/",1X. Bote temperature i, /2(1" • and urrounding
fllr lemperu/ule I. JJ" C Determine P _ Pcrimc -r - 11 / 0.050
I. /legl jll'if41 rut.eper [in

[P - (J, J 57 mJ
2. FIn ejJkkn(:,
2
. f'lli tj/et:II'Iene.u.
I M(lnriMlflnllHrI /:/H1d(Jf(~nar I/nM;rKlly, /I/{JV ()6/ ..!.. ((),(J5(J P
(
/,/r I
)$·'':
s For Practice -
1ertl
r,.ob .--
J.9 .fIlII" rOil I em diameter 1IfI,Villa a Ilte----'
~ " d II] II [t. () ""(1 COlltlU'I'( IVtty.
J.QO x 0.157 I/ttll
V W/IIII\ '. II' i\·,1i(lced 1/1 a furnace, Tlte rod is '
exposed 10 .
-1 - ,---.:...:.__ /'H' 0 er its !I'lIr/act! (l1Il1 the COlivcction '{','fi' tur (/(
1.96 x 10-3 Ilj • C I' , • . co-e tctetu .
Jj
/6(1 . I (II 1.5 I,Jljm'" R.. TIle lemperullire is relit/liS 2651) IS

......
1_11_1 '_3.3 m- J . . 1{llet
(f//II
1/
. 0
. "IIIIICe
d/·I
'J' '.
er{l/llre oj the rod.
I'. I
39.1 nuujrom tue Iurnace end. D'I
•
.
e trlll"'e the
{Ami T == 773
'C (II
lell'P
I'I! .' b KI
=> Q = [I 00 O.157 45 x , 96 ' /JII' I (If II Inllg .' rod of• I em dml1leler if'llel",lIilllfll'
ell~ 'J
,
(It
. x 10-) 1y,
x tan" (13.3 ' 0020) 2)( (39' .'1 Otll!
• (I"C bv• pl{lcillg It 1/1 .... a furnace. The rod is 1!\/7o"e(11
. ... () utr. (It
,.-__ . .J - J(8) ,!(/ '(11 (I c:ollveUIOII co-efflclelll of 15 WI,II1K .,..,
IQ _5.9 ~J (t
"I' C wt
.1/'
141.5 •
"perl
Illlfe
l de Delermille
melHllred
,
.
III II dlSIIlIH:e 0
:J"
78 6 ""
•
lite thermal eOllllliClivilV Of lite "'(II
. '.I
. t ne
n Will'
. I
ertat.
tall" ",L [Ans k = 45 WI",KI
Fin efliciell~Y, 'l =
1llL. , Oder",;ne lite Iteal flow for-ti} rectangula» fins (ii) Triallgular
tall Ii (13.3 x 0,020)

tJ/ 20 ""
.I, fill =:
ami J ""~' buse ~/lic/(//e.H. Tlter",a/
CIIJI(IIIc1iv,Iy ts 45 WlmK. Convection coefficielll is
'1= - 100!VIm]/(, base temperature is 120vC. SlirrOll/lllillfJ fluu!
13.3 x 0.020
((",pertltllre is J5" C. Determine also jill effectiveness. Use lite
'ltin = 97.7 ~ eI/nrl /AII,\' I. Rectangular jill Heat flow, Q == 285 W
Fill effectiveness, E == 11.6
Fill effectivelless 2. Triallgu/ar jill Heat flow, Q = 268 W
Fill effectiveness, E == /(UI
tan II IIIL
E== ----_ .. tan h (13.3 x 0.020)
I, All"llIlIIinilim jill (k = 200
WlmK) 3 mm thick 11/1(/7.5 em long
jf~ /-'00
45
x 1.96
x
x
0.157
10~J prolrudesfrom II 11',,/1 tu JOO" C The ambient temperature is
50·C wit" " = 10 WIlli] K. Compute heat loss from the jill per
IlIIil dept" of the material. AI!;() calculate its efficiency 11IIt!
Etl'ectivcnss, E == 1.56J
effectivelless. / AilS Q = 359 Wlm T] = O.9J7, E = 4UI
Re.m/I: -
i. A one meter long, 5 CI1I diameter cylinder placet! ill {I atmosphere
I. Heat flow ' Q -).
- 2' 9 W 11/40· C is provided with 12 IOllgillll/illa/llrfliglll [ins
2. Fin efticicncy n - 9 (k:::75.6 WIIIlK). The fins art! 0.8 111111 thick and protrude
, '" - 7,7 %
~.5('111/rolll the cylinder surface. T"e "ellllrall!Jjer co-eflil.ielll
w--( 3. FIll dfectiv

cness, E ::: 1.56 IS 23.25 WI",] K. Catcutatc
(ell/pert/tllre is 1JO" C
lite rate ofhea! IramIe, illlle mr/(Ice
1;1/1.)' Q = /170 JIll
~/
1.264 Heal and Mass Transfer Transtent
. Heal ( ,
-ondUClion 1.265
}.5 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 0 where ..
UNSTEADY S!ATE CONDUCTION ( Q.) Thennal conductivity, WlmK
k-
If the temperature of a body does 110t vary .-~ h _. Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
. " With ti .
to be IIIa steady state. But If there IS an abrupt cl .rne, It is . Characteristic length or Significa tI
. . lange In . sal~ Lc - n ength
temperature, It attains a steady state after SOlne p' lis s~r[
. . . ertod. D . aCt
period the temperature vanes with time and the b dv : lJrlng tho . . Ien gth , L c --
terlstlc Volume - V
. 0 )'Issa'd II
an unsteady or transient state. I to be in Charac Surface Area - A
Transient heat conduction Occur in Cooling of
for slab : .. . _ ::J__ _ A x L
automobile engines, boiler tubes, heating and coolina f Ie enginel Characteristic length, Lc - A --:;;:-
• • t> 0 metal b'l '
rocket nozzles, electric Irons etc. I lets,
Transient heat conduction can be divided

flow and non periodic heat flow.
in to '.
penodlc heal I Lc~ ~ \
(i) Periodic "eat flow where

L - Thickness of the slab
In periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a r I .
egu ar basIs.
Examples.' Cylinder of an IC engine, For cylinder:
V n:R2 L
Surface of earth during a period of 24 ho urs. Characteristic length, Lc = -A =
2n:RL
(ii) Non periodic heat flow:
In non p~no. diIC h eat flow, the temperature at any point within ~
the system vanes non-linearly with time. ~
Example .. Heat' mg a f an
an i .
ingot 111 a furnace, cool ing of bars. where
1.5.1 Biot Number R - Radius of cylinder

The ratio of int I . For sphere:
convettion' erna conductIOn resistance to the surface
reSIstance is k
nown as Biot number. Characteristic lenzth Lc = V
0' A
Biot. umbe r -- _Intemal con ducri .
uctlOn resistance
Surface co .
nvectlOn resistance
8.I ---.::.
- h Lc
k
hA (T - T ) = p V ciT
. 'ble cit
Ne~"!'
Internal
where .
R - Radius ot the sphere. Resistance
T
For c"be: V
Characteristic length, Lc A T:::: To at t = 0
LJ
· Lumped/,etd ctlp"cily system.
6L1 fIg 1.13 .
. . Rate of change ot
· 've heat \ 5
\Lc~ ~] convect I
fronl t h e
bodv
'
internal energy
dT
where -hA (1' - T F) :::: p X Cp x V dt
-::::>
L - Thickness of the cube.
-
-hA x dt
dT
-::::>
pCp V
T-T~
1.5.2 Lumped beat Analysis [Negligible internal resistancel
Integrating
The process ill which the internal resistance is assumed as
-hA
negligible in comparison with its surface
Newtonian heating or cooling process.
resistance is known as
~ - dT
T - T L
x \ cit
. .. (\ ,80)
In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature t + C\
~ /11 t -T
is considered to be uniform at a given time. Such an analysis is
called lumped parameter analysis. ry c ndiu n·
r\ppl b und
Let us consider a solid whose initial temperature is To and
it is placed suddenly in ambient air or any liquid at a constant At t = 0
temperature T~. The transient respon e of the body can be C\
determined by relating its rate of change of internal energy with
\.&0) III t o-T \==
jj
conve ti e exchange at the surface.
· lib titutin
Transient Heat Conduction 1.269
_ Lumped Heat Analysis
bleJ1lS
1.268 Heal and Mass Transfer I,ed fro '"illm slab of 6 mm thick is at 400· C
I SO 2 alum' , ,
~ In [T - Too] - -hA t +I -------- y 50 c"', d /ellly immersed In water, So Its surface
- p Cp V 11 [To - T <xlJ ~ ;0 ~ illS SU ( "
~li',/1" gJld ed to 50 C Determine tIre time required
D
IV '/1# / 's lower

~I Ilre' DC
~~(r"t reacl. 120 '
I ~~ lab 10
I for/h{ S fer co-efficiellt, I. = 100 Wlm1 K
=> In [~ ,-_ T.;:. Mal ,ra"s
I ra~{
: _ SO x SO em:! = SO x SO x 10-4 m2
, . OS-
~ Di,(enSlo L'" 6 mm = 6 x 10-
3
m
. knesS,
, , , (1.81) ,hie T = 4000 C + 273 = 673 K
.' temperature, 0
I
Initial T = 50 C + 273 = 323 K

0
where . I temperature, co
na
To - Initial temperature of the sol id, K fl . mperature T = 120 C + 273 = 393 K 0
mediate te '
T - Intermediate temperature of the solid, K Inter f o-efficient, h = 100 W Im2K
Beat trans er c
Too - Surface temperature of the solid (or) F'
temperature of the solid, K Inal
'fiwd: 0
h - Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K . (t) required to reach 120 C

Time
A - Surface area of body, ml. I
I
p Density of the body, kg/rn-'

- lIioll :
{From HMT data book page no. I}
V - Volume of the body, m3
Cp - Speci fie heat of the body, J/kg K. Propertiesof aluminium are
t - Time, s. Density, p = 2707 kg/rn '
Note Specific heat, Cp = 896 J/kg K
I. In lumped parameter system, Biot number value is less Thermal conductivity, k = 204.2 W/mK.
than 0.1.
hLc irllab,
i.e., Bj <0.1 ~ - < 0.1
k Characteristic length
2. To -Initial temperature, K
. (or) L
Significant length, Lc = 2
Too - Surface temperature or Final temperature, K
~'~-=:m-=~ __'~_L- .J_
1.270 Heal and Mass. Transfer
_------71:.:.r~alnsielll H
where _______ eat CondUCTion 127
=ue:
L - Thickness of slab \,/~cre
10 - Initial temperature, K
L = 6 x 10-3
c 2 .,.. _ Final temperature
1<1) ,
K
I
1 - Intermediate temperature, K
I'
Ii h _ Heat transfer co-eflici('nt W /1ll2K
,
We know that , C - Specific heat, J/kg K
. hL p
B lot number , B.I = __k c
Lc - Characteristic length, III
p _ Density kg/rn!
100 x 3 x 10-3
t - Time, S
204.2
Bi = 1.46 x 10-3 < 0.1 -100 XI]
[
393 - 323 = e 3 x IO-J )( 896 x 2707
~iot number value is less than 0.1. So thi " (Il :::> 673 - 323
analysis type problem. ' IS IS lumped heal
For lumped parameter system, -100 x 1

In (0,2)
3 )( IO-J x 896)( 2707
-1,609 -IOOxl
3 x 10-3 x 896 x 2707
'" (I)
G" .~ 117.1 s I
Nfsu1t :
[From HMT data book page no, 5 i (.'iixlh editioni]
Time requ ired for the slab 10 reach 120· C is "7, I s,
We know that,
Characteristics length, I.e = :i._

A
o A copper rod of oilier diameter 10 mm illilia/~I' (I' a
umperature of 31J(}UC is sllll(lell~11immerseti ill a water
allOO"C. Determine the lime reqllired/or Ihe rOt/IOreach
(I) ~
T - T~ "C [Lc:~p,p"'1 2 J O"c. Tali e COli l'eCI;W! Ire(II ITlIIIS/tr co-e//iciol' is
To - T", 9J WlmlK.
Transient Heat C
.'. ,~~l~"C(l1and Masj' Transfer onduc(
value is less than 0.1. So th" Ion 1.273
()'/,·.,,, .- Inbcr ' IS IS lu
, '011111 blerll. Illpedheat
Dlnmctcr of the rod, D 20 mm - =
- 0.020 In I' e
l e pro
. :; I)'P d parameter system,
Radius of the rod, R = 0.0 10m I ,.,1 C
Initial temperature, To = 380° C + 27 _

/'fo( 1lI(llP [-hA' x t]
3 - 65" K pCp V
Final temperature, T = 100° C + 273 ==373,)K
IX)
~~e ... (J)
Intermediate temperature, T ==210° C + fo - T 0)
[F rOI1/ H MT data b ookpa
~.' 273==483 ge nO.5 J
Heat transfer co-efficient, h ==95 W Im21( K
n'llntl:
Time (t) required to reach 210° C
Solutlon : [From H,\fT data book

page "o.l)
Properties of copper are
Density, p = 8954 kg/rn!
Specific heat, Cp = 383 J/kg K
Thermal conductivity, k ::: 386 \\ ImK. -95 x t
In (0.392)
For Cylinder. 5 x 10-3 x 383 x 8954
R
Characteristic length, Lc :::
2
[1 =169.03s
::: 0.010
2 /JjMlt:
Time required to reach 210° C is 169.03 s.
We know that, 0
] A 5 em thick copper slab is at 200 C initially and it is
. hLc
B lot number , B,'::: - k suddenly immersed in water. So its surface lemperature is
lowered to 90° C. In one test run, the initial temperature is
::: 95 x 5 x 10-3 decreased by 40° C and the time taken is 6 minutes.
386 Determine the heat transfer co-efficient by using lumped
I Bj ::: 1.23 x 10-3 < 0.1 I capacity method of analysis.
't
Transtem Heal C . I .
______ --------------~~~O~I~Ir.~II~C/~I~OI~/~/
I'.L .•:'''"~ \I~

/-:
. kl1(1'
lensllCS
.' I I L - V
engt 1. c - -
. III (hMae A
If Iii II I erarure. T ::: _000
il :lllenrper:llure. T; :::90 0
1 _T == e [P x
-11
Cp x Lc x t
1
.:.------:;-
To-' fcc
-11 x 360 ]
[
~3 - 363 == e 8954x 383x 0.025
Ti ie, I= 6 min = 360 s 4
~
473 - 363
Tofind:
Heallransfer co-efficient. h -h x 360
/11 (0.636) == -----.::....:...::.._-
So/ution: {From IiMr d, 8954x 383x 0.025
ata book
Pr perties of copper are Page no.•}
~ 107.77 W/m2K
Density p = 8954 kg/m-'
JtS,,/1 :
Thermal conductivity, k = 386 W/IllK. Heat transfer co-efficient, h == 107.2 W/m2K.
For Slab.
L
Characteristic length, Lc == B.A solid copper cy/:"der of _7 "" diameter is initially at a
, 2 temperature of 25 C and it IS suddenly dropped into ice
where L - Thickness of slab water:After J mill utes tile temperature of tile cylinder is
== 0.05 again measured (IS JO
C. Determine unit surface
Lc 2 == 0.025 conductance by using lumped heat analysis method.
I Lc = 0.02) III I Givtll :

Diameter of cylinder, D == 7 em == 0.07 m
For lumped parameter system.
Radius of cylinder, R == 0.035 111
-hA
[ pCp V Initial temperature, To == 25 C + 273
0
= 298 K
==e
... (I) Cylinder is dropped ill to ice water. So, final tempcralure
{From f-f "'"T data book page no 5ij is 0 C, i.e., Too
0
== 0 C + 273
0
== 273 K
6 Heal and Mass Trans er
__ ---...:7.:_:ra:::n_:::s,_,i"ent lieal •
Conduct'
[-h IOn 1.277
Time, t., min - 180 /
774-273 =el~l<180\
::.:-:----;::;:
Tofi"d: 298 - 273
nit surface conductance, h
-h x 180
/11 (0.04)
So/"t;o" : [From flMT d
ala book 383 x 0.0175 x 89S4
p 10
Pr pcrties of copper are .,c 1)0 ,
,]
Den ity, p = 8954 kg/m!

[h = 1073.2IW!m2~

Ili"ll:
Thermal conductivity, k = 386 W/mK. unit surface conductance, h == 1073.21 W/m2K.
For 'ylinder.
aillm;nium sphere weighing 7 kg d'"
haracteristic length, Lc = R ] A" 0 an Initially
' at a
. ",peralure of 320 C 1.'1 sUc/tieniy immers d . '.
2 Ie. e In CI lIqUId at
25'C. Tile cOllve~/lve heal, transfer co-efficient is 50 W/ml K
-2
0.035
=O.OI75m Valermine the time required for the sphere t0 reuc II 100'C'
Girt" :
• L L
I Lc = 0.0 I 75 In 1 MasSof the sphere, = 7 kg m
F r lumped parameter sy rem, Initial temperature, To = 320° C + 273 == 593 K

Final temperature, Too = 25° C + 273 == 298 K
T-T [-C-_I~......;.~-x-p x t] Intermediate temperature, T = 100° C + 273 == 373 K
=e P
, .. (I) Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 50 W Im2K
To - T
[From I-IMT dat a book page n0.57j
Tofind:
We know, Time requ ired for the sphere to reach 100° C
Characteristics length, Lc = V Solulion : [From HMT data book page no.l]

A
Properties of aluminium are
(I) ~ T-Too JCp:l~c' "1 p Density, p = 2707 kg/m3

I ' To-Too
Thermal conductivity, k = 204.2 W/mK.
I fl71.! 11{f/Jf I till 110 1/1111'/1'1
" • ~.", f Itl~'
IIDif';';
'"'/ / ,
1M ~ 1/ I' /1.lmlr (
;t
/' / ,I
, ,,
II'
II
'J
tlly'!
'Z'1,/ III ~ "1 {
" ' "'h
1 Jd . 'J II - '''/,
4 - SO
~/
/ 1 / -- ----
W)61' ()'(J2~31' 27()7
/
373 - 2<)~ c
-' 593 - 2c)~
(),(JX5 rn
-50
For Sph('fe. In (0,25 ) - /
~961' 0,0283/ 2'1(J7
I'
h' t: Cti" ic leng h, Lc
3
It =1881.33
O,DRS
--- ltlU/t :
3 Time required to reach IO()O • is 1881,33 s
Lc = (J,(J2IO m 1
'~I (; cnow hat, ~ Thousand sphere made of copper of dtumeter 6 mm
hLc initially at 1I temperature of 2(r C These spheres are
Bioi umber. . 13·I =--
k annealed in a annealing furnace. The temperature of the
unneuling furnace L\'450" C. Calculate the time required
50 /. 0.0283
for the sphere 10 reach the temperature of 320 C Take
0
204.2
heat transfer co-efficient It = J 0 W/ml K.
13i = 6.92 /. I 0- 3 O. j CiVet! :
/3iot number value is less than 0.1. S ,this is lumped heat umber of sphere = 1000
ana Iysi type problem.
Diameter of the sphere, D = 6 mrn = 0.006 rn
___(
1iIIl4"" 1+,
'L... - .. ,.,
..
I'"
', ·''"1~1.. ~
",I, ,
• t.
,ber value i
,u~ . \1,' .11lt' c, R = l. OJ P
11\ . 1 11,11'
It "problem.
. I) II;,
\ 51
.n'· 1
, red l)fHllmeter y. tern,
f r Il.Iln
e. r =
Y
UI, I \.:,'I :r:\1 I 4' 0"
-hA
Inl nll('dinle lellli ernture. T == ") , -r [C «v « P
- J;:::- 'I( I-I ==e P
II '. Ir:\H~fa' -effic ient. h ==.., W 11ll- K _:----;=- ... (I )
10- (From HAn dala b k
00 page no.5il
Ti) fiff" :
ime rec uired 10 reach the leillperature r'" _0° c , 1'1,0'"
\\ ~ I'
that
"!_
S{lIUlilln: (Fr m H.I(T d I book c,aI racteristics length, Lc ==
A
crt ies f pper are
en ·il~·. == S - 4 ,,::/111'
pC'il'heal.
( -30 x t
The mal ndu livir). ,,== '8 W/mK. 593 - 723
/-'0 S It . 293 - 723

R
-30 x t
::::> 111 (0.302)
383x 0.001 x 8954
. j
-- == 0.001
\1 136.87 s I
1m
Rt'Hllt:
Time requ ired to reach the temperature of 3200 C
is 136.87 s
~o " 11.00 I
Jso
().I I
>h....
/.lBi lieal an d~ Mass Transfer _ Transien; He II OlldllClioll 1.2 J

Lc == 0,0425 I~
, d ;cal stuinless steel i"l:0t 170 mm il',. _
r:7I A ('ylm r ( '(11"1.'1
~ I "" pll,ue:i t",ollg" II "CIII tremmelllji',r e'r'''rl
'50 em I} t.I , 11(,(,(, IV '
10 "" le"gt", T"e tC'mpcrm"'e of '''C'ji", /"C/,
;,~5(1(" '" 'It'ce • "
I(Idc. Tile ;",'1111 1111:(1(Icmperfll",c is 12()" ~("113'
I,ft h I' I C'. 'fl
' ,I
('''III "",.
,mlim" 11111 CI)l/I'C'C:/'I'eleflllrall,\/er
,o'c{fi
C
"
'r 105 x 0.0425
" I~II'IIII} K, C.,lelll,,'e tlu: "'"xi",,,,,, '\'J1ced '\I' ," (Ir", ==
1,\ H, ',II , "'/'i, 45
' I ,,""'(',~ IImJIIJ:II 11",./ ""'''Ce 1110 fllI(lill 800" e/,
IIIf! "'1/" "" C'. l' ,
1/1<1'"111
I I'
"",111('111"'1'" III '\'(fllllle,\'~',"/I'cI is, 4 ,~ .JlI "'I( (lAr
,h"fllUI I t lillll~iI'i'"
\,' , a is fI, 46 x I (h~ III}/ ,\', (I"tl
s, = 0.099 0, I
(l'i,·",. : ue'r value is less than 0,1. So, this is lumped heal
' I til' 11\ I,
"I' Ih\' steel '\lil, l) .. I 0 H'O 'problem .

\),;,,"cl~'r 111111.. 0, I 0 'II ."IYP~
~~,~ I'
",h,I'"'~, I,,'III\, ~ll.'d R O.\IS:i II\~'. cd purruuetcr s S em,
I:':P. l ~::~v '1

L\,
,
I\ld, III
I 'lI).tlh, I 511em l)" 0 1\\

for
1\11II;IIe"-' kll, Ih
IHIllal klllll\,f:III1' '.
I-'i II ,11 1,'11 I ,1:11111

~O \\)
\' II
,r",
1\\1\\ :i 1\1
1"1"\. "\. ,• "I,',

1 J 1 I"~ ,
-
I
. T
Il)
~ == c
[Fran, J /.1 IT 1,1/I I 01) • I .~,J III), '"J

" '
,I
hI :111 ~'" 1,1 \:11'1"" ;11111 -, r N\ \ " 1...' I _; I { '~ K

r r.
\:i \\' '"'1\. ~\ - r,\, .. ,( I)
,I~ \\ HlI\.
\. I ~ ,
, II - $,
13i - Hi )1 HlIl\1\ :1'
.... ~
-t ,l :-;,
T == 20° C + 273 = 293 K
rature, . r:f)
1.284 Heal and Mass Transfer tc(11pe ature, T = I SO° C + 273 = 423 K
'f)1II te!11per
fl d'ate .
-0.099 x 0.46 x 10-5 ~ r!11c I nsfer co-effiCIent, h = 110 W/m2K
~ In (0.423) 1~le . e heat tra
(0.0425)2 x t ccttV 3
cof)V "" 7850 kg/m
3_4_1_2_.5_3_s--,'
ef)sitY, P .. ty ex. == 0.044 m2/hr
~ ,--I 1__ O diffuSIVI ,
Furnace Length fhertllal [; == 1.22 x 10-5 m2/s I
Ingot speed =
Time C == 474 J/kg k
5 .fic heat, p
CI
3412.53 Spe d ctivity, k = 43 W/mK
Icon u
'fherJlla
I ingot speed = 1.465 x 10-3 m/s·1
filld: . d for the sphere to reach 150° C
(0 • e requIre .
Result: I. TIJll s heat transfer at I SO° C
tantaneou
Ingot speed = 1.465 x 10-3 m/s.
2. Ins II eat transferred up to 1 SO° C
3. Tota 1
[!) A mild steel sphere of 15 mill diameter is planned to he
Solution:
cooled by an air flow at 20° C. The convective Iteattransfer
co-efficient is 110 W/m2K. Calculate the following For Sphere, R
1. Time required to cool the spit ere from 700 to 150 C 0 0
Characteristic length, Lc = 3
I;
2. Instantaneous heat transfer rate at 150 C 0
7.5 x10-3
3. Total energy transferred up to 150 C. 0
3
Takefor mild steel p = 7850 kg/m3
Cp = 474 J/kg K
a = 0.044 ",2/11 We know that,
hLc
k=43 W/",K Biot number, Bi = -k-
Given:
Diameter of the sphere, D = 15mm = 0.015 III
~
Radius of the sphere, R = 7.5 x 10-3111 43
Initial temperature, To = 7000 C + 273 = 973 K 9 x 10-3 < 0.1

Bi = 6. 3
r
TranSient Heat . d .
em UCllon 1.287
::;;110 x 7.06 x 10-4 t423 - 2931
. ber value is less than 0.1. So, this is I q
Blot num . Ulllpcd h .~
ana), . woe problem.
I ),..-
I:~I q:::: 10.09 W
For lumped parameter system,
ow upto J 50° C
fl
-hA x t} ~fola
.
I heat
~p'i-
c..> V [T - T 01 [From HMT dala bo k
T - T a) :::: e[ Cp x V x p P 0 pageno.57j
... (I) qt
",here 4 3 .
(From HMT data book
page nO.57] Volume, V ::: 31tR
We know that,
V 4
Characteristics length, Lc = A = 3 x 1t x (7.5 x 10-3)3
V =1.76X10--f>m3.J
==' qt::: 7850 x 474 x 1.76 x 10--f>[423 - 9731
423 - 293 =
[-IIOxt
el474X2.s x10-3x 7850
1
Total heat transfer, qt = -3616 j
973 - 293
{The negative sign showSlhaH-R~~s coming out ofthe
-110 Xl
=> In(0.191)
474x2.s x 10-3x 7850
Iphere 1
Result:
It = 139.9 s \ 1. Time required for the sphere to reach 1500 C is \39.9 s
2. Instantaneous heat flow at \ 500 C is \ 0.09 W
Time required to reach 1500 C is 139.9 s.
3. Tota\ heat flow up to 1500 C is -36 \ 6 J.
2, lnstantuneous Ileal flow at 150 C 0
q ::::hA [T - T (1)] {From HMT data book

where page 110.57 J
2
A - A rea ::::4 1t R ::::4 x 1t x (7.5 x \ 0- 3)2
l A ::::7.06 x \ 0-4 1Ta2
Transient Heat C
onduClion 1.289
hLc
8Ix8·~H~ea~l~a~1I~d~A~la~s_s_Tl_ra_n~sfi~e~r--------
/.2,-
___ ul1lber s, = k
1'ot "
, '4 Soh:ed Unh'ersity problems - Lumped H eat All alYsis 8
I5 320xO.01S
=
ill An alu",inium plate (k = 160 w/mrc, p == 279 160
C == 0,88 KJ/kg°C) o/thickness L = 3cm and 0 kgllrrJ
~ == 0.03 < 0.1\
P
temperature oJ
,('225"C '
'd
IS su
'
dd at a Ii'
enly immt?rsed at'
' d t""e t
"'fo,,,,I
a well stirred f1UI mamtame at a constant te "'"(}ill 8 IlU

Illber value is less than 0.1. So ' thiIS IS
. Iumped heat
T tD == 25"C. Take h = 320 Wlm2oC. Deter mine ,tnperatllr
th e
iot
e problem.
required/or the centre of the plate to reach 50"C e tilrre
[Dec-2005-Ann
I'" lysiSt)'P
for lumper parameter system,
Given:
Thermal conductivity of aluminium ,k =
Q
160 W /moc
Univ]
1 _ TtD _ e
..:---:::--
vx p x l~:~I] ..,(I)
Density, p == 2790 kg/m-' 10 - Tao
[From HMT data book page no . 57 !,IS'/XI h edlllon)]
..
Specific heat, Cp == 0.88 KJ/kgoC = 0.88 x 103 J/kgoC
We knOW that,
Thickness, L == 3 em == 0.03 m
Characteristics length, Lc = y_
A
Initial temperature, To == 225° C + 273 = 498 K
Final temperature, Too = 25° C + 273 = 298 K
Intermediate temperature, T ,;" 50° : + 273 = 323 K

(1) =='
Heat transfer co-efficient? h = 320 W Im20C
r -320 Xl ]
Tofind: 323 - 298 = e l 0.88 x 103 x 0.015 x 2790
Time (t) required to reach 50° C. 498 - 298
Solul;on: -320 x t
In (0.125)
0.88 x 103 x 0.015 x 2790
We know that, For slab,
L
Characteristic length, Lc = -2.079 = - 0.00868 t
2
0.03 = 239.26 s I
2 ltsull '
\ '
0.015m\ lIme
I r required to reach 50° C is 239.26 s.
-- I
~
v,
'.-'
NVH&/i.~
I
~ :}
Transient Heat Cunduction /.29/
( ~ - .... __ i
!
1) ...fr i,lu",ilflu", ~lIbc 6 e", 011 (I s;dr is or; ,; ..____''.
Ii'HlPI"Mlllrt'
'(5 0 O· C . I 11,\'
()J
. Hulth'"'' b"'"l!r\" ~'/ "lilly
. (I, Q
, • , " c (( 1I, " I'
Ilf10' C for M'lflClt h U' 1]0 "r",] /(. 1:'.\·li"'flle u ''1'';'1 120xQ.01
uquire'(/ ' for Ih~ cub« to reach (I "''''[la'''"r', ,r te "''PIt ==
204
e ''.1 250'
For (J/u"'illi~'" p ] 7(10 1.1:/",3, C" ::: 900 J/~. ~.
, • ]04 "I"'~' II ~, B, == 5.88 x 10-3 < 0.1
lOCI - 00] "'I. J . nunl b er value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat
GiI,tll : Slol
problem.
Thickness f ubc. L ;:; 6 em ::: 0.06 m I.sis type
~~,) .d parameter system,
Initial temperature, To::: SOO - "::: 773 K For IUlllpe [ -hA x t]
Final temperature,
Intermediate
Den it). p
T
temperature,
Heat tran fer co-efficient,
= _700
= 10
kg/rn '
T::: _'0
It::: 120 W/rn~K

::: 283 K
I
--
T-T.Xl
To - T <Xl
We knoW that,
==e CpxVxP , .. (I)
[From HMT data book page no.57]
pe ifie heal. p = 900 J/kg k

Characteristics length, Lc =A
Thermal onductivity, k = _04 W/mK

[ Cp~hLcx P x t]
To filld: =e
(I)~ TO-T<Xl
Time required for the cube at reach _ -0°
-120 Xl]
SOllll;Oll :
523-283 =e [ 900xO.01x2700
For Cube. 773 - 283
Cbaracteri tic length Lc =

L
6 - -120 X t
In (0.489) 900xO.0 I X 2700
0.06
6
0.01 III I
G == 144.86 ~
Rtsult: ach 250 C is 144.86 s. 0
. r the cube to re .
Time reqUired fo
1.292 Heat and Mass Trans er
rn A copper plate 2mm thiclc is heated up to 400

0
quenched into water at 300 C. Find the time r . C Q"d
the plate to reach the temperature of 50 C H, eqUlred fo,0 ~ wekn hL c
• eOI Ira" . I number, Bj - k
co-efficient is 100 WlmZ K. DenSity OF sfe, Blo
J cOP , .
8800 kglm3. Specific heat of copper = 0.36 kJ/kg K.Pe IS
Plate dimensions = 30 x 30 em IOOxO.OOI
=
[Oct '97 M U. Apr'97 Bharmhiyar u'n' . 386
Given: l\lerSlfy}
s, = 2.59 ~ 10-4 < 0.1
Thickness of plate, L = 2 mm = 0.002 m
. num ber value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat
Blot
Initial temperature, To = 400 C + 273 = 673 K
0
. type problem.
lJIalyslS
Final temperature, T eo = 300 C + 273 = 303 K for lumped parameter system,
Intermediate temperature, T = 50° C + 273 = 323 K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 100 W Im2K
T-Too =e
[~::vx xt] p
... (1)
Density, p = 8800 kg/rn!
[From HMT data book page no. 57]
Specific heat, Cp = 360 l/kg k
We know that, V
Plate dimensions = 30 x 30 ern
Characteristics length, Lc = A
Tofind:
Time required for the plate to reach 50° C.
Solution: (I) =>
{From HMT data book page no.l] I
Thermal conductivity of the copper, k = 386 W/mK -100 x t]

For Slab. 323 - 303 [ 360xO.00 Ix 8800
=e
Characteristic length, Lc = _1._ 673 - 303
2
=> In (0.0545)
-100
= [ 360xO.001 x 8800
x t]
=~
2
=>
I Lc = 0.001 ~
Result: h 50 C is 92.43 s,
0
late to reac
Time required for the p
r
I. ]Y-I l_i_·(/_I1.....
1I1'(/I_III!d_M,:.:(I~.~.I~· f s: _ Transient Heat COlldliC/ioll 1.295
1.11 II 12 lOll/: bur illililllly
('III diameter (II It .
l!J '. II "1/ ,
temperature 0/40" C I.~"I(fcet! III II mediu", (II 65(JoC0Iv.'"
II convective co-efficient 0/22 WI",} K. Deler"'i", I' .. '1/,
e ne .II" Ie
required for lite center 10 rca cit 255"C. For lite "'(11
11,e' bar k = 20 WI",K, Dell!Wy . == 580 /( m • e"cllo. /
fll 3 := 22 x 0.03
heal = 1050
' llkg K. e ','Pee'/ie- 20
Bj:= 0.033 < 0.1

Given : [OCI '98 MUj
Diamctcr of bar, D = 12 em == 0.12 III I BIO

. t number value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat
, problem.
Radius of bar, R == 6 CI11 == 0.06111 I)sis type
I)l d parameter system,
Initial temperature, To == 400 C + 273 313 K
Final temperature, T rs) == 650 C + 273

0
=:
=: 923 K
ForIUl11pe [~h~vx p XI]
Intermediate temperature,
Heat transfer co-efficient,
T
h
== 2550 C
== 22
+ 273
W/1Il2K
== 528 K
- T-Too
To - Too
=e P ••• (1)
[From HMT data book page no 57}
Thermal conductivity, k == 20 W/IllK I Weknow thaI.

V
Density, p = 580 kg/m3 Characteristics length, Lc == A
Specific heat, Cp == 1050 J/kg k
To [ln« : 'I' _ T", [ Cp~hLcx p x t]
·,I)~ ---' , =e
Time required (t). To - 100
SO/Iltioll
For Cylinder.
:
~
5211 - 923)
III [ 313 - 923
=: J 2
105~ 2x O.~3t x 580]
Characteribtic length. Lc == R
2 360.11 s I
0.06
2 ult: . 3£'0 II S
for the cube to rcac h 255 C
0
IS u
Time required .0 .
I' _
-_£\--
1.296 Heat and Mass Trans er
rn A steel ball (specific "eat = 0.46 kJlk /(

.. 35 "'ImK) g . alld IIr
conductivity =
16/ •
having J em dia", trlflo,
eleralld'
at a uniform temperature of 450· C is " II,ilill/I]
SUudelll
in a control environment in whie" II'e tem Y PlaCed 10)( 8.3 x 10-3
::
maintained at 100" C. Calculate II,e li",e,e ~erQIllrt i. 35

qU"ed/o l
ball to attained a temperature of 150.C. r Ille
Bi:: 2.38 x 10-3 < 0.1
Take h = 10 Wlm1K
value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat
1M. V. April-lOOO, 2001, 2002, Barathiar Uni A . Siot num b er
Given: . Pfl/98] . type problem.
aoa1ysiS
Specific heat, Cp = 0.46 kJ/kg K = 460 J/kg K ed parameter system,
For I urn P
T- T J C;.h:. 1)
-
Diameter of the sphere, D ee 5 ern = 0.05 m so p x ,] ••• (
Radius of the sphere, R ::s 0.025 In

To - T (f) I From H MT data boo. page no. 37J
Initial temperature, To - 450" C + 273 - 723 K
We know that, V
Final temperature, TIlJ - 1000 • -I- 273 - 373 K
Characteristics length, Lc" A
Intermediate tempcrarurc, T 1500 + 273 • 423 K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h 10 W/m2K
To flnd: (I) -
Time: required for the ball to reach 150 C
0
To - T""
-10 _l< t]
Solution: I From "MT data book. pO~Jeno. II ( 460 ~ 8.33 x JO-J x 7833
423 - 373 -e
De:nflit)' of steel is 7833 kg/rn) 723 - 373
Ip - 7X 1-'-k-gl-n-13-'~
In ...;4.;:..23~-_3_73-
• ----8-3-)-x-,0-3)(
-10
78)3
_Mt
For .'pllue, 723-373 460)(·

Ch,.ractc:riKtic length, I.e - R
-_ J
(),025
3 Rtf"lt :
~
.
- 5840'B
• ball to reach 15
o. C is 5840.545.
Ci; - 8.33 )( 10-3 Ill] .Time required for the
n~II'\~'1I1 /"'/11 ('III11/III'/jOll /,2')1)
j.,j ,i" {,I"",III/"", _\",,,"", 111",\',\' l.f 46: ,",,1/

I.:.t.I " , 11/111111, ,! nl{J
IM'I'i'f{""rtl 'if 2911 ( 1,\' ,\,,,,ItJ,'''~I'/""",'r,\'"" I"~ .I '" II J
, J" C 11,1", lu'{" 'f'''',~/'''
"'1-,:1111'/,'''' IN """"A' 1':"~',/'1", 3V _ 3 2,()J) 10 I
lilt'"'",,! ,(,,,"If'~" ", ('11111tlu (""111",1,
, 1:,\'1'
'1""1" 4;- - - ,,; -
For 111"",1111",,, iliA,' P 17m) *1:/111" C ""9 I" 9r.'c.
A 10J 11'/",1:,
'I'
1
lUI J/k
I: A', :::; 0,0786,11 I
/tI/.{/, 0('(-99, 11(/I'(/fltiu/, U,'
GII'i'II " 1/, Nov 96/
I Jphi,re '., ;:: .!
Mass, III ;:: 5,5 kg , !'riSIIC length, Lc 3
, C~Brnct
luitial tcmpcrature, To:: 290 C + 17 J :: 563
0
I(
0,0786
Final temperature, T :: 15° C + 273 :: 288 I( =--
3
Intermediate temperature. r:: 95" C + 273 == 3681\
Heat transfer co-efficient. " :: 58 W Im21(
r Lc = 0.0262 m I
Thermal conductivity. k :: 205 W /I11K
, , knoll' that, IL
III 1 C
Biotnumber, Bj = -k-
Density. p = 2700 kg/m3
Specific heat, (p = 900 J/kg K 58 x 0.0262

205
Tofind,'
Bj=7.41 x 10-3<0.1
Time required to cool the aluminium at 95° C
. nunl ber value is less than 0.1. So, this js lumped heat
BiOt
~I)sis type problem.
Solution:
mass = _!!!_
For lumped parameter system,
Density, p
volume V
t
T-T'IJ [C(l~I~xp x] ... (1)
V :: • .!!!_ _=c
p
To - T J) / From HMT data boo]:page 1/0.57/
5.5
2700
V
IV = 2.037 )( 10-3 Ill] I Charactcrist ics length, Lc :: A
= 55.55 lIs m DC
[k = 55.55 W/mDC I [.: lIs = WI
-h ]~
T - T r;r, = e [ Cpx Lex p x t . :;::7865 kg/m!
DenSIty, p
(I) ~
To- Tr;r, 1 d'ffusivity, ex = 0.06 m2/hr
Thenna I
= 0.06 m2/s
368 - 288 = e [ 900 x ~.~~62 x 2700)( t] 3600
563 - 288 = 1.66 x 10-5 m2/s
368 - 288] -58 Specl'ficI heat ,

c, = 0.45 kl/kg DC
~ In [ 563 _ 288 = 900 x 0.0262 x 2700)( t = 450 l/kg DC
~ It = 1355.36 s I Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 140 kllhr m2 DC

Result: = 140 x 103 l/hr m2 DC
Time required to cool the aluminium to 95°C is 1355.6s = 140 x 1031/36005 m2 DC
ill Alloy steel ball of 1.5 em diameter heated to 700' C alld = 38.8 lIs m2 DC
quenched in (I bath at 100" C. The material properties of h = 38.8 WI m2 DC [.: lis = W]
tk« ball are thermat conductivity, k = 200 kJ/m hr' C,
Density, p = 7865 kg/m}, Thermal dijjusivity Time, t = 105
a= 0.06 ml/lt, Specific heat, Cp = 0.45 kJlkg"C, Conveai«
heattransjer co-efficient, It = 140 kJII" ml• C. Determint Tofind:
the temperature of lite ball after 10 seconds. Temperature of the ball after 105.
Given: (Manonnranillm Sundaranar University Nov- 96) Solution:
Diameter of the steel ball, D = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m For Sphere,

R
Radius of the ball, R = 7.5 x 10-3 m Characteristic length, Lc == 3
Initial temperature, TO = 700 C + 273

0 = 973 K 7.5 x 10-3
Final temperature, Tctj'= 100 C + 273
0 = 373 K 3
Thermal conductivity k - 200 kJ
• - 1m hr" C
'= 200 x 103 Jim hr" C
'= 200 )( 103 JIm x 3600 soC
1.302 Heal and M, _ Transient 11i.:01 ( 'fit/dill
W ass rransf'e . ///11 / :/, :
e know that, I
~cI
---------------~
htlll of 12 nun diameter h e atrt! /11 MI"" I
Bior number, B, == ~
~ ;l11OY " ,/,ed ill a but]) at 100" C. Tire "'fller/all"'II" - v
k !) '. if,'il
1.1 I '" h{lIl arc k :: 205 Ii.///II I" K, P 7f!f,/, l
/I(. _1 Ie('145 kJ/Ii~ K. Ir :: 150 KJ/ ltr 1112 I<. IJK' 1"£
== 38.8 . .., -
C- " .
~I
5).5 - (i) Temperatllrl!' 4 hall afer I (J second atul tu, 11 I~
balf to cool (0 400" C.
.
B·I -- I . 746 x 10-3
Blot numb 0.1
anal . er value is I
ysis type probl em. ess than 0 . I . S o.lhi .
F SIS IUn Gille" :
-or lum ped pa lped heal Diameter of the ball. 0 = 12 rum = 0.012 m
( rameler S\·_,stem
-hA
Radius of the ball, R = 0.006 m
T-T .
~ == e ( CpXV . p t] Initial temperature,
0
TO = 800 C + 273 = 10
To- Tco
- ... (I) Final temperature, T := 1000 C + 273 := 3r K
We know that, [froll/ HMT d uo book page no 5ij Thermal conductivity, k = 205 kJ/m hr K
Charact . . 205x 1000J
ensne, length, Lc == :y_
A 3600 s mK
56.94W/mK [. .:
(I)=> T-T<Xl
T
0- T<Xl
== e
[c p
:hL
C
X
P
".
Density, p == 7860 kg/m3
Specific heat, Cp = 0,45 kJ/kg K
=> T - 373 [ -38.8
973 _ 373 == e 450 x 2.5-x-I-0--3-x 7865 x 10] = 450 J/kg K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 150 kJ/hr 11I~ "
=> T-373 = ~lltH J

973 - 373 0.957
3600 S 1\\- "
= 41.()6 W/ \\\~"
To find:
Result:
(i) Temperature of ball after I 0 S~'(
T· ITIpcralurc or I
11Cbali
nner 10 s is 947.2 K. (ii) Time for ball to cool to 400" '.
J. 304 Heal and Mass Transfer
___ .Iss(1_'~/.'i.:...:ie.:...:".:.....;{
/{e (I~ (a"d Lief ion I.J05
-41.667
SoiuJion:
Case (i) Temperature of ball af/~~ J 0 sec o.oo~ , 7860
==e
For Sphere,
Characteristic length, Lc == _.!i_ ~ 1031.95 K.'
~3
I -:)
== ;,__
0_.0_06_ , . fior hal/to coo/to 40lr C
_ 3 'J Ttn1t
(pi III T:= 4000 C + 273 ==673 K
[LC 0.002 m
== I
We know that, T-T?J
hLc
Biot number 'IB· ==- k To - T
-41.667 1
41.667 x 0.002 [ 450 'If 0.002 7860 I
==---:---- 673 - 73 ==e
56.94 1073-373
Bj == 1.46 x 10-3 < 0.1

:::> 111 (673 - 373 ] == -41.667 - I
1(7) - J 73 450 0.002 7M60A
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heal
analysis type problem.
For Jumped parameter system, I t == 143.849 sJ
T-Ta;
-hA
=e [ CpXV x p x t
1 I llsII1, :
... (I)
(i)Tcmperaturc of ball after 10 sec. t: 1032.951\
{From HMT data book page no.57] 1-13.8-19.
(ii) Time for ball to cool 10 -IOO~C. t
We know that,
Characteristics lenzth
o 'c
L = V
A
•.. (2)
Transient Heat Conductio" /.307
1.306 Heat and Mass Tram; "er conditions are
OllOd3r)'
b
1.5.5 Heat Flow in Semi-Infinite Solids fhe - T·
I. 'f(x. 0) - ,
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all dir •.
. k.nown as In
. fuute so I'dI. If' an infinite
. 2. T(O, t) ::: To for t 0
splice IS solid' .. cellon'
' S Of
.. IS spill '
middle by II plane, each half IS known as semi infi .
nile Solid
IIIlite ). T(Cl, u= Ti for t 0
In II semi infinite solid, lit any instant oftitnc tl ' ' I tical solution for thi case is given by
, lere IS 81
II point where the effect of heating (or COoling")"
. . . "
boundaries IS not felt at all. AI this POIIII the IClllll' .
.
,\I One f'
cralnre re .
Ways
0 lIs
'n: :::
o
!b' r :~ Y
err \ 2 (l t ... ( I.R2)
unchanged. ilia Ins
Tj - T~o:!-- _
. ,rf indicates "error function of' and the definition
where e
where f ction is gencrally available in mathematical texis.
~'j - Initial temperalure ~(rror U~~IatiOnof error values are available in data hooks.
usually til '
r0 - Surface temperalure (,(_ Thermal diffusivity, m2/s
1111= 0
I - Time, S
x - Distance. m
Tj -Initial temperature, K
To- Surface temperature (or) final temperature, K
x T, - lmermediaic temperature, K
FiR I.U Semi II,/illite P/flle Nolt
Consider a semi infinite bod . . l. In semi infinite solid, heat transfer co-effici~1l1 or biot
the +VC x directio 'rl . y and It extends to infinity in
n. Ie entIre bod . . .. number value is 00.
temperature 'I'... 1 . Y IS Initially at uniform
I Inc ud Illg the su rface . _ .
tempcrature at r == 0 . d at " - O. The surface i.e., "
. IS su denly raised to T or
o·
The governing equation is Bi
2
dT I dT
d\,2 == a dt
2. Tj -Initial temperature, K
T S fl'11al temperature. K
0- urfacc temperature (or)
Tx - Intermediate tempcrature K
/;'(I!,siC11I 1/c'lIl Conduct
~---
1.308 Ileal and Mass trails er
1.5.6 Solved problems - Semi Infinite Solids

h :=
ill A /t"ge concrete high WI~1'

illili{/Ih 1,-::-------
~ 0J
fit
- flllperfit
70 C mill stream water is direcled
U
Ure of fill lilt! Ilirrl.
'''flY \. e ,
the surface temperature is sliddellly low ·0 I"u/ , So.• ihis is semi infinite solid type p
eret/ to 40. IS W,
Determine lilt! lime required 10 reach 55" C C 6.I,a Iu C
IlIlld. I
I .. lfinlic s('I'id,
" em from the surface. f'Pt" of
Given : For 5C;:I~IT0 := elf [..,j.\' _] (From IIMT l

Initial temperature. Tj =70° C + 273 = 343 K "':--T - (l I I agl' 110.58(Sl.r/ll e
T·-
I
0
Final temperature
or Tr - To
_:.-- == ('11 (Z) \\ here
Surface temperature, To = 40° C + '273 = 313 K .r
Tj- To
I Intermediate temperature,
Depth. .r = 4 em = 0.04 III
Tx = 55° C + 273 = 328 K
328 - 3 13
343 - 3 J3
Z = 2/0 I
Ttl filltl :
0.5 er] (Z)
Time (t) required to reach 55° C
Sailitioll : err (Z 0.5
{From HI/7'd
. 0((1
b 001(I. page 110./8
(Si.l'lh edition)/ crf (Z) 0.5. corresponding Z is O.-lS

Properties of concrete are
Thermal conductivity, k = 1.2790 W/IIIK 0.48 I I From nut data
Ii
Thermal diffusivity, 1"'Ke ,/O.59(Sixlh edil/(
\I.e know that,
J
i ==
1.2790
2300~O- = 0.4') ...., f) (, 1I1~1,
Z =
.r
2...;at
::::. .r
l IlIlh;,
1.lh, ll;)~ r:
prllhklllh~';)llJ"1 .. ,. " ..
• Il~"-I co-cltlcl~'Ill" is 111)1~i\~'11. S,•.
0.48
2jOi
1.1:.. II - "I).
::::. 0.48
2
,... ,..
a: ~.: .:.._:_~.;.
.
.. :...
1.312 /feat alld Mass Transfer

Transient Heal Conduclioll 1
111 A large wall 2 em tltick II(U~
illitial(" and the W(/1/ temperfltllre is SII'"e"'Perlll lire 30' , 1l

maintained.
at 4()O(}.C. FWd "lle,,/), r'
(1lSerl "~d
( . pro blem heat transrerC co-e ff"icrenr h IS. 1I0tgiven.
So "lioIn thiS
: .
'
I. TIll' t(''''peratllre at (I deptlt of 0 8 it as cf).
i.e
t. .,
h~ 00.
lake
.5IIT/(lel' of the wall (ifter lOs. . . ell, firo",'hi
I
We know that,
2. Instantaneous Item flow rare tl"olloll 1
hLC
Biot numbcr, B;
per m-, per hour. e , "'nt SlIr'JQCt
k
h CI)
Take a = O.OOH /112/It,.,k = 6 W/m0C.
[Apr'97 MUj
=> [B; == CI) I
Given: . So , this is semi infinite solid type problem
Bj value IS C/).
Thickness, J.. = 2 em == 0.02 m
Cns£' (i)
Initial temperature, Tj == 30° C + 273 == 303 K
For semi infintie solid,
Surface temperature, To == 400 C + 273
0
673 K
==
T.,. - To c= crf [-2/atX
a
t]
Thermal diftusivity, (.( == 0.008 1112/h 'rj- To
[From jJHT
7) lata book page
( 110. 58
= 2.22 x 10-6 m2/s
Thermal conductivity, k == 6 W/m°C.
T, - To:" ('1/ (Z) . .. (I)
Tj- To
Case (i)
where,
x
Depth,.r == O.~ em = 0.8 x JO-·2 III
Z == 2Jc11
= 0.008 m := 2 22 x 10-6 1II2/s.

Putr = O.OOS m, t = 10 s, a .
Time, I == 10 s
0.008
Case (iij => Z:= !?2? x 10 6xlO
2'1':'" -
Time. I I lt
::.: == 3600 s
IZ == 0.S4iJ
Tofind : the surface
di g erf (Z) ;S 0.7706
I. Temperaun., (I. .x) at a depth 0f 0 .8 em from I Z == 0.84S, correspOI1 111 .
ofthcwall<lfter
2. Instamaneon,
lOs. I that stir ~ace ,
heat flow rate (qx) throug 1
=::> I eli (Z) := O. ni61
~
rHA
IT dala boo k page no. 59]
per hour. . [Re/e ~ ..'

LV
1.314 II eat and Mass T
(1) =>
ransfer
Tx - To
T, - To
Tx - 673
:: 0.7706
r 2. I n
sltlnlllneous
Transient Heat Conduction 13 J5
heat flow rate at a depth ·1"300
on surface after 7 hours.
0./ mmand
303 - 673 ::: 0.7706 3. Tottll heal energy after 7 hours.

Take k == 0.75 WlmK, a = 0.002 m2/hr.
Tx - 673
::: 0.7706
-370 Gillen: 0
Initial temperature, T. = 25 C + 273 = 298 K
0
::: 387.85 ~ final temperature, To = 700 C + 273 = 973 K

Case (ii) Depth, x = 300 mm = 0.300 m
Instantaneous heat flow Time, t = 7 hr = 25,200 s
Thermal diffusivity, a = 0.002 m2/hr
k[T() _ Tj]
-_.:..___:..::_
[-x
e 4a. t
2
]
= 5.5 x 10-7 m2/s
JWrt {From HMTd
ala ilatA
page no. 58(Sixlh ed" Thermal conductivity, k = 0.75W/mK.
ItU)ftIJ'
t = 3600 s ( iven) Tofincl :

(
6 (673 _ 303 [-(0.008)2,

I. Intermediate temperature, r,
-"'Ix = ) /c 4x2.22xIO-liYJ6fXJ 2. Instantaneous heat flow, q.x
In /2.22 / IO-I'i;; 3600 .
3. Total heat enrgy, q,
I qx=13982.37 W/m2.! Solution:

In this problem heat transfer co-efficient h is not given. So
Result :
take it as 00. i.e., h ~ 00.
Intermediate temperature, Tx = 387.85 K
We know that,
Heat flux, qx = 13982.37 W/m2. B.lot number hLc
B· = -
'I k
!iJ A very thick wall initially at
temperature of 25' C a~d
(I
ftJ
h = 00
u C nd re/tlal
wa II temperature is suddenly raised to 70O {t
constant there after. Calculate the following l jro/tllk B j value is
B
00. So, this
.
IS semi
. . fi't
111 uu e s
olid type problem.
1. Temperature ill plane (It (I depth of 300 nlfn
surface after 7 hours.
J.316
____ Heat__:~.:.::~~. s 'T!_IiilI11S,er
and Mas' :_'.!_J!: .c
I. For semi infintie SOlid~

~_
Transient Heat Cd'
on UCllOIl 1.317
T, - T 0 -------~
T;- To ~ erf [~l ::=

0.75 (973 - 298)
X e
-(03)2
[ 4x555 I' -7 -
. x 0 x2),200
]
[From HMT I ? qx Ii x 5.55 x 10-7 x 25,200

(.Ola book
=> = erf. (Z) Page n~~
.
::= 483.36 W/m2 .
. . . ( I) q.r.__ ----...J
where ]. Total heat energy [From HMT data book page 110..17/
x
z q,.::= 2k [TO - T j] J 7t~
2J(Xt
2 x 0.75 (973 - 298) x J 25,200
0.3 7t x 5.55 x 10-7
Z
2/S.SSx 10-7 x 25,200 q = 121.72 x 106 J/m2
r
r------
Z = 1.2iJ Result :
I. Temperature at a depth of 300 mm, Tl = 346.9 K
Z = 1.27, corresponding err (Z) is 0.92751
2. Instantaneous heat flow, qx = 483.36 W/m2
=> I elf (Z) = 0.927SI I 3. Total heat energy, q, = 121.72 x 106 J/m2
[Refer /-I MT data book page 110j9j
T,. - TO ~ if large cast iron 750 C is taken out from afurnace and
(It 0
(I) => = 0.92751 its one of its surface is suddenly lowere{llIIul maintained
Tj-TO
(1/ 45° C. Calculate tile following
0
T,. - 973 I. The time required to reach tile tempertltllre 350 C lit tt
=> = 0.92751
298 - 973 depth of 45 nun from tile surface
2. ill.'itallllllleoll.'i heat flow rate at a ,Ieptll of 4.' 111111
and
=> I Tx = 346.9 K l Olt .\. IIr l'ace after 3() minutes.
3. n,ta/II(,'al e~,er{:y after 2 I" for ingot.
2. 1nstantaneous heat flow
Take a == (J.(M m2//". k = 48..l w/",K.
e
]
[;~~ C/1041]
Gh'ell :
d book !,ng Illiti a I klllpl.:ratlirc 1
10s»' K
[From HMT ala r ""'7S0~ C + 273 ='
S ' I 318K
'llrfa.:.
l: klllpl.:raturc, 1'0 == 45° C + 273- -
~
j
1.3/8 Heal and Mass Transfer
Intertnediats temperature, Tx == 350° C +- 2

I Transient Heat Conduction
1.319
Depth. .r = 4- mm =: 0.045 m :~432~ er/(l)

I? .
Thermal diffusivity, a = 0.06 m2fhr
erf Z == 0.432
:::: 1.66 ~ 10-5
Thermal conductivity, k == 48.5 W/mK.
;;:;0.432. c rresponding Z is 0.41
Tofind : er. I
[Z 0.41
'. The time required to reach the temperat ~
2. Instantaneous heat flow at a depth of 4Ure
_ J Sf}' C
\\e k.now that
surface after 30 minutes. mill an '-'
3. Total heat energy after 2 hr. Z
Solution ;
0.045
0.41
In this problem heat transfer co-efficient h is nOI gi en.s,:
ta .e il as -r.,. i.e., h ~ 'ZI.
We know that. ")

:::- 0.41f
- hLc
Bi number B· = __
, f k
h = a» ~ I L_t 1_8_I_A_2_s_1
Time required t reach 350°C is 181.42 s.
OJ value i r/). $0, this i semi infinite solid type problem. 1.lnstunlflneous It eat flow
I. For semi lnflntle solid,
T -To
., j -T() =erf [2yCt.t
~]
I From II MT dar a book PQ}?,c110 58J [From HUT data book page no. 58}
- elf (7) where I:: 30 minute (Given)

.x
Z = 2fo1 I:: 1800 ,
_Q_2 J -l.!!
0
1023 - 18 err (Z)
.-.,ILI;"
Transient Heat COlldut:tion 1.311
~
Gilt"· .. ,tc:tnperature T i = 6000 C 2 3::: 8 3 K
\olUa
e tc:tnperature, TO =50 C.1. - 1"' ::: ' _ ' K
sur f ac
Thermal diffusi\,ity, a = 0.004 m- hr
["egati\e sign show , that heat I f
osr rom th e .In!! \ --0.004 m-) Ilr
3. Total heat ellergr ~o 1 , 3600
. [From H.\fT d .
a/a book
ito.
Or e tJl;:. I
La = 1.11 x IO~
Thermal conductivity, k = 1.2 W/mK.

== 2 48.5018
Y - 1023) X \~
\
IT' . . it / 1.66; 10--' Toji/ld :
l Ime IS given, 2 hr = 7,200 51 I
\ \. Temperature (T x) at a depth of 3 em after 6 minutes.

\qT == -803.5 / 106 J/m2 \ I 2. How much time (t) required, the temperature at J de
\
of 3 em will reach to 350 C. 0
[Negative 1'1)
how that heat lost from the ingot}
3. Cumulative heat (qT) at a depth of 3 till within first
Result : hour.
I. Time required to rca h the temperature 350 C is 1&1.1:1: Solution:
0
2. Instantaneous Ilcat n w, qx = -I ()1)72SA W/m2 In this problem hcat transfer co-efficieut n is not given
3. Total heat cncr 'y, 'IT - -XO".5 / 10(' J/m2 take it as CY).i.e., h ~ 00.
We know that,
@) A IlIrlo:C .,111" ;1I;1;lIlIy III (I ICIIII'et'lIlIIrc of' Mill' C ilndin
.
\3 lot nllmber, B· = -
u.,
I k
surfuce temperature h .'illddc"ly IlIlI'act/ 105(1"(. CII/(wl~1
h = CIJ
tile! /i,llol\';"1o:
I. T"IIIf1"rtIll1rC 11/11 tlc'[lIII or 3 nil I(fit'r (, ",;IIIIIt'S. i~
. .' , IIIre! /II II ilt'p'
2. II,,,,' ""h'III111ll' required. III,' tc'/IIpcNl . B·I vai .
a lie IS 00.
S 0, this., IS seuu .' III 1-III itcI.: solid type pro
oV
3 011 will rc aclt '0 3 -' 0" C. ,~I~I

., " '.' ~H'IIIIITf"'~
3. 1/,,· 11"1111(1/1' 01 ,'''111''/1111'''' lu 1111"'" ,
. . , . "1 Iwe III,IIT. \
[l1c",' til II tI"I'0l (~,.3 <'III 11·"1",, .f"s
Tuk« = 0.004 III) IIr. I. == 1.1,,-,,,,1\·
/.322 Heal and Mass Trails er
Case (i)
~~~- jet;;) - 0 03 m
Depth, x = 3 em = 0,03 III C' === 3 ern -,

Depth, x 'ate temperature, 0
T x::: 350 C + 273 = 623 K
Time, t = 6 minutes = 360 s
d
loterrne t
For semi infintie solid,
Forsemi infintie solid,
erf r· !c.1
Tt - To
Tj-TO =erf [21at] 0-
Tj-To
::: l2...;ut
=> T.x _ To [From HMT d ata book
T. _ To = erf (Z) page no 58] Tx- To == erf (Z)
." (I)
Tj-To
where
where
Z x
Z == 2#
Z 0.Q3
623 - 323
2-/1.11 x 10=6 873 _ 323 == erf (Z)
r: x 360
LZ == O,75J 0,545 = erf (Z)
Z == 0 ' 75 ,correspond'
II1g erf (Z) is 0,71116 erf (Z) == 0.545
erf (Z) == 0,71116 elj(Z) == 0,545, corresponding Z is 0,53
[Refer HMTd ala bo k

Iz = 0,53]
(Refer HMT data book page no. 59]
== 0,71116 0 pageno.59}
We know that,
x
==> ~
873 - 323 == 0,71116
Z = 2-:;at
x
0,53 := 2-:;at
0,03
0,53 := 2jl.ll x 10:::()x t
pa
. I .,325
7;'ans I.e 11]' Heat COl1dUCI1O!1__ __
I
/
llII!i__
'!ea!_ :._:;:__---
Mass transfer ---I
)' ~. I. " . n _ 0 25
- . MW/m
2
1
/.m (0.5))' (2)'
(0.03)'
1.11" \0-('" t
@' Oux, -'0
qo
I 06W 1m
C
llt
}-le ::= 0.25
1-I = 2S ?73 = 29R K

. , temp erClture
Om! (iii) 11,'IUll _ 0 10 III
Depth, x =-= J 1.:11\ == 0.03 11\
- 30 em - ..
\. -
Distance, . . := (l00 s
lime, I == I hr == 3600 s Tillle, t :.:: \0 lllinutes

1:1)1'semi infinite solid.
Total hcnt energy md: . T) after 10 minute ..

r.fi 1 Surfocc rem pcrat '" e (0 . nil em from Ihe surface
.
2.TcmpcJ'(\tlll ..c (T .\ .) (\t a cit. ranee .
50"";011 :
-~
It x 1.11 IQ-6 Heat fill', <to' .. , (I)
['I r = -424 -1'06l/~ ),', n I
lN~'gativc Si!!n shl)ws that heal lost from Ihe slabl /1, 11M'! data how,I J1 iv,I'; e III) 5!()
rrun /}
R,·.\'IIII:
/11 A'IT . rial I I )I)t) k fJ(/" ('
... I/O.
I. l" "= 7I-U I\. Propcn ic: of aluminium 2

2. I == 721.6 S '
Thcrmal diffusi"ity. (I. Xt1. ! R )' 10 II III /~
3. 4 T == -42.4 x 106 J/m- Thermal cOlldllCtlvlt). •• I k

'''- 7.04.2
. W/mK.
( 204.2 (Ttl - 29~) _.

III A ".,1 Infl,,;t, 'lab of 01" ml" I"m I, «spose« to 0""",,,
1) =.::>
025
'.
10(' :- -~- R4.1.. n «oo ;-='10 (;.
hetll Jlllx til nie Sllr/ace 0/ O. 25 \1Wlm2. Illitialtemperatilri
u/lhe slab is 25° C. ClIICIllllle tlte :lllr/llce telllpeNltllre il/ttr
10 milllltes and alsu /illt/tlte temperatllre til if tlistallcl!/if
(ii) For sellli infintie ~olid
3(J em from lite SlIr/ace after 10 milllll .
es
'1 \. - T 0 _ -r \ ... x _. 1
-:--1- '-T . l'1. /')(11 I Ii IllW J)II 58)
i- 0 .
/1'/,0111 I-IM7 dat a 100 e.
FTTtt

Transient Heat CondUction 1.327
~
T.\.- To
== erf (Z)
T'-T
I 0 ... (2)
I e s Ia b initially at a temperaturo of J 20° C alld itS
where '11 Alatg peralllre is suddenly lowered to 0° C. Calculate ! ,
, .Iace tent
i slit}' •
x . foJlowtng
Z ==_
2.jOi the The time reqllired for tire temperatllre gradient at the
J. .f. e to reacll 6°C/cm
0.30 Sllt,oc. . .
Z 2. The {Iepth (~t which tire rate of cooling IS m(Iximum
2)84.18 x 10-6 x 600 after two nun ute.
[Z ==
Take thermal diffusivity, a = 0.612 m1/II.
0.667 ]
Given:
Z == 0.667, corresponding elf (Z) is 0.65663 Initial temperature, T, = 120° C + 273 ::::393 K
[From HMT dala book Final temperature, TO = 0° C + 273 ::::273 K

,---___ page nu.59)
[ell (Z) = 0.65663] Thermal diffusivity, a = 0.612 m2/h
"('.f -To ----m

0.612 2/h
(2) 3600
T'-l CI 0.65663
I 0
= 1.7xIO-4m2/s
To find:
T{ - 785.61'(
298 - 785.68 = 0.65663 I, The time required for the temperature gradient at the
surface to reach 6°C/cm
2. The depth at which the rate of cooling is maximum after
I Tx ::; 465.4SK]
two minute.
Sfllul/OII :
Tcmperaturc at a distance at 30 em is 465.45 K
.In this problem heat transfer co-efficient II is not given. So
Resutt , take It a .
S C1.l. l.e., h ~ tJ).
I. Surface temperature, TO = 785.68 K We know that ,

". hL
2. Temperature at a distance of 30 em, T, = 465.45 K Btot number B. . c
'I k
h = 00
13·
~
.
,V.lue IS 00.
\ Bj = 00 \
So, this is semi infi,"" sou

'. . I'd t .pe
)
problem.
A
1.32H
------__
Case (i)
neat and Moss 7'.
lan·Ve,.
---.--
",,' I
I,
~
We know Ih(l1. Transient Heal 'onduction I.J2~
Temper(llllrc
<iT
<ix
!!radicnl
_6nc.
em
IS
-
dT
dx
~oo
~ -fo1lt
273 - 393
= 600 I ,
<iT (inC
=> .-~.:.--
<ix IO-2m
0== 74.89 s I
cll - .MIOne
---:>
<ix
---
III Case (ii)
1==2 min = 120 s
We know that,
For maximum cooling rate
x=~
Heat transfer. Q == kA ciT
dx x= /2 x 1.7 x -10-4 x 120'
Q
A
k -.
ciT I x = 0.20 m I
cix
Result:
:::::::> - ciT
k ,._ J. The time required for the temperature gradient to reach
qo [Heal flux,q J
cix o A 6 "Czcrn is 74.89 s.
dT ~ 2. The depth at which the rate of cooling is maximum after
:::::::>
dx k two min lite is 0.20 111.
:::::::> ~= 600 nC/m 1.5.7Transient Heat Flow in an Infinite Plate

k
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of
600 °C/I11 space is known as infinite solid.
Consider an infinite flat plate of uniform thickness 2L as
K Shown in fig. I. 15, which is initially at a uniform temperatllre of
Tj• It is slIcicienly exposed to a large mass of fluid having a
1cnlperfltllr" Tv. Thi. temperature is aS~lJIned to be constant
IhrOllnl
. r 1 out the process
. '1" ie p I a te. is extended
of cooling or heating.
10 InC' .
Illlty In the y and z directions.
/.330 Heal and MaS\" Tor "f,
---- __ ..:.:._:::.
~1~/ans.ler
Transient Heal Conduction 1.331
~ ==f[~' ht,~~)
r.: r,
tion we know that conduction resistance is
this equa ,
fro~ The temperature history becomes a function of
I-I
liulble.
I
neg hLc] Fourier number [a-2t and the dimensionless
0 "
JTIber [ - , L
I :: OU k
I (.!-)which indicates the location of point within the
.!f3rneter L
e temperature is to be obtained. The dimensionless
dale Vi h er
~rameter l~ 1
is replaced by [ ~ lin case of cylinders and
-x I .pberes.
Heisler has prepared charts for graphical solutions of the
Fig. 1.15 Infinite plate
The heat transfer C f . steady state conduction
problems. These charts have been
plate and the fluid O-e ficlent between the onstructed in non-dimensional parameters. The charts are
center of the I .on both sides is assumed t b surface of the
p ate IS selected as tl .. 0 e constant. The
: 9Jitablefor problems with a finite surface and internal resistance.
ie orgln. I for suchcase the biot number lies between 0 and 100.
The governing different' I .
d2T ra equatIon is These heiler charts were further extended and improved by
- ==i_ dT !rober.
dx2 a dx
The boundary co di . The heiler and grober charts are used to solve the problems
.n Itlons are ofsUddenim'rnersion of plate, cylinder
. .'
or sphere 1I1toa fluid,
I. At t ==0 1" _- NOle:
, 0 - fj
2.Atx==0, dT For infinite solids

==0 Take '
cJx
3.Atx==±L,kA ciT T i-Initial temperature - K.
dx ==hA [TO - T ifJ T C7;J
-
F'mal temperature
- K.
bo The solution of the ab . . .' To - Center line temperature - K.
Ulldary conditio . .' ove dIfferentIal equation with these
n IS gIven by It. T x - Intermediate temperature - K
11~lfinite solids, biot number value is in between 0.1 and 100
r.e 0 I
., . < B, < 100.
Transient Heat COlldUClioll I.JJJ
l
2
0.05
I L. 0.025 III \
Given: We knoW that,

hlc
lhic.kncss, L == 5 ern ::::0.05 rn BiotllUl\lber. I3j = k
1800 0.025
Initial temperature T == 4000 C + 273
I ==673K 204.2
Finaltcmperature T ::::900 C + 273::: 363 K
Distance, .r = 10 rnrn == 0.0 I 0 III
Biotllumber value i in between O. I and 100.
Time t v- 1 minute == 60 s 0, thi i infinite solid type prubleill.
i.e .. 0.\ < I3j \ 00.
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 1800 W/m2K
To Ii IItI :
Case (i) I iter
r ;n'il/;te fI £)11'. rej
1. Mid plane temperature (TO) lifter I min ., "pera(llre fio 'J'
/ I J
{Tv calculate III/ p ane et .. f!e;\'/er "hart
n
6- (S'/x III e(//t/O ) - .
distance ofO.OIOm HAfT data book p .Ige no.o:
2. Intermediate temperature ( T .r ) at a
at
from the mid plane. X axis ----)fourier lIumber == L;
Sotution : 10-6 x 60
A '(lg~ 110 11
~
rt-
-
1'0111
IJ '1'( doto hun' I
7/1 == (0.025)2
Propel! ies of aluminium iHC
Thr-rma l diffusivity, (1 ~-= ~4. J R

== 204.2\\ /mK.
'l hernia I conduct ivity, k
. nt Heat Conduction J .335
Trans re

.' f 0 0 \ m from mid p\ane
hLc (II) distance 0 .
Curve # ra\Ure at a no 66 (Sixth edition).
k
1et1\\)e T data book page .
\ 800 x 0.025 HM
204.2 [Refer J
charI
,~eisler _ hLc:: 0.11
. Blot number, B, - k
Y. at-is ~
x _ _Q_.O\ :: OA
X axis value is 8.08, curve value is 0.22 F Cut'le ~ :: Lc - 0.015
can find corresponding Y axis value is O. \ 9 lFr' rom that, ~t . 0 4 from that, 'Weca
om graph\. . 0 11 curve va\ue is . .
. ova\ue \S . ,
'j. aY.\S . '{ axis va\ue is O.9S.
lInG corresponding
Q\
o
II
QO
0:
o
II
at _
-- - 8.08
Lc2
Y ax is = TO - Too = O.\ 9 ~= 0.11

\r.
T-T 1 00
TO-363 =0.19
673 - 363
\x-363 =O.9S
TO = 421.9 K 41\.9 - 363
\
Mid plane temperature or
Center line temeprature, To = 42 \.9 K J ~
Trans I'ent Heal Conduction 1.33
/.336 Heal and Mass Transfer :::: 84.18 10-6 m2/s
.' (l
·tfuSIY1t)'.
Temperature at a distance of 0.0 I 0 fr
om the mid dl
11'ef11lal c:::: 896 J/kg K
420.72 K. plane'
IS .....cificheat, p '. k:::: 204.2W/mK.
Result,' 5y- ductivlty.
.....,alcoo
I. Mid plane temperature, To = 421.9 K fIIe ll"
2. Temperature at a distance of 0.0 10m fro I

_L
In tIe rn'd Slob. .' length, Lc:::: 2
T, = 420.72 K. plane tenSue
eharac
I If
0.120
== -
III A slab of aluminium 120 "'''' thlck is illitiall
2
.1' 600" C I' .
temperature oJ . . tIS slIddenly itnmer!)"edin IIYIi "' .II I. == 0.06 ffiJ
"0"(' . I' . I.' qUId ~~c:....-__ ---
til 1~ ,re'HI ttng III (I teat transfer c()-e//iiciefl' 0/
1400 WlmlK. Calculate the [ollowing
We knoW that, h Le
I. Temperature (It tile center line after I millute.
2. Temperature (It tile surface
Biot number, a, == k
3. Total thermal energy removed per unit area \400 O.Q§
J(
204.2
Give" :
Thickness, L ::;:120 mill == 0.120 III
~ [Bi = 0.41 iJ
Initial temperature, T, = 600 0
C 273 = 873 K .' . olid type problem.
0.\ < Bi < \ 00, So this IS infinIte 5
final temperature, 1'0 = 1200 C 273 = 393 K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 1400 W/Il12K.
CUt (i) .. 'illiteplate, refer
Toflnd : ture/or In}'
I. Temperature at the center .
11111.: a t" ter I' III
inute [To calculate mid plane temperah tJ
i AfT data book page 110.65 H e IS. Ire
'H
e ar
2. Temperature at the surface I
at
3. Total thermal energy remover I pe r unit area X axis -+ Fourier number::; L;
60
0-6 )I.
Solution " .. book page ,,0 / J
"AIK)I.~
[From HAn data :::~)2
l. t=
Properties
Density,
of aluminium
p = 2707 kg/rn-'
are \ minute= 60 51
I
~
1.33 Hear and Mass Transfer
I "J he surface i.e., x = Lc

I..tIll tUre at t
V" re(1lpera
urvc -... \ x = 0.06 m I
I -:;
.c HMT data book page nO.66 - Heisler chart]
[ Rejer
:::; 0.411
hLc
hL . Biot number, B· = - = 0.411
I k
Cune -... k = 0.411 X a,XIS ~
x - ~= I
curve ~ == Lc - 0.06
X axis value is 1.403, Curve alue is 0 4
can find rresponding Y axis alue is 0.62.' II. From that, lI.e .
1 . 0 411 curve value is I.From that, we can
X va ue IS.
a,XIS , •
:) rresponding Y axis value IS 0.85.
hLc
-k-= 0.411
1- Too = 0.85 ~ ~~
- Too
1.403
TO - T
Y axis= --- = 0.62
hLc= 0.411
k
Y axis T -T
To - 393 = 0.62
= x ee) = 0.85
To-Tee)
873 - 393
Tx - 393 = 0.85
TO = 690.6 K
690.6 - 393
I Centre line temeprature, To = 690.6 K T, = 645.96 K
Tronsie,,' Heo: CQMuction 1.341
C4S~ (Iii)
Total thermal enercv
. e.J re moved
or
Total heat energy removed.
0.8
[Refer HMT data b
ook Po
ge 110.6 }
X axis _ h2 at 0.6
- ----..:....
k2
Q
- (1400)2 x 84 18 /"
~ .
04
-~I(M>£,
(240.2)2~
\ X axis == 0.171J
hLc \0 \()2
Curve ~ -k-
1400 x 0.06
204.2
I Curve i--s
hLc = 0,411 \
-k-
(J):::::> _g_ =
Qo
0.24
:::::> Q = 0.24 x Q
o
X axis value is 0.171, curve value is 0.411. From that we
can find corresponding Y axis value is 0.24. ' = 0.24 x \39.7 x lO~
Y·axis = - 0 = 024 \Q
00 . ... (I)
We know that, Rts .. " :
00 = pCp LITj - T [Refer HMT data bool I. Temperature at the centre line, TO = 690.6 K
page "0.6J)
2.Temperature at the surface, T, = 645.96 K
= 2707 x 896 x 0.120 x [873 - 3931
~~7:: 106 J/1I12 3. Total heat energy removed, Q = 33.52 x l()6 J/m2,.
I1J A long steel CYlinder 15 . Transient Heat Conduction 1.343

temperature of 350 C. It is Icm lI'am . eler 01';0'
Calculate tl,e fOllowing p ocea Ill(
0 Q fur"ac
a/"l1/t
Y 01 Q
~ we~(10 hL c
e Qt 950' r.
. number, Bi - k
1 ,.,..,. . • 610t
. lime reqUiredfor tile ax'
IS temperatu 150 x 0.0375
2. C·orrespondtng temperatur re 10,.elle!, 820'
20
. e at a radius 01" C
t'me. 'J 6 e", III
IhQl :::> [ Bi == 0.281251
Take a = 6.11 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 20 W.
Given: '/tng, /1 :::: J 50 WI",1!. 0.1<Bj < 100 , So this is infinite solid type problem.
Diameter,D= 15cm==0.15m
Radius, R ==7.5 ern ==0.075 m
I cast (i) .
Initial temperature, Tj ==35° C + 273 == 308 K I AXIS. temp erature (or) centre__Ime temperature
Final temperature, T ex) ==950° C + 273 == 1223 K

I To==8200C+273=1093K
I To ==1093 K
a == 6.1 I x 10-6 m2/s
Time (t) ==?
k == 20 W/mK
[Refer HMT dolo book page no.68(Sixth edition))
h == 150 W/m2K
Tofind: hR
Curve
K
I.Time required for the axis temperature to reach 820°e. ISO x 0.075 = 0.5625
2. Corresponding temperature at a ra d IUS
. 0 f 6 ern at that time.
20
Solution: Yaxis To-Too

For Cylinder, T, - Too
Characteristic length, Lc == R
2 1093 - 1223
= 0.142
308 - 1223
0.075
2 . 0 5625. From that, we
Y axis value is 0.142, curv e value
. 2IS5 .
can fiInd Corresponding X axis. value IS .
0.0375 m ]
'*li!J/l::
'-:;-'
L
"
1.344 Heal and Mas. Transfer
Transient Heat Conduction I.~
X ,axis
,. ., -- -""'25
0. t
R2 .
==
. 0 8 X axis value is 0.5625. From that,

value 15 . . 08-
CurVe on diIn g Y axis alue IS . ).
corres P
(LIl d
.;J)J Tr - T = 0.85
is ==-
yaX To-Ta.,
(J. t
-= 2.5
R2 T, - T if. -:= 0.85 th-----~
_:.----
To - T,FJ
-R2
U t
= 2.5
6. J J x J ()-6 x t hR == 0.56
= 2.5 k
(0.075)2
/t = 2301.55/ == 0.85
Case (ii)
Intermediate radius, r = 6 em = 0.06 m Tr - 1223 == 0.85

1093-1223 _8200C+273=10931<
[ .: To-
[r = 0.06 mj
{Refer HMT data book page no. 69(.S Ixth edilion)]
r
Curve = -
R
Result:
0.06 0.8 ·dt-230
I. Time require , -).5s
0.075 :=: 1112.5 K.
.
2. Intermediate tern perature, T r
hR ,
X axis =
k
o A sphere of 30 mm dia
meter is .
temperature of 450°C It is t ,nitlally III ~ for

·
center lme temperature rea h
p aced
c es 3500
in·
llir at 2'
Q IIJ,'
~oC
if, . .
. Characteristic length Lc
= R
3
transfer co-efficient /, = 15 W/nr2 C "'ith tire IIIrtiJ ~
immersed in a water at 220C . K. After thlll fir locoJ ~ = 0.015
wlIh he e $ph 3
of 5500 W/m1 K until the cent . attrQlISJer Cn.... tlti
from 350°C to 60°C
ter /llre t v-tf!~
elllperOll4re r~
I Lc = 5 x 10-3 m I
Calculate the following: 15 x 5 x 10-3
B·I
22
1. Time required/or cool,'n'o' ,
Gina"
2. Time required for coolin»G in Water B·I = 3.4 x 10-3 <0.1.
3. Surface temperature after cool' , Biot number value is less than 0.). So. this is lumped heat
mg III lVtlJer
Take p = 3100 kg/mJ, C p = 1005 Jlkg, k = 22 WI"" analysistype problem.
,
a= 6,6 x 10-6 m1/s. For lumped heat analysis (Cooling in air)
Given: Initial temperature, To = 4500 C + 273 == 723 K
Diameter of sphere, D = 30 mm == 0.030 m Final temperature, T = 220 C + 273 == 295 K
OC)
. temperature, T -- 350 C + 273 == 623 K

0
Radius, R = 15 mm = 0.015 m Intermediate
Density, p = 3100 kg/m' For lumped parameter system,
Specific heat, Cp = 1005 J/kg K -hA t]
[ CpxV x p x
Thermal conductivity, k = 22 W/mK,
==e
.. , (I)
Thermal diffusivity, ex. = 6.6 x 10-6 m2/s. [Refer HMT data book
V page no. 57]
Solution: Characteristics length, Lc == A
Case (i): Cooling in air
T-TOC)
.[Cp:hLc' p 'I]
We know that, (I) ::) ==e
Biot number, s, = T
hLc
15 _xt]
==e lo05x 5 x 10-3 x 3100
[
623 - 295
where, h = 15 WIm2K
723 - 295
fi ;
' .r~I.;'.
.1, ,.
1.348 Heat and Mass Transfer Transient Heat Conduction 1.349
In [623-295]_
723-295 -~
-15
)( 10-3 '(100)( t
_-
_ k
It;: 276.3 sJ "'"

~=3.75
22
Time required for cooling in ..
air IS 276.3 s.
Case (ii) Cooling in water
333 - 295 == 0.1158

B·lot num b er B· == --hLc :::623 - 295
, I k
where h - Heat transfer co-efficient = 5500 W/m2K I 3 75 Y axis value is 0.1158. From that, we
•
Curve value IS . , . 8
d· X axis value IS 0.4 .
For sphere :In find correspon 109
Characteristic length, Lc =
R
Xaxis= ~ == 0.48
3 R2
0.015
3 _E!_ == 3.75
I
Lc = 5 x 10-3 m I To- T
__ 00_ = 0.1158
k
r, - Too
5500 x 5 x 10-3
B·I
22
a. t == 0.48
I Bi = 1.25 ] R2
I·d pe problem.
0.1 < Bi < 100. So, this is infinite so I ty E:...L == 0.48
R2
for infinite solids (Cooling in water)
• • I 0 273 ==623 K 6.6 x 10-6 x t == 0.48
Initial temperature, T, = 350 C + K
• 0 273==295 (0.015)2~
Final temperature, Too = 22 C+ 333 J( t == 16.36 s
0 C + 273 == ] . 1636 S
Centre line temperature, To == 60 geno)1 1. in water IS· ~.
bOOK pO
[Refer HMT data The time required for CO mg ' ..... '
.~~
"....':
7
/ I~II IfNI/lind M'I"e 'l"il'" ,

. , ''''?,t'f'
n", II)
~rt-'J/" ::().J
;:; To - Trl..
( r ~ ,
~
T, - 295
:: 0,3
J,(J ~ ~ 333 - 295
(j (1' I <. I
1'1 It I) fi1IJ(",M "'1; ~lJit;,-" '

.,,·,.r-kJ
rrr = 3()6.4K I
X lf~I'" III' surface temperature after cooling in water is 306.4 K.
k
. ')(J(J / C).{j I
In'" :
L Time required for cooling in air, t = 276.3 s
22
- ,,7 2. Time required for cooling in water, t = 16.36 s
J. Surface temperature after cooling in water, T, = 306.4K.
Curv« v~llI(; ,I} I. X axi-
i1,d~ villo i. o,'},
, value ; ~ ),75, com: pon
M d'
mg Y
1.5.9Solved University Problems on Infinite Solid!
I1]A slab of aluminium 10cm thick is originally at II

temperature of SOODe. It is suddenly immersed in a liquid
at /{)ODC resulting in a heat transfer co-efficient of
1200 Wlm2 K. Determine the temperature at the centreline
and the surface 1 minute after the immersion. Also
L: I: I
R calculate tire total thermal energy removed per unit arell
of tireslab during this period. Tireproperties of aluminium
for the given conditions are
a = 8.4 x 10-5 m]ls k = 215 WlmK
hR p 2700 kglm3 C = 0.9 kllkg K

T- 3.75
«
[ May 2005. Anna un.iv.] I.>.,

~
~.l~
1:_1~_~ Iltffl/ tmtl A111.\·.~
- ---
(ti"ctn .'
~
llli '''"eSS, L
7h"""re,.
----~..::::::.--....c----="=>-_
10 ell) 0.10
Transient Heat Conduction 1.353 I
I
(
111
~.
I
Initial hllllP~1'II11I1' • Tj 00" (11 leu late III id
plane temperature for infinite plate. refer
rTo ca
bOOkpage I . (Sixth edition) - Heisler chart]
10 6S
FillaltcmpCl'lItlll'(" T - 100" .73 ... 77 L'
1\ ·t'fdllIS
1
I
~~ I
I kilt lntllslcl'. 273 .. 373 I,

c\)- 'I)'icirlll, h::::: 1100 I(
i!.!._
Prop,.rtico!tof "'''",ini"", "'(' ~ Whn2K I .
X aXIs -+
Fourier number = L
c2
I
Density, p - .700 kg/Ill 8.4 x 10-5 x 60
(0.05)2
Thermal ditTusivit , i) ::::: 8.4 . 10-5 m2/s.
Thermal condul:ti, uv, k ::: .. I" W/mK [.: t = 1 minute = 60 s]
Specific heat, p " O. k.l/kg K r:l_!axis. -+ Fourier number =2.0161
== 0.9 . 103 J/kg~ K .

hLc
1lJjilld: Curve --+ = k
I. Temperature at t.he entre line after 1 minute.
1200 x 0.05
-. Temperature at the surface 215
3. Total thermal energ removed per unit area.
Solution: I Carve -> "~" 0.2791
We know that . 0279. From that, we

. 2. 016 , cu rvevaluels.
X axis value IS . 064
Characteristic length for slab, L
L =_=- 0.10 can find corresponding. Y axis value IS . .
c 2 2
ILc = 0.05 m I
hLc = 0.279
hLc k
Biot number, s, =T 1200 x 0.05
215
~ I Bj = 0.279/
at == 2.016
. between 0 . ) and 100,
. In
Biot number value IS blefll.
lJ
i.e., 0.1 < B, < ) 00, So, this IS., infinite. sorid type pro
Tran .
\).119 _-=-:=--=-:-7_~:..::.:~sl~en'!!_t!}_H.~e(Jalend'
~2 Temperature at the surface T _ 0 llello" 1.357
. , x - 598.28 K
Q 3. Total thermal energy removed per urut. area

Qo = 0.34 Q = 33.04 x 106 J/m2 '
r1I A large iron plate of lOcm tl,iclcnessad' .

I.:J n ongma/lyat 800-C
is suddenly exposed to an environment at O.C
• ,1"1"... ",'here'''e
convectIOn co-efficient IS 50 Wlm1K . Calcula'e 'he
ttmperature at a depth of -Icm from one OJ'he .£
facts
100 seconds after the plate is exposed to t'he tnv"OIf~IIL
.
We know that , How. muclr.. energy has been lost per unit area oJ
.£ th l
e pille
durtng this time.
[June 2006 - Anna. Univ]
[Refer HMT data bookp GiI'en:

age no.63 (Sixth td"1I101lj!
Thickness of iron plate, L = 10 em = 0.10 m
= 2700 x 0.9 x 103 x 0.10[773-373) Initial temperature, Ti = 8000 C + 273 = 1073 K

0 C + 273
0
Qo = 97.2 x 106 J/m2. Final temperature, Too = = 273 K

Convective heat transfer co-efficient, h = 50 W/m2K
From graph, we know that,
Distance, x = 4 em = 0.04 m
Q
Qo = 0.34 time, t = 100 s
Io flnd :
I. Temperature (Tr) at a depth of 0.04m from one end of
Q = 0.34 'Qo
the plate.
= 0.34 97.2 10 6
2. Total thermal energy lost per unit area, Q
Q = "3.04 ' 106 Jim· Solution:
l raj Properties of iron are
1 Thermal conductivity, k = 72.7 W/mK
Q=33.0-l 10 Jlnt 2
Th erma I diff .'
I· USIVlty, (l
- 20 .34 x 10-6 m /s.
-
• ~.Sldl:
To::: 629 K
I. Temperature at the centre line
Density, p = 7897 kglmJ
Specific heat, Cp = 452 J/Kg K. ______ hLc
For Slab .> curve:::: k
Characteristic length, L L 0 50 x 0.05

c " -::: .10
2 -....::. 72.7
2
§i"ve :::: 0.0343/
~
We know that, is 0 183 curve value is 0.0343. From that, we
X xis va Iue I . ,
a ding Y axis value is 0.92 [From graph}.
Biot number, 8· hLc
== _ can find correspon
I k
50 x 0.05
72.7
TO- Teo = 0.92
:LC = 0.0343
Ti - Teo
[Note: Biot number value is less than 0.1. So, thisislumped

heat analysis i.e., Neglecting internal resistance.
Bur
we have to find temperature at a depthof 4cm from
one end. So, we can go for Heisler Chart} To - Teo
Y axis = == 0.92
Case (i) Ti - Teo
TO - 273
To calculate mid plane temperature, refer HMT data bookpage = 0.92
no.65(Sixth edition). 1073-373
. at => TO == 1009 K
X axis ~ Fourier number = -2
Lc . plane temperature or Centre I·me temperature, To
Mid 1009 K
Case (ii)
20.34 x /0-6 x 122
(0.05)2 Temperature at a depth ofO. 04 m from mid plane.
I X axis ~ Fourier number 0.813J

I, [Refer HMT data book page no. - H""'A
66 (Sixth edition)
1.360 Heal and U
X axis ~ B'
ass Transfer
lot numb er, B.", h Lc 1 Transient Heal Conti .

_-------.....::..=.:::.:..:-:::::..~UC~/lIloon 1.36/
Curve :::: t- ",~
c 0.05'" 0.8
I ~
k::: 0.0343 ~Fourier

X 8,,15
number = h
2
k2
11 t
can . X axis value is 0 03

find corresponding y
4~, curve Val .
= (50)2 x (20.34 x 10-6)x 100
(72.7)2
aXIS value' Ue IS 0.8 F
x
IS 0.90
.
. tOrn th
at, "'e I
X axis = 0.962 x 10-3 ]
L"'0.8 hLc
c
Curve -k-
I
50 x 0.05
= 72.7
@urve = 0.0343/
X axis value is 0.962 10-3, curve value is 0.0343. From

x
that, wecan find corresponding Y axis value is 0.02.
hLc
k= 0.0343
0.6
Tx - 273
= 0.90 Q 0.4
1009 - 273
Qo
r, = 935.4 K 0.2
Temperature at a depth of 0.04m from one endoftheplate,

1 xlOl
T, = 935.4 K 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
h2a t
Case (iii) k2
Total thermal energy lost per unit area, Q
... (I)
Y8)(15·=_Q_=002 .
67 (.'Six/h edition)} Q
o
[Refer HMT data book page no.
Transient Heal Conduction 1.363
1.362 Heat and Mass Transfer _ 25 min :::0.0125 m

r - \.
We know that. (lCe,· 80
Vista .inutes::: \ s
3 Ill
fit1le, t :::; fficient, h = 285 W/m2K
sfer co-e
O
tlest tra . iry a.::: 0.043 m2/hr
[Refer HMT data book page no.63 (Sixth .. I ditTuSIVI ,
edition)] fhef(lllJ = \. \ 9 x \ 0-5m2/s.
= 7897 x 452 x 0.10 [1073 - 273]
. iry k::: 42.S W/mK
I Qo = 0.285 x 109 J/m21 ,henna
\ conduCtlVI ,
go = 0.02 ~fj"d: . e temperature,

I. center lin
To
\ 2S em from the mid plane.
ature inside the plate .
Q = 0.02 x Qo 2. Temper
= 0.02 x 0.285 x 109 ~"';o":

Q=5.7x 106J/m2 fll Platt:
Characteristic leogt
hL
c
= -
L
2
= Q;Qi
2
Result:
I. Tx = 935.4 K
= 0.025 m]
2. Q = 5.7 x 106 J/m2
Weknow that, hLc _ _]8S .::-Q.:021.
111 A large steel plate 5 em thlck is initially at a uniform Biot number, a, = k - 42.5
temperature of 400· C. It is suddenly exposed on hoth sides
to a surrounding at 60·C wit" convective "eat transfer ~ ~i:: 0.167~
co-efficient of 285 Wlm}K. Calculate the centre line
id pe problem.
temperature and the temperature inside the plate 1.25 em hi . infinite soh ty
O.\ < s, < \ 00, So, t IS IS
from tile mid plane after 3 minutes.
Takek for steel = 42.5 WlmK, a for steel = 0.043 m1/hr. . temepratul
Case (i) rature or Mid plane
line tempe....ook page no. 651
[Nov'96 MUj {Tocalculate centre
. HMT data vvv
Given: for infinite plate, refer
Thickness, L = 5 em = 0.05 m
I ..
;, n.llIal temperature, r, = 400 0 C + 273 = 673 K
~ Flnalte
~ mperature, TaJ = 600 C + 273 = 333 K
J.364 Heat and Mass Transfer
~ =0.64
X axis ~ Fourier number = at Ti - Tet)
Lc2
~:::0.64
= 1. 19 x I 0-5 x I 80 673 - 333
1-------- (0.025)2 -
\ X axis ~ Fourier number = 3.42 , ~
550.6 K
Curve = hLc
k
~~ .
285 x 0.025 Temperature (T;t) at a distance of 0.0125 m from mid plane
= = 0.167 {Refer HMT data book page no.66}
42.5
ICurve = u., = 0.167 \_

-k- X axis ~ Biot number,
hLc
a, :::k::: 0.167
X axis value is 3.42, curve value' . x - 0.0125 == 0.5

can find corresponding' Y r.. IS 0.167. From that, we
.
axis value IS 0.64 e urve ~ ::: --Lc 0.025
X axis value is 0.167, curve value is 0.5. From that, w
== 0.64
tan find corresponding Y axis value is 0.97.
T 1- T (I,;::: 0.97 ~~...,_:>....--~

hLc O.S
TO-T "', -k-= 0.167 To-Tu:
T = 0.64
i- T." 0.6
h~ 0.\67
k
1.366 Heal and Mass Transfer :::::1 hour == 3600 s
fme t
T, - Ta> I '. P == 998 kg/m3
Y axis == == 0.97 penslty, . 2
To-Too fer co-efficient, h == 6 W 1m K
tieat trans
Tx-Too h at C == 4180 J/kg K
= 0.97 specific e , p
To-Too al conductivity, k = 0.6 W/mK
Therm
k _ 0.6
T, - 333
----'''---- = 0.97 al diffusivity, ex == -p C - 998 x 4180
Ther m p
550.6 - 333
(ex == 1.43 x 10-7m2/s.\
Temperature at a distance of 1.25 em from the mid plane is 544 K.
Result: ToFind:
Center line temperature (To)
1. Centre line temperature, To == 550.6 K
2. Intermediate temperature, T x == 544 K Solution
For Sphere. R
III A 10 em diameter apple approximately spherical in shape is Characteristic length, Lc == 3
taken from a 20° C environment and placed ill a refrigerator 0.05
where temperature is 5° C and average heat transfer == 3
coefficient is 6 Wlml K. Calculate the temperature at the centre
of the apple after a period of 1 hour. The physical properties
Gc ~ 0.016 mJ
of apple are density = 998 kglm3. Specific heat == 4180 J/kg K, We know that,
Thermal conductivity = 0.6 WlmK. hLc
Biot number, Bi == k
[Apr'98 M.UJ
Given: ~
::: 0.6
Diameter of sphere, 0 = 10 em = 0.10 m
~
Radius of sphere, R = 5 em = 0.05 m
~ ~. lid type problem.
. . . finite so
Initial temperature, T, = 20° C + 273 == 293 K this IS In
F' I . 0.1 < Bi < 100. So,
ma temperature, Too= 5° C + 273 = 278 K
1. 368 Heal a"d Mass Transfer
I"fi"ile Solids
d b [To calculate centre I'me temp ---------
ala ook page no.71 (S'IX th editionj]
" erature
. for sphere ' reler
c- Ii
Xaxis = ~ MT
R2
= 1.43 x 10-7 x 3600

(0.05)2 ,tsll/f: Center line t~l1ll;pr:ltLln.:. r c, ~90.9K
I X axis = 0.20 I ] A long steel cy! i,,"« 1_ cm ,/illmtltr and illi,ially ., 20' C
0
i> plac,,1 in 0 [ur nil<' at 820· C wi,h h = 14 IfI m ' K.
hR
Curve
k
\ C.lc.
I lote
,I" ume "if"ir_" fur ,I.. «<is " .. p"II'." '0
".eI,
800· .,t I 0 CIIlc "IIIte ,I.. corr<spo",lillRttn",,,a,."
6 x 0.05 .,. r.di. of 5.4 <III ,II ,IIU' time- Physic,,1 proper,i" of
0.5 Z
0.6
stee! CITe k :: 21 WI",K, a= 6.11 )( Itrb m /!.
[0(.'('99 M. Vj
I
.Curve 0.5 I
II
X axis. value is 0 20
find corresponding Y '. ,curve. value is 0.5. From that w GiI'tn:
axis value IS 0.86. ' e can
Diameter f c lin lcr. \) :: 1- em :: O.\ - til
~ Y axis = To - Too Radiu f phere, R - cm " 0.06 111

= 0.86 273:: 293 K
Ti-Too Initialtemperatur·. T, ==
Final temperature. T = 8,0· C 273 = 109- K
2K
hR _ Heat transfer _etli~i';llt. II - 140 W/ln
k - 0.5
or
Axi temperature } ., = 800· C 21) = ,01' K
o
Centre line temperature 4
Intermediate radiu , r:: SA ~t1I:: 0.05 III
\ 0-6 mIls.
1
Thermal dillusi it)" u. ;::: 6.1
Th . I·:: 2 \ W /In K
ermal conducti It),,"
~.
~
1.370 Heat and Mass Transfer Transient Heat Conduction 1.371
To find: _____
I. Time (t) required for the axis temperat
ure to reach 800 0
2. Corresponding temperature (T ) at a d' C. 1073 - 1093

r ra IUS of5 . 4 ern
Solution: . ::: 293 - 1093
i or Cylinder,
Characteristic length, Lc ::: R _ 0.06
2 -2 lue is 0.4 Y axis 0.025. From that, we can find
curve V a '.
0.03 m 1 l.,rr~~I[)()n(Jlm~X axis value IS 5.
We know that,
Biot number B.::: hLc
'I k
::: 140 x 0.03

21
~ Ir--B-:::-0-.2-1
j
0.1 < Bj < 100. So, this is infinite solid type problem. at - 5
R2 -
':ase (i) ~ X axis = ~ = 5

R2
Axis temperature }
or To ::: 8000 C 5 x (0.06)2
t =
Centre line temperature (6.11 x 10--6)
TO::: 8000 C + 273 = 1073 K

Time (t)?
It = 2945.9 sJ
Case (ii)
[Refer HMT data book ::::0 054 m
page no. 68(Sixth edition)] Intermediate radius, r = 5.4 em' . h dition)]
Curve ::: hR a e no.69(szxt e
k [Refer HMT dala book p g
::: 140 x 0.06

::: 0.4 = ~::::0.9
21 Curve
_L
R 0.06
I. J 72 Heal alld Mass Transjer
Trans, LJ
lent neat Conduction I. 373
X axis == hR , ~ems for practice
K
~uminium cylinder 5 em in diameter and initially ot
140 x 0.06
== 0.4 /. 200 C is suddenly
11 exposed to a convection environment
' at
21 2
70llC and I, = 525 Wlm K, Determine the temperature at a
Curve value. is 0.9 ,.~X axis va I lie IS. 0 4 radiUS 0/1.25 em and the heat lost per unit length 1minutes
find corresponding Y axis val . 0 .. FrollJ that nfter the cylinder is exposed to environment.
lie IS .84. ' We can
Take P = 2700 kglm3, C = 0.9 kJlkg K, k = 215 WlmK

a= 8.4 x 10 52'
m Is.
0.9
R I Oct' 2002 M U]
]. A slab of rubber of thickness 40 em, initially at a uniform
temperature of 300 e. It is exposed to air at 30" C, the
11
convection co-efficient being 240 kJII" m1 "C. Assuming that

il is a large slab, find the mid plane temperature after 15
hR
- k == 04. minutes.
T -T {Manonmanium Szmdaranar University Nov'96]

Y axis == r <r.l
== 0.84
TO-T(1J J. A steel plate (a = 1.25 x 10-5 m1ls, p = 7833 kglmJ,
Cp = 465 Jlkg ° C, k = 43 Wlmll C) thickness 5 em initially at
Tr -T (1J
== 0.84
uniform temperature of 200 C is suddenly immersed in an
11
TO-T(1J oil both at 20°e. The convection heat transfer co-efficient

Tr-1093 between the fluid and the surface is 500 Wlml "C How long
== 0.84 will it take for the centre plane to cool to 100"C
1073 - 1093
{ Madurai Kamara} University Apr'97]
~1076.2KJ 4 .' initially at a uniform
, A metallic sphere of radiUS 10 mm IS I' 't .
I d b"jirsl coo »s I tn
R~sull : temperature oif400° C. It is "eallrea e J
'I ' ntralltmperalure
IT" air (/, = 10 WI",2 K) at 20° C unll ~/S ce both 01 20" C
. nne required for I . hed m awaltr
2945.9 s. t re aXIS temperature to reach 800°C is reaches 335° e. It is then quenc if Ihe sphere cools
re
2. Temperature (T with h = 6000 WI",1K until the cenl 0 uired/orcooling
uJ Ihe time req
r) at a radius of 5.4 em is 1076.2 K. from 335°C to 50° C. Co",p e . oJ ro.nertieso/sphert
. fi L wing phYSIC p r
'" air anti water for the 0 ,0 A
~
I
1. 3
74 Heat and Mass Transfer I Conduction 1.375
~onduction,
In c energy exchange takes place by the k'memauc.
p= 3000 kglnr3,
motion or ~irect impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found
C = 1000 Jlkg K only in sohds.
k=20 WlmK Define Convection.
4. convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between
a= 6.6 xlfr6 m2ls.
solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
a . .
[ Bharathiyar UniversityA temperatures. Convection IS possible only in the presence of
pr'97]
5. A 15 em thick plate initially at 20 C is suclden/u Pt'
0 fluid medium.
U Into a
:J
0
J
furnace at 1100 C. The values of thermal condu CtilV,ty
I
. Define Radiation.
and diffusion co-efficient of plate are k = 30 WlmK
I an d 5. The heat transfer from one body to another without any
a= 0.042 mllhr. The average heat transfer co-efficient;s 350 transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an
WI",2 K. Find the temperature at tire surface and at the centre electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
after 5 minutes of heating.
6. Sttrte Fourier's law of conduction.
[Nov'97 Manonmanium Sundaranar University] [Apr'97, Oct' 98 Madrasllniv ,
May'04, May'05 , June'06 Anna Univ]
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured
1.6Two mark Questions and Answers normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
gradient in that direction.
1. Define heat transfer. dT
Qa-A ~
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from
one region to another due to temperature difference.
Q= -kA dT
2. What are the modes of heat transfer? dx
1. Conduction where, A - Area in m2
2. Convection
3. Radiation dT _ Temperature gradient, KIm
d.x
3. What is conduction.
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK
Heat conduction is"amechan ism of heat transfer from a region '97 M U. Oct' 99 M lJ.'
of h~gh temperature to a region of low temperature within a 7 . 'ty [Apr .,
. Define Thermal conductivi . bility of a substanceto
medlUm(solid
" . I
I'IqUiid or gases) or different medium 10
. direct .' . defined as the a
I
Thermal conductivtb' IS
phYSicalcontact.
conduct heat.
Conduction 1.377
1.376 Heat and Mass Tra17~r('_,.__
s. Write down the three dimell!i;0IU1/~u n

cIon e where T - T2
in Cartesian co-ordinate system, qUatioll Sf::::: I
L _ Thermal resistance of slab

[May'05 & June'06 A
nna Univ.) R:::::V:
The general three dimensional
, ,
heat conduction e .
qUatlon in J..,- T hiic kness of slab
cartesian co-ordinate IS conductivity of slab
l( - Thenna I
2
a2T + a2T + a T + ._~ = .L a~ A - Area
ax2 ay2 az2 k a 01 \ lotion for conduction of heat througlr a
, "'"'te down tire eql
where J2 "rl
, h 1I0wcylinder.
q. - Heat generator - W /m2 o 6.T overall
Heat transfer, Q = R
a- Thermal diffusivity - 1112/s
where
9. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction eqllation
6.T=T\-T2
in cylindrical co-ordinate system.
[May'05 & June'06 Anna Univ.]
1
R=_'n
~2)
r
_Thermal resistance of slab
27tLk I
The general three dimensional heat conduction equation in L _ Length of cylinder
cylindrical co-ordinate is
k _ Thermal conductivity
crT + .L aT + .L ;/T + a T +
or2 r ar r2 a$2 8z2 k
2
.s. = j_a aT
ae rOuter
2 -
radius
rl - Inner radius t through /IO/low

10. List down the three types of boundary conditions. . or condllction of I,ea
1. Prescribed temperature [Dec-2005. Anna Univ] 13. Write down equatIOn fi
2. Prescribed heat flux spl,ere ~T overall
~
3. Convection boundary conditions Heat transfer, Q ::: R
11. Write dow" the equation for conduction of heat through a slab
or plane wall
Heat transfer, Q = ~ T owrall

R
~c
Conduction 1.379
uation for heat transfer throug" composite
1.378 Heal and Mass Transfer ..,n tIle eq
til! ile tI0
U. State Newtons law of cooling or convection la;;-----'__
I~"r'pes of cylinder. [ April'98 M Uj
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newtons I
aWofcool'
r
Q = hA (Ts - Too) 109
where
A - Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
B
h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Ts - Temperature of the surface in K A Convection
Too- Temperature of the fluid in K hb
15. Writedown tire equation for heat transfer tllrouo/I

to
a compOSlIe
.
plane wall. [ April'97 M u.}
Tb L\T overall
Heat transfer, Q:::: R
(DTI d) T2 (i)T)
(D
where
LI L2 , )
L\T::::Ta-Tb
In r
lr,
2.) In r ~3
___l.2-
) I
+ ---
I .-l..-+-- + k hbr3
R=- k 2
Heat transfer Q _ 6T overnll 21tL hart 1 • uation
R . I steady state conductIOneq
lOna, .
where 17. Write down one t/imens
61-'1' u- 'l b without internal/leat generatIOn.
ciT ::::0 '

R- -L+
I A
--.s_+ L2
,--+--+
L3 , QX2 • I conduction equation
'. kl A k2A k3A hbA wo dinrenslOna
L - Thickness of slab 18. Write dow" steady stllte, t
without heat generlltion.
A - Area
11(/ - Ileut transfer' coe.f'Tiicienr

" '
at Inner ,
diameter
hI; - Ileat transfer"
" coe ffici
ic lent at outer side
Conduction U81
/9. Write down the general equation for one dim .'
state heat transfer in slab or plane wall witbout ell.~/O"(l1
l SIf.'(fdy
~1
AddlUO of insulating material on a surface does not reduce
leut gener . ount of heat transfer rate always. Infact under certain
a2T + a2T + a2T = .L aT llt1o"
t~eam s tances it actualiy increases the heat loss upto certain
Ircum .
ax2 ayl az2 <X: al c. nesS of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the
20. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient. thick "
sfer is maximum IS ca IIe d cntica
" I ra d'IUS0 f iI11SUIa tiion,
heat tran ". . .
and t Iie c orresponding thickness IS called critical thickness.
. [ April'97 MU
The overall heat transfer by combmed modes is Usually .J .Ii fins or Extended surfaces.
in terms of an overall conductance
expressed
or overall heat trail l' U~M . .
efficient 'U'. sler Co- .
[t IS possi
ible to increase the heat transfer rate by mcreasmg. hthe
surface 0 f heat transfer. The surfaces used for increasing
. k eat
Heat transfer, Q = UA dT.
transler
C
ar e called extended surfaces or sometimes nown as
fins.
21. Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady
state heat transfer in slab witll heat generation. 24. Stale the applications of fins.
The main application offir.s are
[Oc('99 MUj
I. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines.

22. What is critical radius of insulation or criticaltllickness.
3. Coo[ingoftransformers
[May'04 & Dec'04 Anna Univ - Nov'96 ,Oc('97 MUj
4. Cooling of small capac Iity compressors.
= rc [Dec'04 & Dec'05 - Anna Uni!']

Critical radius 25. Define Fin efficiency.
[ Nov'96, Oct'97 M U]
Critical thickness = rc - rl
e ratio of actual heat
f ' define d as th f
The efficiency of a III IS ibl h at transferred by the III
Q . m POSSI e e
transferred to the maxunu
Qfin
Tlfin = Qmax
Dec'05 - Alllla Univ]
26. Defille Fin effectiveness. [Dec'04 &
[Nov '96 Ap,'2001 M Uj
.
~~_r_I r,,-
c J F·III et of,'ectivenes SI'S the ratto
'th fin to that
, of heat transfer WI
without fin (
Conduction 1.383
J,382 Heat and Mass Transfer
. meant by Lumped heat analysis? {Oct'98 M VJ
,Fin effectiveness ~ Qwith fin ~ J1, '.JI/,{lt
" IS wtonian . I'
heatmg or coo mg process the temperature
Qwithout fi~ 111 a n~out the solid is considered to be uniform at a given time.
17. What is meant by steady state heat condu CIOn?
tt throUg analysis is called Lumped heat capacity analysis.
If the temperature ofa body does not vary Wit. I1tlln
. . _ such an
. meant by Semi-infinite solids? '~ {Oct'99 MVj
to be in a steady state and that type of cond uctlon
. IS.e,kIt is said
ot
steady state heat conduction. n°Wn as \ JJ. Jfh semi IS . I'nfinite solid, at any instant of time, there is always a
i 111 ~ h re the effect of heating or cooling at one of its

lint
I pO w . e is not felt at all. At this point the temperature remains
18. What is meant by Transient heat conduction
conduction? or unsteady state boundanesd In semi infinite solids, .' the blot number value 'ISCXl.
unchange .
lfthe . temperature of a body varies with time ' it' IS salid to be in
WI,at is meant by infinite solid?
transient state. and that type of conduction is kno wn as transient ' a 34. id hi ch extends itself infinitely in all directions of space
heat conduction or unsteady state conduction. A soh W I
is known as infinite solid.
29. What;s Periodic heat flow. , fi't ol'lds the biot number value is in between 0.1 and
In m iru e s ,
In periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a regular ba SIS,'
'00.
Example:
0.1 < B; < 100.
1.Cyl inder of an Ie engine.
2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours, 35. Define Biot number. , ' 0 the
It is defined as -the ratio of internal conductive resistance t
30. What is non periodic heat flow?
surface convecti~ resistance,
In non periodic heat flow, the temperature at any point within
Internal conductive resistanc.:_
the system varies non linearly with time.
Bj == Surface convective resistance
Examples:
I, Heating of an ingot in a furnace. hLc
2, Cooling of bars. Bj== k .
. .' ., Bioi Number".
31. What is meant .b~ Newtonian 36. What IS the sIgnificance oJ , U APr'2002 M. V]
1.(
II.T·
I,eatin~ f or cooling process. ? [ NoV 96 IYI, , ,
. Semi infinite
The process
, in w hiIC h the internal
. '~ r sistance IS
. assume d as . '. d heat analySIS,
neg igfble in comp' " . as .. . d to find Lumpe .~
N' anson with Its surface resistance ISknown B lot number ISuse ."
"
ewtonlan heatin g. or cooling
. process. solids and Infinite solids
1.384 Heat and Mass Tram,fer
l \
If n, < 0.1 ~ Lumped heat Rnalysis _________
B. = r:IJ ~ Semi infinite solids

I
0.1 < B; < 100 ~ Infinite solids.
37. Explai/l the significance of Fourier number,

., " ( Apr'2002 Mu)
It is defined as the ratio of characteristic body dime . Chapter 2: Convection
nSl01l to
temperature wave penetration depth in time.
«r BastC Concepts
Characteristic body dimension
Fourier Number =
Temperature wave penetration cr Dimensional Analysis
depth in time.
cr Boundary Layer Concept
It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect
ofa solid. «r Forced Convectlon
38. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity? . d Turbulent Flow
«r Lammar an
1. Moisture [Apr'9 7 M. u.]
2. Density of material «r Internal Flow
3. Pressure r::? Free Convectlon
4. Temperature
cr Solved Problems
5. Structure of material.
it problems
C? Solved Unlversl y
39. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity. [Oc/'98 M u.j
The physical significance of thermal diffusivity is that it tells us
how fast heat is propagated or it diffuses through a material ------
during changes of temperature with time.
40. What are Heisler charts? [Oc/'99 M u.j

In Heisler chart, the solutions for temperature distributions and
~eat flows in plane walls, long cylinders and spheres with tinite
Internal
. and sure" .
lace resistance .
are presented. Heisler c Iiar ts are
nothing but a a na Iytica
. I solutions
. .In the torm
. of graphs.
/
~ I
" ,t.
-
Ctl~PTER - II
2. fONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

~~~===========================
2.1.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical, method which makes

~.e
of the study of the dimensions for solving
•
several engineering0
prohlems. This method can be applied. to all types of fluid
resistances, heat flow problems and many other problems in fluid
mechanics and thermodynamics.
2.1.1.Dimensions
In dimensional analysis, the various physical quantities used in

fluid phenomenon can be expressed in terms of fundamental
~
quantities. These fundamental quantities are mass (M), length (L),
/
lime (T), and temperature (0).
The dimensions of commonly used quantities in heat transfer
analysis is listed in Table 2.1 with reference to MLeT where
M - Mass,
L - Length,
0 - Temperature,
T - Time.
For example,
L :: LT-I
Distance - -
Velocity V = - T
Time
] 2 Heal and Mass 7i'C/I/!Jjer . , learl applie. In uch
TUb/~~ 61'ffef(Oua o'~ hire I. required "hi h is kn "'0
r--j---------------- . -__ 1"',,, I pr "

~cOreI1'l' rem t te t1 foil ws.
S. Quantity l3IJCkil1gharn 1t the
No. ..If I~cr< 3re n v3fiabk in a dimensi nail' h moe ,
I. Length <'loai n and I the-c lntalll In funds mental h he

dimensi I n inen
,,,i,bt Or<.1 ran ed inl n dimen ink" > '" term . The
2, Area
le
Velocity dio i IIle icrrn arc ailed 1t term ..
1 1cl1
Acceleration
1.1. . ,.d._nlage. 01 Dimension_I An.lysls
Mass 3 the fun ti nal relation hip between the
Density I. It exprc se
ionic s term'.
varia \
n:tical 'olutiun in a implified
fJ 2. It en
W
T r 11'1 the experilllental data or direct solution of
3.
P
[ern.
\I
ne 'eric' of tests call be applied to a large
Q 4. The re problems with the help 01
Q
dimen i nal analysis,
II
k W/I11K
2.1.4. Limitations of Dimensional AnalysiS
(L 11111s The omple,e inlo""alion is not provided by dimensional
onsh
J/kg K \. analy is. It onl indical's Ihal Ihere is some rel,II ,P
between the paral~leters. ani

al
No inf r nation i given aboul Ihe in"rn n,,,,,h m ,f
2.
2.1.2. Buckingham 1t Th eorem the ph~ -Jl:al phenornenon. not give allY c1llC re~ Irding Ihe
A more general sit

be profitably . 3. DimcII~o!,al analysi doe
is one'in wllie. I1. dimensional
employed uation . analysis may
. In which tl 'ere IS
. no governing electidn f ariables.
24 Ileal and Mass Transfer ~
2.2. DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS AND TH _------ ~Lon\lecli\le Heal T.

SIGNIFICANCE EIR PI-t'rSIC I Pr andt' num ber provides a
ranifer
~l measure of th
2.2.1. Reynolds Number (Re) (1" tivencss of the momentum and energ t e relative
ellcc Y ran sport by d·ffi .
I USlon.
It i defined a
2.2.3. Nusselt Number (Nu)
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow b .

. Y convectIOn process
nde,. an urut temperature gradient to the h fl
Ll. . eat ow rate by
onductlon under an umt temperature gradient th h .
c roug a stationary
thickness of L metre.
qconv
Nusselt Number (Nu) =~ h
qcond
k A t1T
=T
L L
"here u - Velocity
/
rn/s ,
... (2, I)
I Nu 1] ... (2.3)
I
L where h - Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K,
Length, m,
f
L Length, 111,
\I == H
p Kinematic viscosity, 1112/s.
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
Reyn Ids be
. num r. is therefore '
m nltude of the i . , a measure of relatlv!.' The Nusselt number is a convenient measure of the convective
e merna force to til .
n "'. e VISCOUSforce Occurring in the heat transfer coefficient. For a given value of the Nusselt number,
the convective heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to
/
2.2.2. Prandtl Number (Pr) thermal conductivity of the fluid and inversely proportional to the
It i the ratio f h significant length.
difiusi it)'. 0 t e rnomentum diffusivity to the thermal
2.2.4. Grashof Number (Gr)
Pr == MOlllentum diffusivity
Thermal diffusiviry as the ratio of product of inertia force and
It is defined
E~~;J
buoyancy force to the square of viscous force.
... (2.2) Inertia force x Buoyancy force
Gr = (viscous forceY
v _
Kinematic viscosity, m2/s, e.. U2 L2 x e P g iH LJ
(l
(J.' U L)2
Therrnal ciiffusivity, m2/s.
J.6 Heal and Mass Transfer Convective Heal Trail fer 2i
'~Ow
1. L.a .
:J . floW is (lmetlllles al called tream line now. In this
g x p x L3 x L1T I
IJ
1I111lnar
1 the
.'
[luid move III lavers and each
. .
fluid panicles
~;r \12
. of tOw. . . ..
~f a smooth and COlltll11101lS path. The fluid panicles in each
'" (2.4)
where p - Coefficient of expa nSIIIII,
.
joIl0\\5 .. in in an order! sequence without mixing with each
K-I er rel1la
13)
L Length, m, other.
v - Kinematic visco it)', 1112/s Turbulent Flow

2.2. 8 .
I In addition t the lam.inar type of fl~w, ::I distinct irreg~t1ar flow
~T - Temperature diffe renee K.
~. Ire uentl b erved In nature. This type of flow L called
Grashof Number has a role'
played by Reynolds numb . f III free convection illlilar to thai :~rbul~nt n w. Th path of any individual panicle is zig-zag and
I er III creed convection. irregular. Fiu.2.1 h \\ the ill iantaneou velocity in laminar and
2.2.5. Stanton Number (St) turbulent 11 w.

Turbulent flow
It is the ratio of N I
nu b usse t NUlllber to th <II
III er and Prandtl number. e product of Reynold :J
0>-
gE
_ 0
c'Q)
- >
Laminar flow
St Nu II>
E
~
x Jl Ce Time
k
Fig. 1./.
2.3. BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT

eJU: Jl Ce
Th .ed by Prandtl forms
Jl x k e concept f a boundary layer as propOs .
II . . f h equations of mOllon
ie staning pint for the simplification 0 t e
St == __}1__
pUC and energy.
2.2.6. Ne P ... (2.5) . . 1 along a stationary
Vilonion and N
T on-Newto . . When a real fluid i.e., VI COli fluid,. towS
. . 'ontact Wit. h th e
he fluids wl . mon Fluids sohd boundary a layer of fluid which comes III C . wa I
the N uch obe h bo fl id which callnot slip a )

ewtonioll fll . y t e Newton's I . undary surface. Thu the la er of III '. d d laver
io flu: lids and thos . aw of viscosity are called th b dation ThiS retar e .
n ulds . e which do not ohey are called non- e ollndar), urface and undergoe retar . f h fluid. So,
Iu h . d' ent layer 0 t e
s n er cause retardati II for the a .lac
. . . .....
edlale VIUlllt) of the
Illall I egi n is developed ill the 1111111
r":
_______ Convective Heal Transfer
'J' 2.9
boundary surface in which the velocity of the~o . / HydrodynamiC Boundary Layer

Wing
increases rapidly from zero at boundary urface and " fiUid :.3.2. .
( PJ)roaches the 111 drodynamiC boundary .' layer velocity of the fl UIid IS
. less
velocity of main stream. hy
99% of free stream velocity.
The layer adjacent to the boundary. IS k nown [hall
layer. Boundary layer is formed wheneve r tl iere IS
. rei' as bounda ry Thermal Boundary layer
2,3..3
between the boundary and the fluid. at,ve motion 111thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than
In this concept, the flow fie Id over b d . . rfJ% of free stream temperature.
regions . a 0 y IS divided int o~
1. A hi'thin region near the body calle e d t Ite bounda I 2.4. CONVECTION
were me velocity and temperature grad' ry ayer, convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between
. . lents are large
.2. The region outside the boundary la yer w Ilere velo . . a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
temperature gradients are very nearl city and
stream values. Ileal y equal to their free temperatures.
2.4.1. N'.!wton's Law of Convection

The thickne s of the boundary la -er ha . -
distance from the surface at whi I I I) S been def.lIled as the Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by
rcn tne ocal velocit
reaches 99% of the extern' I I .. I Y Or temperature
. a ve ocrry or temperature. theeljuation,
Free stream
velocity U"" This equat ion is referred to as Newton's law of cooling,
where h _ Local heat transfer coefficient in W Im2K,
2
A - Surface area in m ,
Til' _ Surface (or) Wall temperature in K,
Trailing
Too _ Temperature of the fluid in K.
edge
Fig.1.1. BoUII dary layer 011fit/t plate
2.4.2. Types of Convection
2.3.1. Types of B oundary Layer
I. Free convection, 2. Forced convection.
l. Hydrody namic. boundary I
ayer
(or)
2.4.3. Free (or) Natural convection .
Velocity • bo un d ary layer d
to change in denSity
If the fluid motion is produced ue d f heat transfer is
2. Themlal boundary layer. res I . di t the 1110 e 0
:u tltlg from temperature gra len s,
said to be free or natural convection.
Convective Heal Transfer 2.1 J
2./0 Heal and Mass Transfer
I'
\
2.4.4. Forced Convection
If the fluid motion is ar1ificialh

. .' created b
external force like a blower or fan , tl iat type of YI Illeans II " illl
known as forced convection. leat transfer' IS
Q
THE LOCAL AND AVERAGE HEAT T A I
rL':
I
COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATE RANSFER

- LAMINAR FLO
Ur 1
Re = -; J
At the surface of the flat plate heat fl W
, ow may be wrl'tt
_ Q. ell as
q - A = hx(lll'-Ta-.J
1c(8T) h, == 0.332 x ~ x (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33

8y y =0 '" (2.6) :::J
We know that, Local heat transfer l 0.332 x ~ (Re)05 (Pr)om ... (2.7)
(~n,.-0
coefficient, h x J
Till - r, x ~ x ( 8e )
vx 8n '1 1) = ° We know that,
Local N usselt ~ h:o; x
T", - T so x ~ x 0.332 (Pr)O)]] number, Nu, J k
0.332 x;k (R e)05 (Pr)0333 x
_ J
8e
[ .: (8 ) == 0.332 (Pr)O.133 J- k
11 11 = 0 .. , (2.8)
T", - T~ x ~ x rill x 0.332 x PrO)]]
(T", - T~) x ~ x X III x x-' x 0.332 (Pr)O)]]
T '" - TO')x -~ -\I -; x ~J x 0.332 x (Pr)OJ33

o
(,aT)
oy y 0 =
T".-Ta',)
x x
_ ~
'\1 -; x 0.332 (Pr)OJ33
L k
1.L SO'".-' 32 x -x (Re)
oS (pdJ33 dx
o
_ •. ,ubstituting (~T) in equation (2.6)
'\\ UY y=O '
J

Convective Heat Transfer ll3
L
.!_
L fo""".s s : x .~k (UX)O.5
-;- (Pr)O m dx
'~A"erageN~~elt}
•
number, ~_1I....t.-
= 0.664 (Re )05 (Pr )0333
_J
... (2.10)·
o .
uation (2.7) and (2.9), we know that,
m eq
--.!_ LX 03"2
. ..) x k x ( ~U )0.5 x (Pr)03J3 x 11. L.
.\" x (.\" )05 dx
F rO h = 2 h .r
tHE LOCAL AND AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER

° :2.6. COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATE-TURBULENT FLOW
[ x 0.332 x k x (!l)0.5
v
(P
r
)0333
x
IL.
x-I x xo 5 dx I
The heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow can be derived
o
by using Colburn analogy,
QlE
L
(U)O.5
x kx ~ x (Pr )0333 x
L.
IX-05 dx
From colburn analogy, we know that,
3 ~ = 0.0592 (R )-0.2
o sr, ( Pr )21 = 2 2 ex
0.332
L x k x
( !d )0.5 x ( PI' )03JJ x [X- 0.5 + I ] L. [From I1MT data book, 'Page No.113 (Sixth Edition)]
y
0332 - 0.5 + J
/3 0.0592 (R r 0.2
LX, x (~Y' x ( Pr )033J x [ L 05] 0
sr, ( PI' ) 2 2 ex
Qlll
0.5 x
(k)L x
(UI)O
-:
s
.. (Pr)o m
0,5
NUr
--'_
Rex PI"
x [ pl"]213 0.0296 (Rex >- 0,2
III 0.664 (C) ( Rc )o.~ ( PI' )0,.133

[.,' Rc = UL J
Nux
-
Rex
x ( Pr 'r 1/3 0.0296 ( Rex r 0.2
v
Avcrugc heat tmnsfor Nux (PI'
0.0296 x ( Rex) ( Re,f r 0.2
. coc:llil.:icnl, " - 0.664 (t) ( Re )0.5 (PI' )om
>-1/3
Nux
0.0296 (Re.{)O 8 ( Pr )J/J
... (2.9) Local Nusselt 1 0.0296 (Re )08 ( Pr )OJJJ .. , (2. J J)

We know thllt,
Number, NlI~,
=
Avel'U~C Nussclt N urn bcr, N II. _ "L
-
k We know that,
Nu
0.664 (t) ( Rc )0.5 ( PI' )U m x L 0.0296 (Rex )0,8 ( Pr )0 JJJ
P )0.333 x k
k 0.0296 ( R,:e:!..x
:.-)O_'8 _x_(_r_ -
Nu • 0.664 ( Rc )05 ( PI' )O,JJ3 x
h,
Convective Heat
= 0.037
::::) h; = 0.0296 (~)
,...-__ :r (Re r )08
Local he~t .lran~fer) __. ( Pr )0 JJJ , .. (2,13)
coefficient.
.__
II .1
_._ = 0.0296 (~)..\'
v ( R e)O 8( Pr )0.333
The average heat transfer co· t't- . . ._-._- - '" (2.12) we kllow that,
hL
l.
e icrent
'
II IS .
given by Average Nusselt}
Number, Nu k
h LI j' hI' d x 0,037 (t)(Re)OR (Pr)03J3xL
(l
NlI k
1 L
L IO.0296 (~) ( Re., )0.8 ( I'r )0 J)J d x Average NlIsselt } 0,037 (Re)08 (Pr)O.JJ3 ,,, (2.14) I
Number, NlI I
t f°
I.
Fronlequation (2.12) and (2.13), we know that,
0.0296 x (.~) J< (u.:r)o.8
v
(P
r)
° 333 dx Average heat transfer} 1,25 x fix
coeffie ient, h
["-17--1-,2-5 -h•
= 0.0296 x k U 0.' L [ '.: Re - ~x 1

L x ( ~ ) ( Pr )0 33J J' (1.)x x x O.S dx
2,6.1. Heat Transfer Coefficient for combination of Laminar
and Turbulent Flow

o Heat transfer coefficienl for laminar-turbulent cOJllbined flow is
= 0.0296 x (!)
L x
(U
~
)0.8 ..< (Pr)(I333 Ix-L o. 2 dx given by
.r
(!) ° 02 1 h ~f hxdx
= 0.0296 x L x (U)0.8
~ x (Pr)0.3JJ [x- + ] L
° (Turbulent)
(!) (U)O (Lammar)

= 0.02% x
L x ~
8
x (Pr)03J3
- 0.2 + I
[LOS]
0
t [j O.JJ2 U) (R<)" (Pr)' JJJ dx +
0.037 (!) (UL)O 8 0.8

L -;- (Pr)OJ3J
° L (!)(Re)OS(pr)OJ3) dXJ
= 00"'7
. J
(. k )
L (Rc)08 (Pr)OJJJ f x
0.0296 X
2.16 Heal and Ma!,'S Transfer
= t [Jo
0.332 U)(~)O.~ (Pr)OJ3J I
(,x i-
~!cpr)O.333
/1 _. L
[0.664
Conveclive Heal Transfer
(Rex)Oj + 0.037. (Re )o.8

L
2. J 7
I.
f 0 0296
.,'
(~)
X
( U X)O.8
-;;-- ( I'r )°,)]3 dX ]
- 0.037 (Rex)08 ]
.'
TranSitIOn occurs at critical R.eynolds number, Re,. = 5 x 105,
["R . e::::_ U.t] . floW IS

/.t'.,
. Ian iinar upto Re = 5 x 105, after that flow IS turbulent.
::: Ii
.
(PI')O.33,J[ 0.332 (~)(J..~IX ~ V
. t e Re c = Re x = 5 x J 05 .
SubstJtu
L v x dx-+-
o
h = ~ (Pr)O 333 [ 0.664 (5 x J05)O.5 +
0.0296 (~)C.8
v
ft ~ ds.] X
x 0.037 (ReL)O.8 - 0.037 (5 x 105)0.8 ]
f (Pr)OJ33 [ 0.037 (Re,f8 - 871 ]

°
C
L
rage heat transfer coefficient, ]
00296 (~)" .r x-02 dx ]
h - -k (Pr) . [
0333 0 .037 (Re L )0.8 - 871 ... (2. 15)
- L .
!:: Lk (Pr)03J] [ 0.332 (!l)O.5[~] x
+
We know that,
V - 0.5 + I ° ilL
Average Nusselt Number, Nu T
0.0296 (!l)0.8 [ x~ ~2++: ] L ]
V -.~ .r
0.037 (ReL)08 - 871]X L
f (PrJO]]] [ 0.332 (~)"' [ ~05'] + _ L
!!.. (Pr)OJ33
k
[
:::> N u - 7 (R )OB- 87 J 1
(!l)0.8
0.0296
v
[ 0.8
U
- 0.8
J8
x08 ]] ~~~Nusselt
_ Prom [0.03
Number, Nu -
eL
.. , (2.16)
E (Pr)0333 [O(N-~ (~)O.5 . + ~ (UL)O.8

0.8 . v.
M ,
\ _ 0.029Q (' U X)0.8
O.H v
]
Convective Heal Transfer 2.19
~J 8 Heal and Mass Transfer

L f 63 0 -
:::: dx l 72
56& 1
~ I
2.7. BOUNDARY LAYER THICK"NESS SHEAR

SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR TURB~TLRESS
We know that, Von Karman momentum

ENTFlQ
uation for b 'II
equati
AND- ~~ l ~o 1
7 do
layer flow is oundary :::----
£,
72 dx
pt~ ~ ;x [[ ~ (I - ~) dy ] .J_
'to :::: 72 P
U2 do
dx
... (2.17)
Substitute,
!!..U _- (?)In
u
We knoW that,
(
_jL. ,\14 .. (2.18)
'to :::: 0.0225 P U2 PU&)
s
~ P t~ ~ ;x [[ (i)'" [ (i)'" ] I - dy ] Equating equation
7 do
(2.17) and (2.18),
(.JL- ,1/4
=> 72 p lJ2 dx ~ 0.0225 P tJl U0) p
~ ;x {[[ WI" - (i )211 ] dy I 1.. do
72 dx
(.JL-
::: 0.0225 U 8 )p
11/4
s .-l!- ,\114 72
I
0
;x { o~n J yin dy - 0:" J y211 dy do ::: 0.0225 ( p U 8 )

,\"4 72
x -:; dx
o 0 u
0 0114 do ~ 0.0225 ( ~) x 7" dx
J +,
I2 )
= __d ,7+
II
L-
/;
_'_L-
(7+ J (;0)'"
dx { 0 117 ( ~ 0 - 0
217
~ +, 0
0\14 do ~ 0.2314 dx
Integrating
~ ;x { o~"(~):- 0:" (~): ) => J 0'/4 do

.l.- ,\1/4 + C
[I (0
817
!!.... 8 8ii7
dx
)
_. <)7 (B 917 )
B217
]
(
0.2314 pU) x
_- !!....
dx
[78 I) -
7 ]
9 I)
r
,
Convective Ileal Transfer 2
_.---.-----....:..:..:..:...:..:....:..:.:::.:.:~:2~::-.~21
~"" fo:
u, )11,1 \",e"f
5 ( plJ .\' ... , OW thut,
~ IVc kll
0.0225 p U
2 (_l!.
. pU8
)1/4
~-
S
.
~'J~
I'
_ 0.2314 ( J!..)II-I
I)U.\' +
shear stress, to ==
'tUting () valut.!,
Assumilll.!, boundarv • 11\\'(:r
J I'S t III 'b u I~lIt ov I Sllbstl [ ] 1/4
the plate. er t ie entire length of to z: 0.0225 P U2 pU x 0.370 (Re ,_-0.2 x x
?
So. at x = O. 0 = 0 ~ C =0 O. 022- :> U2 [ L x Rc 0.2
J 1/4
(0.370)1/4, P pUx ( )
~
4
-5 0 .'/~ = 0.2314 (l!_)114
pU x
0.0225
(0.370)114 p
U2 [Y-Ux (Re)02] 1/4 [.,'v=~J
p
~ OS!~ = ~ x 0.2314 (_g_)1/4 r
pU .
0.0225 2 [~e)O.2 J 1/4 [.,' Re=~ ]
s = [~ x 0.2314 (_g_)1/4 ] 4/5 (0.370)114 pU Re
4 pU x
= [ 0.289 x (~)"4 X rl5 0.0225

(0.370)1/4
pU2 [(Re)1I5 x (Re)-I]
0.02884 pU2 [( Re r 4/5 ]1/4

1/4
= (0.289)415 x (_g_)~)(
pU
~ x x
4/5 0.02884 pU2 [Re]- 115
= 0.370 x (ptt.)'/5 x x l/5 x x~/5 0.05769 pU2 [Re 1-01
~~=~~o ..__ -~ 2
~ ~--~ pU1 2 .. ' (2.20)
= 0.370 x (_l:.!_)115
pUx
x X
Local Skin Friction coefficietll• Cf(:

= 0.370 x (~xY'5 x X [ .,' v = ~ ]
We know that,
0.05769
eY.:
2 (K
er02
- 0.370 x (ieYl5 x x [ .,' Re = ~ J Shear stress, to
CfX x
eY.:
2
5 = 0.370 (Ret 02 xx Also, we know to
( Boundary layer thickness, 5 03. 70 (RetO.2 x x I .. , (2.19)
Convective Heat Transfer 2.23
2. 22 Heal and Moss Transfer (U)-I/S
----- LI
~ y
::: 4 . 0.05796 ~ x X L4/S
Equating both equations,
~ 0.05769
pU2
2 (Re)-O.2 C pU2 0.072 (~t/S x L-I x L4/5
fx 2
CIx = 0.05769 (Re}: 0.2 ::: 0.072 (~Y'/S x L- lIS
Local friction coefficient, C x = 0 . 057 69 (Re )- 0.2
... (2.21) ::: 0.072 (~L )-115
Avullge Friction Coefficient (elJ :
::: 0.072 (Ret lIS
We know that,
1
L Average friction codficient, C L == 0.072 (Ret0 ... (2.22)
A verage friction coefficient, elf.fL = L Clx dx [ .: Re == u~ ]
o
L
tf 0.05769 (Re)-O.2 dx
2.8. HEAT TRANSFER
USED
FROM FLAT SURFACES-FORMUlAE
o I. If velocity is given, that types of problems are considered

L as forced convection problems.
tf 0.05769 (Re)-1I5 dx TIP + Tao
2. Film temperature, Tf == ~,
o
where T; _ Plate surface temperature, oC,.
tf L
0.05769 (~x }~/5 dx T
r1J
_ Fluid temperature, °C.
• th 5 x 105 then the
o 3. If Reynolds number value IS less an '
L1 x 0.05769 x
(U)-1/5
-;
IL x- dx flow is laminar.
liS
Re == !Lh < 5 x 105 -+ Laminar floW
o v
105 then the floW
. ater t h an 5 X '
t x 0.05769 x (~r/~[~:+1JL - +1
5 0
If Reynolds number value
is turbulent flow. ==
IS gre
!:!h:;> 5 x 105 -+ Turbulent floW
Re v
-'- 0.05769
LXv
(!I)-1/5 L415
4 where
u -
Velocity, mis,
. _ Length, rn, . sit)' 2/
5 1_ m s·
Kinematic VISCO '
v .-
1.24 Hear and Mass Transfer
For Flat Plale Laminar Flo", :
IFronlllMT data book. Page No.112 (Sixth Edition)!
---
l i
\
(If
flat plate,
Convective Heat Transfer
Turbulent Flow (Fully Turbulent from leading

lFrom HMT data book. Page No.113 (Sixth Edition)\
2.25
l,Jge) . \ Nusse\t Number,

I. Local Nusselt Number, \. LO~a Nux::: 0.0296 (Re)o.s (Pr)0.333
Nux 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)0333
1Nusse\t Number,
where Pr - Prandtl number. 2. LPca h L
_.1_
2. Local Nusselt Number, Nux::: k
h~L 2
h _ Local heat transfer coefficient. WIm K.
NUt =
k where x
where hx - .:-Local heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K, L - Length, m,

k _ Thermal conductivity, WImK.
L - Length, 01,
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK. heat transfer coefficient,

3. Average
3. Average heat transfer coefficient, h ::: \.25 hx
h = 2xhr Heat transfer Q ::: h A rr,- T~)
4. Heat transfer Q = hA(T,,-T,.,) 4. h _ Average h~at transfer coefficient W/m2K.,
where
where II - Average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
A - Area, m2,
A - Area, m2, Plate surface temperature, °C,
TIV -
T" - Plate surface temperature, 0(',
Film temperature, °C.
T." - Fluid temperature, °C. T", -
5. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 5. Boundary layer thickness

-0.2
0hx Sx X x (RerO.5 8 ::: 0.37 x x x (Re) .
6. Thermal boundary layer thickness, 6. Local skin friction coefficient

O-r.. = 0h.r(Pr)-o.m C/ ,:: 0.0576 (Re)-02
x
7. Local friction coefficient, For Flat Plate. Turbulent Flow: No 114 (Sixth Edition»)
MT data boOk., Page . )
C/.r = 0.664 (Ret 0.5 lFrom H t wall temperature
8. Average friction coefficient, bined - constan
(Laminar, Turbulent com
\. Average Nusselt Number, , 037 (Re)o.s - 871 )
efL = 1.328 (Re)-O.5
Nu ::: prOJ3J lO.
Conve tive Heal Tran r 2.17
---- rropt ",t.'

2.26 Heal and Mass Transfer . . ./,,;, at 40 ~ :
oJ K, Pa e .33
2. Average Nusselt Number, I r mHMTdlJ
hL en iry, p I.I 28 kg/m
Nu = k 0.02756 W/mK,
ol1du ti iry k
Tlwrl11 a I 16.96 10-6 m-/s
where h - Average heat transfer coefficient, W/rn2K, . iry, v
Kinematic "I C
L Length, m, 0.699
prandtl number. Pr :::
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
We knOW that,
3. Average friction coefficient,
Re n II.!' number Re
elL = 0.074 (Re)-O.2 - 1742 (Re)-I.O
2.8.1. Problems on Flat Surfaces - Forced Convection
I Example 1 I Air at 20 "C~at a pressure of / bar is flowing

Re :::
)5.377 x 10
4 5 lOs
over aflat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is maintained til
So this i laminar
601:(', calculate tile heat transfer per unit width 0/ the plait. than 5 x I 0 '
Assuming the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2 m. ReynoldS numb·r vahle i le
Given: Fluid temperature, Teo 200e, flow.

. flow
For Flat plate. Lanllllar • )0 J
Pressure, P I bar, I ::: 0.332 (Rd (Pr
Local II ell umber u... . 112 ( ixth Edition)!
Velocity, U 3 mis, , . book, Page o.
IF r m II cil data 0) J
Plate surface temperature, Tw so-c, IQ4)O 5 x (0.699)
0.332 (35.377 )(
Width, W 1m,
Length,' L 2m.
Tofind: Heat transfer (Q).
We knov that,
Solution: We know that, h )( L
_!.--
:::
Tw + Teo k
Local Nusselt Number Nux
Film temperature, TI
2
60 + 20
2
~fa;rat80°C:
We know.
A veragc heat transfer coeffic ient h ---- oner I
Pr r [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition))
p 1 kglm3
h 2 x 2.415 v 21.09 x IQ-6 m2/s
[/7 4.83 W/m2K] Pr 0.692

Heat transfer Q h A (Til" - T a:» k 0.03047 W/mK
UL [x = L = O.S m]
4.83 x 2 (60 - 20) Reynolds Number, Re v
[.: Area = Width x Length = I x 2::= 2]
5 x O.S
[Q = 386.4 Watts J 21.09 x 10"-6
Res"lt: Heat transfer 0 = 386.4 Watts 1.18 x J05
I Example 2 I Air at 25'1:' flows over aflat plate at a speed of I Re _ 1.18 x 105 < 5 x lOS I
5 mls and heated 10 135 '1:'. The plate is 3 m long and 1.5 m wide.
. R < 5 x lOS flow is laminar.
Calculate the local heat transfer coefficient at x = 0.5 In and the Since e '
heat transferred from the first 0.5 m of the plate. For flat plate, laminar flow, = 0.332 (Re)Os (Pr)0.333
Given: Fluid temperature, T ff) 25°C Local Nusselt Number Nux ..
[from HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edl~lon))
Plate surface temperature, Til' 0.332 (1.18 x 105)0.5 (0.692)°33>
Velocity, U 5 rn/s -[N-u.- _-_ ~10;:-:-0.~9
]
x
Length, L 3m h xL
2..-
Wide, W 1.5 III We know, Nux = k
Distance, x 0.5 III h x 0.5 [.,' x= L :::0.5 m]
...!---
Tofind: 100.9 ee 0.03047
hx :::
I. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx) at x = 0.5 Ill, Local heat transfer coefficient,
h::: 2xhx
2. Heat transferred (0) at x = 0.5 m. -c coefficient,
Average heat nansrer h ::: 2 x 6.14
Solution: We know that,
TII'+Tff) ~
Film temperature, Tf T)
2 Q _ h A (T\I' - C/) (I ~)5_ 25)
Heat transfer, _ S 0 5) x
135 + 25 ::= 12.29 x (I. x . .
2
[~
Convective Heat Transfer 2.3/
---
2.30 Heal and Mass Transfer . We know
so/lIlio" . T", + T a: 80 + 20
Result:
. tel11perature T! 2 2
Flltll ~
1. Local heat transfer coefficient, hx 6.14 W/m2K, . liL = SO:C I
2. Heat transferred, Q 1013.9 W.
. s of air aI50°C:
rtle
I Example 3 I Air at 20°C at atmospheric presSure /1ows prope [From HMT data book. Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
over aflat plate at a velocity of 3 mls. If the plate is 1 m wide and Density, p = 1.093 kg/Ill}
80 'C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.
. latic viscosity, V
17.95 x 10-6 m2/s
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, i(lnen
prandtl Number, Pr 0.698
~ 2. Thermal boundary layer thickness, 0.02826 W/mK
l conductivity, k
3. Local friction coefficient, Therm a
We knoW that,
4. Averagefriction coefficient, UL
5. Local hea~ transfer coefficient, ReynoldS Number, Re V
6. A-verage heal transfer coefficient, JxOJ [':x=L=O.3m]

17.95 x 10-6
7. Heat transfer.
Given: Fluid temperature, T co 20°C

.
Since Re < 5 x 105 , flow is laminar.
Velocity, U 3 mls
For FIL-t plate, laminar now, ) N 112 (Sixth Edition)]
Wide, W 1m [Refer HMT data book, Page o.
Surface temperature, Tw 80°C I. Hydrodynamic

I
bounc ary. (
I iyer thicklless :
05
Distance, x 5 x x x (Re):"
300mm = 0.3 m
5
Tofind: 5 x OJ x (5.01 x 104t0
I. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness, [}ltf =__ 6.7 x - 10-
3 tn]
3. Local friction coefficient,
2. Thermal boundary IOJ'tier thickness: 3JJ
4. Average friction coefficient, S (PrtO
S. Local heat transfer coefficient, "x 0 JJJ
(6.7 x 10-3) (0.698t
6. Average heat transfer coefficient,
7. Heat transfer. [~x = 7.5x it!iJ
l Convective Heal Transfer 2.33
----
Heal and Mass Transfer.
I~ansfer:
3. Local Friction Coefficient:
Cfx 0.664 (Re)-05 \\ e knoW that.
Q II A (T'I" - TaJ
r:-__ 0_._66_4_,(,
_5,.01 x 104)- 0 5
Ie fr 2.96 x 10-3 I 12.41 x(1 0.3)(80-20)
4. Average friction coefflcient : (Q 223.38 Watts I
C/L 1.328 (Re)-05

Result :
0, 6.7 x 10-3 m,
\.
1.328 (5.01 x l<PtO: 7.5 x 10-3 m,
2. Tx
5.9 x 10-3
2.96 x 10-3,
3. f
I ell 5.9 x 10-31
5.9 x \0-3,
5. Local heat transt;
OJ er coefficient (hx) -:
4. elL
5. hx 6.20 W/m2K,
Local Nusselt Number
NUl" 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)OJ33 h 12.41 W/m2K,
6.
223.38 W.
1:"7 0_.33.2(5.01
6~ I
x 104)0- . (0.698)0.333 7. Q
____ )__:.9:__ I Example 4 I Air at 10 ~ (It atmospheric pressure flows over
We know, aflat plate at a velocitv of 3.5 m/s. If the plate is 0.5 m wide and
Local Nusselt Number at 60 ac, calculate tire following at x = 0.400 m.
n,» L (i) Boundary layer thickness. ,...
=t: (ii) Local friction coefficient.
hx x 0.3 (iii) A verage friction coefficient.
65.9
0:02826 [.: x == L == 0.3 mJ (iv) Shearing stress due to friction.
l hx ~-;6-:::-.20::-:W-I-m-2K-1 (v) Thermal boundary layer thickness.
(vi) Local convective lIeat transfer coefficient
6. A verage heat transsfer coefficient (II):
(vii) A verage convective heat transfer coefficient.
h == 2xh x (viii) Rate of hea! trlrnsfer by convection.
2 x 6.20 (h:) Total drag force 3n the pillte.
Lh 12.41 W/m2K] (x) Total mass flow rate through the boundary.
GiwIf : Fluid temperature.
\ el
Wide,
iry,
T'll
W
20°C
3.5
0.5
n s
---- Reynolds number, Re
Ux
v
3.5 x 0.400
16.96 x I Q-{l
I Re 8.25 x 10~< 5x 105
Plate urfa e temperature, T '" 60°C
5 flow is laminar.
Re < 5 x 10 ,
Distance. x 0.400 III
Since IRefer H n data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]
lar)' laver t/rickness or Hy(lrodynamic bOllndary layer
To find: (I) Boundary layer thickness, 0 (i) Boult( .
,,,;ckness, 8 or 8trx (It x == 0.400 m :
(il) Local friction coefficient , Cf x :
(iiI) Average friction coefficient, Cfl. Boundar)' layer thiCkness,.\. = 5x x x (Re)- 0.5
oor&hxJ'
(iv) Shearing stress due to friction, t;. 5 x 0.400 x (8.25 x 104)-0.5
(v) Thermal boundary layer thickness , 0 Tr: 6.96 x 10-3 m )
(VI) Local heat transfer coefficient , h x'
(vii) Average heat transfer coefficient, h .
(ii) Local friction coefficient, CIX': •
C[x =- 0.664 (RetO)

(viii) Rate of heat transfer by convection, Q. 0.664 (8.25 x 104)-05
(ir) Total drag force on the plate,
(x) Total mass flow rate through
FD.
the boundary, m.
l-.S_-fx-:-=-2~-\-~. fPJ
(iii) A ver(lge friction coefficient,. Cit :
e So/lIIion: We know that,
efL == 1.328 (Re)-os "
.I T",+Too \.328 (8.2S x 104)-°.
:-0
F I m temperature, Tf = --2-
60 + 20
2 ~~
• • . ___"'_'-J. J;lIear stress, f~:
(IV) SIIC'(/rlllg stress or j'C(/ . .
P,op~rties of air at 40 ~ : We know that, Crt =,

"
2
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)1 2
p 1.128 kg/m?
v = 16.96 x 10-6 1112/5
Pr 0.699
k 0.02756 W ImK
2.36 Heal and Mass Transfer Convective Heat Transfer 2.37
M Thermal boundary layer thtckness, 0T.\".' • - e.!E
elL x 2
0rx (> hx x (Pr)-- 03J3
4.623 x 10--3 x 1.128 x (3.5i
6.96 x 10-3 x (0699
3 IrQ
. )- 0333
2
Orr I
7.84 x 10-
0.0319 N/m2 I
M) Local heat transfer coefficient, ".1:.' ~ge shear stress, 't
Local Nusselt Number. Nu,.\ 0.)"2 Drag force, FD Area x Average shear stress
==
. .) (R e·))0· (Pr)0333
Wx Lx t
r+:__ O_..)_'
3~_ (8.25 x 104)0.5 x (0.699)0333
I Nu 84. I 0.5 x 0.4 x 0.Q319
We know that, 6.38 x 10-3 N
Drag force on two} 2 x 6.38 x 10-3
L 1Xusse I 'umber. Nu " .. L sides of the plate
s
k
[ Total drag force, FD 0.0127 N I
l'iu
--2__
k
I ==
L (x} Total mass flow rate, m :
5
m '8 p U [ 82.r - s lr ]
Here, 0lx == Q., 02x 8 x = 6.96 x 10---3m
m ix 1.128 x 3.5 x [6.96 x 10---3]
:=) 0.017 kg/s I

Result,' ( i)
I "'0 6.96 x 10---3m
(ii) c., 2.31 x 10---3

(iii) CfL 4.6:!3 x 10---3
11.66 0_5 x 0.400 (60 - 20)
( i\') tx
0.0159 N/m2
r---- [.: .r == L == 0.400 rn]
(L\") TU(u/d T(,,,j; ~ == 9~ (v) 7.84 x 10---301
°Tx
W> k " orce 0" the plflle, F " 5.83 W/m2K
e no\\ lha!. D ( vi) hT
h I 1.66 W/0l2K
( vii)
cragt fn Ii n C cft-· _
IClcnl
, C IL. ==
_' (vi ii) Q 93.28 W
eJE
2 (ix)
(x)
FD
111
0.0127 N
0.017 kgls (
I?
Convective Heal Transfer 239
4x0.4
\ x \0-4
[ Example 5 , A flat plate -measuring 0.8 m x 0;;-;;;---'
longitudinally in a stream of crude oil which /lows witl Placed lRe = \.6 x 104 \< 5 x \05
of 4 mls. Calculate tirefollowing: ' a veloCity
. Re -: 5 )( \ 0\ flow is laminar. . _ ..
(i) Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate. Since {Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (SIxth l:dltlon)1
(ii) Shear stress at tire middle of plate.
& 5x X x (Re)- 0.5
(iii) Friction drag on one side of the plate. layer thickness,
Take Specific gravity of oil = 0.8 'Boundary & = 5 x 0.4 x (\.6 x 104)- 05
Kinematic viscosity 1 stroke -:? \':x=L=OAm1

Given: Plate dimensions 0.8 m x 0.25 m
[8 0.0\58 ni]
:::::) Length, L 0.8 m -:?
ess at tile middle of plate, 'l'x:
tr
:::::) Width, W 0.25 m ("") S/tear s . = 0.664 (Reto.
~
:lction coefficlc.nt, CJ x
Velocity, U 4 m/s Loca \ f \
Specific gravity oil 0.8
Density of oi I, p 0.8 x 1000
800 kglm3
We know that,
Kinematic viscosity, V I stroke = 1 x 10- 4 m2/s
'tx
Tofind: ~
(i) Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate, 8 L x 800 x (4)2
2
(i;) Shear stress at the middle of plate , 1: x
(iii) Friction drag on one side of the plate, FD

\ 33.54 NIln2
© Solution:
1. Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate,
0.8
L =2 =0.4m:
UL \
Reynolds number, Re
V
..,
I Com ecti Heal Transfer 2." /
~ Air at 20 't'flows over a flttl plate {II a velocity
~ ~/(Jle is 5 m long {l1If1 2 m wide. Calculate the
I x 10-4 t. l::: lJ.5 .,,';5:
I 0.8 Ill)
Re = 3.2 x IO~ < 5 x 105 I ({OWIng·
1[0 .
L. all, of plale over which the boundary la) er is laminar.
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar. /. e"~
Thickness of the boundary layer.
1. Shear streSS (II lite location where boundary layer is
Average friction coefficient , -C JL -- 1.328 (Re)-o.s J.
lamillar. where
1 1_.3_28_{3_.2
x 104)-0.5 toto! drag force on both sides of IIIe plate
4.
boulldar) layer is laminar.
I elL 7.42x I!rJ ]
rake, p == 1.205 kg/m3; v= 15.06 x 1tJ-flnt]/J
D
We know that, r Gil'en: Fluid temperature, Too 20 e

pU2 3.5 n s
Velocity, U
2
Length, L 5m
7.42 x 10-3 Wide, W 2m
1.205 ks m}
Density, p
15.06 10
=:> •
K ineJ113tic viscosity, V
47.488 i/m2
I Average shear stress, t
47.488 N/m2 I
Tofind: \{ laminar condition,
Length of the plate, L.
(i)
Drag force on }
one side of the plate (ii) Thicknes fthe boundary layer, 8.
FD == .Are a x A verage shear stress
(iii) Shear tres , • x .
W x Lx.
(iv) Total drag force on both ides, FD·
0.25 x 0.8 x 47.488
r.::----- Solutiou : \ e knov that,
9.49 N I Reynold number, Re s:
!&
v
Result: (i) 0.0158 III ~
(ii) 1506)( 10-6
33.54 N/m2 ~5)(IO~
(iii) ~ i.laminar uplO
9.49 N
. I rbulenl i.e.,
ince R 5 105. nO\\ IS II . now is Ilirbulent.
. - 105 after Ihal
R eynold number vallie I ))(
"-rewm
2.42 Hreal and Mass Transfer
(i) Length of lite plate, L (AlIa .

ml11l1r COllditi
!~.----=-~
that, CJ L =
Reynolds number, Re !:_Ii 011) .. we knOW ~
2
v
t
5 x 105 _. 3.5 x L 1.878 x 10-3
1.205 x (3.5)2
I~
L . 2
IIiL~e~n-:gt-;-h-o-=-ft-h-epl-at-.-
I .:.2.15 III t 0.0138 N/m2
(ii) . - e, ~ - 2 ~
II, Tille/mess of II b I ------.~ ~~-;I~ear stress, t 0.0138 N/m~
. Ie Olllldary laver
BOllndary layer thi c k ness, 0 .,:::: 5 0 (AI/lIlllin ar cOlldit'
. x x x (R )_ _ I()II):
Drag force, F D Area x Average shear stress
[From HM"I' eO)
data hook I)
o :::: 5 ,x 2.ageI 5No.x (5112 (Sixth
.
Ed .
1I
. x 105)-
II 1011
O.S
2 x 2.15 x 0.0138
r;--"_ [.. X - I . (.: At laminar condition, L = 2.15 Ill]
(iii) Sh(!ar stre . L~~_ j~:20 x iO-3 ~ == 2.151111 0.0593 N
SS, r.\. (AI/al11il1ar' I~ Ill_J
LoCClI frict ion ffici cotu 111011) ..
coe rcient, C zr: Drag force on both} 2 x 0.0593
.fl 0.664 (Re)-05
sides of the plate FD
~ __~.664 (5 x 105)- (J 'i [F D 0.1186 N I
~~ ..~2~~ Result: (i) L 2.15 m
We know that,
(ii) 0 I S.20 x 10-3 m
(iii) Tx 6.9 x 10-3 N/m2
0.939 x 10-3 =.: T\ (iv) F[) 0.1186 N

-1-'
L 2' x 1.205 x (3.5)2
I Example 7 I Castor oil at 30 °C flows over a jl(1t plate at {I
ocal shear stress. -T - ..z;'. . - ----

velocity of 1.5 mls. The length of tire plate is 4 m. rite plale is
(i1~ T,otat draofi - x 10-3 N/,V
z. .. ---.
v. 9 f. heated uniformly ami maintained (II 90 'C. Calclliate tile
e orce Oil b I' '~
COI/ditioll) . 011 Slfle!!' of III I following.
Averaoc f.' . . e J1 file, FD (At laminar
1. Hydro{lynamic boundary layer tlricklless,
~. "ellon eo'ffi .
\: IClen!, -C'
11. 1.32R (Re)-U.-\ Thermal bUlIIlllary layer tllickne:;'s,
2.
__ .. ...I..~~.~ __(~ x W)-- ()'i Total drag force per unit widtlr on one side ofille plate,
•
3.
~-~
· .._1.87~ 4. Heal transfer rate .
~\ \ /
2.44 Heat and Mass Tramfer
At the mean film temperature T/ -_ ~::::
90 +30 60 ° 5 x 4 x (9.23 x 104t0.5
properties are taken as follows,' 2 c,PL,., . [.: x= L = 4 m]
"-"slefl/
p= 956.8 kg/m3; V= 0.65 x lO-4m2/s; 0.065 m I
k = 0.213 W/mK,' a= 7.2 x 1()-8m2/s.
Therl1l{l I boundary layer thickness:
Given: Fluid temperature T CtJ 3Qoe 2. s: = 8 x (Pr): 0333
UTx hx
Velocity, U 0.065 x (902.77)- OJ33
1.5 rn/s
Length, L
Plate surface temperature,
4m ~ 0.65 x 10-
4
= 902.77 J
Til' 9QoC a = 7.2 x 10-8 l
At Tf = 6QoC ,
p 956.8 kglm2 6.74 x 10 3 m I
k 0.213 W/mK force on one side
I
3. Total {.rag . of the plate:
v = 0.65 x 10- 4 m2/s
Average s kiIn friction coefficient,
a 7.2 x 10-8 m2/s
Tofind: 1.328 (Ret 0.5
I. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

1.328 x (9.23 x 104)-05.
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
3. Total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate, 4.37 x 10-3 ]
4. Heat transfer rate.
t
Solution,' We know that,
We know ~ U2
R eyno Id' s N urn b er, Re __ U L 2
v
1.5 x 4 4.37 x 10-3
0.65 x 10-4
[Re 9.23 x 104 < 5 x 105 I r
5
Since Re < 5 x 10 , flow is laminar. =>
For flat plate, laminar flow,' Average shear streSS r
Drag force, F D
{Refer HMT data book, Page No. 1 12 (Sixth Edition)]
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,'
°ltx == 5 x x x (Re)- 0.5
("\\
-------
le 8 Air at 30°C flows over a flat plaIt at II velocity
4. Heat transfer rate : £_to'" rh plate IS'. 2 nI long and 1.5 m Wide.
. Calculate tht
e
We know that,
Local Nusselt Number
of 2 r: :
folli,,,"II~ydrodynamic and thermal boumlary layer thickntss at
0.332 x (Re)o.S (Pr)O.333 1· . trailing edge of the plale,
the
rotal drag force,
..- __ 0.332 x (9.23 x 104)0: x (902.77)0 3) 2. rota nWH flow rate Ihroug/. II.t boundary layer ~twtt"
l
\ Nux ~ J. _ ~O em and x = 85 em.
x- ..
We know, F\lIid temperature, T 30°C
Given:
h~.L Ve\ocity, U 2 m/s
Local Nusselt Number Nu x
k Length, L 2m
h; x 4 Wide. W \.s m
972.6
0.213
To Jintl : .
I. Hydr dynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness.
Local heat transfer coeffil.: ient h~ - 5 I .7 W /111- K 2. Tota\ drag f rce.
tal rna s flow rate through the boundary layer between
A verage heat transfer coeffic ient 3. T
r == 1\ rn and x == 85 em.
2 x hr
Solulion: Pr perties of air at 30°C. ..
tSixth
fA
" 2x51.7
103.58 W/m2l{]
\Fro
m
HMT dilta book, Pag~ No. }3
p
1.165 kglm)
Edl\lon)J
Heat transfer, Q
16)( 10-6m2/s
It A (T," - T ) v
Pr 0.701
" x L x W (T\II - T, )
0.02675 W/mK
k
103.58 x 4 x I (90 - 30)
24.859 kW I We know that,
Result: Reyn Ids Number. Re v

I. ~\x 0.065 Ill, ~
2.
3.
4.
0Tx
Drag force
6.74 x 10-3 Ill,
, F IJ
Heat transfer , ()"

18.8 N,
24.859 kW.
&
10\ floW is laminar.
Since Re 5
0.036 N
2 .J8 Heal and Mass Transfer
w rate between x == 40 cm and x = 85 em.
For flat plate, laminar flow,
(From HMl data book. Page No. 112 (S' --------
Ixth Edi .
n
'fotal rn
aSS f1 0
Am =
5
"8 p U
r-..,0J
[0hx=85 -
rf'
bhT=40 1 ... (1)
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness lJo ))
bhx 5x x x (Ret 0.5

.c boundary layer thickness
5 x 2)< (2.5 x 105)-05 drodynalnl
BY ~ == 5 x r x (Ret 0.5
""-1 b- --O.-02-m___;1 uhx == 0.85
hx
u x X J-:-O.5
Thermal boundary layer thickness, 5 xO.85x [~
&rx bhx x (Pr): 0.333
= 0.02 x (0.701)-0333 ==
r 2 x 0.85
5 x 0.85 x L 16 X }O-6
1- 0
.5
I &rx = 0.0225 I~J [.:' x == 85 em,= 0.85 ml

A verage friction coefficient,
CfL 1.328 (Re)-os Ghx == 0.85 0.0130 OJ

== 5 x x x (Re r 0.5
1.328 x (2.5 x 105)- 0.5
(u ) -
r------
I SL 2.65 x 10:]
Ohx 0: 0.40
== 5 x 0.40 x _?'; 0.5
2 x 0.40 )-0.5
We know,
== 5 x 0.40 x ( 16 x 1Q=6
t
e.!!:
2 ~ 3
5 [00130 - 8.9 x 10- ]
_ x 1 165 x 2 . .
~ 2.65 x 10-3 = t
1.165 x (2)2 (l)~
2 ~ ..
~ I Average shear stress, 't = 6.1 x 10-3 N/m2 I . I: :::: 0.02 m,
Drag force Area x Average shear stress R esult : thicknesS,Uhx

\ . Hydrodynamic boundary layer . k"ess Orr:::: 0.0225 m,
2 x 1.5 x 6.1 x 10-3 layer thlC ,., , .
ry
[.: L = 2m; W = 1.5 m] Therma\ boun d a
_ 0036 N,
I Drag force. 0.018 N I 2. Drag force, F 0 _. _ 97 x \0-3 kg/so
f).m - 5.
Drag force on two sides of the plate
3. T ota\ mass floW rate,
;: 0.018 x 2 = 0.036 N
Convective Hear Transfer 2.5/

\.060 kg/m3
[Example 9 I Air at 30.oC,flows over aflat Plate--;;;-;;----:-
O \8.97 x \ 0-6 m2/s
. .
01" 4 mls and tireplate IS maintatne
. d at a uniform temo ei CIty
at a unl
'J rerature
90 'C. If the transition occurs at a critical Reynolds nUlllb of Pr ::: 0.696
5 x 105, calculate the thickness at which tire boundary lerOf k ::: 0.02896 W ImK
changes from laminar .
to tur b uI ent. A t that location fi daYer UL
, ' n lire
following: Re ::: -v
ids number,
(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness. R~~ 4xL
(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness. 5x \05 ::: \8.97 x \0-6
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient.
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient. ~ [L::: 2.37 m~ 237 m. After that flow
(v) Heat transfer from both sides for unit width of the plale. . r uplO the length, L - .
F\oW is \am\Oa
(vi) Mass flow rate. 2 (Sixth Edition»
(vii) The skin friction coefficient. turbulent. book Page 'No. , ,
. lfrom HMT data '
Given: Fluid temperature, T eo At L == 2.37 m . \ yer thickness:
od mic boundary a 05
Velocity, U (i) Hydr yna &::: 5)(. x x (Re t .
Plate surface temperature, TlI' h.'( \ 05)- 0.5
237><(5)<
== 5>< . ["x::::L::::2J7m.
Critical Reynolds number, Re 5 x 105
Tofind : At, Re = 5 x 105
(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 0 hx . ~Iu :::: 0.0\67 ~
(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness, 0Tx' \a er thickness .
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient, hx'
(ii) Therma\ boundary Y:::: 0 Iu (pr r 0.333
OTx 696t 0.333
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient, h. ::: 0.0\67 (0.
(v) Heat transfer from both sides for unit width of the plate, Q.
(vi) Mass flow rate, m. ~ o (pr),J)]
(v i i) The skin friction coefficient, CIx . (iii) .Loca\ N usse\t \ :::: 0.332 (Re) 6)0 333
Solution: We know that, Number, NU f I 105)0.5(0.69
:::: 0.332 (S )(
Tw+T<Xl
Film temperature, Tf
2
~ h_!--L
90+30
---
2 'Nux:::: k
We know that,
r 2.51 Healand Mass Transfer
~
0.0167
Convective Heat Transfer
111
2
-----
Ohx -
hx
2.37 x ~
~tSIl (ii) °Tx 0.0188 m
208.07 = 0.02896
(iii) h;r; 2.54 W/m2K
::) h, = 2.54 W/m2K
(iv) h 5.08 W/m2K
Local heat tranSfer}
coefficient, h, = 2.54 W/m2K (v) Q 1444.75 W
(iv) Average heat t~ansfer} _ (vi) III 0.04425 kg/s

coefficient, h - 2 x h x (vii) c., 0.939 x 10-3
2 x 2.54 ! ~mple 10] Air at.30 °C, at II pressure of 1bar is flowin

Ih - 5.08 W/m2K J overaflat plate at {I velocity of 4 m/s. If the plate is maintained
(v) Heat .transfer from both} a uniform temperature of 130 'C, calculate the average he
sides for unit width - 2
of the plate, Q - x h x A x L\ T transfer coefficient over the 1.5 III length of the plate. Al
calculate the rate of heat transfer between the plate and the a
= 2 x h x W'x Lx (T .- TUJ) 11' perI m width of the plate.
2 x 5.08 x I x 2.37 x (90-30) Given: Fluid temperature, T"fJ 30°C
['," W = 1 m] Velocity, U 4 m/s

IQ = 1444.75 W 1 Plate temperature, Tw 130°C
(vi) Mass flow rat'e, III = - pU [
5
8 °
211,r - 0, IIx]
Length, L 1.5 m
Here OJ/IX = 0, ° 2hx = 0hx = 0.0167 III Tofind :

Width, W lm
I. Average heat transfer coefficient, h.
. 5
m = 8" pU x 0llx 2. Heat transfer, Q.
5 Solution: We know that,

= 8" x 1.060 x 4 x 0.0167 TIP + T",
Film temperature, Tf 2
(vii)
. [il = 0.04425 k 1 130 + 130
Skin friction coefficient} gls
2
L .. or
ocal fnctlon coefficient C'fx = 0.664 (Re )- 0.5 [fL 80°C]
Properties of air at 80'C :

[From HMT Jata book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition:
p = I kgllnJ
2. 4 Heat and Mass Transfer 1~ __ ----------~~:('~on:I~'e~C/~il~~~~~e~a/~T.~~,
ran.",er2.55
'\I c::
hxWxL(T -T '1')
21.09)( 10~~ 1t'
n2/
Pr = 0.692 ' s' 1.:'__ 6._3 _S8_x_, I x 1.5 x (13 0 - 30
k = 0.03047 W/Il1I(
IQ = 953.7 WJ )
1. h = 6.358 W/m2K
Reynolds number, Re UL /(1!.\lIll:
v 2. Q = 953.7 W
4 x 1.5
-----., Air
EXlIm (II 30°C, flows over a flat plate (tl (t
21.09 x 10-6 '1'(1) of 4 m/s. Tile plate measures 50 x 30 emm~il .
. [ Re 2.84 x 1051 I
~~J.
5 ,,'IIi/lt/tilled (II (I uniform temperature of 90°C Compare lite heat

S rnce Re < 5 x I 05 , flow i'5 I am rnar
. :J < :; x 10
romthe plate when the air flows
For flat plate, laminar flow. . /oJ sfi
(II) Paral/ello 50 em,
Local NUSSeIt} .
Number, Nu, = O.332(Re)05(Pr)0333 (b) Paral/ello 30 em.
Also calclIlale the percentage of heat loss,
I From J IM'r data book, Page No. I J 2 S·
Givell: Fluid temperature, T:1,) - 30°C
Nu, = 0.332 (2.84 x 105)05 x (0.6~~;~~~:itiOnjl
Velocity, U 4 rn/s
I Nux = 156.51 I 50 em x 30 ern
Plate dimensions
We know that,
0.50 x 0.30 m2
Local Nusselt Number, Nu hx L 90°C
.r
Surface temperature, T;
k
hx x 1.5 To find :
156.51 I. Heat loss when the flow is parallel to 50 em, QI'
0.03047
2. Heat loss when the flow is parallel to 30 em, Q2'
hx 3.179 W/m2K
Local heat transfer} 3. Percentage of heat loss.
coefficient h 3.179 W/m2K T •• + Too
, "
We know that, . Solution : Film temperature, TI 2
A verage heat tranSfer}

coefficient, h
-
90+ 30
2
2 x 3.179 [rr
We know that,
Ih 6.358 I Properties of air at 60°C, ..
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (SixthEdillon)]
Heat transfer, Q
p ::: 1.060 kg/rn3
, ~ Convective Heal Trallsfer 2ji
Q\ == 99.36\\ I ,
-----_
I ~-
v = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s , ihe flo\\ is parallel 10 30 em side.

..) . \\ hell
PI' 0.696 case"( . UL
Id.; Nurnhe,r Re == v
k 0.02896 W/mK ReyllO
Case (i): When the flow is parallel to 50 ern. 4xO.3 (':L==30em=O.30m\
I
18.97 x Io-t'
~:
Reynolds number, Re =
UL
\I
r Re == 6.3 x I O~ < 5 x 16~J
._~..9.2Q__ . S . lOs flow is laminar.

<: " ,
Since R
t:
18.97x 10-6
. te laminar flow,
[.: L = 50 em = 0 50 for flat p I u ,
~-:- -i~o~'x 105 < 5 x 105 1 " III] Local Nil st;;\1 Number 0.332 (Rer (Pr)o J3J
NUf • 96)0333
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar. . .. ..'} (632 x 104)0) (0.6
0.))- .
For flat plate, laminar now, 74.008]

Local Nusselt Number, Nu, ~ 0.332 (Re)O 5 (Pr)OJ.H h.L
..2-
[From HMT data book. Page No.112 (Sixth blillUlI1! k
Nu, = 0.332 (1.05 x 105)05 x (0.696)0 h. x 0.30
'.:=~~3T]
3H
~
'I -L-oc-a-I-N-l-Is-se-I-t
-N-lI-n-lb-e-r,-N-lix 7t008 0.02896
::: 7.141 W/1ll1K
We know, hx \41 WIln2K
::::> . I /, :::7.
NlI.,.
"x L Local heal \ran er
coefliclen,
.
s f
h::= 2)( h,
k r coefficient.
e Ilcal tr3nSler
A era" h ::= 7- x 7 • 14
_!2_x__ ~:~~_
95.35 =
28.96 10 J ~I§ill
r-------------------
L.ocal hcnl transfer coefficient. II~
----------~
5.52 W/1I1 K _ "
11' - T:f})
A x \ \I'
Ilcallr;II\$fcr, O2 - 1 W (T\I'~ T,,)
We know rhar, '" /,)( ~ . 6) - ..0 )
O. (
Average hent transfer coefficient. It 2 h, 14"8 O .
> It " 2 5.~ ~\
lit II.n·1 WhwK
\~'~
I kill truustcr, 0 1 " t\ ('1'" "1', .. ) II.W (ii/) :
11.0 I' (I. \') (1"", 'J',J l' \'IKIII loSS
n 41
11.0 I (OJ OJ) (f)() \0)
I
W'~
2. 58 Hear and Mass Tran~rer C 011\ ective Heal Tr(Jllsj'er 2.59

P 1.060 kg/m?
128.5-99.36 ~ ~
99.36 - ?\ 100 v 18.97 x 10-0 1112/s
[oX of heat loss 29.3% J PI' 0.696
Result: I. QI 99.36 \V k 0.02896 W/mK
2. Q2 128.5 W For first halfofthe plate,
Case (i) :. •
3. % of heat loss == 29 .... x == L == 0.4) m
.-,-E-x"-u-"p-'-e-1-2-'1 Air at 30°C flows (J1'''r fl
. - . .. a m Plate tit (/
\\e knoW. U xL
velocity of " m/s. Tile plate is nUlilllllilled at 90 t The pltl/e
dimension is 90 x 30 cmt, Calculale the heat transfer for the Reynold number, Re v
following conditio"
4 x 0.45
1. First hut]:of tile plate,
18.97 x 1~
2. Full plate,
I Re - 9.4 x J04 < 5 x 105 I
3. Next half of the plate.
Since Re 5 x 10\ flow is laminar.
Given: Fluid temperature, T rn
I laminar flow, " )1
Velocity, U For flat pate, .). N 112 ( iXlh Edillon
[From HMT data book, I age 0, 0333
Plate surface temperature, T". == 0332 (Re)O.5 (Pr)
Local Nus It umber. Nux' 405 (0696)0.333
Plate' dimension 90 X 30 ern? 0.332 (9.4 x 10) .
Tofind: Heat transfer for

0.90 x 0.30 1112 I Nu .• == 90.21 I
xL
h_x_
1. First half of the plate, i. e., x
0.45 rn, L oca I Nu sell Number, Nux k
2. Full plate, i. e., x
0.90 rn,
3. Next half of the plate. 90.21 =
[!ix ==
Film temperature, T T". + T~.
f
2 ~------z.:-;; efficient,
Local heat transfer co
~
2 fer coefficient
Average heat trans h == 2 x hr
[..._T...__/ _~~~
Properties of air at 600C :
~ - T",)
hx A x (T II'
[From HMT dala bod v • Page No, 33 (Sixth Ediuonj] Heat transfer, Q1
____ Convective Heat Transfer 2.61
2.60 Heat and Mass Transfer //~ (lise "(iii': Heat lost from the nextxv half
, nau of
ot tl I
tne pate
hx L x W (Til" - Tn) ----
11.61 x 0.45 x 0.30 x (90
.. _
X
-·30)
\_x=~~~
_ [ . x - L = 0.45 Ill' W-
Case (ii) :
[~I = 94.04W I -0.30111] '
~\
\-0,-\_0 3-
For full plate. ~ L = 0.90 m Q3 = Q2-Q,

UxL \33.48-94.04
Reynolds Number, Re
v
4 x 0.90
, Q3 39.44 W I
18.97 x 10-0
Result : 94.04 W
1 Re - 1.89 x 105 < 5 x 105 J 1. Heat lost for first half of the plate Q,
l33.48W
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar. - 2. Heat lost for entire plate O2
39.44 W
For flat plate, laminar flow 3. Heat lost for next half of the plate 03
Local Nusselt Number , Nu x ' 0.332 (Re)o.s (Pr)0.333 O~xample 13J Air at 40 °Cflo ws over a flat plate of 0.9 m at
r:-;- __ 105)05
0_._33_2......:(~1.89x x (0.696)0333 a velocity of 3 m/s. ClIlculllte tirefollowing:
I Nux 128.18 I J. Overall drag coefficient,
2. Average shear stress,
We know, 3. Compare tire llverl'ge slrear aress withloeal shear stress
128.18 = hx x 0.90 (shear stresS at tire trailing edge).

0.02896 Given: Fluid temperature, Ten 40°C
Local heat transfer coefficient Length, L ::: 0.9 m
hx = 4.12 W/m2K Velocity, U ::: 3 m/s
A verage heat transfer coefficient 1'0 find: \. Overall drag coefficient,
h = 2 x hx = 2 x 4.12 2 . Averaoe0 shear streSS, . loc
hear stress with
Ih - 8.24 W/m2K I 3. Compare the average s
Heat transfer for entire plate shear stress.
. f ir at 40°(. : ..
Q2 = h x A x (T 11' - T co ) Propel11es 0 a e No. 33lSixth EdItIO
Solutlon : HMT data bOO\;, pag.
8.24 x 0.90 x 0.30 x (90 - 30) IFroll1
1ll3
(91 - 133.48 W I P
::: 1.128 kg/
_::~ 2.63
__ ------~C~o"~v~ec~t~ive~H~ea~/!.~a~1'{.e,
\ .t n.~er
----
!, 2.62 Heal and Mass T ransjer
.c
we ~now that.
t v = _t_.t _
I
tpCs' skin friction coefficient CIt
Pr ~
2
0.02756 W/mK
t'i Reynolds Number, Re UL 3 x 0.9 '.66)( ,0-3 \.\28x (3f

. I Re = 16.96 x 10'
5
2
Since Re<5x 105 , flow i lami
ow IS 1.59 x 10 <5 x \O~ J S.4 x 10-3 N/m2
For flat plate , la mmar

. flow, nar. Local shear stress, 'tx
Local shear stress, 't x S.4 )( 10-3 N/m2
D [From HMT data bo .
rag coefficient (or) A verage skin. friction
ok, Page No. 112 (S' . h .. 0.0\6 N/m2
c ffici rxt Edllionll A "erage shear stress, 't
_ oe IClent
0.52
CIl. 1.328 x (Re)-O,5
Result:
r .:..:.1.3~2~08
x (1.59 x 105)- 05
t. Drag coeffICient
3.3 10-3 or 3
\ C/l x \
Average skin friction coefficient, ell = 3.3 )( 10-
1
We kno~' that,
2. A\'erage shear streSS, 't == 0.016 N/tn
1:
Average friction coeffiicient,
. C- fl
P U2 3.
't.1'
- :; 052
. ~, '
- lfl
2
r 't
Exampl. 141 Air aI 290'C flow'
."ocity of 6 ,,;;.. r•• pial' is I .. long on4 0.5 .. wide. TIl'
0'" • fI'" plo" '" 0
~ t = C x ~
fl 2
p""." of I.' .1, Is 6 ANI"". If IA. p'''''
is "",in,.i.tII '" •
3.3 x 10-3 x 1.128 x (3)2 '.mp.,.,." of 10 'C, .. ,i..... Ibt ,."t ., h•• ' ,. ... ."" ,ro" ,••
I Average shear ~tress t 2
w~e~k~n~o~w~,~~~~,~~JO~.0~1~6~N~/m~2 \
pllJl~.
Given: Fluid temperature, T:f)
290°C
61llfs
Ve\ocit)', lJ
I III
Local skim frinction
. coeffiicient
. Length, L
0.5 III
Cjx = 0.664 x (Ret05 Wide, W 6 kN/1ll2
(From
0.664 HMT
(1 data book, P age No. 112 (Sixth
. Edition)} Pressure of air, P 6'1. \03 N/II'!
___ - x .59 x 105)- O.S 70°C
r
______ 1-=-.66- x 10-3 I ' Plate surface temperature, lI'
30
~2~.6!4~R~e~a~ta~n~d~~~m~S~T~~a~m~~_r
~ ________
Tofind: Heat removed from the plate. --..._
------
-'nee Re
...........-- < 5 x 105, flow is laminar .
SI' late. laminar flow,
F r flat p , , Ed" )1
Film temperature, TI = Tw+T~ o [From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth. ilion
2 Nusselt Number
= 70+2~ Local Nu = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)0.333
2
x = 0.332 ( 1.10 x 104)05 (0.681 )0333
~= 30.631
Properties of air at ISO°C (A t atmospheric preSSure) :
We know that,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)] I Nusselt Number,
P = 0.779 kg/m) Loca h L
_x_
v = 32.49 x I~ m2/s Nu, = k
Pr 0.681
k 0.037S0 W/mK = 37.S0 x 10-3
30.63 [v Lr= l m]
Note: The given pressure is not atmospheric presSure. The I

----~----~~~~~~~h~~1.15_w./m2K
Local heat tr~nsfer coefficient, x ,
properties of air such as k, Pr and Cp do not change mUch with
We know, . h
pressure. But the kinematic viscosity will vary with pressure. I at transfer coefficient,
A verage re It = 2 x I. 15
Kinematic viscosity, v PO/III
va/m x~
Pgiven l1iiO:_ill-W-/m-2K--'1
I bar
Heat transferred, Q It A (Too - T lI,)
V :::: 32.49 x 1Q-6 x 6 x 103 N/m

2 2.31 x (I x 0.5) x (563 - 343)
r',' Atmospheric preSSure:::: I bar] 254.1 W I
105 N/m2 . b thI sides
Q of the plate ::0
2 x 254. J
6 Heat transfer from 0 ::0 508.2 W
32.49 x 10- x 6 x 103 N/m2
r.:-:--~:--:-- -.![:....:••_• ..:_I
.:.b=ar_=_1 x 105 N/m2] Q = 508.2 W
Kinematic viscosi , v 5.415 x 10- 4 m /s Result: Heat transfer, J 5 nrl area and -# mm
2
Reynolds Number, Re [ EXlImpleJ 5: I A sq uare glass ~ plate .
d it is cooled ~, a
ir at 10 'r'
_,
Ilrick is heated uniformy I to .-/ paral/ello lite pate at 3 "VS.
90 \...an l,
. bot" slues
_ 6x 1 Which is flowing over ling the plate.
5.415 X 10-4 Calculate tire initta ra oJcoo I
. .. I te '''_?
~e 1.10 x 1Q4 < 5 x IO'J Take for glass : p 1500 kglm-

C
p
= 0.67 KJlkgK
",'
l
I
I
~
~,

~2.~~~~~~~~~ _______ Convective Heat Transfer 2.67
For air at mean tenrperature.55 '(' :
p = 1.076' kg/m3 ~ 0.132 (1.63x W) V ~,'I'"l': Pr ~ ~ ~P J
Cp = 1008 J/kgK . . \ 19 8 x 1000{)x 100810.333
k = 0.0286 W/mK
:::: 0.332 (L63 x 105)0.5 l . 0.0286 \
I
p = 19.8 x 1(j-(J N-S/m2

\
Given: G lass plate area, A ~
1.5 m2 VI e knoW that,
Thickness of the plate, t 4 mm =: 4 x 10-3 In
Plate surface temperature, Til' 90°C
Fluid temperature, Ten 20°C hx x I
(.: L = 1 m]
Velocity, U 3 rn/s
\\8.90 = 0.0286
For glass, p 2500 kg/rn! h =, 3.40 W/m2K

::::> x. h :> 3 40 WIm2K
Cp 0.67 KJ/kgK = 0.67 x 103 J/kgK Loca I h e a
t transfer coefficient, x
.
. \ .
For air, p 1.076 kg/m!

We know that,
Cp = 1008 J/kg-K A verage heat transfer l = 2 x hx
k = 0.0286 W ImK coefficient, h J
= 2 x 3.40
~ = 19.8 x 10-6 N-S/m2
To find: Initial rate of cooling the plate.
[h = 6.80 W/m2KJ
Solution: We know that, Heat transfer from both l ::::

2 x hA (Tw - T<t)
sides of the plate, Q J 680 x 1 x (90-20)
Reynolds number, Re UL
v
= pUL
~ [ .: v =; ] :::: 2 x .
[Q ::::952WJ
1.076 x 3 x I
19.8 x 10-6 [.: L = I m]
1.63 x 105 J < 5 x 105

Since Re < 5 x lOS, flow is laminar.
[Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]
Local heat transfer coefficient for the air flow parallel to the
plate is given by
Nux· = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
2.68 Heal and Mass Transfer UL
Reynolds number, Rt: = -;
I Example /6 I Air at 300C flows
. ..
over a jI--;;;--:----_,
P ale ell
velocity. 01/ 3 m/s. TIre plate IS maintained CIt 90 ar-.",
\... lire I (' 3 x 0.9
dimension is 900 nrnr x 600 mm x 30 mm, lt Ilr I P tile 18.97x\(T6
'J e I 'er"
conductivity of II,e plate is 27 WlnrK, find, 't"
I. Heat lost by the plate.
IRe-'= \.42x\OS\<5x\05
2. Bottom temperature of the plate for lire Re ~ x \ O'i-, flow is laminar.

<)
steaely Slate Since
condition.
t plate laminar now
Given: Fluid temperature, T eo For fla '
[Refer HMl data book, Page No. "2 (Sixth Edition)l
Velocity, U
I = 0.332 (Re)Oj (Pr)o.m
Plate surface temperature, Til' "Nusselt num b er, N ty
Loca \
Plate dimension 900 rum x 600 nun x 30 nun = 0.332 (1.42 x lQ5)05 (0.696)°.333
Length,
Width, W
L 900
600 mm
111m =
= 0.6
0.9 III
III
~ Nux ~'l~_:~
hx L
=> Thickness, t 30 mm = 0.03 III
Nux = k
We know that,
Thermal conductivity}
of the plate, k 27 W/mK h x 0.9
2---
Tofind : I. Heat loss, Q. I 10.88 :; 0.02896
2. Bottom temperature of the plate for the steady II :; 3.567 W/m2K
.f
state condition.
Solution: We know that, Local heat transfer f:; 3.567 W/m2K
Tw+T;fJ coetTlcient, hx L __---
Film temperature, Tf = 2
A verage heat transfer \ :; 2 x h.t
90 + 30 coefficient, h j
2 :; 2 x3.567
~ = 60°C I [[~~
Properties of air CIt 60'C :
:; h A~T
p 1.060 kg/m! Heat losS, Q (r -
r)
It xWx L "
oJ .'fl
II'
v = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s 09:< (90 - 30)

7.\34)( 0.6 x .
Pr 0.696
k 0.02896 WlmK
__ -------c::..:o::n:..:v~eC:"'-lllr·vV((.' Heal t-« 11sJer
.r. 2.71
""\e1\2.th of the plate is turbulent

2.70 Heat and Mass Transfer WhO'"\ ... .
I. ft"tl
TO :
'thickness of the boundary layer, I).
We know that.
dean value of heat transfer coefficient h
2- I"· ' .
(
Heat flow by conduction,
where
Q
R
RT
= ().
L
T,
]} solution:
properties of air at 20
0
e:
kA lFrom HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)1
\
\_ ~ Q = {)'T p ::: \ .205 kglm3

LlkA v ::: 15.06 x \0-6 ml/s
[From HMT datakA
book.
().T Page No. 43 (SIxth
'. I:.ditionll
.
\ Pr ::: 0.703
~ Q = _- k ::: 0.02593 W/mK
L
\ We knoW that, \JL

Reynolds Number, Re v
where \00 x 1
L - Thickness of the plate 0.03 m \5.06x lQ-6
27 x 0.9 x 0.6 x (T, -90) ~~e .~6~.6_4_X_l~06_>~5_X_l_0~_5
~ 231.14
0.03
rr;--:-:- __ __:0,..4,75 (T, - 90) Since Re > 5 x \ 05, flow is turbulent. 1
f or flat plate, turbulent flow. [fully turbulent - given
Bottom temperatu~e-}
of the plate,!, 90.47SoC or 363.47;1 Local Nusse\t Number
Result: 1. Q 23-1-14--- \. \ ,Nux::: 0.0296 (Re)O:8 (Pr)o.m
2 . W [From HMT da;' bOok. P"; No. I t J lSixth Ediiio
IE' T, = 90.475°C 0.0296 (6.64 x IO'i" (0.103)°333 '
t: . xample 17 \ Air at 20°C' .
O.S m wide at a velocity 0' ;ofloowmg over aflat plate of m
1
Q"-N-u- -7§J
x
' ,"
engtll
I of tile
. P "ate IS made turbulent
'J m/s.
C I Tile fl ow over tile wllOl, We know "
. Thickness of the bounda . a culate tile flowing
hx xL
2. Mean valu ,£ ry layer.
Nux::: k
G'iven : e OJ heat transijer
Fluid I:
coefficient.
temperature '<Xlr 20°C h x 1
~
Length, L 1m 7552 == 0.02593
\l__ ~fi . 1~--:;\9s~
Wide, W 0.5 m ~~~~-!----~
Velocity, U 100 m/s
1 I
I
ConvectiveHeat Transfer 2.73
~1~.7~2~~H~e=w~an~d~~~a~s~s~f,_ra_'~~fi~e_,.___________________ I ~
.. For nat plate, turbulent tlow, ----- /'foft"t1: . .

eat translerred for.
Average heat transfer coefficient h I 25 I I l-{
. 1x . (i) Entire plate is considered as combination of both
h 1.25 x 195.8 laminar and turbulent flow .
h 244.75 W/m2K . ' E ti e plate is considered as turbulent flow.
(II) n rr
Mean heat transfer coefficient, h 244.75 W/11l2K 2. Percentage error.
Boundary layer thickness: . . We know that,
SolutIOn.
Boundary layer thickness T'F +T'fJ
Film temperature, TJ 2
0.37 x x x (Re)-02
0.37 x I x (6.64 x 106)-02 300 + 40 ::::443 K
2
[.: x = L = I rn]
IL....:O~_=o.-=-O 1:..:.59n~
Result: Properties of air at 170°C:
I. Boundary layer thickness p 0.790 kgltn3
o = 0.0159 m
v
3 1.1 0 x 1Q-6 ro2/s
2. Mean heat transfer coefficient 0.6815
Pr
h = 244.75 W/m2K 0.037 W/roK
k
I Example I
18 Air at 40°C flows over II flat plate, 0.8 m long
at a velocity of 50 ntis. The plate surface is maintained at 300°C We know
._
Determine the heat transferred from the entire plate length to air
taking into consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of Reynolds Number,
Re :::: -
UL
v
the boundary layer. Also calculate the percentage error if the ~:::: t.26x106
boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent nature from the very :::: 31.10xl~ _.
~,~D
leading edge of the plate.
Given: Fluid temperature, T'"
~--
. bulent floW. tlow is
s this IS tur [It llIeans, .
Length, L 0.8 111 Re > 5 x 10', so ombilled. that floW IS
. _turbulent c. x 10;, after
Velocity, U SO m/s Case (i): Lall\ltlar ber value IS 5
Plate surface temperature, Til'
Ids num
300°C laminar upto Reyno
turbulent.1
I heat transfer coefficient, h 92.96 W/m2K
~~a x
----
A verage heat transfer }
1.25 x hx
Average Nusselt } Nu = (Pr)OJ33 [0.037 (R )0.8 . (for fully turbulent flow) h
Number e - 871] f{iclent
coe 1.25 x 92.96
(From HMT data book, Page No. 114 (S· .
. rxth Edit"
Nu = (.6815)
O
0'"
..).).) [0.037(1.286 x 106)08 -871]
IOn)) Average heat tran~fer}
coeffiCient
Ih
L-. 1_16_:.2:...:_0_W_/m:..:_:-
[AVerage Nusselt Number Nu = 1746.09] hxA x (T w ~ 1co)

Heat transfer, O2
hL h x L x W x (1 w - Tco)
We know Nu
k
h x 0.8 116.20 x 0.8 x I x (300 - 40)
1746.09
0.037 24169.60 W J
80.75 W/m2K I QI
Q2-
~
Average heat } Percentage error QI
80.75 W/m2K
transfer coefficient h 2.
24169.60 - 16796 x 100
Heat transfer, QI h x A x (Til' - To) 16796
n x L x W x (Tw - Too) 43.90
r-:- 80_.7_5_x_0~.8x I x (300 - 40)
I QI 16796W I Result: bi d)
\ Heat transfer (Laminar-Turbulent com me
Case (ii) : Entire plate is turbulent flow' . QI == 16796 W
Local N usselt } 2 Heat transfer (Fully turbulent) W

Number Nux = 0.0296 x (Re)0.8 x (Pr)0.33 . Q2 :::: 24169.60
.
[From HMT data book, Page No. 113 (Sixth Edition)]
3. Percentage error == 43.90 fl tplate at a speed of
Nux = 0.0296 x (1.286x I06)0.8 x (0.6815)0.333 "1 0 OCflows over a a
\ Example 19 J Air at , 60 em long and 75 cm
I Nux = 2010.15 I 90 mls and heated to' 10
0 °C Tile plate IS I ce al
dary layer take P a
'( n of boun
hx xL wide. Assuming t/le transl 10 , ,
We know Nu =--
x 'k Re = 5 x 105, Calculate the followmg ,
, ' coefjicient,
1. AveragefrlctlOn '.JJ ,
2010.15 = hx x 0.8 .fer coeffiCient,
0.037 2. Average Ileat trans),
' sipation,
I hx = 92.96 W/m2K I 3. Rate of energy ciIS
27~.1~6
__ ~H~e~a,~a~n~d~A~la~s~S~Ti~ra~n~sfi~e_r-:
__ ~~~ __
~inar-turbulent flow
.: Given: Fluid temperature, T a: - O°C -------- ~
for [From HMT ~ata book, Page No. 114 (Sixth Editionj]
Speed, U = 90 rn/s
Surface temperature, T H,
loooe friction } C J L. 0,074 (Ret 0.2 - 1742(Ret 10
Average fficient ~
Length, L 60 em 0.60 In coe ::::> CfL 0.074 [10 x 106]-0.2 -
Wide, W 75cm = 0.75m 1742 [3.0 x 106]-10
ToJind: = 3 .16 x 10-3
C IL
1. Average friction coefficient,
2. Average heat transfer coefficient, A~e friction} C L = 3.16 x 10-3
coefficient f
3. Rate of energy dissipation.
Solution : We know that, Averag e Nusselt } N u = (Pr)0.333 [0.037 (Re)08 - 871]
Film temperature, T/
::!>+T oo
Number k P No 114 (Sixth Edition»
[From HMT data boo. age .
2 (Pr)0.333 [0.037 (3 x 106)0.8 - 871]
---+ 0
100 .
(0.698)0.333 [0,037
(3 106)0.8 - 871]
x
2
[N~1215J
Properties of air at 50°C :
We know,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition))
p 1,093 kg/m' Average Nusselt Number, Nu
v = 17.95 X 10-6 m2/s h
Pr 0.698 Average heat tran~fer h
k 0.02826 W/mK coefficient T )
'------;- Q == h A (TIY - eo
We know,
Rate of energy dissipatIOn, = h » L)( W (T", - T <Xl)
Reynolds Number, Re
UL 075(100-0)
v ::: 198.5)( 0.60){ .
90 x 0.60
17.95 x 10-6 ~
3
== 3.16)( 10-
3.0 x 106 > 5 x iQ£J Result: 1. eft. 2
Since Re > 5 x 105, flow is turbulent. == 198.5 W Im J(
2. h
[Note: Transition Occurs means flow is combination of laminar an~ == 8932.5 W
turbulent flow. i. e., the flow is said to be laminar upto Re value is 5 x 10 ,
3. Q
after that flow is turbulent.]
(
I
I
, Example 20 Air at 40 C(' flows over a jl;;;-::----'_,
. . . Pate Qt
~(')
ClIst , .
. Using exact solution,
velocity of 2 mls. The p Iate IS maintained at 100 cc. Th Q .n tplate, laminar flow.
. e length for I,a
the plate is 2.5 m. Calculate the heat transfer per unit:..I of
W",th Us'
(a) Exact method, Local Nllsselt. \ Nux = 0.332 (Re)05 x (Pr)om
Nutnbel I .
llig
(b) Approximate method. [From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Si'>..1h·Editiont!
Given: Fluid temperature, Too Nu ... = 0.332 (2.49 x. \05)05 x (0.694)°333
Velocity, U
Plate surface temperature, T w = 100°C ~~ 146.6_}
Length L = 2.5 m hx L
Width = 1 m We knoW, Nux = T
Tofind : hx x 2.5
1. Heat transfer (Ql) using exact method. \46.6 = 0.02966
2. Heat transfer (Q2) using approximate method.
~-hea.t tran~fer l hx = \.74 W/m2K
Solution: L- coefficmet 1 .
Film temperature, Tf Average heat ~ h = 2 x h
transfer coefficient I x
= 2 x \.74
QiiOl48 W/m2g
~ Q = II x A x (1", - 1<1:)
Properties of air at 70°C: Heat transler. \
::::. 11)( L x W )((1 IV - 1co)
p 1.029 kg/m!
v = 20.02 x 10-6 m2/s 3,48 xl.5 x \ )( (\00 - 40)
Pr 0.694
k 0.02966 W/mK ~2Y-J
We know that, . t solution:
Case (ii): Approxllua e J3J
Reynolds Number, Re UL
v Local Nusselt
Number Nux
r ;::.O.m .
x (Re)
'05 x (pd
.. ')
. 06C)4)ll)J
9 x \05)0) ;< ( .
2 x 2.5
;::. 0.323 x (2.4
20.02 x 10-6
[Re 2.49 x lOs < 5 x 105 I ~J
Since Re < 5 x 105 , flow I'S Iammar
. {
Specific heat, Cp = 1.005 KJlkg-K
= 1005 J/kg-K
hx xL
We know that, Nux k Thermal conductivity, k = 0.034 WImK
hx x 2.5 ~
142.7 = 29.66 x 10-3 St Prl13.= 2
:::) I hx = 1.69 W/m2K I Local heat transfer coefficient. hx'

Average heat} h = 2 hx roJind:
. x We know that,
transfer coe ffiicient
Solution: ~C .
h = 2 x 1.69 e
Prandtl number, Pr = k :
Ih 3.38 W/m2K I
Heat transfer, Q2 hxA X (TIV - T <1;» [From HMT data book. Page No. III (Sixth Edi~ion))
h x L x W x (Til' - T co) 2.29 x 10-5 x 1005

;::; 0.034
3.38 x 2.5 x 1 x (100-40)
""-1 Q-2--50-7-W -'1 [!>r = 0.676J
Result:
1. Exact solution, Qt 522 W Stanton numbe(, St = Cp p U - hx
2. Approximate solution, Q2 507 W N III (Sixth Edition))

HMT data book. Page o.
[F rom n h
I I
Example 21 Air flows over a flat plate at a speed lif l'
60 mls. If the local skin friction coefficient on a plate is 0.005, 5t ;::; 1005 x 0.89 x 60
calcukue the local heat transfer coefficient at that point.
Take for air: p = 0.89 kg/m3
IJ = 2.29 x J o-s kg-m/s
Cp 1.005 KJ/kgK
sr Pr2f);::;
Sa2
k 0.034 W/mK We know that,
~ ~
Use St p,.vJ
2 ~ )( (0.676~]
53,667 ~
Given: Velocity, U 60 m/s
Local friction coefficient, C [x = 0.005 WI 21(
Local heat transfer ;::; 174.19 III
Density, p 0.89 kg/rn! Result: }
coefficient, h%
Viscosity, Il = 2.29 x 10-5 kg-rn/s
..-_-------~COOlnvecl;veH
) I 1 Heal and Mass Transfer
<orflat plute. tamlnar _ t.rbol ea'T""",,,
II:.':mmp/~ I
11 Air at JO~ an~~1
T'
Average Nusselt \
enl combintdfl
nw:
plate• til• a velocity 0"'J
50 nv.\. ..OI.J] bur Ilow s O"e
.~. Tile plate .
maurlallled al 70 -c. C I Number. Nu J = (Pr)0.333 [0 .O~7(Re)08 - 871
" . a cutate the heat e I.'. 1.5 n, 10,,· '
I Q /l,III J
I e plme, II,king into consider ,. Irtlll·'ill!rlor It I I( ""d ,. [From HMT databook. Page No. 114 ( . . .]
portion ollhe boundar'"J Iayer. II ton bOlll IU"';'lttr (II1t1" 1IIIklitlll,'I/S Nu = (0.698)0333[003 Sixth [dlhon)l
Gi"en •. FI'd 'h",'':'" ___ . 7 (4.17Sx 1(6)0.8
UI temperature T
''F. 300( !'!_~= 5728.28 \ - 871]
[
Pressure. p 1.013 bar
hL
Velocity, U 50 m/s We know that, Nu
k
PI Length L 1.5 III
h x 1.5
ate surface temperature , 'T II' -- 700( ~ 5728.28
0.02826
Width, W
~ h 107.92 W/m2K
Tofind: I. ~Ieat transfer Q I III
SolUlioll .. W e k now that, ,. Average heat transfer 1.

107.92 W/m
coeffic ient, h J
Fihn temperature, T, = Til' + T.~.
-.' Heat transfer, Q
2
= h x W x L (Tw -T ) C1)
~ ')
= 107.92 x 1 x 1.5 x (70 - 30)
Propert]res of air at 500 e: ~6475.2 W I

[From HMTd ala book , Pago: No. 33' Result: Heat transfer, Q = 6475.2 W
P _ .
(Sixth Edllionll
- 1.093 kg/m!
. ProblemS on Flat SUrtKII - Forc
2.8.2• Solved U'nlvarsity
v = 17.95 x 10-6 m 215 Convection
Pr :::: 0.698 . \ Example 1 \ Air tl' atmospheric pressure and 200'C flo
k :::: 0.02826 W/mK ~ver tf plate wi,h a velocity of 5 m/s. The plate is 15 mm wide a
Reynolds numb er, Re :::: -...!::
U IS" taintained
• at a temperature of 120 'C. Ca/culale the thickn
v Of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers and lite local h
transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.5·m from the leading ed
:::: ~1.5
I 17.95 x 1tr6 Ass ume t'IU' the flow ls on Me side of the plate.
ro:--4"'-1
~_:_Z_8_~>
-~ 5 x 10;
1 84 Heal and MasJ Transfer Convective Heat Transfer 2.85
p. 0.815 ",1",1, u= U .s» /(t-(I NsI",1 ; ~

~",;c boundary layer thickness : .
/f!ydfodynal
I· 5hx = 'S x x x (Re)-0.5
Pr .. 0 7, k = 0.0364 WlnrK {May 2004 An
. • n« {ln'
Gil'e,,: Fluid temperature, T eo = 200°C ,ve,s;ty/ ,= 5 x 0.5 x (8.32 x 104)-0.5
Velocity, U = 5 m/s = 18.667 x 1(}-3 m
Wide of the plate, W = IS mm :: 0.015 m
Plate surface temperature, Tw = 120°C
I 0hx = 8.667 x 10-3 m I
Distance, x = 0.5 m ",al boundary layer thickness:
~pu .
p = 0.815 kglm3 0Tx = 011%x (Pr):' 0.)33
~ = 24.5 x 10-6 Ns/m2 8.667 x 10-3 x (0.7)- OlB

Pr = 0.7
k = 0.0364 W ImK
I OTx = 9.76 x IQ-J m I
Tofind: 1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness 0 3, Local/reat transfer coefficient, It % :
, h:r
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness , 0 Tx :
Weknow that,
3. Local heat transfer coefficient, hx.
Local elt} N
NUSS = 0.332 (Re)os (Pr)0.333
Solution: We know that, number "x
UL 0.332 (8.32 x 10")05)( (0,7)°.333
Reynolds number, Re
v
5 x 0.5
Nux = 85.03
v
[.: x = L = 0.5 m] hx)( L
5 x 0.5 We know that, Nu, = -r

U [ .: v =~ ]
!:!. h x 0.5
.2--- [.:x::::L::::O.5m]
"
.
'p 85.03 = 0.0364
5 x 0.5 ~.l' = 6.19 w/m2ig
24.5 x 10-6
3
0 -,815
Result: 1. Ohx
= 8.667 x 10- m
·IRe 8.32.x 104 < 5xlOS] = '9.'76 x 10-3 m
Since Re < 5 x'IOs , flOW'IS. laminar,
.' 2.
6.19 W/m2K
For flat plate, laminar flow, 3. h.; !:::
. [Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition))
Convective Heal Transfer 2.B7
2.86 _ Heal and Mass Trall.~fc.'r ~,",i(lft cllefficient or local friction coeffic~nt :
I Example 2 I Air III 20'r is flowing (Ilollg a "eclte1 .----- ,I ---- 1 Cj:f = 0.664(Re)-Oj
J 34 't' a' a velocity of 3 m/s. The plate is 2 m Inllg c Pierre a, 0.664 (7.96 x \()4,05
wide. Calculate .the ..thickness of the hvdrod . . (111(1
b 1.5 sn
YIlallllC \ Cp 2.35 x \0-3 \
I ayer ami the skill friction coefficient at 40 c m firom the OUII(/a
l ...,
..)'
edge of 'he plate. The kinematic viscositv .£' . eerdi"D
oJ til r lit 20
r...J. , • eo llesll1t: .
J 5• 06 X. J U - nrls.
. . '005 , AmICI lJ . 't' iS
IDee . ... 1. Hydrodynall'l1c boundary layer thickness,
ver 3
Given : Fluid temperature, T <J'.' = 200C ", silJ,1 bhx ::::'7.08 x 10- m
3
Plate surface temperature; T", 134°C 2. Skin friction coefficient, CIx = 2.35 x 10- .
Velocity, U 3 m/s .. ~ Air at 25~flows over J m x3 fit (3 mlong)
Length of the plate, L 2 III 'zontal plate maintained at 2·00~ at 10 mls. Calculate the
M" e I,eat transfer coefficients.for both laminar and turbulent
Wide, W 1.5 m averag . '\
Distance, x = 40 em = 0.40111 r~ 'ons "'ake Re (critical) = 3.5 x lOS.
~f} =
.1'· . '
[Dec. 2004, Anna University}
Kinemati~ viscosity
air at 20°(," 15.06 x ,10-6 m2/s Given: Fluid temperature, T 25°C
ci:l =
To find: 1. Thickness
5 of the hydrodynamic bmm~~~
d Length, L == 3 m
hx : ' Plate temperature, T", == 200°C
2. Skin friction coefficient or local friction Velocity, U == 10 m/s
coefficient, C (x . Re(critiCal)= 3.5 x lOS
Solution: We know that, .
ToJind: . fl
Reynolds number, Re == UL 1. Average heat transfer coefficient (h) for lammar ow.
v · t (h) for turbulentflow.
2. Average heat transfer coeffilClen
3 x 0.40
15.06 x 10-6 [',: L = x = 0.40 m] Soilition: We know that, 'T1I'+ Tci:l
. [Re 7:96 x 1041 <5x 105 Film temperature, T/ := ~
Since Re < 5 x lOS , flow I'S Ialllll1ar.

. 200 + 25
:=~
H d. . [From HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth EditiQIl)] ~
1. y rodynamic boundary layer thickness: ' Properties of air at 112.5 C(' : No. 33 (Sixth Edition)]
Sir.\' :: 5 x x x (Re)-o.s »MT datil boOk, Pa~e
lfrom _ 922 kglro3
?_!~= 5 x 0.40 x (7.96 x 104) OJ
p - Q.
[5lrx == _7.08 x 10-3 an I
It Z,) Im.o)'
r'
I
\I ... 24.29 10-~'~

~
I
i
l/Ca
I
,~.
-- For turbulent flow,
Sf (il) . _ .It
'1.11 NlI~~t.:
,
Con\lecti'Ve Heat Tt'Cmift'
number, Nux = 0,0296 (Re)O,I(Pr)O J)

'
},89
Pr :c: 0.687
I ~ [From IIMT data book, Page No, 113 (Si, th Ediu nH
k = 0.03274 W/rnK Nux 0,0296 (1.23 x l06fl.8 (0,687)0 ).
UL
Reyn ld number, Re ..... \I [Nux 1945 I
10 x 3
24.29 x 1Q-6
I Re = 1.23 x J 06 1 ~
1945 = 0.03274
IH- Rc,(~~ 'I) .. 3,5 x lOS, i.e. flow is laminar upto Reynolds
~w
h r = 21.22 W/m2K
number value is 3.5 lot; 105, after that flow, is turbulent,
Case (I) : For laminar flow.
Local Nusselt Number, Nul' 0.332 (Re )0,5 (Pr)OJJ3
[From HMT data book" Page No, 112 (Sixth Edition))

Nux 0.332 (3.5 x J 05)05 x (0,687)0 m
I Nux 173.33
hx L
We kno« that. Nux k Result : ~ oefficient for laminar flow,
hx L I . Average heat trans
2K
er c
173.33 h == 3.78 W/m . f rturbulent flow,
k
sfer coefficient 0
hx x 3 2 Average heat tran
2
~ 173.33 . h - 26525 W/m K d1 '" long is 10 be
0.03274 - . 'de an 5. 0"C
---:--:-:11 flat late 1 ", WI eralure of J '
h l' 1.89 W/m2K [ Example 4.J A . P, , h a/ree strea'" temp over flat plale
90'C in air Wit . ",ust floW the
Local heal transfer coefficient, hx = 1.89 W/m2K maintained at 'with which air dissipalio" fro'"
Determine tile velOCity the rate 0/ energy. of air 0150"{;,
Average heat transfer coefficient, h 2 hx . I SO that
x
along 1.5 m su e, fi /low;ng pr opertleS 007 KJ/kg "C',
2 x 1.89 UI -rake t/le 0 Cp ... J. '1tJ/
plate is 3, 75 k"· I' 8 WI'" I{' ; Anna Vnb,ers"J
Average heal transfer coefficient}

for laminar flow If
h 3.78 W/m2K
3.78 W/m2K
mJ' k ::::0.02 [Mar 20M,
p = 1.09 kg~ 'S' n= 0.7.
JJ = 2.03 x 10-5 kgl",- ,
'
r
2.90 Heal and Mass Transfer _----~(_·~O::.t7\:::'(!~CI~il~.e.!.H~e~(I!...1!}.T/~·a~/l;!!J.sfi~i!l:_· ~2?!.!_
Given : Wide. W = Im
I'~S
___ .
_~_L2 0 ......2 ( pLU )0.5 .91
-:;:J 0.028 .-'-' ~l x (Pr)OJJ3
Length. L = 1.5
Plate surface temperature,
Fluid temperature,
Tw
IT 00
90°C
ro-c
[.,' Rc = 7J
Heat transfer or Energy dissipation, Q 3.75 kW 817.0S
o .-'-'~x
....., [1.09 x 1.5 x UJ OJ
2.03 x 10-5 x (0.7)OJ3J
3.75 x 103 W
837.0S 83.66 x (U)05
1.09 kg/m!
0.028 W/moC U 100.10 Illls
1.007 kJ/kgOC [_~ e-'ocity of air, U = 100.10 m/s I
2.03 x 10-5 kg/m-s Velocity of air, U = 100.10 m/s
Result:
/ Pr 0.7 a-i-x-,,-n-,p-'-eS"""']
Atmospheric air at 2 75 K and a free stream
To find: Velocity of air, U. velocity of 20 nrls flows over a flat plate 1.5 m long tI,nt is
Solution: We know that, nraintai"ecl at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the
Heat transfer, Q hA (T 111 .- T ex> ) average heat transfer coefficient over tl,e region where the
=> 3.75 x 103 = h (1.5 x 1)(90- 10) boundary layer is laminar, the average lIeat transfer coefjiciellt
=> h = 31.25 W/m2K over the ell lire length of tire plate und tire lotll/lreat transfer rate
~age heat transfer coefficient, h 31.25 front the plate to tire air over the lengtll 1.5 nt and width I m.
5
We know that, Assume trm,sitim, occurs at Re, = 2 x 10 ,
Local heat transfer} h [June 2006, Ann« Universityl
coefficient, h, = 2
Given: Flu id temperature, T", = 275 K = 2°e
h = 31.25 Velocity, U = 20 nvs
x 2
~--:-)~5.-62-5-W-/m-2-K-1 Length, L = 1.5 m
= 325 K == S2°e
Local NUSSelt} Plate surface temperature, T If
number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)O.333 Width, W == 1m
h~ (From HMT data b 00,k P age No. 112 (Sixth Edition)) Critical Reynolds number, Re, = 2 x lOs
To find: I. Average heat transfer coefficient. hi
T 0.332 (Re)O.5 (Pr)0333
Boundary layer is laminar]
[ '. t, h
transfer coefficten I
[ .: Nu~~= hie L ] 2. Average h ea t

[Entire length of the plate]
'fotal heat transfer rate, Q.
3.
2.92 Heat and Mass Transfer· ~ _._. hx = 22.42 W/m2K
Solulion: We know that, \Lbc31 heat transfer 2
T,,+T-..:: ~oefficient, hx = 22.42 W/m K
Film temperature, T, 2
52 + 2 VI e knoW that,
Average heat transfer} =
2 coefficient, h 2 x hx
T, = 27°e 2 x 22.42
Properties of air at 27'(' 25 '(' : h 44.84 W/m2K
1
1:1
{From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)]

Average h~at tra.risfer
p 1.185 kg/m! coefficient for =' 44.84 W/m2K
v = 15.53 x 1Q-{i m2/s laminar flow, , hi
Pr = 0.702
Case (ii) : ,
k = 0~02634 W/mK Reynolds number, ReL l
., UL (For entire, lengthlJ
Case (i): Reynolds number,' Re v'
20 x 1.5
15.53 x ]0-6
Transition occurs at Re, = 2 x 105
1.93 x 106 >, 5 x 1Q5
i.e., flow is laminar upto Reynolds number value is 2x lOS, ~eL,;; '., .
after that flow is turbulent. . 5 105 flow is tur~ulent. ! .',
SInce ReL> x .' .., ' .
20 x L .. ,. . .: ..,. 'b··l t combined flow,.
2 x 105 For flat plate, lammar-tur u en
15.53 x 10-6
0.155 m I Av~rage, N US~~ Itl' d,' (pr )0'" [0,031 (ReLl"~~ 87:J ns _ 871J
number, Nu .. i. .. 0.3)3 (0.037 (1.93 x 10 )
For flat plate, laminar flow, ., Nu == (0.702).". .. .
Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)O 333 ~1I :=. 2737J!]. . 0 v :
[F;om HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]

We kn0r-:that, , " hL
Nux 0.332 (2 x 105)0.5(0.702)°·333 '. ,.. b Nu· == k
, Nusselt-num er,
r-I N-u-x--13-1.-97~1
, ~4
We know that, 2737.18 == 0.0263
.
, ..
2"
. , h == 48.06, '1!/m ~
Local Nusselt number , Nu It
hxxO.155 .I.,
131.97 =
. 0.02634
2 94 Heal and Mass Transfer ' ~d temperature, Tz. = 27°( -
~G'tJvee"":' 1:' lUI
Average heat tranSfer} I . Pressure. p = I bar = 1 x 105 N/m2
coefficient for
Velocity, U = 2 m/s
turbulent flow, hi
Distance, x. = 400,mm = 0,400 m
We know that. I. " . I ,
6
Total heat transfer} Coe
ffiIC"'1"11tof viscosity, ~l
I
=
'
19.8
.,
x 10- kg/m-s
. rate, Q hi A Il T
..) . Plate surface temperature, Til! = 60°C
elise (II '. '
",xWxLx(TII-TT.)
ties of air at 43.5'(' :
48.06 x I x 1.5 x (52 -- 2) proper, ' k = 0.02749 W/mK
IQ 3604.5W I C = 1006 J/kgK
p
Result : R '= 28'7' J/kg-K
I. Average heat transfer coefficient
Pr == 0.7
[Boundary layer is laminar]
h, = 44.84 W/m2K To find; Case (i) :
2. Average heat transfer coefficient 1, B ou
ndary layer thickness, ~\ . ,
[For entire length of the plate]
2. M ass
'flow rate
per unit width, 1/1,
Q
,,'
h, = 48.06 W/m2K .\ Heat transferre~ per hour, .

case (ii) :
3. Total heat transfer rate, Q = 3604.5 W
Solution: Case (;) :
I Example 6 I Air (II 270C anti I bar flows over (I plate (,t u .J!_
Density, P = RT
speed of 2 mls. I ••
(1) Calculute the boundary layer thickness at 400 mm from ~

287 x (27 + 273)
tile leading edg« of tile plate. Find tile mass flow rate
per unit widtt: of the plate. g~,~
For air p = 19.8 x 1()-6 kglms at 27OC. !:!h
Re -
(2) If tile plate is maintained at 60 't', calculate the IIeat Reyno\ds number, - V
transferred per hour. The properties of air tit mean
temperature of
(27 + 60)
2 = 43.5 OCare given below.
:s:
-
UL
~
p
k = 0.02749 WlmK; Cp = 1006 JlkgK;
R = 287 Jlkg-K; Pr = 0.7.
[Madras Ulliversi(V, 98/
Convective Heal Tra
2 x 0.4
19.8x 10-6 ~ [h 8.772 Wlrn2K ~
1.16 Heat transfer, Q hA (Tw- T..r.)
.
I Re =; 4.686 x 1O~ < 5
x 105
Since Re < 5 x 105 flow I'S la . h x W x L (Tv - T,.J
. ' mmar.
[Refer HMT data book P 8.712 x 1 x 0.4 (60 - _ )j
Boundary layer thickness ~ =: 5 ' age No. J 12 (Sixth Ed' .
'x Xx x (Re j-us IliOn)) Q 115.79 W
5 x 0.4 X (4 686
. x 104)'-0 115.79 Jls
9.23 x rO-3 iii] .S
J
Mass flow rate, in 5 115.79 x 3600 h
8" x p x U [ ~2x - 0 ]
Ix
Here, ~ Ix =:
0 , U2x
~
~x = 9.23 x 10-3 m IQ = 416.84 x 103 Jib I
5 Result: Case (iJ : ~x 9.23 x 10-3 m
In - x I 16
8 . x 2- [9.23 x lO-3J
[in 0.0133 kglJ'
m 0.0133 kg/s
Case (ii):
Case (iiJ : Q = 416.84 x 103 Jib
Local Nusselt number N _
:::::> ' Ux - 0.332 (Re)o.s (Pr)Om I Example I
7 Air at 25'(' flows over aflat plale at a ~ -I
:::::> Q Nu
x
=: 0332 (4 68
.
.
. 6 x 104)0.5 x (0.7)0.333 7 mls and heated to' 85 '('. Calculate the local lIeat tTtoGfor
Nux =: 63.8D coefficient at a distance of 20 em. IOct. 98, 2000, MU (EEE)/
We know that ,
Given: Fluid temperature, Too = 25°C
Nusselt number N _ hx L = 7 mls
, ux- k Velocity, U
Plate surface temperature, T; = 85°C
Distance, x = 20 cm = 0.2 m
To find: Local heat transfer coefficient (h;r)'

Tw + Leo 8S + 25
Film temperature, Tf = ---r- -z =
Average h
eat tranSfer}
coefficient, h == 2 x hx == 2 x 4.386
Conveclive Heal Transfe,. 2.99'
'{llfl
Air at 20'(' flows over aflat plate at 60 or with
I't, 8 .
Properties of air at 55°C: £~ ", l·(!lllci(V of 6 m/s. Determine tire value of the
sirea , .
. [From HMT data hook,·Page No. 33 (S' (ret . 'e('/ive heat transfer coefficiem upto tllength of I nr
Ixth Edit' #)' oe com' '. '
•
Density, p = 1.075 kglm3
1011)] avertltJ directIOn.
Kinematic viscosity, v
;~(/leflow IManonma~ium Sundamnar University, April 97/
18.41 x 10-6 m2/s
Fluid temperature, T 20 e
rF.l '
0
Prandtl Number, Pr 0.697 Give" : T 600e

Plate temperature, II'
Thermal conductivity, k 0.02857 W/mK Velocity, U 6 m/s

We know that, .
Length, L 1m
Reynolds Number, Re
UL A verage heat transfer coefficient
v [x::: L::: 0.2 m] rojincl :
Solution:
7 x 0.2
18.41 x 10--6 ::: 7.6 X 104 Film temperature, Tf 2
~::: 7.6 x 104 < 5 x 1051 ~
2 v • r.
Since Re < 5 x lOS, flow is laminar.
For flat plate laminar flow,
111 . = 40°C 1 .
. '.., . Local Nusselt .,} .' ,,', ~,' . ,. ,. f ai t40oe:' .

, ,Pr€)pertles air a
0 " , k P 'No 33 (Sixlh Edition)]
\\ .... Number ,NLt.l'.\:=. 0.332 (Re)0 ..5 (Pr)03~3' ( 'From HMT data boo, age . . . '
":" k m3, .: "
"r Density, P 1.128 gJ
a
{From HMT (fat book, Page Nd. 112 (Sixth Eahibn)] " ., Ie - 'Q.02756 W/mK
Thermal conductiVIty, II\.J. m21s'
0.332 (7.6 x 104)0.5 (0.697)0:333 . . v' 16:96)( 'V -
jr--'N-u-x -8-1-.15-, Kinematic VISCOSity, ,. , '.
.' ' ._'., 0 699 "
Prandtl Number; Pr ,~ .
We know,
We know that, !:Lh ,\ '
Local Nusselt }' , hx xL Reynolds Number, Re v

Number Nux k 6)(1_
81.15
hx x 0.2 "
___
=1~_, IO~ < 5 x 10
0.02857 [.: x = L = 0.2 m] Re '" 3.53)( .
Local heat tran~fer } L .
,
105 floW I
is laminar. '
coefficient _ hx 11.59 W/m2K , Smce Re < S x , . th [dilion)]
. arflow '" ...., ))?(51"
For flat plate, lamm, book. Page ,.0, -
Result: Local heat transfer,coefficient, hx ::: 11.59 W/m2K , HMT data
IFrom
1.100 Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heal Transfer 1.101
~ Local friction coefficient,
LocalNNussebelt } Nu 0.332 x (Re)o.s x (Pr)0.333--------
Ul~ r x • 3. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
.- 0.332 x (3.53 x 105)0.5 x (0.699)0.333 4. Local heat transfer coefficient.
I Nux 175.27 I 'o ' We know that,
solll't n .
Local Nusselt } N u hxx L Til' +T<I)
Number x k film temperature, Tf 2
hx x I 75 +25
175.27 2
= 323 K = 50°C
0.02756
j Local Nusselt
Number
}
Nu
x
4.83 W/m2K
Properties of air at 50°C:
Average heat } h
2 x hx [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition»)
1~ transfer coefficient
2 x -4.83 Density, p = 1.093 kglm3
Ih 9.66 W/m2K I .
Kinematic viSCOSity, V ,=
17.95 x 1()-O m2/s
Result: Average heat transfer coefficient h = 9.66 W/m2K Prandtl Number, Pr = 0.698
I Example 9 I Air at 25'r:' at the atmospheric pressure is Thermal conductivity, k = 0.02826 W/mK
flowing over a flat plate at 3 m/s. If the plate is 1 m wide and llu
temperature T'III= 75 'r:'. Calculate the following at a location of Wekoow,
{.: x=L= I m]
1 IIIfrom leading edge. Reynolds Number, Re v
(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 3x 1 = 1.67 x 105
{ii) Local friction coefficient, 17.95 x 10-0
(iii) Thermal boundary layer thickness, 1.67 x 105 < 5 x lO~
(iv) LOCIll heat transfer coefficient. (April, 97, MU/
. laminar
Given: Fluid temperature, T co 25°C Since Re < 5 x lOS, flow IS •
Velocity, U 3 m1s For flat plate, laminar flow, No 112 (Sixth Edition))
MT data book, Page .
[From H
Wide, W 1m layer thickness,
Plate surface temperature, r; 75°C 1. Hydrodynamic boundary
s -
x (Rer°.5
5 xot •
Distance, x 1m Uhx - 7" toStO'
_ 5 x I x (1.6
TofUld:
I. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, ~
.--::::-- COllvecrj,e Hear T· .
: ----=-:;-\.. " '."1" IIOJ
I ,Ie J 0 "tn,,>spherlc "" ,,' ]00 K'
, /5
(f~"" with a vr/o ~.
.
I /
"fi'" =
----
2. J 02 Heal and Mass Tnlllsjer i '"" O"er pi ..te ~(I.n.,h L 2 crty oj
l/~ 1,{lK.. ." m and wid,h W-
I'; rl . .(1 (It "IIiform tc",pL'rlrtllre oj 400 K C I -1m
,,'",II'"''"(,, "",ffie".' (I' J ' • cu''''' . 'h' I
2. Local friction coeffil:ient
,
ef, 0.664 (Ret 05 .. lellg,h and "
"'''ag' 0('
0.664 (1.67 x I O~)· 05

,I "" -;
",,,I'•r codJiciCllt
~t .. from L = 0 III L ::; 2m.
"
AIsa fiI.d ,~th,.,
h,..
Le" 1.62 x 10-

3
\
~~.
(;;l't'/r: Fluid tClnpera\\lre, T"" 300 K
~~~ill~
3. Thermal boundary layer thickness. Velocity, U 2.S m/s

81x 8", x (Prt0333 Total length, L 2m
Width, W lm
[};'., ==
0.0122
0.01375
x (0.698)- o.m
I
surfa'c tcmperature, 'II' 400 K
4, Local heat transfer coefficient (/1.) : Til Pllc/ :

\. \ .ocai h at iran fer coefficient at L == \ m,
We know that, 2. t\\'era~ heat uansfer coeffIcient at L == 2 m.
Local Nusselt } . 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0333 3. Heat iran f r Q.

Number NUl'
Sol Iltion :
_ 0.332 (1.67 x \05)05 (0.698)0333 Ctlse' (i): Locallreat transfer coefficient til L == 1m.
1",+1",
120.415
Film temperature, T, = ~
, 400 + 300 . 'II
h; xL == ~ == 350\(
We know, Nux k
hI. x I ~
120.415 =
['.: x = L == I 01)
0.02826 770C ~ SO°C·.
Properue of air at \ <om HM1 d," ",,,,. p,g< No. II l""" Ediu,,'1
Local heat-} 2
transfer coefficient hx = 3.4 W/m K
p \ kg,ltn3
2 1.09 y.. \ o-b 1\,2/5
Result:
I. s; 0.0122 m
I
Pr 0.692
,
0.03047 W/n \(
2.
< 1.62 x I O-~ k
3. bT.\ O.0137~ m We know that, .--

\\L
v
,/
4. h\ 3.4 W/m2K
~
\
'I, \ -------~(·~o~nv~eecclive HealTr .c
/ .' ansjer 1.10;
2.104 Healand Mass Transfe,.
2.5 xl ----
I we know Ihal. Nu, h, xk L
21.09 x lQ-6
. \ Re H 8539 45 <
Since Re < 5 x ,()S , flo W .IS lami
ammar. . ' 5 x 1O~
:._j Local heat '\.. 2
For flat plate, laminar flow , ' transfer coefficient i h."( = 2.\7 WIm K
Local Nusselt 1 {Refer HMT data boo .

N k, Page No. \ 12 (Sixth: Ldillon)l
'.
'VI e know that,
A verage heat l 2xh
Number Ux = 0.332 (R e )0 '.'\ (Pr)0,333 transfer coeffICient Ih x
..--- __ 0....332 (1185395)0,5 ( h 2 x 2.17

_--,-- _ _:_\O::_:iJD:.:..l~8
, • 0.692)0\33 \ h 4.35 W/m2K \
We know, Average heat l 4.35 W/m2K

transfer coefficient J h
Local Nusselt 1. h A(T",- Too)
Number J Nux Cast (iii): Heat transfer, Q
4.35 x 2 x 1 (400 - 300)
101.18 hxx1 .--_-~l:-,·:L = 2 m ; W = 1 m]
=> 0.03047 ~Q 870 W]
\ hx 3.0832 W/m2K \
Local heat } - Result :
transfer coefficient hx 3.08 W Im2K 1. Local heat transfer coefficient, at L = \ m = 3.08 W/m2K
CIIS~ R(i;'
"" : Average heal transfer coefficient at L ~ 2nL 2. Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2 m = 4.35 W/m2K
eynolds Number, Re UL 3. Heat transfer, Q = 870 W
v
\ Example 11] Air at 20 ~ and one almosphere flows overlll II
Re 2.5 x 2 }hit pI.te at 35 mis, The platt is 75 cOl long "nd is "",UrtBintd
21.09 x 1~
600C. Calculate the I.eat transfer per unit width of the platt. Also
\ Re = 237Q79
S.
mce Re < 5 x lOs fl . .18 < 5 x lOs I calculate th« turbulent boundary /tryer thickness IIIt/o< tnd oftltt
For flat ' ow IS laminar. pl.te assuming it to develop fro .. the /eOdiJlg ..". of tltt pllJU.
plate, laminar flow /Bharathidasall University, Apr. '}7
Nux 0.~32 (Re)O.5 (Pr)OJ33 ::: 20°C
Given: fluid temperature, Tao
0.332 (237079 .18)°,5 (0.692)°,333
r:\N~-U:r---=1~4'3_'\ 35 rnJs
Velocity, U ::: 15 cro ::: 0.75 m
Length, L :::
Convective Heat Transfer 2107
2 J 06 Heat and Mass Tramier
Plate temperature,
Width,
T",
W 1111
----- ~
Local Nusselt
. Number
l
I
hI xL
k
Tofind: 1. Heat transfer. hx x 0.75
2. Boundary layer thickness. 2341.6
0,02756
Solutlon : Local heat
T" + T'l
Film temperature, T} 2
For flat plate, turbulent flow,
60 + 20
2 A verage heat } I 1.25 hx
transfer l:oeffciellt '
1.25 x 86.04
Properties of air at 40°C: " 107.55 W/m2~1
p 1.128 kg/m ' h x A x (T" - T Ul)
Heat transfer, 0
k 0.02756 W/mK
Q h x A X (T", - T'/J)
v = 16.96 x 10-6 1112/s
h x L x W x (T II' - T 11)
Pr 0.699
107.55 x 0.75 x 1(60 - 20)
We know that,
UL [0 3226,50 WJ
Bount/ary layer thickness:
35 x 0.75
Boundary layer thickness
" .:..
16.96 x 10-6
,\ " '\1 '--'_R_e_~I.:..:..5_.:_4_x__;I:...::0_6 _>....::5:....:x~10::._5.....J1

0.37 x x x (Ret0
0.37)( 0.75)( (1.54
2
x
2
106t0
"Sinc,~ Re.> 5 x ,lOs: flow is turbulent. [.:x=L=0.751
,',for flat plate" turbulent flow,[Fully,turbulent - given]
Local Nusselt} , , ' ~
, ,NulJ\ber NUl = 0.0296 (Re)08 x (Pr)om
,',
I From HMT data book. Page No, Result: ,W
113 (Si:\lh Edition)1 f 0 - 3726.50 .
1. Heat trans er - - === (I,01601\l.
, 0.0296 x (1.54 x 106)0,8 x (0,699)0333 h'ckness 8
2. Boundary layer t I
I N HI' = 2341.6 I
2. J 08 Heal and Mass Transfer Convective Heal Transfer 1.109
I. Example 12 t For a particular engine, the und erslde
. 22.22 x 0.8
0" 17.95 x 1ij-6 [",' L = 0.8 m]
crank case can be idealised as a flat plate :J the
. "'ellS '[iii-e-:--9.-9 X-I-O'-]
80 em x 20 em: rile engine runs lit 80 km/h» and the UI';lIg
. .. ' crank
is cooled by air flowing past It at tile same speed. Cal clIse Re = 9.9 x 105 > 5 x J()5
culate th
loss of heat from the crank case surface of temperature 75't e Since Re > 5 x 105,Flow is turbulent.
the ambient air temperature 25 'C. Assume the bounda to For flat plate, turbulent flow,
becomes turbulentfrom the leading edge itself. IApril ~ laye,
[Fully turbulent from leading edge - given]
Given: Area, A 80 em x 20'cm ' M(Jj
Local Nusselt } Nu. = 0.0296 (Re)D.8 (Pr)OJ33
1600'cm2 == 0.16 m2 Number l
Velocity, U 80 km/hr [From HMT data book, Page No. 113(Sixth Edition)]
80 x 103 m 0.0296 [9.9 x WJO.8 (0.698)033
3600 s "-1 N-u- --16-:-:4~5.4-:-11
x
22.22 m/s h;rxL
Surface temperature, Til' .= 75°C We know that, k
Ambient air temperature, T co = 25°C hx x 0.8
o:o2s26 [.,' L = O. 8 m J
Flow is turbulent from theleading edge, i.e., flow is fully turbulent.
To find: 1. Heat loss. 58.12 W/m2K ]
Solution:
Local heat } h = 58.12 WIm2K
75 + 25 transfer coefficient x
Film temperature, T, =-2- For turbulent flow, flat plate
IT, A verage heat } h
Properties of air at ·50°C : transfer coefficient
h
P 1.093 kg/m-'
Or
v 17.95 x 10--6 m2/s We know, = h A (Til' - Tao)
Heat loss, Q 25)
Pr 0.698 = 72.65 x 0.16 (75-
k 0.02826 W/mK
We know that, ~ _ 581.2 W
Result: Heat Ioss, Q -
Reynolds Number, Re !d....h
"
,I
~t,
~ __ ---- __ CO"\lecti\)e Heal Transfer 2. J IJ
II 2.110 Heat and Mass Transfer
I' <Example
3x \
_ liJ_" Air flows over a flat plate of velo {"Yo!3
,'----
! L!
lind ambient comlltlons are pressure 760 mm tI! IlrIs
17.95 x 1Q-6
_. Re = \
.67 x \ 0'. < 5 x 105
te",perature is 15 'C. The plate is maintained at 85 'tHg an.
lengtll of the plal£ is 100 em .Iong the flow 0' .. 11 Ihe
tl".· tr, '"'t/ Since Re < ~ x \ 0\ flow is laminar.
',I h
hea! lost by 50 em of the piette wlticlt is measured ~ , e For flat plate. laminar flow,
, , . ' }ron, Ih
I trailing edge. Plate width IS 50 em. e Local Nusselt
Number
lJ N u~ -
- 0,332 x (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
I '
/BlllIrc,tltidasan Unlversit J.1 N-",',96/

Velocity, U = 3 m/s {From HMT data b 00",l. P age. No. t \2 (SIxth
. Editionj]
Give" : \
Pressure 760 mill of H.g = I bar = 0,332 x (\.67 x lQ5)05 (0.698)0333

Fluid temperature, Too ISoC I N\I.~ = \ 20,36 \
Plate temperature, !II' ,= 8SoC We know that,

Length, L 100 em 1m Local Nusselt l hx L
Width, W = SO em 0.50 III Number r Nux k
To flnd :
hx x I
I. Heat lost by 50 em of the plate which is measured from the =:.> \20.36 0,02826
trailing edge. . =:.>[ ~h_x 3_.4_W_'n_~_K~1
Solution: Local heat} h
T". + Too 3.4 W'm2K
transfer coetTlcient .t
Film temperature, Tf 2 A verage heat \ 2 x II.~
85 + IS transfer coefflcitnt I I,
2 II 2 x 3.4
[TZ= [F-:::-6-.S-W-'-11l-2K--']
Properties of air at 50°C: Heat transfer (For entire plate, Lc., L:= l m]
( I {from HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)l ~ Q2 11 A (1 ...- TaJ
. Density, p = 1.093 kg/m) :: hxLxWx(TII,-Ta)
Kinematic viscosity, V = 17.95 x 10-6 m2/s ::: 6.S x \ x 0.5 x (85 - \ 5)
Prandtl Number, Pr = 0.698
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.02876 W/mK ~
We know that, Similarly, . V 0 SO 11\
Heat transfer for ftrst half of the plate, 1.(1·, .
Reynolds Number, Re UL
V
I
,,
I
I Convective Heal Transfer 2.1
I
!
-----
Q2 (entire plate) - QJ (for first half of the plate)
UL
I Reynolds number. Re :: v
3 x 0.5
17.95 x I()-6 ~
Q :::: 238 - 168.35
I Re :: 0.835 x lOs < 5 x 105 . L'ammar

. flo I -. /lesult :
For flat plate, laminar flow , W
}-Ieattransfer from 50 em length from trailing edge = 69.65
Local Nusselt } []!Pnple 14] Air (It (I pressure of' 8 kNlm2 and
Number Nux = 0.332 x (Re)O.5 x (Pr)0.333
te",perature of 250°C flows over (I flat plate 0.3 m wide and I
r:-:- __ 0_.3_3_2
x (0.835 x 105)0.5 x (0 69 long at a velocity of 8 m/s. If the plate is to be maintained a
I Nux = 85.1 I . 8)0333
I
temperature of 78°C, estimate the rate of heat to be remov

We know that, cOlltinuouslyfrom the plate. /Bharathiyar University, Apr.
hxL Given: Pressure, p 8 kN/m2 = 8 x' 103 N/m2
Nux = k, Fluid temperature, T C1.) 250°C
Here L = 0.50 m
Wide, W OJ m
~ 85.1 = hx x 0.50 Length, L 1m
0.02826
Velocity, U 8 mls
~ I hx - 4.81 W/m2K I Plate temperature, Til' 78°C
Average heat transfer coefficient h
Tofind : Heat transfer.
h
Solution:
Tw+T<tl 78 + 250
Film temperature, Tf = 2 2
Properties of air at 164°C: (At atmospheric pressure)

[From HMT data book. Page No. 33 (Sixth Editio
I p :: 0.810 kg/m3
I v :: .30.08 x 10-6 ro21s
I k :: 0.03645 W/roK
Pr :: 0.682
Convective Heat Tramfer 2.115
Average heat transfer coefficient, h 2 x h,
2x 1.54
Note: Given pressure is not atmospheric presSure
viscositywill vary with pressure. Pr, k; C are same fo II· So, kinernar
Ih 3.08 W/m2K I
p r a pressures Ie Heat transfer, 0 h x A (Too - T 1r)
Kinematic viscosity, V = va1m X ~ . h x L x W (T 00 - Tw)

Pgiven
3.08 x 1 x OJ x (250 - 78)
= 30.08 x I ~ x I bar
8 x 1()3 N/~ 10 158.9 W I
30.08 x I~ x lOs N/m2 )-Ieat transfer from both side of the plate
8 x I ()3 NI;;;i o = 2 x 158.9
~~==~~~
[Kinematic viscosity, V =
~~~[·~:~I~b~ar~-lxIOSNI
3.76 x 10-4 m2/s
m
1 ]
2 IQ = 317.85WI
Result: Heat transfer, 0 = 317.85 W
We know that,
UL
Reynolds Number Re 2.9. FLOW OVER CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
V
8xl The flow over a cylinder is shown in Fig.2J.

3.76 x 10-4 The flow field can be divided into two regions. They are:
. I Re 4
- 2.1 x 10 < 5 x 10 5 I 1. Boundary layer region near the surface.
Since Re < 5 x lOs, flow is laminar.
For flat plate, laminar flow, 2. An inviscid region away from the surface.
Local Nusselt} [From HMTdata book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition))
Number Nux 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)O.333
r:-:- 0._33:..:2~(.2.1
x 104)0.5 x (0.682)0.333
I Nux 42.35/
We know,
42.35 = hx x I
0.03645
Stagnation point
Local heat}
transfer coefficient hx = 1.54 W/m2K .
Fig. 2.3.
CI w over c)'lim/ers
no
.~
Convective Heat Tramlfer 2.117

'---;;prob'ems - Flow Over Cylind,,,. .
-: soNe01
Th Pressure gradient along the surface of the c~
e . '. er IS no %.9.2~ Air at 15 OC, 30 IrmI1r flot4ls over a cylinder of
and infaci this pressure gradient IS responsible" t
u~ '. l}!~ and 1500 mm height witll surface temperature
development of a separated flow region 011 the back side of
I~~
th: I
I
", d,a
J,o '" «: calculate
I
the heat oss.
· der . The separation of flow affects the drag force on a cUrve<!
cy IIn
surface to a great extent.
\ of 45 • Fluid temperature, T'"l \ SoC
Given.
Velocity, U 30 kmlh
2.9.1. Formulae Used for Flow Over Cylinders and SPhere. 30 x lQ3 m
r, + Too 3600 s
l. Film temperature, TI 2 U 8.33 mts
where T 00 - Fluid temperature -c, Diameter, D 400 mm = 0.4m
Length, L ISOOmm = U m
T", - Plate surface temperature "C
Plate surface temperature, T If 4SoC
UD
2. Reynolds Number, Re
v Tofind: Heat loss.
where U - Velocity, mls I t 'on' . We know that,
Sou' 1 +1", 45+15
D - Diameter, m Film temperature, T, 7 = -2-
v - Kinematic viscosity. m2/s -,T-I--30-oC~]
3. Nusselt Number, Nu e (Re y" (Pr)O.333
Propertie f air at 30°C: )II n (Si~th Edition)}
[From HMT data book, Page No. 115 (Sixth Edil.ionll [From HMT data boo~, Pase o.
hD . = I I 65kg/m3
4. Nusselt Number, Nu Density. P . n...J. 2/
k . v - 16 \< Iv - m s
Kinematic viSCOSity, -
5. Heat transfer, Q hx A x rr,- T "J be Pr == 0.701
Pr'andtl Num r, 0.02675 W/n,K
where, A 1t DL Therma\ con4uctivity. k
For sphere :
We know,
Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.37 (Re)O.6
[From HMT data book, Page No. 119 (Sixth Edilion)) ~
Heat transfer, Q h A (Tit' - Too) \6)( 10-0
where A
~
2. J J 8 Heat and Mass Transfer
Nusselt Number, Nu C(Reyl/(~ ~
[From HMT data book. Page No. 115 (S' h ., temperature, TJ
fl01
• ·IXI Editio I.
ReD value is 2.08 x 105, correspondmg C value is 00266 n)] 130 + 30
. ) and I1J
value is 0.805. 2
~ Nu = 0.0266 x (2.08 x 105)0805 x (0.701 )03]) IT f = 80°C \
~lEi-1I-=-4-S1-.3--'1
rties of air at 80°C:
We know that, prope [From HM I data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition))
hD
NusseJt number, NlI k p I kglm3
V 21.09 x 10-6 1112/s
hxO.4
451.3 PI" 0.692
0.02675
~ h 30.18 W/m2K k 0.03047 W/mK
I Heat transfer coefficient, h 30.18 W/m2K 1 We knoW that,

Heat transfer, Q h A (Til' - Too) UD
Reynolds Number Re v
h x n x D x L x (Til' - T",)
0.2 x 0.070 = 663.S2
[.: A = nDll 21.09 x lo-tJ
30.18 x n x 0.4 x 1.5 x (45 - is) 663.S2 ]
IRe
1 Q 1706.6 W 1
We know that, for sphere, . 6
Result: Heat loss, Q = 1706.6 W Nu :: 0.37 (Re)o
I Example 2 I Air
_W°C, 0.2 I1Ils flows across a now
(II
Nusselt Number,
IFrom HMT data book, Page o.
N 119 (Sixth Editionl]
electric bulb at 130°C. Find heat transfer ami power lost due to 0.37 (663.S2)06
convection if bulb diameter is 70 min.
[Bu :: Is.iD
Given : Fluid temperature, TO") 30°C
!!.Q
Nu:: k
Velocity, U 0.2 m/s Nusselt Number,
h x 0.070
Heat energy, 0, 120W :.:...:..:-:-.:
~ IS.25 :: 0.03047
Surface temperature, Til' ~
Diameter, D ~
~~ :: 7.94 W/m2K
70 mm 0.070 m
fficient, h
Tofind: I. Heat transfer, Heat transfer coe
2. Power lost due to convection.
Convective Heat Transfer 2. 121
2. J 20 Heal and Mass Transfer ~air at 80°C:

We know
prope [From HMT data book. Page 0.33 (Sixth Edition)1
Heat transfer, Q2 h A (T, - Ten) p 1 kg/m'
hx47tr2[T .-T] ["A- v 21.09 x 10-6 m21s
u '" • - 41[ r2
Pr 0.692
0.070) 2 J
7.94x 4 x 7t x ( -2- x (130-30) k 0.03047 W/mK
~---------------------,
I Heat transfer, Q 12.22 W I a . Tube is considered as square of side 6 em.
2 'IOl:t (I, .
Q2
CI"'" L = 6 em = 0.06 m
2. % of heat lost 0 x 100 t.e., UL
1
Reynolds Number Re v
12.22
120 x 100 30 x 0.06
21.09 x I(}-6
10.18%
Result:
[ Re 0.853 x lOs I
I. Heat transfer = 12.22 W Nu == C x (Re)" (Pr)o 3H
Nusselt Number
2. Percentage of heat lost = 10.18%
I Example 3 I Air at 40 't" flows over a tube with a velocity of For square n 0.675
30 m/s. The tube surface temperature is J 20 't", Calculate tile
heat transfer coefficient for the following cases. e 0.092
[From HMT dala book. Page No. 118 (Sixth Edilion))
I. Tube could be square with a side of 6 em. °.333
2. Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6 em. 0.092 (0.853 x I OS)O.67S x (0.692)
~ Nu
Given: Fluid temperature, T", 400e
~ I Nu 173.3]
Velocity, U 30 m/s hL
Tube surface temperature, Tw 1200e We know that Nu k
Tofind: Heat transfer coefficient, (h). h:..:..-----
x 0.06
Solution: We know that, 173.3 == 0.03047
T",+T", . h == 88 W/rn2K
Film temperature, T, Heat transfer coeffiCIent,
2
120 + 40 Case (ii) : 6 cm == 0.06 In
2 Tube diameter, D
@
ReynoldS Number, Re v
~ .,
•. 1.1 Heat alld Mass Transfer
. Convective H eat r ramie,. 2.12 J
30 x 0.06 __________
21.09 10-(' . tl , . "s~cond
• fluid at . different t emperatures passes
lbcs
Ihe It; I1 the tubes 'he 'lube rows ot a bank mavJ be etitl ier staggered
0.853 x :O~J
MOl. as shown in Flg.2A,
Nussclt Number. Nu c (ReD)'" (Plf333 ill)lIlC'
_j_ ,
R e value is 085"' 10'

~t: N o. I rs- (S·
[From HMT data book. PUg'
IXlh Edit
of
u~
rrr.l-i-~:_:_'l_t U::_~~2i
"
- ,
A"
-to _l_~.
-- 'f T A ~
O.O~66 and 0 80-' corresponding C and
- -$-' - - .; - ~'Ldrt
.) X. " 1011)]
. :> respectively, III valu es are :~
Nu 0.0266 x (0.853 x )05)O.R05x
__SI\ \ \ . - \5D:$-'\--~- I 5,
I i
I"N:-:-u-=--2-19-.3-1 (0.692)0333 .:41T-~-¢" - -{\f-t--(\)-i-$ j_
I
\~\-~~ I~~~~
We know, Nu II 0 (b) 51aggered
k (a) In-line
~ 2)9.3 = hxO.06 Fig. 2.4. rltbe Banks

0.03047 The confIguration of banks of tubes is characterised by the
tube diameter D, transverse pitch, S" and longitudinal pitch S,
measured between tube centres. The diagonal pitch SD' between
the centres of the tubes in the diagonal row is also sometimes used
Result: for the staggered arrangements. The Reynolds Number is based on
the largest velocity of the fluid tlowing through the bank of tubes.
I. Heat transfer coefficient for square tube
U",ox D
~
II = 88 W/m2K
ReD v
S,
2. Heat transfer coeff .
icienr for circular tube
U",ax
U X s=o
,
II = I 11.3 W 1m2 K Velocity of fluid, mIs,
where U -
Transverse pitch, Ill,
S, -
2.10. FLOW OVER BANK OF TUBES
0 - Diameter, 1\1.
Heat transfer in tl
nume rous industrial ow
'. over a b an k or bundl
or air conditio»: appIrcatlons such as t e of tubes has
2.10.1. Formulae used for Flo'll Over Bank of TU~S ,
I ioning cooling coil. In thi seam generation in boiler UX-S:O
s case , one tl UI id moves over I. Max.imum velocity, UIIIlIX '
Transverse pitch, til.
where S, - I
.til"'"
Convective Heat Transfer 2. J 25
12~./~24~~H~e~a~l~and~M~~=s~~~ra=n~sfi~e_r ~
.:.
2. Reynolds Number, Re
Umax
V
x 0
_
---- v =
Pr
k :=
18.97 x I~ m2/s
0.696
0.02896 WImK
3. Nusselt Number, Nu = 1.13 x (Pr)O.33 [C ReI!] nOW that,

[From HMT data book, Page No.122 (Sixth Ed'r
We k s,
lion))
. urn velocity, Ulllax = U x S -D ,
2.10.2. Solved Problem
MaxiOl
0.020
I Example 1 lIn a sur/lice condenser, water flows through Umax = 8 x 0.020 - 0.018
staggered tubes while the air is passed ill cross flow over the
tubes. TIle temperature and velocity 0/ air are 30°C and 8 nrls
[Uma:c = 80 m/s]
respectively. TIle longitudinal and transverse pitches are 22 mm Umo.T X D
and 20 mm respectively. TIle tube outside diameter is 18 mm and Reynolds Number, Re = v
tube sur/ace temperature is 90 'C. Calculate the heat transfer
coefficient.
Given: Fluid temperature, T <0 300e
Velocity, U 8 mls [l?e
Longitudinal pitch, S, 22 mm = 0.022 m
~. O.O~ == l.ll
Transverse pitch, S, 20 mm = 0.020 m D == 0.018
Diameter, D 18 mm = 0.Q18 m
Tube surface temperature, Til' 900
e ~ = \.I~
Tofind: I. Heat transfer coefficient.
S, Q:.Qll 1.22
Solution: We know that, o == Q.018
==
Til' + T rn
2
90 + 30
2
[3 e051Sand
. C n values ar .
S, S, \ 22 corresponding , s: .th Editionli
- 1 1\ - == . ,
Page No. 122 ( L"
O - . 'D MT data boO"
i-
Properties of air at 600e : 0.556 respectively. rFrom~
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)) ~

p = 1.060 kg/m3 ~
Convective Heat Transfer 2./27
1 1)6 Heat and Mass Transfer ~kness of the boundary layer is limited to the pipe
.The bet'luse
el. of the flow being within a confined passage .
Nusselt Number, Nu => 1.13 (Pr)o m [C (Re)" 1

radilis layerS from the pipe walls meet at the centre of the pipe
sollodar)' I' re flow acquires the characteristics of a boundary layer.
Irroll1 IIMT data book. Page No. 122 (Sixth Ed'
d th~ en I
, 1(1011)1 aO boundary layer thickness becomes equal to the radius of
Nu r.n [0.518 x (7.5 x 104)0 ~561 once the there will not be any further change in the velocity
Nil = 266.3 I Ihe lube.
. tribul Ion.
This invariant velocity distribution is called fully
.'
liD dts ed velocity profile. I.e., Poiseulle flow.
Nussclt Number. Nu develoP
k
ulae used for Flow through Cylinders
211,1. F or m
_66.3
, (Internal flow)
Heat transfer em .ient, I,

I. Bulk mean temperature
RdUil:
Heal transfer coefficient. " 428.6 W/m2K

where T m; - Inlet temperature °C,
2.11. FLOW THROUGH A CYLINDER -INTERNAL FLOW T mo - Outlet temperature "C.

UD
Similar I the flow ver a flat plate, a fluid funiform velocu, Re =
2. Reynolds Num b er, v
entering a tube is retarded near the walls and the boundary layer
begin to develop as sh \ II in Fig.2.S b doned Iii es. . h 2300 flow is laminar.
If Reynolds number value less tan,
IS 2300 flow is
. reater than ,
If Reynolds number values IS g
Fully developed turbulent.
esiabiished flow
3. Laminar Flow:
be Nu = 3.66
Nusselt Num r, 123lSixth Editioo))
[From HMT data boOk. Page No.
I Equation)
4. Turbulent Flow (Genera _ 023 (Re)os (PrY'
be Nu - O.
Nusselt Num r, 4 _ Heating process
n == O.
== OJ - Cooling process .'
n 5 (Sixth Edition))
1;. Page No.12
HMT data boO .
[From
ng. 2.5. F/ow ""oug" u cylinder
This equation is valid for ~
I .
~I
';.-..:.._~~=-~C~o~n~ve=C~/i~ve~JI,~e~a'!
~"
~Tr~a~n
Tube wall temperature °C,
. 0.6 <
Re >
D
L
>
PI' < /601
10000
60
'1
I
I I 1/11
T""
J"1II0
-
- Mean temperature 0C ,
Inlet temperature °C,
Outlet temperature -c
I
For turbulent flow, I Mass flow rate

8.
III pxAxU kg/s
Nu ::: 0.036 (Re)O 8 (Pr)033
(tD)O.OSS where p - Density, kglm3,
This equation is.valid for
L A - Area, 4' 02 ,m,2
1[
10 < i5 < 400, Re < 10,000

U - Velocity, m/s,
5.. Equivalent diameter for rectangular section,
D (or)D 4A ::: 4(LxW) 2.1 1..2 Solved Problems - Flow through Cylinders
" e P 2 (L -i W) (Internal Flow)
where A Area, 1112,
I
[ EXfIIlIple J Water flows inside a tube of 20 /11mdsam
p - Perimeter, 111,
(111(13m long at a velocity of 0.03 m/s. The water gets heated
L - Length, Ill, -10"('to 120°C while passing through the tube. The tube w
W - Width, m. maintained at COIISlflll1 temperature of 160°C. Find Iitattrans
6. Equivalent diameter, for hollow cylinder Gil/ell: Diameter of tube, 0 20 mm = 0.020 m
4A
D,,(or) D" ::: p Length, L 3m
Velocity, U 0.03 mls
7r
4 x 4' l D~ - DJ 1 Inner temperature of water, Till;
7r [ Do + D; 1 Outer temperature of water, T IIIO
where Do
Outer diameter, Wall temperature, Tit'
D; diameter.
J nner To find: Heat transfer (Q).
7. Heat transfer
Solution : We know that,
Q
h A (1~t'- Till) where A ::: 7r x D x L
(or)
Bulk mean temperature, Till
40 + 120
~
Q III CJl (T1110- l'
111/
.) 2
80°C
TI/I
2. J 30 Heat and Mass Transfer ~ When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed
, .
Properties of water at 80°C:
lFrom HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth E ..
-----
dillon)]
~I
Ih,olllh a ;~c. 2 cm diameter, it is found to be heatedfrom
The heating is .achieved b~ condensingsteamon
ZOIlC to 6 if the tube and subsequently the surfacetemperature
p 974 kglm3 e sur/ace ~ aintained at 90°C. Determine the length of the
th be IS m
v 0.364 x 10-6 m2/s of the "". dfior lully developedjlow.
requIre . 0.6
Pr 2.22 I"be Mass, m = 0.6 kg/min = 60 kgls
Given:
k 0.6687 W/mK 0.01 kg/s
Let us first determine the type of flow. Diameter, D. 2 em = 0.02 m
UD Inlet temperature, Tm; =
Reynolds Number, Re = v
outlet temperature, T mo =
0.03 x 0.020
Tube surface temperature, Tit'
0.364 x 1"0-6
d : Length oftije tube, (L).
IRe 1648.35 I ToJi n .
solution: r +Tmo
_!!!!.---
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar
Bulk mean temperature, 'r m 2
For laminar flow, 20+60
.=.:;.....-
. Nusselt Number, Nu =. 3.66 = 2
hD
40iJ
We know that, Nu k . f water 'at 40°C: 21 (Sixth Edition))
h x 0.02 PropertIes 0 boOk, Page No.
(From HMT data
3.66
668.7 x 10-3
p
995 kglro3
=> Ih 122.39 W/m2K I . 0.657 x 10-6 ro
21s
v
Heat transfer, Q hA (Til' - Tnr)
Pr ::::: 4.340
h x 1t x D x L X (Til' - Tm) k ,0.628 W/roK
[.: A = ltDL] :::: 4178J~g K
Cp
122.37 x 1t x 0.02 x 3 (160 - 80) :::: pAU
IQ 1845.29 Watts I Mass floW rate, in
i!-
Result: Heat transfer, Q 1845.29 W U pA
Convective Heat Trans'r,
'Jer 2/J3
2}~.J~3~2~H~ea~l~m~l~d~M~a~s~s~~~ra~lI~sfi~e_,.
__ ~~ __ 114.9 x 7'C x 0.02 x Lx (90-40)
.: 0.0 I _________
1t
[-L--4.-62-n--', I
995 x 4" (0.02)2
l10th of the tube, L
. L eng = 4.62 m.
I Velocity. U = 0.031 I11ls I eSll It •
~ Wuter (It 50 °C enters 50 111m diam~ter and 4 m
Let us first determine the type of flow
~"elocitv of 0.8 m/s. r"e lube wall if maintained
I UD be wlI I ·.r 90.0,,", D '
/u~gIII s/(ll,1 temperatllre oJ ...., elernllne tlrt heallransfer
!
Re =
Iv
.1
II'
a CO"
'ent 111,1 t u« total
CI
(/111011111 of "eallralls/erred if exit water
0.031 x 0.02 cotffi ture is 70°C.
Re = ...nerO
0.657 x IO~ /tll'l'
Give" : nperatllre 0
f
water,
T soae
943.6 I Inner tel
ml
Diameter, D 50 mm = 0.05 m
Since Re < 2300, now is laminar.
Length, L 4m
For laminar flow,
Velocity, U 0.8 m/s
Nusselt Number, Nu = 3.66 Tube wall temperature, T IV
900e
[From HMT data book, Page No. 123 (Sixth Editioll)1
Exit temperature of water, T",o 70 e 0
liD
We know that Nu = Tofi"t/ : t. Heat transfer coefficient, (II).
k
2. Heat transfer, (Q).
II x 0.02
3.66 = 0.628 So/ul;oll :
Tm; + T",o
=> [I = 114.9 W/m 2K I Bulk mean temperature, T", 2
50 + 70
::..----
Heat transfer, Q 11/ Cp dT 2
11/ Cp (T/IIO - T/II) 60°C J
0.01 x 4178 x (60 - 20) Properties of water at 60°C: N 'I (Sixth Editionli
. boOk I'a~~ I 0.-
[Q 1671.2 W I (From IIMl data .-
985 k~tnJ
p
We know that, Q 0.478)( W61112/s
v
hx 1t x D x L x (T". _. 1'/11)
Pr 3.020
0.6513 WhnK
k
2
~esll/I: transfer coefficient n= 4039.3 W/m K
2. J 34 Heat and Mass Transfer
Let us first detennine the type of flow:
Re::
UD
_.
---- I.
z.,_~
~~
transfer Q :: 76139 W.
Meat te 4 Water
'
.
floWS through 0.8 em diameter 3

, m
v
, t all average temperature of 40 "C. Tireflow velocityis
0.8 x 0.05
",! aOIld [ube wal I temperature IS. UO'f:. C.Ic.I.tt tht
""gIllbt
0.478 x ,10-:<>
eRe 8.36 x 104] ~65
a' !trag•t
5, at trmrsfer coefficient.
,e • Diameter of tube, 0 0.8 em :: 0.008 m
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent. .
GIve" . Length, L 3m
L ,4' I'
o
0.05:: 80
Average temperature, T m 40°C
L
o 80> 60, Velocity, U 9.65 m/s
8.36 x 104> 10,000 Tube \ all temperature, T; 140°C
Re
Pr 3.020 => 0.6 < Pr < 160 To find: Heat transfer c:oeffieient, (h).
oL ratio is greater than 60. Re value is greater than 10 ,000 and

solution: Pr perties of water at 40°C.
p 995 kglro3 ,
2 .'
Pr value is in between 0.6 and 160.'So·, ::
0.657 x 10-6 m /s ,
V
Nusselt Number, Nu :: 0.023 (Re)08 (pr)" 4.340
Pr 1\'.'
.[From HMT data book, Page No 12S'CSixth ..
0.628 W/mK
[Inlet temperature 50·G Exit t . Ed "''')1 k
\
Process, So, n = 0.4]
=>
'. XI emperature 70·C => Heating
Nu = 0.023 x (8.36 x 104)0.8 x (3.020)04

' . We know, Re -
un
v
0.65 x O.O_Q!
I Nu = 310 I ' ' 0.657)( 10-6
-,
~now that, ' Nu = h t ~
ro '
Since Re > 2300 , flow is turbulent.

310 = h x 0.05 .
0.6513 h. _1-:: 375

H eat tr ans fer coefficient h 2 o 0.008
I.
t
Heat transfer Q h' ' . 4039.3 W 1m K

, A (T 1\1 - T m ) 10 < h .:::'
400
o
h x ~ x 0 x L x (T w - T m ) h .' d 400 Re <::. IOOOq, SO"
__ 4093.. 3 x 7t x 0.,05 x 4 x (90 - 60) D ratio IS in between 10 all ' .
76139,W I
Convective Heat Transfer 2./37
2.136 Heal and Mass Transf_er.

D)O.O~
Nusselt Number, Nu == 0.036 (Re )0.11 (Pr)O 33 ( L '.
[From HMT data hook. Page No. 125 (S'IXl. h Edir rties of water at 40°C:
lonll
~ Nu
0.036 (7914.76)0.1( (4.340)0.33 x( o.~~) O.O~5
prope
(From HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth Edilion)1
p 995 kg/m3
~ =1 N=u~===5'=- .4=4=J v = 0.657 x I~ m2/s

We know that, Pr 4.340
hD
Nusselt Number, Nu k k 0.628 W/mK
55.44 =
"x 0.008
628 x 10-3
Cp 4178 j/kg K
rst determine the type of flow.

Let uS fi
Heat transfer coefficient, h == 4352.3 W/m K 2 UD
Reyno\ds Number, Re = v
Result:
20 x O.Q60
Heat transfer coefficient, Jr = 4352.3 W/m2K
0.657 x \Q-6
I Example 5 I Wattr at 30°C, 20 m/s flows throug" a
eRe \.8 x \O~
straight tube of 60 mm diameter. TIre IIIbe surface is mailllained
a1 70 ac
and outlet temperatllre of water is 50°C. Find the "eat ·
S tllce'
Re > 2300 flow is turbulent.
traIISfe.r cfHfficient from the tube surface to the water, "eat \ uation is (Re > \0 000) .
For turbulent flow, genera eq as (P )"
transferred and Ihe tube length. . Nu == 0.023 (Re) . r ...
Pa e No. 125{Sixth Edl~n)1
L.
Giv6r: Inlet temperature of water, T"" 30°C (From HMT data boO", g
\ Velocity, U 20 m/s . So n::: 0.4· 4
This is heatUlg process., 8 x \06)0.8 (4.340)0
Diameter, D 60 mm = 0.060 m Nu == 0.023 (\..
Tube surface temperature, Tit, 700C t:
~
Outlet temperature of water, T",o 50°C hD
Tofind: I. Heat transfer coefficient, (h). We know that,

Nu k
2. .Heat transferred, (Q). ~
4\77.7 0.628 J
3. Tube length, (L). 4\77.7)(~

~60
Solution:
Bulk mean temperature T III
ConveClive Heal Transfer 2./37
2 J 36 Heal and Mass Transfor
0.036 (Re)O.R ~(pr)OJ3 (Q,L)0.055

I : Nussclt Number, Nu
[From HMT datil hook ..Page No. 125 (Si>;th ' '. . s of water at 40°C:
EdlltOl\l1 propertle
0.036 (79l4.76)0.t( (4.340)0.33 x (~) OOS~ [From HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth Edition)l
=> Nu
p = 995 kglm3
=> ~I N-u--S-S .-44-:-11
v 0.657 x lQ-6 m2/s
We know that, 4.340
hD
Pr
Nusselt Number, Nu k k 0.628 W/mK
h x 0.008 Cp 4l781/kgK
55.44 = 628 x lO-3
f determine the type of flow.
Let us ir st
I Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4352.3 W/m2K 1 UO
Result:
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4352.3 W/m2K 20 x O.~60
0.657 x \0-0
I Example 5 I Water at se-c. 20 nrls flows throug" II
{ Re \.8 x 106 \
straight tube of 60 mill diameter. The tube surface is nUlintained
e
at 700 and outlet temperature of water is 50°C. Find the "elll . R > 2300 flow is turbulent.
transfer coefficient from the: tube surface to the water, heo:
Smce e, . . R > \0000)
for turbulent flow, general equation is ( e. .
transferred and the tube length. Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 {PrY'
Given : Inlet temperature of water, T nil 30°C . book. Page No. \25 (Six.thEd
lFrom HMf data ..
V~locity, U 20 m/s
. So n = OA.
Diameter, D 60 mm = 0.060 m This is heatlng process. , x \06)0.8 (4.340)
Nu 0.023 (\.~
Tube surface temperature, Til' 700C J--,
[Bu 4\771] .
Outlet temperature of water, T IIIU 50°C
hO
To find : I. Heat transfer coefficient, (11).
We know that, Nu T
2. .Heat transferred, (Q). 11)(0.060
3. Tube length, (L). 4\77:7 = ~62S
O. 3
Solution : 4\77.7x~
Bulk mean temperature , T ",

T +T
-l!!!__.2!!!!
'I :::: ~60
2
t transfer coefficient, (h).

d' Hea .
~~~~~~~~=~4:37:2~6.:59~W:=/m~2:K-------- fOP" . , '
5011l1iO" , T mi + T mo
Heat tranSl1r"ercoefficient , II = 43726.59 W Im2j(-]
- temperature, T m 2
Mean
Mass flow rate, ,i, px A x U
px% xD2xU
LTm = 30°C j ..
1t
995 x '4 x (0.060)2 x 20 [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth EdItion)]
1m 56.2 kg/s 1 . 5 of air at 30°C:

propertle p 1.165 kglm3
Heat transfer, Q m Cp (1"'0 - T",I)
v 16 x 10-6 m2/s
Q 56.2 x 4,178 (50 - 30)
Pr 0.701
IQ 4.69 x 106 W I.
k = 0.02675 W/mK
We know that, Q II A (Til'':'' Till) .
. E uivalent diameter
4.69 x 106 43726.59 x 1t x D x L x'(70 - 40) Hydrauhc or q 1t 2 02]
[.,' Surface area, A = 7t DL)
4 x:1 [Do - j
4.69 x 106 43726.59 x 7t x 0.060 x Lx (70 - 40) 1t [Do + Od

IL =. 18.96 m I [02 o _02]'
Result : == --0 + O·
o '
1. Heat transfer coefficient, ,h = 43726.5 W/m2K. (Do + OJ) (Do -1j2
2. Heat transfer, Q .= 4.69 x 106 W. = (Do + OJ>
3. Length, L = 1,8.96 m.
0o-0· '
I Example 6 I Air at J 5 CC, 35 m/s, flows tilroul;II a 1r~lIow ::: 0.06 - 0.04
cylinder of 4 em inner diameter and 6 em outer diameter and
leaves at 45 CC. Tube wall is maintained lit 60 cC Calculate the o~
heat transfer coefficient between the air and tile inner tube.
Given: Inlet temperature of air, T mi' 15°C Reynolds Number, Re -
U De
v
35)( 0.02
Velocity, U 35 m/s :::~
Imler diameter, DI 4 ern = 0.04 m
Out~r diameter, Do 6 em = 0.06 m ~
E~'it temperature of air, T mo 450C .s turbulent.
Since se > 2300, now 1
'Tube wall temperature, Til' 600C
2 /40 Heal and Mass Transfer
1 ____
~
where
P - Perimeter = 2 (L + W)
--------.1 .
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000). [ De 0.436 m

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)"
we know
::;::J
that,
[From HMT data book. Page No. 125 (Sixth Ed' .
IIlon)1
This is heating process. So, 11 == 0.4.
Reynolds Number, Re
=> Nu 0.023 x (43750)08 x (0.701)04 6 x 0.436
I Nu Wi9] 16 x JO-6
h De 16.3 x wi
We know, Nu k
e > 2300 flow is turbulent.
h x 0.02 Since R '
102.9 le nt flow general equation is (Re > 10000),
26.75 x 10-3 Fortur b u
Nu == 0.023 (Re)08 (Pr)"
=> Ih 137.7 W/m2K
Result: Heat transfer coefficient, h = 137.7 W/m2K
I Example 7 I Air at 30°C, 6 m/s flows ill a rectangular Assumtn
. g the pipe wall temperature to be higher than air
section of size 300 x 800 mm. Calculate tile heat leakage per temperature. So, heating process => n = 0.4. 04
metre length per unit temperature difference. Nu 0.023 (16.3 x 104)0.8 (0.701) .
Given: Air temperature, Till 30°C [Nu == 294.96 ]
Velocity, U 6 m/s
We know,
Area, A 300 x 800 mm?
OJ x 0.8 m2 Nusselt Number, Nu
A 0.24 m2
Tofind: I. Heat leakage per metre length per unit 294.96 ==
temperature difference. . h - 1809 W/m2K
.
Heat transfer coefficIent, . .
Solution : Properties of air at 30°C: , 't temperature dIfference.
p I.165 kg/m! Heat leakage per unit length per unl. .
v = 16x 10-6r02/s Q hP
Pr 0.701 18.09 x [ 2 x (OJ + 0.8) ]
k 0.02675 W/mK
lQ 39.79 WJ
Equivalent diameter for 300 x 800 mm? cross sec tiIon IS
. given
. by Q == 39.79 W.
Result : Heat leakage,
D = 4 A = 4 x (OJ x 0.8)
e P 2 (0.3 + 0.8)
c;
~.~
....". ""7
=Z;~"'\
2.142 Heal and Mass Transfer Convective Heal""Iransjer
.r.
I Example i1ln condenser, water flows ~ 160

hundred thin walled circular lubes having inner dia",
eter 20
11110 /It" =
200
and lengtlt 6 m. The mass flow rate of water is 160 k trr", 995 x 1txl)2 [ '. No. of tubes = 200]
water enters at 30°C and leaves at 50°C. Calculale Iii g/s. rhe
4
Ie aVer
heat transfer coefficient. Rge 160
200
Given: Inner diameter, 0 20 mm = 0.020 m
1t
Length, L 6m 995 x 4 x (0.020)2
Mass flow rate, m 160 kg/s [u 2.55 mls I
Inlet water temperature, T mi 30°C
Re _ U 0 = 2.55 x 0.020
Outlet water temperature, Tmo = 50°C (1) ::::) v 0.657 x I~
r-I R-e--7-7-62-5.-57--.1
To find: Heat transfer coefficient, (h).
Solution: Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.
TIII;+Tmo For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000).
Bulk mean temperature, Tm
2 Nu = 0.023 x (Re)0.8 (PrY'
30 + 50 {From HMT data book, Page No. 125 (Sixth Edition)1
2
This is heating process. So, n = 0.4 [.,' T mO > T."I]
=> Nu 0.023 x (77625.57)0.&x (4.340)0.4
Properties of water at 40°C:
1 Nu 337.8 I
[From HMT data book, Page No. 21 (Sixth Edition)) hD
p 995 kglm3 We know that, Nu Ie
v = 0.657 x 10-6 m2/s h x 0.020
Pr 4.340
=> 337.8 = 0.628
k 0.628 W/mK Heat transfer coefficient, h := 10606.9 W/m2K
Cp 4178 J/kg K Result: Heat transfer coefficient, n= 10606.9 W/m2K
UD b r ressure,flowthrough 12
Reynolds Number, Re
v
... (1) I I
Example 9 Air at 333K, 1.5 a P
," e temperature 0
if the tube is
em diameter tube. The surJac te is 75 kg/hr.Calculalethe
We know that, m pAU maintained at 400K and mass flow ra &.~
th 0/ the tuuc-
~ Velocity, U
m heat transfer rate for 1.5 m I eng 600C
pA ::: 333 K :::
Given: Air temperature, Tnr
( !!!!..v('('/;Vt! Ilc~. ~ _
Dramcrcr. IJ I:! nil _
. Nil'. 0.021 '/ (Re)o.• x (PrY'
Surfa C tcmpcrnurre. T"
.1001\ - '"'7 C . . c; heilll np proce. s. S(I, n= 04
11115 I. . .
7-J..g. rr _ 75b ~~
--
002 J( (J0551.3\()~
). (O.()%)()
I Nil I
__ 3(,00 ~ = 3_2.1}
____ n.ozn _J..W.:.J liD
Nil -
J.clI;!lh. I J . .) III WC~O". k
Tnfind: J. 1k11 Iransfcr r.uc (0). ~~
32.9
SII/lllion:Since lit,· prc.,slIrc i~ 1101 Illllch I . 0.o1R9()
h '. a )()ve aim
p y~1 111pr pcrncs ( fair 111;1\ he taken ill atmo 'J .' OSPheric. 7.94 W!m~K-
). ." . plenec IIdi,'
t mpcJ1tCs (If air al (,(1' r ' . II IOn. Heal Iran. fer rate. 0 hAn -1')III
. rom J J 1 J ,filla Oo.ll Pa., • II'
p J .U60 kglmJ . ~c N(l, J J

II /. (11 ~ D x L) / (T - T
h' III
\I 11I.97xJ()-Ilm2Is
___ 7~?~~!1l x 0.12>- l.5)y(127-(,oJ
Pr 0.696
[__!l_ ~_1(~·X2 ~
/( ().O:!896 W/rnK
Rr.m/I: I leal Iran fer rare. () == 301).82 W
J{e~'lIoJds Nllllllwr. I<c !.!_Q
v '" (I [ EmiliI'll' J I) I ,,'tller flow» 1I1",ugll 3(1 em dianln" IlIb~al
We lno\\' Ihal,
"If mil' of MJ"l:llIIi". Tile' tub« surfuc« ;.5 mainlu;n~tIal80 'r. If
M:I"'~ 11 \\ r;llc. '" ,h,. tempertuurc (~rwater increases from JOOC 10 JIJ(Cp",J ,,"
It'll!:'"ofthe lube.
0.0 (I
1.060
]0 em "' 0:'0 rn
1f
bO
0.0 0 - 1.060 60 kg/min - 6U k ,I'
4 ' W.I-f I)
J .MS Ill/s ] I kg!

(1) 80"(,
I<l' l'ip« xur la l: temperature. Til'
IlIlel kill perature LIe water. '1 "., 10"
(Jill let tvmpvrauu c vI' water. Tm"

1'0 Jill": I. Lt:II.!!lh oftlu: lube. L.
SillLl' Me:
SOlllliolt: W\.· 1..1I0\\' that.
f· T T
10000)
~
Bulk mean h:lOperalUrc. T", 2
Ill. f] (Si.\lh Ecillinnil
II~
I _--------~~C=o=n~v~ec~t;~ve~H~e~a~tT~~.(.~r
Iran.',er 2.147
2.146 Heat and Mass Transfer ~ r Nu -- 002 -
. 3(4174)0.8(7.020),1,4
r,
~
20°C
2 ------ I
'I we knoW that, . Nu

\ Nu =
hD
k
39.50J
Propert;e.~of water at 20'(' : h x 0.30

~ 39.50 = 0.597
[From HMT data book, Page No . 21 (Sixth
. E ..
p = 1000 kg/m! dillon)! \h 78.60 W/m2K I
v = 1.006 x 10-6 m2/s Heat transfer, Q m Cp~T
Pr 7.020 m Cp (Tmo - Tm;)
k 0.597 W/mK 1 x 4178 (30 - 10)
Cp 4178 J/kgK
UD
\Q 83.56 x )03 w\
Reynolds number, Re We know that, Q
v ... (1)
h x 1[ DL (T w - T m)
We know that,
83.56 x 1O~ 78.60 x 1t x 0.30 x L x (80 - 20)
Mass flow rate, m pAU
1[
~ IL = 18.79 m \
=> m pX'4D2xU
Result: Length of the tube required, L = 18.79 m I
=> 1 kg/s
1[
1000 x '4 (OJO}2 x U I Example 11 \ Air at 2 bar pressure and 60'(' is heatedas it
; \
flows through a tube of diameter 25 mm at a velocityof 15mls.lf

ju 0.014 m/s I the wall temperature is maintained at 100'(', find tl,e heat
UD transfer per unit length of tl,e tube. How much wouldbe the bulk
(1) => Re
v
temperature increase over one metre length of the tube.
0.014 x OJO
Given: Pressure, p = 2 bar 2 x lOs N/m2
1.006 x.] 0-6. 0
Inlet temperature of air, T m; 60 e

. j Re 4174 I > 2300 ;: 25 mm ;: 0.025 m
Since Re > 2 , 300 , fl ow IS
. turbulent. Diameter of tube, D
15 m/s
For turbulentjlow (lnternaljlow) : Velocity, U
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)"

Tube wall temperature, T". ;: 1000e
[From HMT d at a b ook, Page No. 125 (Sixth Editionll

Length, L ;:
1m
. I th of the tube, Q.
To find: 1. Heat transfer per unit eng . T - T ).
This is heati => Nu = 0.023 (4174)°·8 (7.020)" 2. Rise in bulk temperature of air, (,.0 1ft'
ng process. So, n = 0.4
Convective /I al Transfer 2./49
2.148 Heat and Ma'IS Transfer Nu = 0.023 (Re)08(Pr)"
SollltilJII: Properties of air at 60°C: IFrom IIMT data bUllk. PJgc ! 0, 125 (Sixth EdilionH
(From IIMT data book, Page No 33 (Sixth

. Ed' .
¥ • . . lleatinc process. So, n = 0.4,
P == 1.060 kglmj Itlon)1 ,hiS IS Nu ~ == 0.023 (39.53 x I03)OM , (0.696)04
V _; 18.97 x '0-6 m2/ S
~
Pr 0.696
k 0.02896 W/IIlK
Nil
"0k
Note: Given pressure is above atmospheric pre' .
ki .... d densi il . .SlIrc. So " x 0,025
IIlCI1HIIIC VISCOSity, v an ensuy. p WI 1 vary with pres ure I' ' 94.70 0,02896
C are same for all pressures. . r, I.
p
Q! I09.70=~i~2K]
/1[11111
Killcmalic viscosity. v V,111I x-- pAU

P!_:i\'Cll Ma - now rate, III
.
,!
\
\
18.97 . 10-(, x 1 bar

2ba~
l',' Atmuspheric pressure z- I bart
1 10·
18.97' 10-6 x --.
_ x 10
We kllnW that. r r)
Density, p
u. Ileat iran fer. Q
I;' C" ("")
, (T - 60)
,,11
RT o ,
0' 5 '/. 10)0
.'
1".1
. C :; 1005 J/kgKJ
[,.' ~or all fI
." (I)
We know that, We k.now that. hA (Til' - T,,')

UD . T)
Heat transfer, Q " ;<nDL" t I" - "' (100 - T",)
Reynolds number, Rc v 0' )( I
10,).70;< n 0 J( ,~
,.' (2
8.615{IOO- T.,)
:! 00
.,quatill!? I andt2), 6U) "" 8.615(IOO_T .. )
Since Re > 2300, now is turbulent.
15.075 (T".o -
10.000).
For turbulent internal now, general equation i~ Rc
~ floW rate, m = 205 kglhr
~2.IJ5~O~~R~ea~/~an~d~M~~~s~~~a~m~~:r~~~~~
1.749 (T mo - 60)
~
100 Tm
~e" : MaS;) = 205
3600 k~s
~ 1.749 (T mo - 60) = 100 - (

T n., +T
2 mo ) \m = 0.056 kgls I
erature of air, T mi 100°C =
60 + Tmo)
~ 1. 749 T mo - 104.94 = 100- ( 2 let telllP . T - 30°C
10 ature of air, ma-
telllper
Tmo Outlet Diameter, D = 3.5 em = 0.035 m
~ 1.749 Tmo - 104.94 = 100-30- 2 T m; + T rno = 650C
Tmo temperature, Tm = 2
=> 1.749Tmo +2 = 100 - 30 + 104.94 Mean
t nsfer coefficient, (h).
~ 2.249 Tmo 174.94 roJind: Heat ra
~ Tmo 77.78°C Solution: UD ... (I)
I Outlet temperature of air, Tm0 - 77. 78°C I Reynolds Number, Re = v
Rise in bulk temperature of air, ~ T Tmo ~ Tm i l!
Kinematic .
VISCOSI
ity , v = P
77.78 - 60
I ~ T = 17.78°C I Q.:QQl kgls - m
3600
Heat transfer, Q = m C (Tmo - Tm;)
p
:::
1.044 kglm3
0.015 x 1005 (I7.78°C) 7.98 x 10-7 m2/~
IQ = 268.03 W I [v :::
Result : , 1. ::: pAU

Q 268.03 W Mass flow rate, m 1t {)2 x U
Ii . !
0.056 ::: 1.044 x 4 x
2.11.3. Solved University Problems - Internal Flow

1t
044x-x.
(0035)2 x U
0.056 ::: 1. 4
I Example I I 205 kg/hr of air are cooled from 100'(' to
30't' byflowing through a 3.5 em inner diameter pipe coil bent ~
in to a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side
heat transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65°C are (1) ~ Re::: -
UD
v
k = 0.0298 W/mK; p = 0.003 kg/hr-m 557 x 0.035

~
Pr = 0.7; P = 1.044 kg/m!
to« 97, Madras University/ ~
Com ective Heal Tran.ifer
2./5J
~~~~~~~~-----------
Since Re > 2300. tlow is turbulent.
For turbulent now. general equation is (Re > 10000).
Nu = 0.023 x (Re)08 x (Pr)«
(From HMT data book. Page No. 125 (Sixth Edltlon)1

v 15.53 x 10-6 m2/s
This is cooling process. So n = 0.3. [.: T,I/(J<: T 1
. ~ Pr 0.702
Nli 0.023 x (2.44 x 106)0.8 x (0.7)0.3
k 0.02634 W/mK
[Nli :!661.71
hO I, OW that.
We know that. Nu k We"n . diiameter
Equivalent
HydrallhC or .
" x 0.035
2661.7 = 0.0298 4A
I Heat transfer coctlicient, h = 2266.2 W/m2K D" P 1t rOo + D,I
Result: Heat transfer coefficient, h = 2266.2 W/m2K [Do + 0,1 (Do - 0,1
I Example 2 I III a long annulus (3.125 em ID and S em OD) [Do + OJ
the air is healed by maintaining the tempera/lire of the outer Do-D,
surface 0/ inner til he at 5f) 'C. The air enters (II 16 'C utul leaves 0.05 - 0.03125
at 32 'C. Ill' flow rate is 30 III/so Estimate the heat transfer
coefficient between air and the inner tube.
0.01875 m 1
[Apr. 20(J0, Madras University/
Reynold Number, Re v
Give" : Inner diameter, D; 3.125 em = 0.03125 m
30 x 0.01875
Outer diameter, Do 5 cm = 0.05 rn
15.53 x 10-6
Tube wall temperature, T", 500
e
[ Re 36.2)( 10D
Inner temperature of air, T mi IGoe
. ...00 fl ',s turbulent.
Outer temperature of air, T rna sz-c Since Re : 2.> , ow . . e > 10000).
Iequation IS {R
Flow rate, U
30 rn/s For turbulent flow, g,t:nera Re)os (PrY'
Toflnd : Heat transfer coefficient. (lJ). Nu == 0.023 { ') I til .·,bll,'
l'u~C: . u. 1- (
Solution : p-.rOJH IIM['dJlabll~'" . T
l': "'" r Ill.
I
0 4. c1" ,q
PI' cess. S0
:::0
Tm;+ T",o Thi he.uinu /I . .., 1 loJ)08 {. --.
Mean temperature, TII/ .., . _ 0 0'23 {6.-
Nu - .
"L__
~~..••
!..
2.154 Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heal Ttan.t[er 2. J 5.5
I Nu - 88.591 ~300 flow is turbulent.

hDh ~tlce Re:>. • L 2
We know that, Nu - Ie o = 0.050 = 40
88.59 ... h x 0.01875 \0 < 0L < 400
26.34 x 10-3
Ih 124.4 W/m2K 1
= b lent flow, (Re < 10000)
for tur u (D)0.055
R~sul': Heat transfer coefficient, h = 124.4 W/m2K Nu == 0.036 (Re)O.8 (Pr)OJ3 -
Nusselt Num b er, L
\ §Xamp/~ 3 , Engln~ oil flows 'hrough a SO mm ttl IFrom HMT datil book, Page No. 12S(Sixth F.ditionll
Glnele,
'ube at an av~rag~ 'emp~ra'ur~ of U7°C. The flow velocityb . (0.050)0.055
'Nu :::: 0.036 (5000)08 x (116)0.33 x -2-
80 cm/s. Calcula'~ the average heat transfer coefficient If Iht
'ube wall Is maintained at a temperature of 200°C and it Is 2 1ft Gu ::: 128.42J hD
Ion,. IOct. 2002,MU/
Nu = k
Given: Diameter. D SOmm = 0.050 m We knoW that,
h x 0.050
Average temperature. T m 147°C
\28.42 = -o.m'8
Velocity, U SOcmls = O.SOm/s ~ QJ 343.65 W/m2g
==
Tube wall temperature, Til' 200°C ~ . fti' t h == 34365 W/m2K
sfer
coe tcten
fifom alf 1"let
I •
Length, L 2m Result: Heat tran

heati", waler
fi lure 0/ 40 I(' I""ol",s
Tofind: Average heat transfer coefficient, (h). [Example 4] A0C system
L..;_~__''__-
or
to all outlel tempera I , Thepip'
Solution: Properties of engine oil at 147°C. lemperature of 20 5 ", diamelersteelp P . m
[From HMT data book, Page No. 24 (Sixth Edition)1 passing tl.e waler '1"~U!:i:,!'i";d al 110°C by co"d:;:~"~~~~h'
surface temperature IS floW ral' 0/0.5 kl '
p 816 kg/m3 F waltf ",ass
on its surface. or a Oct 2002}
v = 8 x 10-6 m2/s
...... lenolh ot tl.e tube desired. N " 97 MadrasU"I"., .
& 'J U I" 0. I
Pr 116 IBlwratllitlasall n ., T :; 200e
erature. ""
k Q.133SW/mK Given: inlet tem P :; 400e
We know that, Outlet temperature. T "'~ :; 2.5 em := 0.025 m
UD Diameter, :; IIOoe
Reynolds Number, Re = erature, Til' .
v
Piper surface temP m :; 0.5 kv)l1l1n3 ~/S
0.8 x 0.05 oW rate,
8 x 10-6 M ass fl :; 8 .33 )( 10- klY
I Re 5000 I
2.156 Heal and Mass Transfer Convective Heal T.ransfer
.
Tofind: Length of the tube (L).

~-We knOW that, Nu
hD .
k
Solution :
h x 0.025
3.66
Bulk mean temperature, TI/1 == 0.610
20+40 ~tr~l1sfer coefficient, h 89.3 W/m2K]
~
[L, ::-~ooe]
Heat transfer, Q m Cp' AT
Properties of water at 300e : -._ nlC(T·-T)
p mo 1111
p 997 kg/m! 8.33 x 1(,.3 x 4178 (40 - 20)

v 0.857 x 10-6 m2/s IQ 696.05 W I
Pr 5.5 Heat transfer, Q h A (T_,- Tm)
k 0.610 W/mK hx 1t X D x L (T - Tm ) IV
Cp 4178 J/kg K 6%'r-0_5__ 8_9._3_x~J(

x 0.025 x Lx (110-30)
Reynolds Number, Re ::.:: U D IL .t.24 III I
v ... (I) Re.HIII: Length of the tube, L == 1.24 m
We know that ,
Mass flow rate, III
I EXlImple 5 I Lubricating oil (II (I temperetsre 0/ 60 l('
pAU enters / em diameter tube wit" a velocity (1/ 3 m/s. The tube
8.33 x 10-3 1t sur/ace is maintained at 40 (C Assuming that the oil has the
P x 4" 02 y U
following average properties, ealcil/llte tile tube length required
8.33 x 10-3 1t.
to cool tile coil to 45 'C.
997 x 4" x (0.025)2 x U
[U ~ ·(foI7 m/s I p= 8M kglllr3; k = 0.140 WlmK; <: 1.78kJIk:'t'

Assume laminar allll/IIII;V developedjlow.
(1) ~
Re = UD IBlllIratllitinsan V,,;versity, 97/
v
Given :
0.017 x 0.025
Inlet temperature of} T 6GoC
__ 0.857 x J 0-(,
lubricating oil ml
Since Re < 2300

, flow
~Re
IS1 .
== _i2?] Diameter, D I em =: 0.01 III
For laminar flow, . amllJar. Velocity, U 3 m/s

Tube surface temperature, I, ·lI':= 40°C
Nusseh Number Nu
== 3.66
(From HMT I
Out let temperature of} T == 45°(
( ala hook. Pane
t:
N.).
,I ~3 (Sixlh Edilion)1 lubricating oil ",0
1
_-----------------c~o='~I\~Je~ct~;v~e~/~le~>a~t~T.~/u~ru~ifI~e~r-
----
2.158 Heat and Mass Transfer ~
h x 1t x D x Lx
iT
I +T
2 1110 T
]
865 kg/m3
"'I -
p L ....
Cp
k 0.140 W/mK
1.78 kJ/kgOC = 1.78 x 103 J/kgoC 5446.8 51.24 x It x 0.0 I x L x [
60 + 4 -
T -40 ]
'-L------:-.-l
Flow is laminar and fully developed. ? ~_. --2-70-.-69--m~
__ I
Tofind: 1. Length of the tube, L. Result: Length of the tube, L = 270.69 In
Solution: We know that, [}xtlmple J

6 Air (It :! bar pressure and bulk temperature of
Mass flow rate, m pAU ZOO'(";.'1 heated (IS it flows through a tube wit/r (I dil,meter of 25.4
1t
I ",m at a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate th« heut transfer per unit
pX4"D2xU letlgth of IIIbe if el cOIutmrt/retll 1111x condition is maintained at
1t
tl,e wall and the wall temperalllre i.., 10't' above the 'Y'
865 x 4" (0.0 1)2 x 3 temperllture 1111along tile tength of tire tube. flow much would
the bllik temperature illcrc!ll.5cover II J m lengtl! of the tube.
1m 0.204 kg/s I IMtIIlrllJ Unb'ers;ty, 96/
Heat transfer, Q m Cp (Tmo - T mJ
Given :
For cooling process, Q m Cp (Tm; - Tmo)
2 bar' 2 x 105 Nlrn1
Case (i) : Pressure. p
200°C
0.204 x 1.78 x 103 x (60 -:-45) Air bulk temperature, 'I'm
25.4 11\111 =- 0.025 m
IQ 5446.8 W I Diameter of tube. D
We know that, Velocity, U 10 m/s
For laminar, internal flow Wall temperature is 20 e above the air It:nJp~rature.
0
. • T == 200 2U:= nODe

Nu = 3.66 L~, w
[From HMT data book, Page No. 123 (Sixth Edition)1 Length, L == I III
Length. L :::: 3 m
h~ 3.66 [ ': Nu = h~ ] Case (ii) :
1. Heat transfer per unit length of the lube.
To find :
h x 0.01 2. Increase ill bull-. ternperalufC over a 3 01 length
--o.i4O = 3.66
of the tube.
=::) h = 51.24 W/m2K C . (i)· Properties of air at _UOO( :
{Ue • . N· J \ ( 'l\th Fdilillnll
I Average heat transfer coefficient, h 51.24 W/m2KJ Solution: .
l[-ronl'
11\11
'
hta bOIl". P.lgc . O. .
We know that, 0.746 kglll1

Heat transfer, Q P 6 . )/
hA (T",- Tm) v == 34.85)( I(} In-"
hA (Tm- T",)
'om' clive Heal Iran ifer 216/
----
~I
1.1 25.99 x 10"-6 Ns/rn? 170
Nu :=
k
Pr 0.680
0.03931 W/mK h 0.Q25
41 ....8:= 0.03931.
1026 J/kgK
" := 64.90 W/m~K
Note: Given pressure is above atm pheric pres ure
S
kinematic viscosity, v and density, p will ary \\ ith pre ure 'Pr .
C are same for all pressures. .k
hA (T .. - T III)
p
Density, p = f.r h It DL ('1',., - T III)

(220 - 200)
Ip
We know that, Case (ii) :
Reynolds number. Re v
o lie. I iran fer
-----~
o We kn v, rh I,
!!_
p Heal tr ncr, [... m =pA
~
J..l
1.473
10 1026 [T",I)-T""I
I Re 2300 ~ (O.025i
Since Re> 2300, flow is turbulent. 41.20

T", _ 'I I
For turbulent internal flow, general equari n is (Re 10,000).

Nu = 0.023(Re) (Pr)n
I From HMT data bo k. Pa I: o. 12 - ( ixth EdIlIOn)]
This is heating process. So, 11 = 0.4.
Result __ I. Q ;;;:
~ Nu 0.023 ( 14.17 10')0 (0.680)04
[Nu 41.28 I T
Convective He(J1Transfer 2.J6J
----
1./61 HIt(/1 "lid Mass Transfer
2.12. FREE CONVECTION ~c;e'1 Number, Nu = hI.
K
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in d . J.
. . . cns"" where, h - Heallransfer coefficient; W/m2K
resulting trom ICIIlJJCmlure gradients, the 1II0dl: of heat tr'l I' I
, . • n~ er i
said 10 be free or natural convection, S L - Length, m,
'1 his 1110 Ic of hcilt transfer occurs very cummonly and So k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
ivcn be Iow.
exnmp Ics arc urvcn Ine
GrashofNumber} g x Px J) x .1T
G r ::;;
I. The hearing of rooms by use of radiators. 4. for vertical plate v2
Thl', ~o ling of transmission lines, electric transforllls and (From HMT data hook, Page No. 134 (~'Ixlh f:.dilum)J
rcct If icrs. L - Length of the plate,
where,
3, The hca~ tran fer from the pipe carrying steam from the Sf - TII'- T"",
wall of turnaces, from the wall of air conditioninu e IIUuse
v - Kinematic viscosity, m2/s.
[rom the condenser of some refrigeration units. '
The of heat transfer is calculated .
p - Coefficient of thermal expansion.
rate using t Ire general
convection equation given below. If Grl'r value is less than 109, now is laminar. If (JrPr
5.
Q II A er", .- T co value is greater than 109, now is turbulent.
where Q - Heat transfer in W, .

i.e., Gr Pr < 109, -+ Laminar flow
A - Area in 1112, Gr Pr > f09, -+ Turbulent flow.
T", - Pipe surface temperature in DC, For laminar now (Vcr1ical plate) :
6.
rex:> - Fluid temperature in "C. Nusselt Number, Nu :: 0.59 (Gr Pr)1)25
2.12.1. Formulae Used for Free Convection

This expression is valid for.
104 < GrPr<I09
I. Film temperature. T . b k 1':lI!f No. 135 (SI~11! [dilion)j
f [From JIM r data 00. ~
where
Til' - Surface temperature in DC, 7. For turbulent flow (Vertical plate):
T <T.l - Fluid temperature in "C. - 010 IGr Prj(.lm
2, Nussclt Number, Nu - . S' 'II! EdilionlJ
OefticiCllt of thermal expansion k I' gc No 11.5(. IX
[From HMT tlala boll .. a ,.
p = R. Heat transfer (Vertical plate) : T

Q :: 'ddT" - "')
liM Heal and Mass' Transfer 1 Convective Heal T"
Iransfer
l ~sPhere,
9. GrashofNumber for Horizontal Plate: 15.
Nusselt Number, Nu ::: 2 + 0 .43 [G r Pr]025
gx p x L~ x .1T
Gr [From HMT data book P
v2
I
, age No. 137 (Sixth E
Heat transfer, Q ::: h x A x (T - T
where Lc - Characteristic length :::-
W \I' (I)
2 ' where A ::: 4 n ,2

W - Width of the plate. Boundary layer thickness
16.
10. For horizontal plate, upper surface heated, Ox = [3.93 x (Pr): 0.5(0.952 + Pr)025 x (Gr)-02S]
Nusselt Number, Nu ::: 0.54 [Gr Pr]0.2S [From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E
This expression is valid for 17. Maximum velocity,
2 104 < Gr Pr < 8 106
x x
Umax
= 0.766 x v x (O.952+Pr)-'12 x [g p (:; - Ta»] 112
(From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixlh E ..
dillon)]
Nusselt Number, Nu = O. 15 [Gr Pr]OJ3J 18. Mass flow rate,
This expression is valid for. 8 x 106 < Gr Pr < 10' I G ] 0.25
II. For horizontal plate, lower surface heated. "1 = [
I.7 x P x v (Pr}2 (pr : 0.952)
Nusselt Number, Nu::: 0.27 [Gr Pr]02S

2.12.2. Solved Problems on Free Convection (or) N
T~is expression is valid for 105 < Gr Pr < 10' I.
Convection
12. Heat transfer (Horizontal plate)
Q (hu + hI) x A x rr, - Tco) I Example J I A vertical plate 01 O.75 m heigl" is at J
and is exposed to air at a temperature 01 105'(' alld
where hll - Upper surface heated, heat transfer atmosphere. Calculate:
coefficient W/m2K,
1. Mean heat transfer coefficient,
hI - Lower surface heated, heat transfer
coefficient, W/m2K. 2. Rate of heal transfer per unil widthollile plale.
·13. For horizontal cylinder, 0.75 m
Given: Length, L
Nusselt Number, Nu ::: C [Gr PrJ'" Wall temperature, T", 170 e
0

14. Fluid temperature, T IX> 105°e
For horizontal cylinder,
Heat transfer, Q Tofind: I. Heat transfer coefficient, (h).'
where, A 2. Heat transfer (Q) per unit width.

nOL
./
..
2.166 Heal and Muss Transfer
Solution: Velocity (U) is not given. So this-:-:;--
l _-===:-::-:~====:::::~C::...:().:::"::Ve~Clive
~ .: 8.35 x lOK]
Heat T,
ran_ifi_e_,_
convection type problem. Utal Gr Pr = 8.35 x 108 x 0.684
Film temperature, Tj
T".+ T'l. ~.~~ 5.71 x IOS J
I 2
Since Gr Pr <. 1()9. flov is laminar.
170 + 105
2 GrPrvalue is in between IO",md 109 i.e., 1000<GrPr< 109
,-I T-L.j__ 137.5~;~ So. Nussel, Number
Properties of air at Tj 137.5°C ~ 1400C Nil - 0.59 (Gr Pr)02:;
[From 11"11' data book. Page No. 33 fSixlh Edi . [From IIMT datu book. Page No. 135 (Sixth Edilionll
I~ 'lIon)1
Density, p 0.854 kg/m! 0.59 (5.7 I x 1011)0.25
K incmatic viscosity, V 27 .80 x I ()-6 m2/s
CHiC = 91.2 I]
Prandil Number, Pr 0.684
We know thai.
Thermal conductivity, Ie 0.03489 W/mK
We know that,
hI.
N us: ell Number, Nil
~
Coefficienl ()fthefJ~lal} f3
expansron
ItxO.75
I) J.2 I
0.03489
Ii 4.24 W/m2K
137.5 + 273 r-- - - ---- .-
He at rail fer coefficient, II 4.24 W/m2gj
1 ------
410.5 We kn "
II JI Ira us fer, () "A (1'., - Tel)
2.4 x 10-3 ~
hxWxLx(T.,-T'I))
We know Ihal,
4.24 x 1 x 0.75 x (170- 105)
Grashof Number, Gr = g x {3 x LJ x ~T [.,' W= J m]
v2
,FrOIllIlMT dal;} hool;. I'a 'C o. 134 (Srxrh Erlilion)/

Re.\ult :
(if 1).81:<2.4:.:103 (0.75) /(170 105) 4.2.' Wlm K
(n.RO 10 6)2 I. I le<ll transfer co ffiril'nl. h
206.H \\.
Heat transfer. Q
2.J 68 Heal and Mass Transfer ~ __ ----------~~~C:nn~v~eC:'I~·v~e~H~eq~I~U~a~ns~~~r~3
I Example 2 I A vertical plate of 0.7 m wide (lml ~
. m he; l
~
GrashofNum
b
er, Gr
g x P x L3 x ~ T
v2
maintained at a temperature of 90't' ill a room. If It
(If 3() Qr,
Calculate the convective hem Ion. \...
[From HMT data book, ~age No. 134 (Sixth Edition»
Given: Wide, W 0.7 m 9.81 x 3 x 10-3 x (1.2)3 x (90 30)
Height (or) Length, L 1.2 m (IS.97 x 1~)2
Wall temperature, T\II 90°C
Ir- G-r--S-.4-x-,-09-'1
Room temperature, Too 30°C Gr Pr S.4 x 109 x 0.696

'-1 G-r-P-r--5.9-X)Q9J
To fillll: Convective heat loss (Q).
Solution: Velocity (U) is not given. So, this IS
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent.
natural
convection type problem. For turbulent flow,
We know that, Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.10 (Or Pr)0.333
Tw + Too {From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition)]
Film temperature, Tj
2 Nu 0.10 [5.9 x 109]0.333
90 + 30 1 Nu 179.3 I
2
We know that,
hL
Properties of air at 60°C : Nusselt Number, Nu k
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)) h x 1.2
p 1.060 kg/m-
179.3 = 'Q.02896
v = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s Convective heat h = 4.32 W/m2K
Pr 0.696 transfer coefficient
h A (AT)
k 0.02896 W/mK Heat loss, Q
We know, h x W x Lx (T1I'- T.o)
Coefficient of } 1 4.32 x 0.7 x 1.2 x (90 - 30)

thermal expansion ~ = T inK
j [Q =
218.16 ~
1 Q == 218.16 W
~ 60 + 273 = 3 x 10-3 K-I Convective heat loss,
Result:
[p 3x '0-3 K-I
l /
, .
2./70 Heat and Mass Transfer
1 ----
____ .--------~C~Omnveclive
9 81 x
Heal t- ,/:
ansJer 2.17/
I £wllnple I
3 A vertical pipe of 12 em oute» diameler . 2.91 x 1Q-3X(25)3
- 2Q1
'''',g, at a surface temperamre (If 120't' is iN a room I h' 2.5 IJI --____ (20 .0 2 x 1~)2
. x ( 120
I' ere ~
nil' is at 20't'. Calculate lite hem loss per melre leltC/110 lle [Gr 1.11 x 10"]
pipe. If Ihe
Gr Pr 1.11 x 10" x 0.694
Given : Diameter, D 12 em 0.12m
[GrPr 7.72 x 1010J
Length, L 2.5 III
Since Gr PI' > 109, flow is turbulent.
Surface temperature, Til' 120°C
For turbulent flow,
Room temperature, Ten 20°C
Toflnd : Heat loss (Q) per metre length of the pipe.
Nu = 0.10 (Gr Pr)OJ33
Solutio« " [From HMT data book, Page No. 135]

TII'+TIYj Nu 0.10 [7.72 x 10 °]0333
Film temperature, TI '
2 I Nil 422.3 I
120 + 20
We know that,
2
700C] hL
Nusselt Number, Nu
k
Properties of air at 70°C:
h x 2.5
422.3
[From '-IMJ data hook. 1';J~e No, .1] (Sixlh Etlilinn)1 0.02966
p 1.029 kg/lllJ
[~Jleat transfer coefficient, II 5.01 Wlm2K I
v = 20.02 ;" 10-6 11J2/s
Heal loss per} Q h A!!.T
Pr 0.694 metre length
Ie == O.021)(j() W/ml< h x 1t X D x L X (Til' - T .,,)
We know that, I 5.01 x1txO.12x I x(120-20)

f3 = T inK
J
J
IQ 188.8 Wlm I
70 + 273 == 2.9J x JO-.1 K' -' Q= 1888 WIlli
J Result: Heat loss per metre length ot pipe. .
[f3 == ~2.c)1 x 10-.1 K·-t] [ EX(lmple.J !A hortzouto! plate
if
800 /11/11 Ion". 70 111m
(I ". I.• r
. - _. ITeof
140 'C ill (I Itlrgr I{/II" OJ
Grashof Number, Gr == gxOxl)x.1T "'/(Ie is maintained (It {/ temperatl I . firo/lllhr plate.
v2 , . the 101(11 he(ll 015
iltll oJ water at 6(} 't'. Determ",e
L 800111111= O.S III
IFmmllM r daril honk. Page Nn. I.H (Sixlh EdilillU)f Gil'e",' Horizontal plate length,
2. J 72 Heal and Mass Transfer
____ C onveclive Heal Transfer
Wide, W 70 rnm 2./7
-- 0::----0
. 70 rn (I):::> Gr:= 9.81 xO.76x IO-3X(0.035)3x(140
Plate temperature, Til' 140°C 60
_. (0.293 >< I~)2 1
Fluid temperature, T <I) 60°C I Gr = 0.297 x I09_]
Tofind: Total heat loss from the plate. Gr Pr = 0.297 x 109 x 1.740
Solution: ~-~ 0.518x 109J
Tw+T~ Gr Pr value is in between 8 x 106 and lOll,
Film temperature, Tj 2 i.e., 8x J06<GrPr<lOll.
140 + 60 So, for horizontal plate, upper surface heated ,
2
Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Editionj]

Properties of water at 100°C :
Nu 0.15 [0.5 I 8 x 109j0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No. 21 (Sixth Edition)1 I Nu 119.66 I
p 961 kg/rn-' We know that
v = 0.293 x 10-6 m2/s
Nusselt Number, Nu
Pr 1.740
k 0.6804 W/mK hu x 0.Q35
0.76 x 1O-3K-1 119.66 = 0.6804
/3 (water)
Heat transfer coefficient for}
[From HMT data book, Page No. 29 (Sixth Editionj] = 2326.19W/m2K
upper surface heated, hu
gx/3xL~ xl\T
GrashofNumber, Gr = 2 ... (I) For horizontal plate,
v
Lower surface heated,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Editiom]
[From HMT data book, Page No. 136(Sixth Edition))
For horizontal plate,
Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.27 [Gr PrjU25
W Nu = 0.27 [0.518 x 109j025
Lc Characteristic length
2
[Nu 40.73 ]
0.070
Lc
2 We know that,
O.oJ5 m
Nusselt Number, Nu
I Lc O.oJ5 m I
Convective Heal Transfer
----
1. / 74 Heal and Mass Transfer
h, J( 0.035
40.73 0.6804
"---
Heat transfer coefficient for}
lower surface heated, h,
~ 791.79 W/m'K I
Total heat transfer, Q (hll + hi) A ~T
k 0.02675 W/mK
(hll + h,) x W x L x (T +T
u- "')
I
Q [2326.19 + 791.79] x [0.070 x 0.8] x [140-60
We know Tf in K
IQ 13,968.55 wi)
I
Result: Total heat loss, Q = 13,968.55 W. 30 + 273 - 303
I Example 5 I Air flow through (I long recltlllgular 0
300 mm heigh: x 800 111mwidth air-conditioning duct mainla;!s

[ 13 3J x 10-3 K-l I
the. outer duct sur/ace temperature at 20°C. If the duel ;1' Since the duct is laid horizontally, the heat gain is by free
un~nsulated anti exposed to air tit 4(J0C. Calculate the heal convection from the vertical and the horizontal top and bottom
gamed by the duct. Assuming duct to he horizontal.
sides.
Given: Length (or) Height, L 30e mm
Free convection from the vertical sides:
OJ 111
gx!3xL3x~T
Width, W 800 mm Gr == v2
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Editionll
0.8 111
9.81 x3.3 x 10-3 x (OJ)3 x (40-2,Ql
Surface temperature, T", 20°C
(16 x 10-6)2
Fluid temperature, T "" 40°C
[0 == 6.8 x 10~ 7
To flnd : Heat gained per metre length (Q/L). 6.8 X 107 x 0.701 :: 4.7 X 10
Gr Pr
Solutio" :
[Gr Pr
4.7 x IQD
TII'+T""
Film temperature, Tf Since Gr Pr < 109 , is laminar.
floW . 104 <: Gr Pr <: 109.
2 IQ4 and 109 i.e.,
20 + 40 Gr Pr values is in between 025
:: 0.59 (Gr Pr) . . .
2 So, Nusselt Number, Nu No 135 (Sixth Edlllon)1
.. t.1MT data ~ok, Page .
[From r
37
(",
2.1 6 HCQt and Mass Transfer ..------
_------...::C:.:::'o~nVvteClive Heal ransfer 2 7'
I
/' -izontal plate, upper surface heated 8 1 6 .

Nu 0.59 [4.7 x 107JO!;------'_ for hor ' x 0 < Gr Pr < Ie
'Nussel' Number, Nu = 0.15lGr Pr)OJ33
~u = 48.85 1
::? Nu 0.15 (1.13 x 108]0331
hL
We know that. Nu :;; \ Nu 72.17J
k
,:I We knoW that,

48.85 " x OJ
.I
I, lU)2675 h" Lc
'Nusselt Number, Nu
k
"I: j
. )
!'
- 4.35 W/1ll2K I hu x 0.4
I' 11{,~"ttrans lcr from 72.17
II'
It t\ (T - T ) = 0.02675
I', verticul side ,,, II'
,I
h" = 4.82 W/m2K
; < II x W x I. ('I' 00 - T w )
I 4. 5 x 0.8 x 0') )' (40 20)
Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient
hll = 4.82 W/m2K
I~~- -20.88 W 1
I J l lcat transfer from l lower surface heated:

0.27 [Gr PrJO.25
I
:\
both side of f - 2 X II - 41.76 W
Nusselt Number, Nu
= 0.27 [1.13 x 108]0.25
I vertical sides
\:
\i,
l(), - 41.76W I '" (I)
I"-N-u-ill]
We know that,
I Ileal transferfrom IlOrlzollllll.\·itlt!!I·"
Nusselt Number, Nu
Fur horizontal plate.
hi x 0.4
W 0.8 27.8 = Q.0267s
Characteristic length , I"c 2" = T = 0.4
,r-I,-c --0.4-1
5 = \.85 W/m2K ]
9.81 x 3.3 x 10-3 x (OA}l x (40 -- 20) Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient
Gr
(16 x 10-6)2 hi - \.85 W/m2K
I'- G.::...:r_ iQ!]
_.:...:1.:::._6..:.:_x
Heat transfer from f QH = (h II + hi) A sr
Gr Pr 1.6 x 108 x 0.701 I
horizontal pate L t,T
= (hll + 11() x W x x
I Gr Pr 1.13 x IOQ£]
L
_
----------~--~(~·o~nv~e~c~/iI~,e~H~e~a~/~Tr~an~s2if1~er~~2
1 I 8 Ilealalld Mass Transfer
~ k - 0.02675 W/mK
(4.82 1.85) x 0.8 x O~
[QH := J2.~ -'20) We knoW that,
". (2) coefficient of} ~
J Heat tran~fer 1 + Heat transfer I
l
thermal expansion T, in K
from vertical f from
f 1 1
1 otal heat transfer
l sides { hori.zontal
side, 30 + 273 303
41.76 + 32.05 3.3 x 10-3 K-Ij
IQ 73.8 W I gx~xL3 c
A~T
Grashof Number, Gr ... ( 1')
Re!-;u/t: Heat transfer, Q := 73.8 W
I E:mlllp/e I
6 A plate of 6 CIII X 8 em x 14 em site '''lIill_
Characteristic
[From HMT data book, Page No. 1341
length
tuined tIl (I temperature of 60'(' (Inti heat lost to lite air is at (J't. where
Tire vertical dimension is 14 CIII, Determine heat Irlllr,~fer LII x Lv
coefficient. LH + Lv
Given : Plate size 6 em x 8 cm x 14 em 0.08 x 0.14
0.06 rn x 0.08 m x 0.14 111 0.08 + 0.14
Plate temperature, r, 60°C 0.0509 m I
_Fluid temperature, To" O°C 9.81 x 3.3 x 10-3 y (0.0509)3 x (60 - 0)
(I) => Gr (16 x 10-6)2
1'0find : Heat transfer coefticient, (h).
Sotution : We know that, Gr
I 1 x 106 1
5
T,,,+T'.L) Gr Pr I x 106 x 0.701 7.01 x 10
Film temperature, Tf = 2 [ G-r-P-r --7-.0-1-x-1-'05:11
60 + 0 Since Gr Pr < 109, flow is laminar.
2 9
For laminar flow, 104 < Gr Pr < 10 ,
I Tf 30°C I Nusselt Number Nu := 0.59 (Gr Pr)025
Properties of air at JO°C : (From HMT data book. Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition)]
0.59 x [7.01 x 105]025
[From HMT data book, Page No 33 (Sixth EditionJl
p 1.165 kg/m! ~[N-t-I-=-1--7-::-:.07:1J
v 16 x 10-6 1112/s We know that,

Pr 0.701
Nusselt Number, Nu
----
Heal and Mass Transfer .~~~~~::C~on~v~e~C/~iV~e~lf,~ea~/~'l~ra~Il~'(,0:r~_2 2 I, I
2.180 (l II ').
~ .~ 2.55 x 10-3 K-T]
h x 0.0509
17.07
.---_--_.
26.75)( 10-3 Grashof number. Gr = gx p x D3 x ~T
,,2
Ih 8.97 Wlrn2K I
Result: Heat transfer coefficient, h = 8.97 W Im2K [From HMT data book. Pace
-
No . 134 IS' . h Edi
\ ixt
. 1I
.d I!IOn
3
I Example 7 I A horizontal pipe
15 em dian 'eter '. of
9.81 x 2.55 x 10- x (0.15)3 x (200 - 37)
(25.45 x 1()-{>)2
maintained at wall temperature of 200°C and is exposed t . lJ
o air Qt ~ ·-2-.1-2-x-lO-7-'1
37°C. Calculate the heat loss per metre length if emissivity 0
pipe is 0.92. 1/ Gr Pr 2.12 x J01 x 0.686

Given: Diameter of pipe, D 15 em == 0.15 m [ Gr Pr 1 .45 x 107 I
Wall temperature, r, 200°C
Ambient air temperature, Ton 37°C Nusselt Number, Nu = C [Gr Pr]"
Emissivity, E 0.92 [From HMT data book, Page No. 137 (Sixth Editionj]
Tofind: I.Heat loss per metre length. Gr Pr == 1.45 x 107, corresponding C = 0.125, and In == 0.333.
Solution: ~ Nu 0.125(1.45xI07)OJJ3
Til' + Ton
2
I Nli 30.31
__ -
200 + 37
We know that,
hD
2 Nusselt Number, Nu k
h x 0.15
Properties of air at 118.5°C ~ 120°C,
30.31 = o.oms
lIi].74 W/m2KJ
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Editionl] ~
p 0.898 kg/Ill] Heat tran. fer .by } Q hA sr
convectiOn
v 25.45 x 10-6 m2/s hx 1t x Dx L X (Til' - T"')
Pr 0.686 6.74xnxO.1Sx 1x(200-37)

k :l (I) ["L=lm]
0.03338 W/mK 517.7 W/~ .. ' .
1 T4]
We know, 4
TJ in K Heat tn~ll'i.fcr } o. E x A x <1 [T .. -
by radtaUOll
1
118.5+273 391.5
~~~~~~~~~---------
Convective Heal T
rClI1.~fer
tion thickness 30 mm ::: 0.Q30 rn
2. J 82 Heal and Mass Transfer Insu \ a
where Emissivity 1 diameter of)
E - Actua . = 0.080 + 2 x 0.030
the p'pe, D
A - Area, m2
0.\4 m
o Stefen Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 Emissivity, E 0.94
TIl" - Surface temperature, K temperature, Til
surface
Too Fluid temperature, K be T
111 Air temperature, rL
Til' 200 + 273 Too 37+273

473 K I I,---T_oo
_310 KJ
Qr E x 1t x 0 x Lx o x [ T4 - T4 ]
11' CSJ
0.92 x 1t x 0.15 x 1 x 5.67 x 10-8

x [(473)4-(310)4]
1. Heat loss from 5 m length of the pipe,Q.
IQ r 1003.4118 W 1m I '" (2) Tofind:
2. Overa\\ heat transfer coefficient, hI'
Total heat transfer per metre length 3. Heat transfer coefficient due to radiation,hr'
Heat trans~er } + { Heat tr~n~fer }
Q { by convection by radiation Solution: We know that.
517.7 + 1003.41
Film temperature, TJ
IQ 1521.12 W/m I
Result: Total heat transfer per metre length == 1521.12 W/m -
85 + \5
2
I Example 8 I A
steam pipe 80 mm in diameter is covered
with 30 mm thick layer of insulation which has a surface
emissivity of 0.94. The insulation surface temperature is 850C Propertiesof air tit 50"C : s 'm Edition)\
and the pipe is placed ill atmospheric air lit 15 'C If the heat is p No 33 ~ IX
{From HMT data book, age .
lost both by radiation and free convection, find tile following: p == \ .093 kg!m'
1. The "eat lossfrom 5 m length of tirepipe. 2/s
v == \ 7 .95 )( \ 0-6 m
2. The overall "eat transfer coefficient.
Pr == 0.698
3. Heat transfer coefficient due to radiation.
k == 0.02826 W/mK
Given: Diameter of pipe 80 mm
== 0.080 m
__ -----C-o...:.n:...::_vective If,
eat Transfer
2. J 84 Heal and Mass Transfer h x 7t D x Lx (T
w- TaJ
Coefficient of thermal }
5.84x1t xO.14x5x
expansion, p Tf in K
[L-Q_c:..;:_on_v__ 8_9_8._99_W] (85 -15)
I
50 + 273 t by radiation,
fleat loS
3.095 x 10-3 K-I] Qrad E(JA[~v-~]
We know that, where, E Emissivity
gxf3xD3x.1T A Area- m2
Grashof number, Gr = v2
(J Stefen Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
9.81 x 3.095 x 10-3 x (0.14)3 x (85 - 15)
(17.95 x 10-{j)2 Tw Surface temperature, K.
Ir-G-r--18-.1-0-x-,-06-', Too Fluid temperature, K.
GrPr 18.10x'06xO.698 85+273 Tet)::: 15+273

T II'
[ Gr Pr 1.263 x 1071 G 358 K ] I T et) ::: 288 K I
L!I_'~I'_----'_
::> Q rad ==
E x (J x 7t DL x [T~ -'J!] 4
Nusselt number, Nu = C [ Gr Pr Jill :=: 0.94 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 7t x 0.14 x 5 x [3584_288]
[From HMT data book. Page No. 137 (Sixth Edition))
1118.90 W ]
o- ':, 1.263 x 107, [ Qrad
Qconv + Qrad
Total heat loss, Qt
corresponding C = 0.125, and m = 0.333 898.99+ 1118.90
Nu = 0.125 [ 1.263 x 107 JO 333 ::= 2017.89 ~
l:HiC::: 28.952 1
hD Total heat transfer, Qt ::=

We know that, Nu ::=
k
h x 0.14
~ 28.952 2017.89
0.02826
~ h 5.84 W/m2K
~ective heat transfer coefficient, he == 5.84 W/n~
Heat lost by convection,
Qconv ::: h A (.1 T)
I
v :::
Convective Heal Transfer
18.97 x 10--6m2/s
2.187
,
----
Pr 0.696
= 13.108 - 5.84 0.02896 W/mK
:::
e&_-;;':-_7.268 W/m7K] k
1
:::
Result: ~ T in K
f
we knoW,
1. Heat loss from 5111length of pipe 1 I
(i) By convection, Ol" ,.= 898.99 W 60 + 273 333
(ii) By radiation, Or :=0 1118.90 W ::: 3 x 10-3 K-l
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient, h, = 13.108 W /m2K 3 x 10~J0l

3. Radiative heat transfer coefficient, h , = 7.268 W/m2K
g x p x 03 x IlT
ofNumber, Gr v2
I Example 9 I A horizontal wire of 3 mm diameter is Gras 11
ook Page No. 134 (Sixth Editiorn]
..
maintained at J 00'(' and is exposed to air at 20 '('. Calcillate the [From 1-1 MT d a ta b ,
9 81 x 3 >< 10-3 >< (3 >< 10-3)3 x (100 - 20)
following:
Or ==' (18.97 x 10--6)2
I. Heat transfer coefficient,
2. Maximum current. Take resistance of wire is Zohm/m. => ~==
176.64 J
Given: Horizontal wire diameter, 0 3 mrn Gr Pr == 176.64 x 0.696
Surface temperature, Til'

3 x 10-3 m
Cili_1!_ == JtiiJ
Air temperature, T'"
Nusselt Number, Nu = C [Gr Pr]" d .. )]
Resistance of the wire, R 7 ohm/Ill N 137 (Sixth E inon
(From HMT data book, Page o.
Tofind: I. Heat transfer coefficient, (h), . C - 0 85 and m == 0.188.
Gr Pr = 122.9, correspondins .- .
2. Maximum current, (I). Nu 0.85 [122.9]°·188
Solution : Film temperature, Tf I Nu 2.IJ
100 + 20 We know that,
2 hO
Nusselt Number, Nu k
h x 3 x 10-3
Properties of air at 60°C: 2.1 0.02896
~lsfer coefficient, h 20.27 W/t;:KJ
p = 1.060 kg/m!
Heat transfer, Q = h A ~T
J
~.
_------C.:..o::n:..:v~ec~tl;ve HearT,
2,188 Heat and Mass Transfer ransfer
. 5 of air at I 62.5°C ~ 160°C·
h x 1t x 0 x L x (T - T rn )_______ ertle .
II
proP p = 0.815 kg/m3
20.27x1tx3 x 10-3x I x(IOO
IQ 15.2 W/m I -20)
v = 30.09 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr 0.682
We know that,
k 0.03640 W/mK
Heat transfer, Q
1
We knoW, Tf in K
I I
162.5 + 273 435.5
'-1 f3---2.-29-x-I-0--3
-K-~I I
OrashofNumber, Gr
1.47 Amps]
Result: {From HMT data book, Page No. 134(Si>.1hEdition)!
I. Heat transfer coefficient, h = 20.27 W/m2K 9.81 x 2.29 x 10-3 x (0.020)3 x (300- 25)
::::> Gr (30.09 x I~Y
2. Maximum current, I = 1.47 Amps
I EXtlmple 10 IA sphere of diameter 20 mm is at 300°C is 1 Gr 54734.2 I
immersed in air at 25 't:'. Calculate tile convective heat loss. Gr Pr 54734.2 x 0.682
Given: Diameter of sphere, 0 20 mm = 0.020 m 1 Gr Pr 37328.7 I
Surface temperature, TlI' 300°C For sphere, [1 < Gr Pr < lOS]
Fluid temperature, T a) 25°C Nusselt Number, Nu = 2 + 0.43 [Or Pr]025
N 137 (Sixth Edition)]
Tofind : Convective heat loss, (Q). {From HMT data book, Page o.
Solution: We know that, Nu 2 + 0.43 [37328.7]025
Tw + Too I Nu 7.97]
2
We know that,
300 + 25
ill
2 Nusselt Number, Nu == k
162.5°C
162.5°C I
_
--------------~(~·~o'~'v~e:c/~{V~c:H.~e~a/~~~r~an~~~e:r~l~.
,,----- 80 + 22
""~
h 4",.1, ( r.. T, )
O.~~O )
. (II {Ii, lit J / cr' III JO '(' :
14: I ,4 n
( 00 - 2 ) pro/",,.",;e~·
[ Q -~~_.01 W [From HMT data book. Page No.3) (Sixth Edition)!
p 1.093 kg/m!
nveciivc he3t I,) s, 0 5.01 W
v = 17.95 x I~ m2/s
I £.m"'r/~ II I .-4 vertica! plate of 40 em 1,,111: is mainlailltd
If' 60 ~ (Ind if c..\:ptl.fNIIII IIi, (I' 11°C. Calculate the fol/owing :
Pr 0.698
k 0.02826 W/mK
I. Bound",)' 1I~)'t" thickness tI"IIe tailing edge of the pl(lle.
I
2. TI,t' sa",t' plait' is placed ill tI wind tunnel 1111(1 air is Tf in K
blo"'n over ;1 al a velocity of 5 m/s. Cnlclilme boundary
I
In),t" II,icb,~n·.
51 + 273
J. ,-4 vemge ''''(1' transfer coefficient for natural (Inti forctd I
convection for th« above mentioned data.
Ip 3.086 x 10-3 K-I
Case (i) : For free convection,
G;'~" .. Length, L 40 em = 0.40 III
g x p x L3 x L\T
Plate temperature, r, 80° Gr = v2
Fluid temperature, T 22°C [From HMT data book. Page:No. 134 (Sixth Edition)j
Ttl find .. Cast' (i) .. 9.81 x3.086 x 10-3 x (0.4)3 x (80-22}

(17.95 x 1~)2
i) Boundary layer thickness (Natural convection).
Case (ii): 3.48 x 108 ]
(i) Boundary layer thickness at velocity U = 5 m/s (Forced Gr Pr 3.48 x 108 x 0.698
convection).
I Gr Pr 2.43 x IOU < 10
9
Cast' (iii) :
S·mce G r P r < 109• flow is laminar.
(i) A erage heat transfer coefficient tor natural convection, h. . I mino' flow:
For free convectIOn, 0
(ii) Average heat transfer coefficient for forced convection, h.
Boundary layer thickness, b.T '"' 025 (Grt 0.25] xX
Solutio" : We know that, _ 05 x (0.952 + Pr)' x
[3.93 x (Pr) 134 (Si.xthEdilion»
1. Page No.
T..,+T LIMT data boO...
[From'
Film temperature, 1, = 2
_
2.192 Heal and Mass Transfer ----------------~~C~o~n~ve=c~fi~ve~H~ea~f~T~r~~m~s(l~e
~ hL .
Ox == [3.93 x (0.698'- 0 5 x (0.952 + 0.698)0.25 x ---- We knoW that. Nu k
(3048 x I 08)- 0.2~J
. )( 0-4
23.29 ~
l. x == L c- 040
. In) 0.02826
=> lox == 0.0156 m
z» Ih 1.645 W/m2K I ... (3)
Case (ii) : For forced convection. A lIerage heat transfer coefficient for forced convection,h :
UL for forced convection, laminar flow.fla: plate :
v Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
5 x 0040 [From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth Editionj]
17.95xI0-6 Nux 0.332 ( 1.11 x JOS)05x (0.698)0333
Re == I. I I x I O~ '" (I )
I Nux == 98.13
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar. We know that,

h, L
For forced convection, laminar flow: k
Boundary layer thickness <5 x or ° IIx == 5 x x x ( Re )" 05
98.13
II x x 0.4
0.02826
[From IIMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth Fditionj]
Local heat tran~fer} h 6.932 W/m2K
Ox 5 x 0.40 x (1.11 x 10)-05
coeffiCient x
[.: x = L = 0.40 m] A veraae heat tran~fer} h
coeffic lent
I <5x == 6.003 x 10-3 mi··· (2)
II 2 x 6.932
From equation (I) and (2), we know that, boundary layer [II 13.86 W/m2KJ .. , (4)
thickness in forced convection is less than that in free convection. . C) and (4) we know that heat transfer
From equation) . "s much larger than that in free
Case (iii): A verage heat transfer coefficient for nat"ral coefficient in forced convection I
convection, I, : con ecti n,
For free convection, laminar flow, vertical plate : Result: 0.0156 m

Case (i) : I. bs ( alu/lIl cOll~ec(loo)
[From Hr"n data book. Page No. 135 ( ixth Edilion)) 6.003 X 10-3 In
Case (ii): I. Ox (FOIc.ed c.()n~ewoo)
).645 W/m2K
Nusselt number. Nu 0.59 (Gr Pr)O 2: h ( '&Iura! OOIlVt\.··UOIl)
Case (iii): 1. 13.86 W/m2K
0.5'-) (2.43 106)<W
2. h (FOIU'd conveCtloo)
I ~23.~
I
I ]./94 Heal and Mass Transfer
11
2.12.3.SolvedUniversity Problems - Free ConVectio;---
GErample I ] A large vertical plate 5 In height is Ill' .
-----------------~~~~~
Gr 6.68 x 1011
f .
t 100'(' and exposed 10 air at 30ac. Calculate .f
""lIa", d
II'e co Gr Pr 6.68 x 1011 x 0.695
I a
htattransfer coefficient.
n~~
{June 2006, Anna Unl» . e [Gr Pr 4.64 x 1011 I
. _ ersltyJ
I
",
Given: Height or length, L - 5 m Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent.
Surface temperature, T... for turbulent flow,
Fluid temperature, Teo Nusselt number, Nu = 0.10 [Gr PrJ0333
I, Tofind: Convectiv e heat transfer coefficient, h. (From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition))
i SOIUlif1n: We know that,
Film temperature, T,
T,. + T",
~ Nu
I Nu
0.10 [4.64 x 101lJ0333
767.27 I
2 We know that,
100 + 30 hL
2 Nusselt number, Nu
k
hx5
767.77 = 0.02931
Propenies of air Q/ 65'(' :
~ h = 4.49 W/m2K
[From H.\IT dam bo k, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
p = 1.~5 kg m3 I Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.49 W/m2K I
" = 19A95 1 Q-6 m-/s Result: Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.49 W/m1K
Pr = 0.695 I Emmple I
2 A steam pipe 10 em olltSiIk diamdeT TUIIS
J.: = 0.0_931 W/mK horizontally in a room at 23 DC Tale the olllSiIk surface
temperature of pipe as 165't: DettTmW the Ileal loss per metre
Coe -,'M of rhermal expansion, f3 = I ~ K
Itngth of the pipe. {D«. 2004, Anna UnMniIy/
Given : Diameter of the pipe D = 10 cm = O.J 0 m
Ambient air temperature, Ix = 23'T
f3 \\ all temperature, T... = 165°C
fa . Gr To find: Heat loss per metre length .
Solution: We know that
I ... + Tx i65 + 23
Film temperature, If 2 = --2-
I II = 94°C I
2.196 Heal and Mass Tran:..fer
Properties of air 0194 DC R: 95 DC:
P
v ==
I From HMT data book l'agc No. 33 ( ..
__ 0 .959
22.615 / 10-6 m2/s

----- IXth~.....
....llIon)l
Pr 0.689
k 0.03169 W/mK
We know that,
Coefficient of thermal 1
expansion J J3
== 7.22x 1t x 0.10 x (165 - 23)
94 + 273 ~ 322.08 W/m I

2.72 y 10-3 K-I
2.72 x 1O-iJ0] Result: Heat loss per metre length, ~ == 322.08 W/m
Grashof number, Gr
gxpxIYxLlT I
[ExlImple 3 A steam pipe 10 em OD runs 1I0rizontallyin a
v2
room at 23 CC. Take outside temperature of pipe as J 65 cr'.
[From HMT data book. Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition)] Determine tile heat loss per unit length of the pipe. If pipe
=> Gr == 9.81 x2.72x 10-3 x (0.10)3 x(165 23) surface temperllture reduces to 80 cr' witlll.5 em insulation, what
(22.615 x 10-6)2 is tile reduction in heat loss? {Dec.2005, Anna University]
Gr 7.40 x 106 Given: elise (i) :
=> Gr Pr 7.40 x 106 x 0.689 Diameter of the pipe, D 10 cm == 0.10 m
I Gr Pr 5.09 x 106 I Ambient air temperature, T so 23°C
For horizontal cylinder, Nusselt number, Nu == C [ Gr Pr ]" 165°C
Surface temperature of the pipe, Til'
Case (ii) :
Gr Pr 5.09 x 106, corresponding C == 0.48, and 1/1 == 0.25 BO°C
Surface temperature of the pipe, T".
=> r:N__ x 106
-:-u 0._48__:l:...,5.09 ]0.25 \.Scm == O.OISm
Insulation thickness, t
I Nu 22.79 I
We know that, Tojind:
1. Heat loss per unit length of the pipe, Q.
hD
Nusselt number, Nu
k 2. % of reduction in heat loss.
. (
----
2.198 Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heat Transfer 2.199
Solution: Case (i): We know that,
Film temperature, Tf =
Tw + Too
2
---- ~
r-I
Nu 0.48 [ 5.09 x 106 ]025
N-u--2-2.-79----,'
We know that,
165 + 23 hD
2 Nusselt number, Nu
k
IT f 94°C I h x 0.10
22.79 0.03169
Properties of air at 94'[' 1:195'[' :
(From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Ed' . ~ .. L..' h~__:_7=.22=---.:.W:....:..:/m=2..::..;K~'
Ilion)]
p == 0.959 kg/m'' Heat loss, Q h A ~T
v = 22.615 x 10--6 m2/s h x 7t x 0 x L x (T .. - Tao)
Pr 0.689 Q
7.22 x 7t x 0.10 x (165 - 23)
L
k 0.03169 W/mK
Coefficient ofthennal } Heat loss per} Q
322.08 W/m
expansion P Tf in K unit length L
1 1 Case (ii) :
94 + 273 - 367 New diameter, 0, 0+2 r
Ci.:--= 2.72 x 10-3 K-I 1 0.10 + 2 (0.015)
Grashof number, Gr = g x p x D3 x L\ T 0.13 m I

v2
(From HMT deta book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition»)

=> Gr == 9.8Ix2.72x1O-3x(0.10)3x(l65 23)
(22.615 x 10--6)2
Gr == 7.40 x 106
Gr Pr == 7.40 x 106 x 0.689
[Gr Pr == 5.09 x 106] Surface temperature of the pipe, T.. = 80 C
a
For horiZOntal cylinder T .. +Too

Nusselt number N ' Film temperature, Tf = 2
, u == C [ Gr Pr ]m
G [From HMT data book, Page No.137 (Sixth Edition») ~

2
r Pr == 5.09 x 106,
corresponding C = 0.48, and 111 == 0.25
---- --
1_}(){) Heal and Mass Transfer
Proputia of air at 5/.S 't:" .. so t : ( 'onveclive Heal Transfer 2 2U I

Ileat 1(155. QI II A L\T
p = 1.093 kg/m3
y = II x 7t 0, L x (T .. - T"')
17.95 x I~ m21s
Pr 0.698 5.57 x 7t x 0.13 x L x (80- 23)
~ Q
Ie 0.02826 W/mK L 129.66 W/m
Coefficient of the~al}
expansion
f-l I
T/ in K
51.5
I
273
E perunit}Q,
length L
Q
129.66 W/m
Percentage 0.1' reduction} L

[p - 3.08 x 10-3 K-i_] 111 heat 10 s
-Q--X 100
gxf-lxrY, yL\T L
Grahof number, Gr 322.08 - 129.66
y2
322.08 x 100
9.81 x 3.08 x 10-3 /. (013)2 / (80 _ 2:> 59.74%
r=- --.(17.95 x IO~)2 ~
Result :
IGr 1.17xl071
Gr Pr 1.17 x 107 X 0.698 I. Heal loss per unit length of the pipe. ~ = 322.08 Wlm
[ Gr Pr 8.16 x 106 :I 2. % of reduction in heat loss = 59.74%
For honzomal cylinder, I Exumple 4 I A thin 80 em /ang and Il em wide horiZ/Jnlal
Nusselt number, Nu = C [ Gr Pr )m pkue is maintained at a temperature of /30'(' in large lank full of
Gr Pr = 8.16 x 106 , water {II 70 'e Estimate Ihe rate of heal inpul into Ihe plale
necessary 10 maintai« the temperature of lJO '(: IMIIY 2005, A VI
corresponding C = 0.48 and m = 0.25
Given: Horizontal plate length. L 80 em = 0.80 m
IFrom IIMT data book, Page No.1) 7 (Sixth Editionj]
Wide. W 8 ern = 0.08 m
Nu = 0.48[8.16x 106)0.25
[ Nu
Plate temperature, T If' 130
0
e
25.65 ]
Fluid temperature. T", 7Uoe
We know that,
To find: Rate of heat input into the plate. Q.
Nusselt number, Nu = h 0, T .. +T",
Ie Solutlon : Film t,!:npcrature, T/ -2--
h x 0.13 .!1_0 + 70
25.65 = 0.02826 2
~ [h - 5.57 W/m2K J
124.25 I
Properties of water 01 100 'r' :
[From HMT data book, Page No 2 I (S'
P = 961 kg/m!
. Ixth Ed' .
- IIlon)1
------- We know that,
Nusselt number, Nu
hll Lc
k
Y = 0.293 x 1 ()-6 m2/s hll X 0.04
Pr 1.740 124.25
0.6804
k = 0.6804 W/mK
f3waler = 0.76 x 1O-3K-1
Heat transfer coefficient}
[From HMT data book, Page No. 29 (S' h ..
for upper surface heated hll = 2113.49 W/m2K
ixt Edlllon)j
We know that, For horizontal plate, Lower surface heated:
g x f3 x L J
x t1 T Nusselt number, Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr ]0.25
Grashof number Gr = c
, y2
'" (I) [From HMT data book, Page No. 136 (Sixth Edition))
(From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E '. = 0.27 [0.580 x )09]
For horizontal plate: dUlon)j
I Nu =' 4i061
L, = Characteristic length = W
2 We know that,
L = 0.08 hi Lc
c 2 Nusselt number, Nu k
L, = 0.04 m
hi x 0.04
(J) ::::;> Gr = 9.81 >:0.76x 10-3(0.04)3>:(130 .....70~ 42.06 0.6804
(0.293 x 1~)2 715.44 W/m2K
Gr = 0.333 x 109
Gr Pr = 0.333 x I ()9 x l.740 Heat transfer coefficient hi = 715.44 W/m2K
for lower surface heated
[Gr Pr - 0.580 % IO')]
Gr Pr valve is in betw"'hn 8 I"" Total heat transfer, Q = (hll + hi) A t1 T
'. "'" / v-and 10".
t.e., 8 / If)') <: Gr Pr <: 10" . (hll + hi) .;.W x Lx (T .. - T,,,,)
face heated, . So, for honzontal plate, upper
(2113.49 + 7 J 5.44) x (0.08 x 0.8) x (130 - 70)
ussclt numL~r, Nu = (.15
) (Gr PrfJ.JJJ
!J\: [0 J 0.86 '" 10J W I
(hom II.\1T d;;r.;, nook p. ., Result: Rate of heat input into the plate, Q:o 10.86 x 10J W
.' . ' .g,e o. J 35 (S'Y.lh Edition»
. u = O. J 5 {O.580 / lO'lJO JJ3
·lO.J Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heat Trun.ifer 2.205
I Example 5 I A hot plate 1.2 m wide, (J.35 III I,(.;/:-;;;;-- ---------) Total mass flow through the boundary,
(v
in.
/l5"C is exposed 10 I h e am btent
. sti
'11'tur (II 25 't: nile l lid at .) Heat loss from the plate. Q.
. " ale tI'e (VI
following:
..) Rise in temperature of the air passing through the
,;1 !tftl\';mum velocity III 180 mm from lite lellding edo .1' (VII
1'1 fteOJII'e boundary, tl T.
plate.
(ii) The boundary layer thickness at J 80 mm fro", the le d' Solution: We know that,
edge of the plate.
a '"g T",+T."
Fluid temperature, TJ 2
(iii) Local htat transfer coefficient at J 80 mm from lite leadillg
115 + 25
edge of the plate.
2
(iv) Average heal transfer coefficient over lite surface of the
plate.
(v) Total massflow through the boundary. Properties of air al 70'(' : ..
(vi) Heat lossfrom the plate. (From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edlllon))
(vii) Rise in temperature of the air passing t"roug" the p 1.029 kg/mJ
boundary. Use approximate solution. 20.02 x 10-6 m2/s
v
{May 2004, AIII,a Universityj
Pr 0.694
Given: Wide, W 1.2 m
k 0.02966 W/mK
Height or length, L 0.35 m
Plate surface temperature, T.. 115°C We know that,
I
Fluid temperature, T rf) 25°C Coefficient ofthen~al} J3 TJ in K
expanSIon
Distance, x 180 mm = 0.180 In I I
70 + 273 = 343
Tilflnd :
(i) Maximum velocity at 180 mrn from the leading edge of 2.91 x )O--J K--I
the plate, "",ax' 8. x p)( Xl)( ~ T
2
(/I) The boundary layer thickness at 180 mill from the leading Grashof llumber. Gr v ..
4 (Sixlh EdltlOn)1
edge of the plate, 0) .. bo k Page No. 13
[From ','MT "qat ax ~~l x (0.18)3 (115 - 2~
(Ill) Local heltt transfer coefficient at 180 mill from the 9 8 x 2. l n.-/,\2
lending edge of the plate, ".r' . (20.02 x Iv-r
(III) Average heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the [9r .. 37.4 x 12£J
plutc, h.
(i) Maximum velocity al180 mm from the leading edge, u . ____------------=~~~~C~on~v~ec~(/~·ve~~~e~a~/~~~a~m~~~
=> GrL Pr = 27.5 x 107 x 0.694
u = 0.766 x v (0.952 + Prtl/2 x [g f3 (Til' - ~] 1/2"'ox.
[ GrL Pr = 1.90 x 1081
max v2 )( .\"112
0.766 x 20.02 X JO-6 [0.952 + 0.694J-112 x Since GrL Pr < 109, now is laminar.
[
9.81 x 2.91 x 10-3 (115 - 251 J 1/2
GrL Pr value. is in between 104and 104.
(20.02 x 10-6)2 x (O.18)IQ i.e., 104 < GrL Pr < 109
~ ~I u- -_-=-_-0-.4-0-6 -ml-s--', So, Nusselt number, Nu = 0.59 (Gr Pr)025
max
(ii) The boundary layer thickness at 180 mm from the t. . (From HMT data book, Page No. m (Sixth Edition»
eadlng
edge of the plate, 0 : Nu 0.59 (1.90 x 108)0.25
Ox = 3.93 x x x Pr 0.5 (0.952 + Pr)0.25 (Gr): 0.25 Nu 69.26
We know that,
[From HMT data book. Page No . 134 (Sixth Ed'itlonll
.
3.93 x 0.180 x (0.694)-0.5 x
hL
Nusselt number, Nu
Ie
(0.952 + 0.694)0.25 x (37.4 x 106)-025 hL
~"--x -=-0.-0 1-22--'9-m--', 69.26
Ie
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient at 180 mm from the leading h x 0.35
I 69 .26 ().()'2%6
i ' edge of the plate, h x :
Local heat transfer} 2k Ih = 5~86 W/m2K I

.
coe ffi cient
h
x ° x (v) Total mass flow through the boundary (,;,):
i [From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition)] We know that,
I
I
! I
I
2 x 29.66 x 10-3 GrL ] 0.25

! 0.01229 m = 1.7 x P x v [ (Pr)2 (Pr + 0.952)
4.82 W/m2K I 27.5 x 107 »25

1.7 x 1.029 x 20.02 x l~x [ (0.694)2 (0.694 + 0.952)J
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the
plate, I, : [m 0.00478 kg/s I
Grashofnumber} _ g x p x L3 x ~ T (vi) Heat loss from the piale, Q:
(for entire plate) Gr L _ v2 Q h A (T",- T..,)
For both sides, Q 2 x h x A (T," - T..,)
9.81 x 2.91 x JO-3 x (0.35)3 x (115 - 2~
(20.02 x 10-6)2 2 x 5.86 x (0.35 x 1.2) x (115 - 25)
I GrL 27.5 x 107 I [Q 443.01 WJ
n"
i~ ,
2.208 Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heat Transfer 2.209
-(viii Rise in temperature of the air passing---;;;;;;-- ----;;-erties of air at 356°( ~ 350°C:
I: I g Iht
II boundary (J T)
We know that,
[From HMl data hook, Page No. 33 (Sixth Editionl]
p = 0.566 kg./mJ
I
, I
Heat lost, Q
=> 443.01
=:> GT
mCp~T
0.00478 x lOllS x 1\ T
92.21 K I
v = 55.46 ' 10-6 m2/s
Pr -= 0.676
Result: (i) umax 0.406 mi. k = 0.04908 W/mK
(ii) Dx 0.01229 III Coefficient of } p = _1_

thermal expansion Tf in K
(iii) hx 4.82 \\ Im·'K
1
(iv) h 5.86 W/Ill 'K
356 + 273 - 629
(v) m 0.00478 kg s
Ip = 1.58. io?J0J
(VI) Q 443.01 \V
g x (~x I) x ~T
( vii) ~T 92.21 K Grashof Number. Gr = ,,2
I Example 6 I A large vertical plate 4 m height is maintainel [From IIMT data book. Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition))
at 606'C (II1t1 exposed to atmospheric air tit J 06 'C Calculate II.t
9.81 1.58 x 10-3 x (4)3 x (606-I06)
heat transfer if the plate is 10 In wide. I Oct. 2001, MUI Gr (55.46 x 10-6)2
Given: Vertical plate length (or) Height, L 4m
Wall .ernperarure, Til' 606°C
I Gr 1.6IxIO"]
1.61 x 1011 x 0.676
Gr Pr
Air te nperature, T 106°e
I Gr Pr I.08xI01i]
Wide W 10m
Sin c rPr > 109. flow is turbulent.
To find: Heat transfer, t 0).
1- r turbulent flow,
T +T
_1_"
__
== 0.10 [Gr PrJO333
Solution , Film temperature, T Nu eh Number Nu . diti n)]
• I f 2 P ag e 1(1 135 l ixth
. IIMT data boO~,
lI'r III
1
606 + 106 _ 01011.08 10"J·
I
Nu - .
2
~
------
We know that,
____-----------~~~::c~o~~~~t'~·ve~H~e~a~t~~r~a~~~~er~22~.2~l
hL
Nusselt Number, Nu v - 0.264 x 1~ m2/s
Ie Pr 1.55
hx4 Ie
472.20 0.683 W/mK
0.04908
P(for water) 0.8225 x 10-3K-I
I [ Heat transfer coefficient,

Heat transfer,
h
Q
S.78 W/m2K]
hA~T
[From HMT data book, Page No. 29 (Sixth Edition)!
gx P x L3c x ~T
I! h x W x L x (T w - T Q»
GrashofNumber, Gr
I
'" (1)
S.78 x 10 x 4 x (606-106 F or horizontal plate,
Q IIS600 W )
W = 0.10
IQ IIS.6 x 103 WJ Characteristic length, L"
2 2
Result: Heat transfer, Q IIS.6 x 103 W 0.05 m I
I Example 71 A thin 100 em long and 10 em wide horiz.ontal (1) ~ Gr 9.81 x 0.8225 x 10-3 x (0:05)3 x (150 -75)
plllte is maintained at a uniform temperature of 150 CC in a large (0.264 x 1O-~)2
"-1 G-r--l-.0-8-53-x-l-09---.1
tIlnkfull of water at 75 'C. Estimate the rate of heat to be supplied
to the plate to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is Gr Pr 1.0853 x 109 x 1.55
dissipaud from either side of plate. [Oct. 2000, MU/ 1 Gr Pr 1.682 x 109 I
Given: Length of horizontal plate, L 100 cm = l rn Gr Pr value is in between 8)( 106 and 1011.
Wide, W 10cm = 0.10m i.e., 8 x 106<GrPr< 1011.
Plate temperature, Tw ISO°C For horizontal plale, uppersurface healed:
Fluid temperature, Too 7SoC Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
Tofind: Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate. [From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Editiom]
Solution: Film temperature, T/ = Nu = 0.15 [1.682 x 109)0.333
150 + 75 ~ [!\Ju = 177.13]

2
We know that,
hll t,
Properties of water at I 12.5°C : Nusselt Number, Nu = T
[From HMT data book, Page No. 21 (Sixth Edition)) h x 0.05
~
177.13 == 0.683
p = 9S1 kglm3
j :.
Convective Heat Transfer 2.2 J J

2.2 J 2 Heal and Mass TramJer
~{Imple 8 I ~ hot ~/ate 20 em in /reig/" lind 60 em wide is
. osed to tile ambient a" at 30 't'. Assuming the temperature of
Upper sun,face heated. ' heat transfer coefficient
eXP late IS. mainuunec
., I at 110CV"\". F'lnd the heat loss from bot"
tire P
hu = 2419.7 W/m2K -tace of the plate. Assume horizontal plttte. IApril2003, MU/
sur)'
Given: Height (or) Length of the plate, L 20 cm
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
0.20m
Nusselt Number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]O 2:i
Wide, W 60cm
[From HMT data book, Page No. 136 (Sixth
. Ed't'
lion)!
I 0.60 m
,
I
"
Nu 0.27 [1.682 x 1091°25 Fluid temperature, T <'J'J 30°C
i
[NU 54.68 I Plate surface temperature, T", 110°C
We know that, To find: Heat loss from both the surface of the plate (Q).
T", + Too
Nusselt Number, Nu Solutio" : Film temperature, Tf = --2-
110 + 30
hlx Lc 2
54.68
k
\r,
hi x 0.05
54.68 Properties of air at 70°C:
0.683
{From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
746.94 W/m2K p = 1.029 kg/m3
v = 20.02 x 10-{' m2/s
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient
Pr = 0.694
hi = 746.94 W/m2K k 0.02966 W ImK
Total heat transfer, Q = (h'l + h,) x A x ~T We know,

I I
Coefficient of l T I in K == 70 + 273
= (h" + hi) x W x L X (Tw - Too) thermal expansion J ~
\
= (2419.7 + 746.94) x 0.10 x (150 -75) 343
:::: 2.9 \ x 10--3 K--1
UL == 23,749.8 W I
Result: Heat transfer, Q = 23,749.8 W
We know,
1,.~}~/4~~#~oa~/~a~nd~U~~~s~TI~ro~m~fi_er
:-~~~ _ __ Convective Heat Transfer 2.
~ g x 13 x L~ x.1T ----------
For horizontal plate, lower sUrface heated:
GrashofNul1lber. Gr = v2
'" (I) Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.27 (Gr Pr)025
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E ..
0.277 [1.06 x IOS]0.25
where Characteristic length == i dlhon))

I'-N7"u--2-8-. 1 5-1
We know that,
~ = OJOm hi Lc
Nusselt Number, Nu == k
0.30m I
9.81 x 2.91 x 1(}-3 x (0.30)3 x (I 10 _ 30 hi x 0.30
Gr 28.15
(I)~ (20.02 x 1Q-6)2 :JQl 0.02966
I"-G-r--.l.-53-8-4-x-I-Os--'1 2.78 W/m2K
Gr Pr 1.5384 x ]OS x 0.694 Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient

/ Gr Pr 1.0676 x lOS I hi = 2.78 W/m2K
Gr Pr value is in between 8 x 106 and 1011. Total heat transfer, Q (hu + hi) A.1T
i.e., 8x 106<GrPr< ]0". (hu + hi) x W x Lx (T; - TaJ
For horizontal plate, Upper surface heated, Q = (6.99 + 2.78) x 0.60 x 0.20 x (110-30)
Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333 IQ = 93.82 W I
[From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition)] Result: Heat transfer from both surface of the plate == 93.82 W
NI,J 0.15 [1.0676 x IOSJ0.333 I Example 9 I A
horizontal plate 1 m x 0.8 m is kept in a
/Nu = 70.72 I water tank with the top surface at 60°C providing heat to warm
We know that, stagnant water at 20°C Determine the value of convection
coefficient. IBharathiyar University, Nov. 96/
Nusselt Number, Nu = hu Lc
k [Procedure is same as Example 7J
70.72
hu x 0.30 I Example I
10 A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 '"
0.02966 height is maintained at a constant temperature of 120'C. The
6.99 W/m2K pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30 'C. Find heat loss
Upper surface heat d' h by natural convection. '
e, eat transfer coefficient
IManonmanium Sundaranar Univ~rsity,Nov. 97/
- hu == 6.99 W/m2K
Given: Vertical pipe diameter. ~80
. h D = RO rnm -0 ------
Herg t (or) Length. L 2 rn - .080 m
~turbulent
for --- flow,
Nu 0.10 (Gr Pr]Om
Convective II
[From HMT data b 00k , Page No. 135 .

eat Transfer 2.2/7
Surface temperature. .
T II' 120 0
e == 0.IO(3.32x 1010]0333 (Sixth Editionll
Air temperature, T a: 30 e0 ffiu.__ 31:..:...:.8 . .:::___j8\
Tofind: Heat loss (Q). We knoW that,

Solution : We know that ,
hL
Nusselt Number, Nu k
r, + T<:IJ
Film temperature, T/ ~
2 3 \8.8
0.03006
120 + 30
2 Heat transfe! coefficient, h 4.79 W/m2K
[17-::=-75oe I
Heat loss, Q h x A x ~T
h x 'It x D x L x (TI\' - T co)
Properties of air at 75°e : = 4.79 x 'It x 0.080 x 2 x (120 - 30)
p 1.0145 kg/rn-'
Q 216.7 W
v ._ 20.55 x 10-6 m2/s 216.7 W
Result: Heat loss, Q
Pr 0.693
k 0.03006 x 10-3 W /mK 2.13. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1 l. Air at 200 e and at atmospheric
pressure flowSat a velocity
We know, of2 m1s over a plate maintained at 100°C. The lengthandwidthof
Tf in K
1 the plate are 800 rnrn and 400 mm respectively. Calculateheat
75 + 273 = 2.87 x 10-3 K-I
transfer rate from
1(3 2.87 x 10- K 3 -IJ I. First half of the plate.
Gr =
gx P x L3 x ~T 2.Full plate.
v2 3.Next half of the plate. . 2 158 W; 3. 46.3W 1
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition)) (Ans: I. 111.79 W, . 25 mls. Tbe plate
at
= 9.81 x 2.87 x 10-3 x (2)3 x (120 3Q2 2. Air at 250C floWS past a flat plate. .' d at a uniform
d i malotaUle
1:::-__ __:___~(20.55 x 1~)2 measures 600 mrn x 300 mm an IS frolll the plate if the
5
Gr 4.80 x LOIOI temperature of 950C. Calculate the heat 1055 h this heat \05 be
HoWIllhuc3noI11Ill side?
air flows . parallel to the 600 mm side. llltotel.·
Gr Pr 4.80 x 1010 x 0.693
affected if the flow of air is made para e [AIlS: 100.5 W; l42 Wl
. Gr Pr == 3.32 x 1010
1 J
Since Gr Pr > 109, fl'ow IS turbulent.-
~RK QUESTION
3. A thin plate of length 1 m is placed longitudinally i ~.14. is dimensional analysis ?
stream flow of water. Calculate the mean heat transfe n a free
r coeffi . Jf'hat . . {Nov. 96, MUj
and the rate of heat flow from the plate, if it is kept at S00C. Clent I· . sional analysis IS a mathematical h .
Du:tletl d f . met od which mak
[Ans: 3 kW/m2K 23 of the stu y 0 the dimensions for I' es
• ' • X 103 W use bl
. eering pro ems.
ThiIS method can be ap so
redVlng several
'
4 Air at atmospheric pressure and at a temperatur f ] engltl P I toall types
. e 0 3SoC . d resistances, heat flow problemsin fluidm han'
flows over a heated cylinder of 50 mm diameter whose SUrf: . of f1UI . ec ICS and
° D . h I f h
maintained at 150 C. etermme t e oss 0 eat from the I' aCe IS thermodynamics.
. .. cy IOder
if the air velocity IS 50 mls. [Ans: 3260 W/ ] uckingham 1r theorem.
Ill
2.
State B lAp,. 97, MUj
5. Water at 10°C with a free stream velocity of 1.524 IllIs
kingham 1t theorem states as follows: "If thereare n
flows across a cylinder of 2.54 ern diameter whose sUrface is kept Suc ., II h .
. bles in a dimensiona y omogeneous equationand if
at 65.6°C. Compute the average heat transfer coefficient. varIa ntain m fundamenta I d'unensions, . then th e variables
.
are
these cO . .
[Ans: 7275 W/m2K]
arrange d into (n - m) dimensionless terms. These
6. Air at 27°C flows across a heated 30 mrn diameter pipe at . sl'onless terms are called 1t terms.
dlmen
77°C with a velocity of 1 m/s. Compute the heat transfer rate per
unit length of pipe. [Ans: 84.5 W/m] 3. What are a II tire advantages of dimensionalanalysis?
7. Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.5 m wide 1. It expres ses the functional relationship betweenthe
and I m high maintained at a temperature of 84°C in a room at variables in dimensional terms. . .
20°C. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate. · up a theoretical solutionin a simplified
2. It enables ge tt 109
[Ans: 110 W] dimensionless form. red to a large
. f tests can be app I
8. A horizontal steam pipe of 0.1 m diameter is placed 3 The results of one senes 0 ·th the help of
. . ilar problems WI
horizontally in a room at 20°C. The outside surface temperature is number of other Simi
80°C and the emissivity of the pipe material is 0.93. Estimate the dimensional analysis. . alanalysis?
total heat loss from the pipe per metre length due to free . if dimension
, , 4. What are all the limitatIOns 0 , 'ded by dimensional
. I; . an d ra diration,
. [Ans' . 2617 W]
, I
convection . e ation IS. not proVI relationshiIp
. 20 em x 30 em IS
. use d as a wa ter heater-. in a 1. The complete mlOrm th t there is some
I 9. A plate of size . dicates a
analysis. It on IY 10 . f
process plant. The temperature of water is 20°C, while the heater eters. echanlSOl 0
. the heatt between the param t the internal01
plate is maintained at a temperature of 120°C. Determme . . iven abou
' " id
transfer rate by free convection when 20 em Sl e 0 f heat(fr is kW]
kep 2. No informatlo~ IS g dingthe
vertical.' [Ans : 20 h . I h nom enon. y clueregar
P ysica p e f.~ " t givean
'~iS'-doesno ,
3. Dimensional analy I
selection of variables.
2.220 Heat and Mass Tran:-,fer Convective Heat Transfer 2.221
Deline Reynolds number (Re). IMay 2005, June ;----006 10. What is meant by Newtonian and non-newtonionfluids ?
5. './' .' . ,All}
The fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called
It is defined as the ratio of inertra force to viscous fore e.
Newtonion fluids and those which do not obey are called non-
Inertia force
newton ion fluids.
Re == Viscous force
11. What is meant J,ylaminar flow and turbulentflow ?
6. Define Prandtl number (Pr). Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line
flow. In this type of flow, the fluid moves in layers and each
{May 2005 A V, June 2006 A V, Oct. 98, Apr. 2002, MUI fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without
diffusivity. mixing with each other.
Momentum diffusivity Turbulent flow
Pr == Thermal diffusivity ~
7. Define Nusselt Number (Nu). Laminar flow
IDec. 200J A U, Apr. 97, 98, MUI

~,
I r I
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection
process Time
under an unit temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, .a
; .
conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a distinct irregular flow is frequently observed in nature. This
stational)' thickness (L) of metre. type of flow is called turbulent flow. The. path of any
qconv individual particle is zig-zag and irregular. FIg. shows the
Nusselt Number (Nu) instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.
qcolld
IOct. 97, 99, MUI 12. Whl.' is lIydrodynamic boundary 'layer ? fl .d i I
I j t 8. Defme Grashof number (Gr). In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the UI IS ess
i I \
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and
, f
I
than_990/0offree stream velocity.
buoyancy force to the square of viscous force.
13. Wha! is tllermal bountlary layer? . . I than
Gr == Inertia force x Buoyancy force l',lu.,cl.hem1albO.undary layer, temperat\lre ofthp- fluid IS ess
(Viscous forceY
9. Define Stanton number (SI). IDee. 2005, /.U/
. '~9% of free stream temperature.
. I. . • . lOci. 98, Mu,r,I
14. Define convectIOn. f that will occur between
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the Jlr~duct of Reynolds Convection is a process o.fheatd~:s :en they are at different
number and Prandtl number. a solid surface and,a fluid me IU
I
,I
Nu temperatures.
St == -- ,
Re x Pr
----
___ Convective Heat Transfer 2.213
,0. "'hilt are the dimensionless parameters used in forced
Heat transfer from the mov ing fluid to solid surface i . convection 1
IOct.1999, MU/
......... . s gIven by
u~eqUitlOO 1. . Reynolds number (Re).
Q = h A (T; - T.J 2. Nusselt number (Nu).
This equation is referred to as Newton's law of Cooling. 3. Prandtl number (Pr).
wbere It - Local heat transfer coetlicient in W Im2K 11. Define bOllndary layer thickness. {May 2004" AU/
A - Surface area in m2 The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the
T... - Surface (or) Wall temperature in K distance from the surface at which the local velocity or
TGO - Temperature of fluid in K temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or
16. Wiat is Iftealll by free or natural convection? temperature.
(May 2004, Dec. 2004, June 2006, May 2004 AU, 22. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer.
, IDec. 2005, Dec. 2004, June 2006, AU/
Nov. 96, Oct. 97, MUJ
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is
resulting from temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer divided into two regions:
is said to be free or natural convection. • A thin region near the body called the boundary layer
17. What is forced convection.
where the velocity and the temperature gradients are large.
(May 2004, Dec. 2004,. June 2006 AU, Nov. 96, Apr. 98, MUJ • The region outside the boundary layer where the veloci~
and the temperature gradients 'are very nearly equal to their
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an
external force like a blower or fan, that type of heat transfer is free stream values.
23. An electrically heated plate dissipates heat by convection at a
known as forced convection.
rate of 8000 Wlm2 into the ambient air at 25,\:'./fthe surface
18. According to Newton's law of cooling the amount of heat
transfer from a solid surface of area A at a temperature Tw to
of the hot plate is at 125~, calculate the transfer r:
coefficient for convection belween the plate and air_
aJluid at a temperature T t10 is given by _ , {May 2005, May 2006, AU/
(Nov. 1994, MUj 8000 W/m2 .
Given: Heat dissipation, Q
Ans : Q = hA (T w - Too) 250C + 273 :::298 K
Ambient temperature, Ta:;
19. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer l250C + 273 :::39~ K '
Surface temperature, T w :::
for flow through cylindrical pipes? [Oct: 1999, MUj
Nu 0.023 (Re)O.8 (PrY'
Tofind':' Heat"tl'flos-fer--coeffic'ielrt, (h r ",.'
n = 0.4 for heating of fluids. Solution: We know that,
- hA(T -Ta:;)
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids. Heat transfer, Q - IV
40
[ I
Heat and Mass Transfer Convective Heat Transfer
2.224 2.225
h x 1(398 -298)
26. Define displacement thickness.
8000 = h x 100
Th~ displacement thickness is the distance, measured
:::) h = 80 W Im2K
perpendicular to the boundary, by which the free stream is
Result: Heat transfer coefficient, h = 80 W Im2K displaced on account off ormation of boundary layer.
U. Write down the momentum equation for a stead 27. Define momentum thickness.
. ·bl [Y, two
dimensional flow 0if an mcompressi e, constant pf',
. Jl·d·
newtonwn UI m th e rec tId·
angu ar coor mate system operty The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through
which the total loss of momentum per second be equal to if it were
mention the physical significance of each term. flIrd
passing a stationary plate.
{June 2006, Anna University}
28. Define energy thickness.
Momentum equation,
The energy thickness can be defmed as the distance, measured
au au )
I \
(
p u ax + V "By perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the
boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in
where,
. (au
P u ax + V ay
au ] Inertia forces. kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer
formation.
Body force. 00
ap
Pressure force.
ax
a- 2u + -a2u = Viscous forces.
ox2 ay2
25. Sketch the boundary development of aflow.
!- • Laminar
boundary layar---7-
I Tranii- I
1Ion"""__ Turbulent boundary layer
--I
~ :: !: l-U
~_~I-=~~
~:
~ I
:
I
~U! I
:
I
~ I I
I I
~ I
~ 'y
~I
\~
u;;'fJl '. 1
,
, CHAPTER~III
3. PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER

AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.1 Boiling and condensation

3.1.1 Introduction
In the last chapter of convective heat transfer, we have
considered the fluid as a homogeneous single phase system. But, in
many situations, the fluid changes its phase during convective heat
transfer process. Boiling and condensation are such convective heat
transfer process that are associated with change in phase of liquid.
3.1..2 Boiliag
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as
boiling
3.1.3 Condensation
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as
condensation.
3.1.4 Applications
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as
mentioned below.
1. Thermal and Nuclear power plant.
2. Refrigerating systems.
3. Process of heating and cooling
4. Heating of metal in furnaces
5. Air conditioning systems. ' ."
----------------------------- ~
----
Boiling and Condensation. 13
3.l.5 8oili~g beat tran~fer phenomena c
S,g
Boiling is a convection process involving a change f ~e Nucleate
O
from liquid to vapourstate, This is possible only when the tem phase c~
-> boiling Filmbollin9
Ql
of the surface (Tw) exceeds the saturation temperature o~~tu~ I II III IV V VI
107
{TsaV' . qUid
According to convection law,
Q = hA (Tw- TsaV
Q=hA(~T)
where
~T = (TwTsat> is known as excess temperature.
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface
the boiling process is referred to as pool boiling. In this case th~
liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its motion 10L_----~--------L-----~----~--
150
10 50 100
near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by 1
Excess Temperature 6 T e = T w - T sal

bubble growth and detachment.
Fig. 3.1 shows the temperature distribution in saturated pool - Free convection
11 - Bubbles condense in super heated liquid
boiling with a liquid - vapour interface.
III - Bubbles raise to surface
IV - Unstable film
.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:y~~~.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .. V - Stable film
..................................................... --_ - . VI - Radiation coming into play
~.~.~ ~ ~'<i' _ ~ _- s .:_-__
-_- -~.:-
Vapour~_- _-_-§_-_- .r:0._- .D_- _-9..- _- _- _- _- _.0_-_- ----13.....: Liquid F;g~ s.: Pool Boiling Curve for Water
~-~---------------~----
bubbles -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_0_-_-_-_ -<:_-:_-_-2- .z:': -_0_-_- _-_-_-_
___ -0 -0- 0_ - - 1. Interface evaporation
/;?;?~;;;;;?;;;;?;?;);;;;;;;;?;;?;;; , . ocess with no bubble
Interface evaporation i.e., evaporation pr
Solid surface . . I. . the excess temperature
formation exists in region l. In tms region "' ..
Fig 3.1 Pool Boiling
. small (SoC). Here the liquid near the surface tS super
I . I '
~ T IS very . h r id surfllce.
The different regions of boiling. are indicated in figJ.2. heated slightly, and evaporation takes p'ace at t e iqu .
This specific curve has been obtained from an electrically heated
platinum wire submerged in a pool of water by varying its surface
temperature and measuring the surfac,e heat flux. (q).
2. Nucleate Boiling
This type of boiling exists in regions II and III Th
. ----
. e nucle
boiling begins at region II. As the excess temperature is f ate
increased, bubbles are formed more rapidly and rapid eva un~et
. III . N ucleate boilinPOtation
1.J-luc
leate Pool Boiling
[From HMT dOlo book

page No. I 42(Sixlh edilion)]
takes place. This. .IS 10

. d'icate d .10 region .
. g eXIsts neatflUX Q = ~I hfg \ g x (PI -Pv)\o.s x \ Cp, x AT \~ .
j
I I
upto L\T = 50OC. The maximum heat flux, known as critic I h
. a eat a. A l c lCsf x hfgP;l ".(3.\)
flux, occurs at point A.
where
3. Film Boiling
; = q = heat flux, Wlrn2
I: Film boiling exists in regions IV, V and VI.

In region IV the vapour film is not stable and collapses and
11,- Dynamic viscosity of liquid,Ns/ml
reforms rapidly. With further increase in L\T (excess temperature) hfg - enthalpy of evaporation, l/kg
the vapour film is stabilised as indicated in region V. '
g _ Acceleration due to gravity,9.81 rn/s2
The surface temperature required to maintain a stable film are
P, - Density of liquid, kglm3
I~
high and under these conditions a sizeable amount of heat is lost by
. t
I'
the surface due to radiation. This is indicated in VI. Pv - Density of vapour, kglm3
From fig.3.2 it is clear that high heat transfer rates are o - Surface tension for \iquid vapour interface,N/m
associated with small values of the excess temperature in nucleate Cpl- specific heat ofliquid, J/kg K
boiling region.
I,
CsJ - Surface fluid constant
V 3.1.6 Flow Boiling
P r - Prandtl Number
Flow boiling or forced convection boiling may occur when
~ T _ Excess temperature = T w - Tsat
a fluid is forced through a pipe or over a surface which is
maintained at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature T _ Surface temperature, °C
w
of the fluid.
T _ Saturation temperature, °C
This type of boiling occurs in water tube boilers involving
sat d 1 7 for other fluids.
forced convection. n = \ for water an .
3.l.7 Boiling Correlations

b. Critical heat Flux \~O 25
It is obvious from the boiling curve that various physical ~a)( g(P/- PvJ •• , (3.2)
mechanisms are involved in different regions and there will be 9_= 0.\8
A
hfg Pv l---P;-
correspondingly many types of correlations for the boiling procesS .
. Some of them are given below.
3.6 Heal and Mass Transfer ,:::--------- _:B:o:il/~·ng~a~nd~C~o~n~~~m~a~t/~·M
-----
--;here
c. Excess temperature
cr - Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10--8 W/m2K4
.1T = Tw - Tsat < 50°C for Nucleate pool boiling
E - emissivity
d. Heat transfer, Q = m x hfg ... (3.3)
Tw - Surface temperature, °C
2. Film Pool boiling T sat - Saturation temperature, °C
[From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sixth edition)J b. Excess temperature
a. Heat transfer co efficient
h = hconv + 0.75 hrad 3.1.8 Solved Problems

... (3.4)
III Water is 10 be boiled (II atmospheric pressure in a polished copper
h = 0 62 [k~ x Pv x (p,- p)x g x (hfg + 0.4 Cpv ~T) ]025 pan by means of an electric healer. TI,e diameter of the pan is
cony .
~IV D.1T 0.38 m and is kept at I 15" C. Calculate the following
where I.. (3.5)

I. Power required
2. Rate of evaporation
10 boil the water
k, - Thermal conductivity of vapour, W ImK 3. Critical heat flux.

Pv - Density of vapour, kglm3 Given:
P,- Density of liquid, kg/rn-' Diameter, d = 0.38 m;
g - Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s-' Surface temperature, T w = 115 c.
0
"Jg - Enthalpy of evaporation J/kg Tofind:

Cpv - Specific heat of vapour at constant pressure 1. Power required, (P)
Jlv - Dynamic viscosity of vapour, Ns/m? 2. Rate of evaporation, (m)
D - Diameter, 111 Q
3. Critical heat flux, (A)
6 T - Excess temperature = 1'w - T sal
... (3.6)
!
1
100'" IlolI/nR and ('und,n.wIIQn .9
Specific volume of vapour v 1.673 mJ/kg

• R
Dcnsily of vapour, I)" ..L

v il
_1-
copper 1.673
pan
Ii0RICl'
~T· Excess tempermure • Tw - TSIII • II sn - 100 • IS° C
Fig 3.3
16'1'. 15° I 50° . So this is Nucleate pool boiling process.
1. Power required to boil the water
We know that. saturation temperature of water is 100° C. For Nucleate pool boiling
i.e·1 T sal = 100° C , Heal flux, t = 111 x hfg [g x (~/-PV)]O~ [ Cpl x ~T ]3 ... (I)
Csfxhfg P;
Properties of water at 100° C.
[From IIMT data book page No.21. [From HMT data book page No. I 42 (Sixth edition)]
Sixth edition] where c = surface lension for liquid vapour interface

Density, P, = 961 kg/m!
At JOO°c.
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293 x I O~ m2/s
I cr = 0.0588 N/m I [From HMf data book page No. 144]
Prandtl Number, P, = 1.740
For water - copper::::) Csf = surface fluid constant = 0.013
Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 J/kg K
n = 1 for water [From HMT data book page No. J4J]
Dynamic viscosity, J.l, = PI x v = 961 x 0.293 x 1~
Substitute
= 281.57 x 10-6 Ns/m2 ~"hfg, PI. PV' o, Cpb ~T, Csf hfg' nand Pr values in Equn (I)
From Steam Table [R.S. Khurmi Steam table page No.4} Q [9.81x (961-0.597)] 0.5
(1) ::::) - = 281.57 x 10-6 x 2256.9 x 103 x
A 0~~8
AI JOO°C
Enthalpy of evaporation, "Jg = 2256.9 kJ/kg 4216 x 15 ]3

x [ 0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x (1.74)1
hfg = 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
l3J,/~O~H~ea~t~a~n~d~U~as~s~~~a~n~~~e~r ____
Heat flux, -t = 4.83 x lOS W/ll12

= 0.18 x 2256.9 x 103 x 0.597
Boili"g and COfldemation J. II
Heat transfer, Q = 4.83 x lOS x A

x[ 0.0588 x 9,81 x (961 _ 0.597>]0,25
=4,83 x 105 x f-d 2 (0.597)2
= 4.83 x lOS x f (0.38)2

Q =54.7 x 103 W
Critical Heal flux, q = -t = 1.52 x 106 W/m2
Q = 54.7 x 103 =P
Result:
I Power = 54.7 x 103 Wi
I. P = 54.7 x 103 W
2. Rate of evaporation, (,;,) 2. m = 0.024 kg/s
We know that, 3. _2. = q = 1.52 x 106 W/m2.
A
Heat transferred, Q =';, x Jrg
[l) Water is boiled at the rate 0/ ].I kg/h in a polished copper
. Q
~ m=- pan, 300mm in diameter, at atmospheric pressure. AsslUninl
hlg
nucleate boiling conditions, calculate th« temperature of the
54.7 x 103 bottom sur/ace 0/ the pan.
2256.9 x 103
Given:
~.024kglsl
Mass flow rate, ,;, = 24 kglh
3. Critical heat flux _ 24 kg

- 3600 s
For Nucleate pool boiling, critical heat flux,
I,;. I
Q
A= 0.18 hI" P, a' g
[
:t'''') j O.25
Diameter, d = 300mm
= 6.6
c
l' 10-3 kgls
0.3m
Toflnd:
[From HMT data book page No /42}
Surface Temperature. Tit'
41
I
Boiling and Condensation 3.1J
Solution:
For Nucleate boiling
We know that,
Heat flux,
Saturation temperature of water is 100° C,
i.e. Tsat = 100° C. .2_= 11 xh [gX(PI-PII)]0.5x [ Cp/x LiT]3 .

A I 'fg 0' C h II ... (I)
sf x ,/g Pr
{From HMT dolo book page No. 21 (Sixth edition)} [From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sitth editiOlt)J
Density, PI 961 kg/m! Heat transferred, Q =m x h_rg
Kinematic viscosity, 0.293 x 10--{)m2/s

\I
=>
g_=~
A A
Prandtl number, P, = 1.740
Q 6.6 x 10-] x 2256.9 x 103
Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 J/kg K A .!!.. d2
4
Dynamic viscosity, III = PI x V
6.6 x 10-] x 2256.9 x 103
= 961 ~ 0.293 x 10-6 .!!.. (0.3)2
4
\ .~I ~ 2~ 1.57 x 10-6 Nszm21
From Steam table [R.S. Khurmi Steam table page No. 4J
-t- = 210 x 10] W/m2 \
At 100°C
c = Surface tension for liquid vapour interface
Enthalpy of evaporation, hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
At 100° C [From HMT data book page No.144J
I }Jfg = 2256.9 x 103 J/kg I
10 == 0.0588 N/m \
Specific volume of vapour, Vg = 1.673 m3/kg
For water - copper => Csi == surface ~uid constant = 0.013
I I
, \'
Density of vapour, Pv \Csi <= 0.013 \ (From HMT dota book page No.143]
"g
I n == I for water
1.673
b == 0.597~
Substitute 11/, hfg> QI' Pv' 0, Cpl' hlg, t, nand Pr values in
Equation (I)
~3.iI4~H~w~t~and~M~~~s~~~mu~ife~r
---------------- ____ Boiling and Condensation 115
(1)::::) 210 x 103 -= 281.51 x I~ x 2256.9 x 103 Tofind:
x {9.81 x (961-0.591)1°·5 Voltage, (V)

l 0.0588
Sollltion:
,[ 4216 x &T ]3 We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100° C.

x 0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x (1.14)
I i.e., Tsat = 100° C
il·
4216 x 6T)3 = 0.825
( 5105 l.l {From HMT data book page No.21.
P, = 961 kg/m3 (Sixth edition))
::::) [0.0825 6T]3 = 0.825 V = 0.293 x 10-6 m2/~
0.0825 6T = 0.931 Pr=1.740
!6T=11.35°CI Cpt = 4216 JlkgK
11,=P,xv=961 X 0.293 x 10-6

We know that,
Excess temperature, 6 T = Tw - T sat 11,= 281.57 x 10-6 Nslm2
1l.35 = T w - 100° C. From Steam Table At 100° C

{R. S. Khurmi Steam table. page No.4]
I Tw= III.JSOC I hfg = 2256.9 kJlkg
Result : hfg = 2256.9 x loJ Jlkg
Surface temperature, T w = 111.35° C "s = 1.673 m3lkg
o A nickel wire carrying electric current 0/1.5 mm diameter Pv =

I
Vi =
I
1.673 = 0.591 kglm3
and 50 cm long, is submerged in a water bath w/rich is open to
atmospheric pressure. Calculate the voltage at the burn out o = Surface tension for liquid - vapour interface.
point, if at this point the wire carries a current 0/200A.
At 100° C
Given:
Icr = 0.0588 N/m I {From HMT data book page No. 144]
d = 1.5 mm = 1.5 x 10-3 m; L = 50 cm = 0.50 m ;
Current, I= 200 A
J /6 Heat and Mass Transfer Boiling and Condensation 3.17
For Nucietlle Pool Boiling Critical heatjlux (At burn out) Given:
Diameter, D = 8 mm '" 8 )( 10-3 m ;

". (I) . Emissivity, E = 0.92
[From HMT data book page No. 142] Surface temperature, T w = 260°C.
Substitute hit:' PI> P o, values in Equation (I)
V
'
Tofind:
(I) => 2...= 0.18)( 2256.9 )( 103 )( 0.597 Power dissipation

A 025
x [0.0588 x 9.81 (961 - 0.597) ] Solution:
(0.597)2 We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100 0
c.
I
i.e. Tsat = 1000Cl
i Excess temperature, 11 T '" T w - T sat
"
i
I'lT= 260-100
Heat transferred, Q = V x [
I~T '" I
1600 C > 500 C
=> Q= Vx[ So, this is Film pool boiling.

A A
V x 200
Tw +- Tsat
=> 1.52 )( 106 [':A=1tdL1 Film temperature, Tf = 2
xdl,
V x 200 260 t 100
=> 1.52)( 106 2
It )( 1.5 )( 10-3 x 0.50
=> IV [7.9 Volts I

Result: Properties of water vapour at 1800 C. (Saturated Steam)
[From HUT data book page No. 39
Voltage, V = 17.9 Volts.
(Sixth edition))
I!l A Ileating element c/added wit/I metal is 8 mm diameter and of Py = 5.16 kglm3
emissivity is 0.92. The element is horizontally immersed in a ky = 0.03268 W/mK

waer bath. Tile susface temperature of the metal is 260"C under Cpv = 2709 J/kg K
steady state boiling conditions. Calculate the power dissipation
Ily = 15.10 x 10-6 Ns/m2
per unit length of the heater;
118 Heat and Mass Transfer
Properlle5
.
0
PI '" 961 kglm

f saturated water at 100· C.
3
[From HMT data book page No.21 (SIXth edition)]
.
I I hrad= 20 W/m2K I
Substitute (2), (3) in (I)
(I) => h = 421.02 + 0.75(20)

BOiling and CorrcklUation
• .. (3)
1.19
From steam table At /OO·c. [R.S. Khurmi Steam table. page No.4]
"Jg'" 2256.9 kJlkg

Ih = 436.02 W/m2K I
I hlg '" 2256.9)( 103 JlkgJ Heat transferred, Q hA(T",-Tsat)
'1' g heat is transferred due to both convection and h" It )( 0 )( L (T", - T sat>
In film poo I b01 ID ,
radiation. 436.02)( It " 8 )( 10-3)( 1 )( (260--100)
Heat transfer co-efficienl, h '" hconv + 0.75 hrad ••• (I) Q 1753.34 W/m [.: L'" 1m)
O.2S
(or)
h
COny
'" 0.62
[
k3)( P )( (P/-P »( g)( [hlg +0.4 (CPv .1T»)
v v v
I'v 0 .1T j ResulJ :
Power dissipation, P'" 1753.34 W/m
[FromHMfdatabook page No. 142] Power dissipation, P = 1753.34 W/m.
(32.68" 10-3)3)( 5.16)( (961 - 5.16»( 9.81 0.25 (B Water is boiling on a horiz.ontal tube whose waU temperatllre Is
maintained at J S·C above the saturation temperature of water.
hconv '" 0.62 " [2256.9 )( 103 + (0.4)( 2709 )( 160)]
Calculate the nue/eate boiling heat transfer c~ff1clertL Assume the
I 1 15.10)( 10-6" 8)( 10-3)( 160 water to be at a pressure of J 0 atm. And also jlnd the change in vallie
of heat transfer c~fficient w"en
4.10" 106 ]0.25

hconv '" 0.62 [-1.93 )( 10-5 I. The temperature difference is increased to 10· C at a presJllre
of lOatm.
I hconv '" 421.02 W/m2K I . . • (2) 1. The pressure is raised to 10 atm at ..:iT = 15"(,.
Given:
Wall temperature is maintained at 15°C above the saturation

[From HMf data book page No. 142]
temperature.
x (260 + 273)4 - (100 + 273)4] T", = 115°C. [ .: Tsat = 100· C; Tw = 100 + 15 = 115°C)
hrad = 5.67" 10..,11
)( 0.92
[ (260 + 273) - (100 + 273) P = 10 atm = 10 bar
C·: Stefan boltzman constant, a = 5.67" 10-8 W/m2~]
\
3.20 Heat and Mass Transfer t Boiling and Condensation ),11
Case (i) Case (ii)
~T=300C;p= 10atm= lObar p = 20 bar; ~ T = 15° C
Case (ii) Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 5.56 (~T)3 = 5.56 (15)3

P = 20 atm = 20 bar; ~T = 15° C Ih= 18765 W/m2K I
Solution: Heat transfer co-efficient other than atmospheric pressure
We know that, for horizontal surface, heat transfer co-efficient
h = h p04
P
h = 5.56 (~T)3
[From HMT data book page 11'0.143 = 18765 (20)0.4
(Sixth edition)] lhp = 62.19 x 103 W/m2K I
=> h = 5.56 (Tw- Tsat P
Result:
= 5.56 (115 - ~.oW Nucleate boiling heat transfer co-efficient
Ih = 18765 W/m2K r hp=47.13 x 103 W/m2K
Heat transfer co-efficient other than atmospheric pressure Case (i)
hp = 377 x 103 W/m2K
hp = hpO.4 [FromHMTdatabook page No. 143]
Case (ii)
= !8765:x dO]04 hp = 62.19 x 103 W/m2K
Heat transfel' ico-efficient, hp = 47.13 103 W/m2K

x
I!J A electric wire of 1.5 mm diameter and 100 mm long is laid
/.orizontally and submerged In water at atmospheric prnsure. The
Case (i)
wire has all applied '!oltage of I(J V and carries a current of 41
p= IObar;~T=.30"C ampture». Determine heat flux and excess temperature. Tile
[From HMt data book page 11'0.143] followlng correlation for wster boiling on I,orizolftai submerged
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 5.56 (~T)3 = 5.56 (30)3 surface IIolds good.
h = 1.54 (g/14 = 5.58 (.!inJ Wlm2K

A
Given:
Heat transfer co-efficient other than atmospheric pressure Diameter, D = 1.5 mm = 1.5 x 10-3m;
hp = h p04 Length, L = 200 nun = 0.2 m;
= 150 x 10J ( (0)°.4 Voltage, V = 16 V; Current I = 42 amps;
I hp = 377 x 103 W/mlK I .h = 1.54 (~)3/4 = 5.58 (~T)3
",S. 'fIF:;'tI-WdVW1.J'P·;TTiSf#,
r'
:J.:2:!2H~t~at~a~nd~u~au~~~a:·m~~~u
---------------- ___ BOiling and Condensation1.2J
To/flld: 3.1.9 Solved Anna Univenity Problems

o
I. Heat flux. ( A) IIIAn aluminium pan of 15cm diameter is lUed to boil waler and
2. Excess temperature, (~n the water depth at the time of boiling is 2.5 em. The pan is
placed on an electric stove and the heating element raises the
SDbltlt'" : temperature of the pan to 110-C. Calculate the power Input/or
We know that, heat transfer boiling and the rale of evaporation. Take Cs/= 0.0132.
O==V"I {Dec.2005. Anna Univ]

==16" 42 Given:
[O==672W] Diameter, d = 15 em = 0.15 m

Surface Area, A = nOL Distance, x = 2.5 em = 0.025 m
=n )( 1.5 x 10'-3 )( 0.2 Surface temperature, T w = 110° C.
!A ~ 9.42 " 10-' m21 Csf= 0.0132

Tojind:
=> _g_ =' 672 - 713.3 )( 103
A 9.42)( 10-' I. Power input, (P)
Heat flux. t= 713.3 )( 103 W/m2

2. Rate of evaporation, (m)
Solution:
We know that,
h = 1.54 (.2.r = 5.5S (~T)3 (Given)

_____
L ~sat = 1000(
A
~ 1.54 (713.3 )( 103)3/4 = 5.5S(~T)3
(~T)3 = 6773.92 Aluminium
I~T = IS.')O C I pan
IExcess temperature, I
ReslIlJ:
I. .2..=
713.3)( 103 W/m2
~T = IS. 9° C
~===~=:t--.... Electric stove
A
Fig 3.4
2.~T= IS.C)OC
I
I
l.•
3.24 Heal and Moss Transfer Boiling and Condensation 1.25
We know that, For Nucleate pool boiling
0
Saturaridn temperature of water is 100 C.
1. Power iDput for boiliDg
.
i.e., T'sat-~ 10000C
[g)(
Heat flux,.9..
A
= Vol x h
'fg
(P/-P,,)]
cr
0.5 [
)( en'ep/)( ~T ]3
.. (I)
Properties of water at 1000C.
,
.
[From HMT data book page No.2 I
s/xlyg r;
Density. P, == 961 kg/m3 (Sixth edition)j Where [From HMT dolo book page No.142(Sixth editioni]
2
Kinematic viscosity. v = 0.293 x 10--0m /s n = I for water
i\ Prandtl Number, P, == 1.740 cr = Surface tension for liquid vapour interface
Specific heat, Cpl == 4216 J/kg K At 1000 C.

1
\
I
Dynamic viscosity, 11, == P, x v I cr - 0.0588 N/m I [From HMT data book page No. 144]
= 961 x 0.293 x 10--0
j 11, = 281.57 x 10-6 Nslm2
Substitute,
, P... o, ep"I ~T Csf h'fg> n a~d P,

Vo" hfg> PI' .' values in Equn (I)
I
i"
'j [R.S Khurmi Steam table, page No.4) Q " .. ' ,:
'I From Steam Table
AI JOO°C
(~)~ A '" 2,81.57. x I <i6)( 2256.9 x. 103 x [9.81 X' (961--0.597')1 0.5 '
. . 0.OS88
Enthalpy of evaporation, h/g == 2256.9 kJ/kg
h/ == 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
g
x [ 4216 x 10 ] 3
0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x 1.740
Specific volume of vapour, Vg ==1.673 m3/kg r::::------
Density of vapour, p" = _!_
Vg
t = 1.43 x 105 W/m2! '
=_1- Heat transfer, Q = 1.43 x 105 x A

1.673
!p" '" 0.597 kg/m31 = 1.43 )( 105 x 2!. d2

4
~T =Excess temperature
~
. ==T w - T sat = 1.43 x 105)( f (0.15)2
'" IIOoe - lOooe
Q = 2527 W = P
I ~T'" looe I I Power input for boiling, P 2527 wi

,1T== looe <50oe . S0, thoIS IS
, Nucleate pool boiling.
_1
u TransLl"ifij~er:_ -----_ Boiling and Condensation 3.27
3. 26 Heat and MasS : -
Saturation temperature of water is 100° C.

I· 1. Rate of evaporation, (';')
i.e. Tsat = 100° C
We know thaI, Properties of water at 100° C.
::m)( hr.g [FromHMTdatabook page No.2/,
Heat transferre d, Q n
(Sixth editioni]
Q
Density, PI = 961 kglm3
=> ,;,::hi
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293 x 10-6 m2/s
2527
:: 2256.9 )( 103 Prandtl Number, P, = 1.740
Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 l/kg K
Dynamic viscosity, iii = P/)( V
Resllll: = 961 x 0.293 x 10-6
I. p:: 2527 W iii = 281.57 x 10--6 Ns/m2
2. m ::
1.11 x 1(J3 kgls
t
From Steam Table [R.S. Khurmi Steam table, page No.4]
. . d' b 'il' water at atmospheric pressure on a COppe,
m/t is desire to 0
W . h' l ctrically heated. Estimate ti,e heatfluxfrom At ioo-c
surface whlc IS e e '., . d • Enthalpy of evaporation, hlg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
h ter. lifthe sur/ace IS malntalne at llO C
the surface to I e w~ , .
and also the peak hea.tfl~ hfg = 2256.9 x \03 l/kg
[June. 2006, Anna Univ]
Specific volume of vapour, "s = 1.673 m3/kg
Given:
0 Density of vapour, Pv = _!_
Surface temperature, T w = 110 C. Vg
=_1-
Tofmd: 1.673
Q
1. Heat flux, A I Pv = 0.597 kg/m31
aT = Excess temperature = T w - T sat

2. Critical heat flux, ~'
= II O°C- 1000 e
Solution: I aT= 100e I
We know that, aT = 100 e < 50° e. So, this is Nucleate pool boiling process.
42
jt,22·~8~H~~~I~m~ld~A~,,~~.~~S~~~o='~~ifi~er
- Nuclcare pool boiling
For
Heal flux, A
Q
= 111
xh
--------------
'fg
[8)( (P/-PI')1
a
0.5
x
___
---- Boiling and Condensation 1. 29
- 0.18)( 2256.9 )( 103)( 0.597
[From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sixth edt«'on)) x [ 0.0588 )( 9.81 )( (961- 0.597») 0.25
Where (0.597)2
n = I for water
= 1.52 )( 106 W/m2
a = surface tension for liquid vapour interface
At JOO°c.
Critical heal flux, t = 1.52 )( 106 W1m2
@ I [From HMT data book page No. 144)
*
0= 0.0588 N/m
Result:
I. Heat flux, = 142.83 x 103 W/m2
For water - copper => Csf = surface fluid constant = 0.013
[From HMT data book page No. 143) 2. Critical heat flux, t = 1.52 x 106 W 1m2
Substitute,
11/, hfg> PI>PV' a, Cpb £\T, Csp hfg, nand P, values in Equation (I) 3.1.10 Condensation
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as
(\)~ -t = 281.57 x I~ x 2256.9 x 10 x [
3
9.8Ix (961-0.597)10.5
0.0588 condensation.
4216 x 10 J3
3.1.11 Modes of condensation
I I x [ 0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x 1.74 There are two modes of condensation

I I
1.Filmwise condensation"
Heat flux, ; = 142.83 x 103 W/m2
2. Dropwise condensation.
For Nucleate pool boiling 3.1.12 Filmwise condensation
Critical heat flux, t = 0.18 hfg x Pv [a x g x (P/_pv)]0.25 The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and
forms a continuous film over the entire surface is known as filmwise
Pv2
condensation.
[From HMT data book page No. J 42 (Sixth edition)] Film condensation occurs when a vapour free from impurities.
\.
I'
I'I
Dropwise condensation
J.I.1 3 Bofling and Condensation J J I
• J-~"'''';(''' condensation, the vapour condenses into
an UIVP""'· .. ' sl11alll'
. us sizes which fall down the surface in a rand IqUid x ... Distance along the surface. m
droplets f vano
0 0111 rash,'
. d .
sfer rates in dropwlse con ensatron may be as .
0" Tsal ... Saturate temperature. OC
Heat rran .' mUch as
. h' h than in tilmwlse condensatIOn. 10 Tw ... Surface temperature. OC
tnnes Ig er
g ... Acceleration due to gravity. 9.81 mlsl
4 Nusselt's Tbeory for film condensation
3..1 1
hlg ... Enthalpy of evaporation, J/kg
e mathematical solution given by Nusselt
. . is described OVerhere
Th
The following assumption are made for derivation. . p ... Density of fluid, kglmJ
I. The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature TWIn "'h'Ichis b. Local heat transfer co-4ficient (h~ for vertical Jllrfllce, laminar flow
less than the saturation temperature T sat' of the vapour
h = !... ... (3.8)
2. Fluid properties are constant. x Ox
3. The shear stress at the liquid vapour interface is negligible. c. Average heat transfer c~fflClt!IIt (II)for vertical Jllrfau, laminar flow
4. The heat transfer across the condensate layer is by pure

conduction and the temperature distribution is linear. . •. (3.9)
5. The condensing vapour is entirely clean and free from gases,

air and non condensing impurities. The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
as suggested by Mc adams.
3.1.1S Correlation for filmwise condensing process
[From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)] ••• (3.10)
d. Average heat transfer co-efflcient for Horizontal surface, laminar flow

II. Film thickn6s for laminar flow vertical surface,
,! s, = [4 ~ k x (Tsat - T w) 1 0.25 ... (3.7) •.. (3.11)

,i
g x hlg x p2
r!'
'1.
where
Ox - Boundary layer thickness - m
e. Average heat transfer co-efficient for bank o!tubes, laminar flow
... (3.12)
J.l - Dynamic viscosity of fluid, Ns/m2
I
k - Thermal conductivity of the liquid, W/mK
l CL:WZ &&ilME ea&!S&4ZE&ZLW

.__
--:--- Boiling and Condensation 3.33
f. For La",lnar flow, Re < 1800. Where a, '"~PIl
We know that,
g. For turblilant floW Re > 1800 P - Perimeter F'II m temperature, T = --...::.:::.
Tw+Tsal
J
h. Average heatlransfer co-efflclent for vertical sur/ace, turbula"t/l 2
0",
k) p2 g ]0,))) 110 + 133.5
h = 0.0077 (Re)o 4 [ -11-2 - " • (3.13) 2
I TJ = 121.75 C I 0
Properties of saturated water at 121.75 C == 120 C 0 0
3.1.16 Solved Problems on Laminar flow, Vertical surfaces [From HMf data book page No.2l
p = 945 kglm3 (Sixth editions]
o Dry saturated stea", at a pressure of 3 bar, condenses on the s urfact v = 0.247 x 10--6m2/s
0/ a vertical tube of heightl m. TI,e tube sur/ace temperature' 15 Ie tpt
k = 0.685 W/mK
atIlO"c' Calculate thefol/owing
J.I '" p x V = 945 x 0.247 x 10-6
1. Thickness o/the condensatefllm
2. Local heat transfer co-efflcient at a distance 0/0.25 m: I J.I = 2.33 x 10-"' Nslm21
Assume Laminar flow
Given,'
For vertical surfaces,
Pressure, p = 3 bar
Surface temperature, T w = 110 C 0 Thicknes, Ox= [4 J.I k x x x (Tsal - T w) 1°·25
g x hfg x p2
Distance, x = 0.25 m
[From HMf data book page No.l48 (Sixth editiont]
Toftnd,'
I. Ox 4 x 2.33 x 10-"' x 0.685 x 0.25 x [133.5 - 110] 1°.25

2. hx at x = 0.25 m [ 9.81 x 2163.2 x 103 x (945)2 -
Sollltiolf "
Properties of steam at 3 bar
rIT-h-i-Ckn-e-ss-,o-x-=-I.-I-8X-1-0-4m -1
From steam table, [R.S. Khurmi steam table. page No.JO]
Local heat transfer coefficient , h x
I hfg = 2163.2 kJ/kg = 2163.2 x 103 J/kg
L1
I
t
i
Heat and Mass Transfer
3.34
0.685
hx -1.I8x 10-4
Boiling and Condensation 3.35
[hx = 5805.08 W/m2 KJ We know that,
Result: Ft'I m temperature, T = Tw +T sat

Ox =).)8 x 10-4 m f
2
hx = 5805.08 W/m2 K = 60+ 100

2
r:;l A vertical tube of 65 mm outside diameter and 1.5
~ .'"
exposed'to steam at atmospheric pressure. The out
IO"g~ ITj = 80 0
el
er SU'./IlCt
of the tube is maintained at a temperature 0/ 600C by
Properties of saturated water at 800 e
circulating cold water through tire tube. Calemate tht [From HMF data book page No.2 J]
P = 974 kglm3
following:
v = 0.364 x 10-{; m2/s .
1. The rate of heat transfer to the coolant.
2. The rate of condensation of steam. k = 0.6687 W/mK
Given: Diameter, D 65 mm = 0.065 rn; Il = P x v = 974 x 0.364 x 10-6
Length, L 1.5 m III = 354.53 x 10-{;Nslm21
Surface temperature, T \I' 60°C

Assuming that the condensate film is laminar
Tofind: For laminar flow, vertical surface heat transfer co-efficient

I. The rate of heat transfer to the coolant (0)
2. The rate of condensation of steam (/;1) h=O.943 l-- r k3 P 2

~
h
Il L (Tsat - T w)
] 025
.
Solution:
We know, saturation temperature of water is 100DC. {From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)]
i.e.. I Tsat = 100°C I The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
as suggested by Mc Adams
Properties of steam at IOODC
= 1.13 [(0.6687)3 x (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 1 0.25
[From R.S.Khurllli steam table. page 110. 4}
354.53 x 10-{; x 1.5 x (100 - 60) J
Enthalpy of evaporation, hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
= 2256.9 x 103 J/kg I II = 4684 W/m~
J 36 Heal and Mass Transfer
I. H_ "."sfer
BOiling and Condensalion 3.37
Q Rtsllh:
Q= 57,389 W
m = 0.0254 kgls
4,684 x 1t x 0.065 x 1.5 x (100 - 60)

[II A vertical flal plale in Ihe /0':'" 0/ fill is 500 """ ill "elg'" aIId is
jQ 57,389 Wi exposed to steam al atmospheric pressllre. If slIr/tlce 0/ tile pi tile is
maintained til 60· C, calcllltlle Ihe /ollowing
ii) TIre rate of cOlldtlfSatiolf of steam (,;,) I. The Jilm thickness tlllhe Irtlilinl edge
We know that, 2. Overall hetlllrtlns/er co-ejfic;elft

3. Heat trtlllS/er rete
Heat transfer, Q = m hfg
4. The condenstlte mtlSs flow rate:
Q
=> m= Assllme laminar flow conditions and IInit width o/the pltlle..
~g
Given:
57,389
m=
2256.9 x lIP Height (or) Length, L = 500 mm = 0.5 m
1m = 0.0254 kgls I Surface temperature, Tw = 60° C

Toflnd :
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation
1. Ox
We know that,
2. h
Reynolds Number, Re = 4m
3.Q
, PJl
where
II
I
4.m
P = Perimeter'" ltD = It x 0.065 = 0.204 m Soilltion:
=> Re = 4 x .0254 We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100" C

0.204 x 354.53 x 10-6 i.e., I Tsat = 100° C I
[·'R-e-=-14-0-6~...L3
< 1800
Properties of steam at 100° C
So OUrassumption (laminar flow) .
IS correct. [From R.S.Khurmi steam table, page No. 41
hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg

Boiling and Condensation J. 39
hfg = 2256.9 x 103 J/kg 2. Average heat transfer co-efficient, (h)
We know that, For vertical surface, Laminar flow
=
Tw+Tsat r k3 x p2 x g xh(v 1 0.25
Film temperature, 2 J
Tf h = 0.943'
l~
x Lx (Tsat - T
'u
w)
60 + 100 The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
2 as suggested by Mc Adams
h = 1.13 (06687)3
_:_. x (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 x _103J 0.25
[ 354.53 x 10-6 x 0.5 x (100 - 60) .
Properties of saturated water at 80 C 0
p = 974 kglm3 {From HMT data book page No.21}

I h = 6164.3 W/m2K·1
v = 0.364 x 10-ti m2/s
3. Heat transfer rate, (Q)
k = 0.6687 W/mK
Heat transfer, Q = h A (Tsat - Tw )
11 = P x v = 974 x 0.364 x 10-ti = h » Lx »:» (Tsat-Tw)
111 = 354.53 x 10-ti Ns/m2 1 -= 6164.3 x 0.5 x 1 x (100 - 60)
1. Film thickness (ox) IQ = 1,23,286 W I

We know, For vertical plate,
4. Condensate mass flow rate, (,;,)
Film thickness, Ox =
4 u k x (T
r- sat
- T )
w
1 0.25
We know that,
. [ g x "lg x p2
where '. Q . m x hJg
{From HMT data book page No. 148
x = L = 0.5 m (Sixth edition)} ~ m
Q
hfg
0.25
~ Ox = 4 x 354.53 x 10-6 x 0.6687 x 0.5 x (100-60) 1,23,286
[
9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 x (974)2 1 m 2256.9 x 103
1m 0.054 kg/s I
I -
f III '/PII' i/I,d Mil" 'l1f11l4/JlI
"'11' ~'J~1iIJ Vilit ~

Ii ''J,).?') I) I II) IIYif,.
/1',
)'1/1 '{".I'I' ~1l>lJitlA'''';, 1/4IJi!Q>i/ t ','II
W ¥IIIIWIII"I,
~¢/ Ill",/i 'iI:
'I Wi '/.,:1/
1'11111 ",,,1))<'1 'I, .'
17· 1)'/-1'~ I ,l,r I'
tIl'",;, ! Ji / I, ' (J ~III J '11) j
{IIi I IIJO 'J h'i r" u)r ,fJ 94') II ij/l)~ r<lipiawJ 1'1 J ) ') {'Jf " 'II '. a< JliOJJi r b'J
Z I'~ "I~i4'i'I,J(J by M~ AtJ"JI1,

<)2
['I[ - 1l()"C] 11-1,11.
(O,fiIi~7)3 I (974P / 425f).9
,),IjJ
_.
/ i j()lj
-
.
Pl'Op~rtles 01' saturated water nt WI" C
I 354053 I I() I, I OJ / (100 (0)
/ rr()l11 IIM1' data baok p(lg~ N~,2IJ
\I ~ 0.364 x 10 r, tn2/S J. Iteut tronsfer rate, (Q)
k = 0,(,687 W/",K Heat rransfer, Q = It A (Tsol - Tw )
l' = P x \I C 974 x 0.364 x 10-6

~ 6164,) x 0,5 x 1 x (100 - 60)
1,1 ~ 354.53 x 10-6 NS/m2 1
I. FIt""lJic/"'I!.H (oJ IQ = 1,2),286 W I

We know, For vertical plate, 4. Condensate man flow role, (,;,)
We know that,
F'It m t hick < [41lk x (TS<lt-Tw)]Q,25
Ie' ness, Ur =
. g h x p2
x
Jg Q m x l'Jg
where N IjJ
[From /-IMT data book page 0 Q
r = L = 0.5 m (Sixth editiM)} ::::> m hJg
::::> Ox =[ 4 x 354,53 x 10-6 x 0,6687 x 0,5 x (100-6Q2] 0,25

m 1,23,286
9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 x (974)2
2256,9 x 103
1m 0,054 kg/s I
3~1Y ~# ,,_<1~' =':.1'. y/
~~
'v# ¢ ~ 'fi' .t~ <;:¢
'fO __ I' ~"1"'" Wi, ~ I'/,PJ.., j;yt;t
.(; ~ ill tfi~ ~ / !#,~, Sf; ~J!"~ -. S'fi UftI~!'
~AI ~ 1~ --4.,.:L ~"e '"W

UlJ-Jl_ #H 11IJv.'-~
,. ~iI!t#~iJf i If- ""'1If~
~
l6-_4MM ~JI«frr ~ tilt *
~f_
·~~r1<l'~. Jl"t(e:!'iit!YI7(.f ~ .. -.,__
• ~ If!tke,t4lfe.. /f'N_ Hr-ri tf£.vN//,k VA/ '.-"1:/J
~. j;,.;;.t ,,~~1I!:iottI
L 1iwI ~,,-ifd
e. lMt11 __
t Pfb( ItIWJI H lite P--IIlflOt$fU w-qFurior11j Ole '**"

~.:
Pr=~,"': 1}.1ia bar a) Film thidlU1f
M<2, A: '::O-cm / 50 em: 050 ' 0.'::0; a.25m) We know, FIlf vertical surfaces
Serface temperamre, T... = 2ft C
4 I' k x (T sat - T...) 025
Distance, x = 25 em = (US m Iix =
g""lg"p2
Tafoul: (From H,..rr data book page No. /48J
a) Ii.. 0x =[4><82751' 10--6>< O.612xO.25:<{41.53-20) 025
c) h d) Q 9.81 x 2403.2 ><loJ " (997))
j) h at 3D·
Iii.. = 1.46 x 1Q-4 m I
F
3. 42 Heat and Mass Transfer Boiling and Condensation J.43
[Assuming Laminar q Ow]
b) Local heat transfer co-efficient (h::J e) Tolal sleam condensalion rale (,;,)
h = !.... Heal transfer, Q =nlxh/g

x Ox
~ m
g__
0.612 l'fg
hx"" 1.46)( 10-4
30,139.8
[&=4,191 W/m2gJ m 2403.2)( 10J
c) Average heat transfer co-efficient (h)
k3)( p2)( g x hr.]
[Assuming Laminar flow]
025
E~~-o.o I 125 kgls
h ""0.943 jg f) /ft"e plate is inclined al ONlil" IlOri'l.onla:

[ 11x L x (T sat - T w)
hinclined hYl!rtical x (sin 0)\4
The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
~ hinclined hYertical ~ (sin 30)\4
as suggested by Mc Adams
. [k3 p2 g hr. ]0.25 ~ hinclined = 5599.6 x (Yl)\4
~ h = 1.13 jg
11 L (T sat - T w)
I hinclined = 4,708.6 W/m2 K]
where L = 50 em = 0.5 m Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation
h = 1.13 [(0.612)3 x (997)2 x 9.81 )(2403.2 x 103] 0.25 We know that.

827.51 x 10-6 x .5 x (41.53 - 20)
Reynolds Number, R
e
= 4~
WI1
Ih = 5599.6 W/m2K·1
where
W = width of the plate = 50 cm = 0.50 m

d) Heat transfer (Q)
~ Re = 4 x 0.0125
We know that, 0.50 x 827.51 x 10-6
Q = h A (T sat - T w )
~io.~< 1800
= h x A x (Tsat - T w) So our assumption (laminar flow ).IS correct
= (5599.6) x 0.25 x (41.53 - 20)
I Q = 30,139.8 W I
43
$.44 Heal and Mass Transfer
Result: ----- Solulion:
a. 5.\" = 1.46 x 10-4 m Properties of steam at 1.7 bar

[From R.S.Khurmi steam table, page No.9]
b. h.t =4191 W/m2K
c. h = 5599.6 W/m2K
hfg = 2215.8 kJ/kg = 2215.8 x ](P J/kg
d. Q = 30,139.8 W We know that,

Tw+Tsat
e. ,;, = .0125 kg/s Film temperature, Tf = _.:___:.:=-
2
f. hinclined = 4708.6 W/m2K. 85+115.2
2
m Tire outer surface of a cylindrical vertical drum huvlng 25c",

diameter is exposed te saturated steam at 1.7 bar for condensation.
Properties of saturated water at 100° C
The surface temperature of the drum is maintained at 85"C.Calculate [From HMT data book page No.2/ J
p = 961 kglmJ
tirefol/owing
v = 0.293 x 10--6m2/s
I. Lengtlr of the drum
k = 0.684 W/mK
2. ThicA"nessof condensate layer to condense 65 kg/h of steam.
f.I = p x V = 961 x 0.293 x 10--6
Givm:
I f.I = 281.57 x 10--6Nslm21
Diameter, D = 25 em = 0.25 rn; Pressure, p = 1.7 bar
For vertical surfaces, . [Assuming Laminar flow]
Surface temperature, Tw = 85° C
Average heat transfer coefficient
• 65
Mass, m = 65 kglh = 3600 kg/s
h = 0.943
kJ p2 g x h.fJ
g
0.25 1 [From HMJ data
[ f.I L (T sat - T ....)
1m = O.OI8(J kg/sl book page No. 148J
Using Mc Adam correlation, 0.943 is replaced by 1.13

Tofuul :
LL
J. 46 Heo: and Mass Transfer
(0.6804)3)( (961)2)( 9.81 )( 2215.8)( 103] OH

h-1.I3 Boiling andCondefUation 1.47
[ 281.S7)( 10-6)( L)( (115.2 - 85)
0.%- [4 X 281.57 X!Q-{> x 0.6804xO.18X(l15.2-S5)]O.2S
I h = 5900 L- 0.2S I ... (I)

9.81 "2215.8)( 103)( (961)2
~ ... = 1.20)( 1()-4 m I

Let us check the assumption of laminar flow
Heat transfer, Q ~ Xhfg
We know that,
0.0180 kg/s x 2215.8 x 10J J/kg
Reynolds number, R = 4';'
39.8 x 1031/5 e PJI
where
Q 39.8)( 103 W I
P = Perimeter = 1t0 = 1t )( 0.25 = 0.785
We know that,
R = _ __:_4_x-=0..:..:.0...;_I..:..SO.;__~
i Q e 0.785 x 2SI.57 x IQ-{>
I,j
, ~i
39.8 x 103 h » 1tDL)( (Tsat - T w ) IR" = 325.71< ISOO
So our assumption (laminar flow) is correct

39.8 x 103 h x 1t x .25 x L (115.2 - 85)
Result:
Substitue h value I. L = O.IS m
=> 39.8)( 103 (5900 L-0.25) )( 1t )( .25 )( L )((115.2 - 85) 2.0 x = 1.20 x 10-4 m
=> 0.278 LO.7S x (115.8 - S5) !11 Saturated steam at tsat = 1oo·e condenses on the outer JUrface of II
1.4 m long, 2m outer diameter venice! tube maintained at allnl/orm

=> L O.ISm temperature TK, = 60·C Assuming film condensation, find the
folloHling.
~fthe drum, L = O.IS m
i) Local heat transfer co-efficient at the bottom of the tube.
2. Film thickness ii) Average heat transfer co-efficient over th« entire length of
tile tube.
~=,..
.t [
4 " k x (T sat - T w ) 0.25
g x "tg)( p2
1 Given:
Saturation temperature, T sal = 100°C
Length, L = 1.4 m
Outer diameter, 0 = 2m
IX=L=0.18m 1
Surface temperature, T K' = 60° C
~~~~~~~--------------------
J -# Helll and Mass Transfer
Tojlltl: Boiling and ComkJUolion J.49
I. Local heat transfer co-c·fficient, h;K = [4)( 354.53 )( I~)( 0.6687)( 1.4)( (100 60>] 0.25
2. Average heat transfer co-efficient, h 9.81 " 2256.9 )( loJ x (974)2
[.: x=L= l.4m)

SoIlIlio" : 10.1'=2.24)( l0-4ml
Properties of steam at I OO"C
[From R.S.Khurmi steam table. page NOA} Local heat transfer co-efficient (hx)'
Enthalpy of evaporation, h = k [From HMT data book
.1' 0.1' page No. 148]
"tg = 2256.9 kJlkg
h = 0.6687
= 2256.9 x loJ Jlkg
.t 2.24)( 10-4
We know that, I h;K = 2985.26 W/m2K I

Tw+ Tsat
Average heat transfer co-efficient (h),
60 + 100 k3)( p2)( g )( h£. ] 0.25
h = 0.943 JS
2 [ J.l)( L)( (Tsat-T >
w
[From HMT data book page No.J48]
Properties of saturated water at 80° C The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
[From HMT data book page No.21 as suggested by Me Adams
p = 974 kglm3
(Sixth edition)} k3 p2 g h; ] 0.25
v = 0.364 )( 10-{i m2/s =:>h=1.13 J8
[
J.l L (Tsat - T IV)
k so 0.6687 WImK
Il = P)( 'II = 974 )( 0.364 )( 10-6 h = 1.13 [(0.6687)3)( (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 )( 103] 0.25
Il = 354.53 )( I~ N~m2 354.53 x 1~ x 1.4)( (100-60)
Assuming that the condensate film is laminar. I h = 4765.58 W/m2K I

For vertical surfaces, laminar flow,
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation.
4 Ilk x (T - T ) ]0.25
Film thickness 0.1' = sat IV
[ g x hfg x p2
[From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)]
We know that, Boiling and Condensation J 51

4 IIi [1) A I'ertlcal plate 0.4 m heIgh and 0.3 m wide, at 40-C, Is expoud to
Reynolds number, R.. '" p;- ... (I)
saturated steam at atmospheric preuure. Find the following
I) Film thldne.u at the bottom of the pln'~
Heat transfer, Q - hA 6 T II) Maximum velocity at the bottom of the ptate
- II It DL x (TSIl1 - T",) /II) Total heat fluX to the plate.
2 x 1.4 )t (100 - 60) Given:

Height or Length, L - 0,4 m
IQ-1.67 106wl
Wide, W - 0.3 m
We know that,
Surface temperature, T w ~ 40°C
Q "" ';1 II'}.'g
Toflnd:
1.67 x 106 = m (2256.9" 103)
I. Film thickness, s,
1m = 0.739 kg/s I ... (2) 2, Maximum velocity, umax
3, Total heat flux, Q

Perimeter, P = nD Solution:
=nx2 We know that, Saturation temperature of water is loooe
IP = 6.283 m I ..• (3) i.e. TSBI = 100° C

Properties of water at 100° C
Substitute P, ~, Jl values in equation ( I) [From R.SKhllrmi steam table, page No,4}
R = 4 x 0,739
(I) ~
e 6.283 x 354.53 x 10-6
"Jg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
= 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
We know that,
So our assumption (laminar flow) is correct Til' + TSBI
Film temperature, Tf = --2--
Result:
1. Local heat transfer co-efficient, hI' = 2985.26 W Im2K 40 + 100
2. Average heat transfer co-efficient, h = 4765.58 Wlm2K 2
~J~.5~2~R~e~.m~an~d~U~~~~~~~a~m~ife~r~~~::~---------
. of saturated water at 70° C ~
Properlles Boiling and Condensation J.53
[From HMT data book p
. age No.(/
p = 979.5 kg/m3 (SIXthedit' Average heat transfer co-efficient (h),
10")J
v = 0.421 x 10-0 m2/s . [ kJ x p2 x g X hr. ] 0.25
h = 0.943 jg .
Il )( L x (Tsat - T w)
k =0.66 W/mK
[From HMT data book page No. 148]
u= pxv
= 979.5 x 0.421 x 10-6 The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
as suggested by Mc Adams.
Il = 4.12 x 10-4 Nslm2
Assuming tha,t the condensate film is laminar. h = 1.13 [ (0.66)3 x (979.5)2 x 9.8 I x 2256.9 x 103]°.25
4.12 x 10-4 x 0.4 x (100-40)

For laminar flow, vertical surface,
., [41l k x (Tsat - Tw)] 0.25

I h = 5633.22 W/m2K I
Film thickness, .sx = g x hfg x p2 Total heat flux is given by
[From HMT data book page No.ua Q = hA (Tsa! - Tw)
(Sixthedition)] = h x (L x W) x (Tsa! - Tw)
= 5633.22 x (0.4 x 0.3) x (100 - 40)

= [4 x 4.12 x 10-4 x 0.66 x 0..4 x (100 - 40)] 0.25
9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 x (975.9)2 IQ = 40, 559 wi

Result:
[.: x = L = O.4m)
I. c\. = 1.87 x 10-4 m
2. umax = 0.407 m/s
Maximum velocity , umax = pg (ox)2

:. Q = 40, 559 W
21l
979.5 x 9.81 (1.87 x 10-4)2
2 x 4.12 x 10-4
fmax = 0.407 rnIs /
3.1.17 Solved problems on Laminar now, Horizontal sur;;---a Boiling and Condensation J jj
----------~-------------------- ~~ c~
for horizontal tubes, heat transfer co-efficient
fl) A horizontal tube of outer diameter 2.2 em is exposed to dry stea",
kJ pl g ".h ] 0.25
tit 100· C. Tile pipe surface is maintained at 62· C by CircUlating h = 0.728 [ g [From HMT data book page
water through it. Calculate tile rate of formation Of condensate Il 0 (TS81- Tw) No. 148 (Sixth edition)/
per metre length of the pipe.
h = 0.728[ (0.6687)J x (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 x 10J jO.25
Given:
354.53 x 10-6 x 2.2 x 10-2 x (100 - 62)
Diameter, D = 2.2 cm = 2.2 x 10-2 m
lr-h-=-8-78-3.-4 -W-'m-=-2K-',
Dry steam temperature, Tsat = 100° C
Surface temperature, Tw = 62° C Heat transfer, Q = h A (Tsat - T w )
1'0find: h x nDL x (Tsat - T w)
m 8783.4 x It x 2.2 x 10-2 x I (100 - 62)
Solution: [':L=lml
Properties of steam at 100° C IQ = 23,068.5 W I
{From R.S.Khurmi steam table page No.4} We know that,
hrg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
Q=';' ~g
I jgh = 2256.9 x 10J J/kg /
=> ,;,=!L
~g
We know that,
Tw + Tsal m = 23,068.5 0.010 kgls
Film temperature, Tf = 2 2256.9 x 10J
62 + 100 I Ii, = 0.010 kgls I

2
Result:
Properties
p = 974 kg/rn!
of saturated water at 80° C
{From HMT data book page No.21
o A steam condenser consisling of II square Ilrray of 900 I,orizolllil/
tubes each 6mm in diameter. The tubes are exposed to sllturaled
(Sixth edition)]
)I = 0.364 x 10-6 m2/s I steu", at a pressure of 0./8 bar and II,e tube surface temperalllre
is maintained at 23· C, calculate
k = 0.6687 W/mK
Il = P x I' = 974 x 0.364 x 10-6

I /. Heal transfer co-efficielll
2. The rate at whiclt steam is condensed

I fJ = 354.53 x 10-6 Ns/m2/
1 I
I
_..--
(
J56 Heal and Moss Transfer

G/~n:
Horizontal tubes = 900 With 900 tubes, a 30 )( 30 tube of square array could be formed
3
Diameter, D = 6mm = 6 )( 10- m
i.e. N = .j9Oo = 30
Pressure, p = O. 18 bar
Surface temperature, T w = 23° C
Toflnd: For horizontal bank of tubes, heat transfer co-efficient

I. Heat transfer co-efficient, (h)
{From HMT data book
2. The rate at which steam-is condensed, (m) page No.J48]
Sol"t;on:
Properties of steam at, p = O. 18 bar (0.628)3 x (995)2 x 9.8 I x 2363.9 x loJ 1 0'2.S
h = 0.728 [ 653.7 x 10-ti x 30 x 6 x 10-3 x (57.83 - 23)
{From R.SKhurmi steam table, page No.8]
T sal = 57.83° C
"Jg = 2363.9 kJlkg

I h = 4443 W/m2K I
I hfg = 2363.9 )( 103 J/kg I Heat transfer, Q = h A (T sat - T w )
We know that,
Tw+ Tsal 4443 x 1t x 6x 10-3 x 1(57.83 - 23)
Film temperature, Tf = ----=.::::....
2
[':L= 1m]
23 + 57.83
2
IQ = 2916.9 W I
We know that,
I Tf = 40.41° C 1== 40° C
Q = ,;, x hfg
Properties of saturated water at 40° C
p = 995 kglm3 (From HMT data book page No. 21]
~~=_g_ h
fg
. v = 0.657)( 10-ti ~2/s
m = _2_9_1_6._9_
k = 0.628 W/mK , J,'
2363.9 x 103
11 = pxV 995 x 0.657 x 10;-6
=
I,n = 1.23 x 10-3 kgls I
111- 653.7 x lo-tiNslm21 .:
- . ('

for complete array, the rate of condensation is
,;, = 900 x 1.23 x 10-3
Solution:
Properties of steam at 0.12 bar
,;, = II 07 x 10-3 kgls [From R.S.Khurmi steam table page No. 7J
Tsat = 49.45° C
,;, = I. I kg/s I Irg = 2384.3 kJ/kg
Result: IIrg = 2384.3 x 103 J/kg I

h = 4443 W/m2K We know that,
Film temperature, T = Tw+Tsat _

"' = 1.1 kg/s f 2
30 + 49.45
II) A condlmser Is to be Ilesiglled to condense 600 kgn, of dry saturated
2
steam lit a pressure of 0./1 bar. A square array of 400 tubes, each 01
8 nrm diameter Is to be used. The lube surface Is mointained at I
ITf= 39.72°C 1=40°C
30· C. Calculate the I,eat transfer co-efficient and the lellgf/, 01 Properties of saturated water at 40° C
each tube. P = 995 kg/m3 [From HMT data book page No. III
Given v = 0.657 x 10-6 m2/s
,;, = 600 kg/h = ~ kg/s = 0.166 kg/s k = 0.628 W/mK

3600
I~ I
m-' =-0-.1-66-k-gJ-s )l = P x v = 995 x 0.657 x 10-6
Pressure, p = 0.12 bar l)l = 653.7 x 10-6 Ns/m21
No. of tubes = 400, With 400 tubes, a 20 x 20 tube of square array could be formed
Diameter, D = 8mm = 8 )( 10-3 m i.e. N= .j4Oo = 20
Surface temperature, T w = 30° C IN = 201

Toftnd: For horizontal bank of tubes, heat transfer co-ellicient
I. h k3 2 h ] 0.25
h = 0.728 P g 'fg [From HMT date
[
2. L )l N D (Tsat - T w) book page No. 148
44
/Ju111nKlind ('fJndenHol/on J. 61
. 'I
=""""'-=="=-"~'~~-- .' >_ __.... ~
. (1),628)3 / (99~)2 I. 9.81 'I 2384,3 ,. .I.OJ j (12

3.1..8 Annll UnlvU8lty Solved p,,)blem~
-----=====~== .. ==~~--==-==----,h.
fD Dry,.,.ru,e;} " ..... t « p"".re 0/1.41 bur c•• J..... on
" 0.728 - -- -_._}
[
65),7" 10 (j r 20 ~ IJ Yo 10~3)( (<19.45 .jO) ,fur/tlCe 0/ a verllco/lube o/lle/K/Il lm. The lube ,fur/flU
lemperature I" !ltpl fll J/7'C. £."Ima'e II,e 11,lckneu 0/ II"
. { May 2005, Anna Untv]
5304.75 Wlm2K
condenftllefl
h. 1m
We know that, Given:

Pressure, p ,. 2.45 bar
Heat transfer, Q. h A (T sat - Til')
Distance or height, .r '" 1m
No. of tubes '" 400 Surface temperature, Til' '"' 117° C
::::> Q '" 400' h x 11 Yo D y L x (T sat - Til') roflnd:
Thickness of the condensate film, ox'
::) Q =: 400 Yo 5304.75 Yo 11 Yo 8 Yo 10-3 Yo L Yo (49.45 - 30)
Solulion:
IQ =: 1.05 x 106 Yo LJ ... ( I ) Properties of steam at 2.45 bar.
{From R.s.Khllrmi steam table. page No.fO]
We know that,
Q= ;" x hlg hlg = 2183 kJlkg
~ = 0.166 x 23843 x 103
IQ '" 0.3957 x 106 W 1

... (2)
We know that,
Film temperature, TI = T \I' -t T sal
2
Equating (I) and (2)
117 -! 127
~ 0.3957 x 106 = 1.05 x x 106 L 2
I TI = ]220 C I
::)IL = 0.37 m I Properties of saturated water at 122° C '" 120°C
{From HMT data book page No.2/
Result: (Sixth edition)]
p = 945 kg/m!
h = 5304.75 W/m2K
\I = 0.247 x 10-{' m2/s
L= 0.37 m k = 0.6850 W/mK
_13~.6~]~H~e(.~1f~a~nd~~~a~·~~f!1;~a~n~.if.~e~r
-------------- ~
IJ - P" v
'- 945" 0.247 )( 10-6 Saturated steam temperature, Tsal = 100° C
Tube surface temperature, T w = 92° C
1" - 2JJ )( 10-4 Ns/m2 )
Tojlnd:
For vcr,.icnl surlirccs, (Assuming condensate film is laminur) I. Average heatlransfer co-efficient. h
.5 _ 'I I' k ~. ( 'I'.,.

sill - II'
)] U,2$ 2. Rate of condensation, m
So/ul/on:
,I [ Y )( hIll p2
Properties of steam at 100° C
/FI'OIII /1M"/, data book page No, 148 [From R.S.Khurmi steam table, page No.4}
(.5'lxlhedlllon)} hfg a 2256.9 kJ/kg
"Jg - I oj J/kg
'2,3 >< 10 I 0.61l50)( I )( (127- 117) l·2$ 2256.9 X
!1.I1I " 21113 " 10·) x (945)2 We know rha ••

Tw'" Tsal
.. [6. 84" IO-Jlo.2~ 92'" 100

1.912)( 10'3 2
IOx • 1.35 )( 10-4111 I Properties of saturated water at 96° C
p ~ 965 kg/mJ
Rel'ull:
Thickness of the condensate film 0x - 1.35 x 10-4 m v = 0.310 x 10-6 m2/s
k = 0.677 W/mK
IIJ A lube a/2m lellglll u/l(l 25 mm outer diameter is If}be condense
,,= pxv=965xO.310x 10-6
saturated steam 01 I ()o'e willie the lube surface is malnlalned al
92'C Estimate the average heat transfer co-efflclent and II,e fale
I" = 2.99 x 1Q-4 Nslm2 J
0/ condensation 0/ steam If Ille lube if kept korizontal. Tiresteam For horizontal tubes, heat transfer co-efficient
condenses on the outside of the lube, [June 2006, Anna Univ)
k3 p2 g h ] 0.25
II = 0.728 'fg
Given: [
"D (Tsal- Tw)
Tube length, L = 2m
[From HMT data book page No. 148
Diameter, D = 25 mm = 0.025 m
(Sixth editionl]
1 J Hi,]' an.1.",us Tr,m,~f~'r
---~- [{0.677),) )( (965)2 )(9.81 2256.~]x
Boilmg and Condensation J. 65
It - O. 28 2.99 x 10-" x 0.025 x (100 -92)' °11
3.1.19 Problems (or practice
rh = I .166.08 W/m K 1
I I. A wire of I mm diameter and 150 II1Ill length is submerged horizontally
in water at 7 bar, The wire carries a current of I J 1.5 A with an applied
voltage of 2. I 5 V. If the surface of the wire is mainrained ar 180° C,
Heal transfer. calculate
(i) The heat flux and (ii) The boiling hear transfer coefficient.
hx 1t x D x L x (Tsar - TIl') [Ans : (i) 0.6 MWln,1, (#) 199]0 W/",J'q
13,166.08 x 1t x 0.025 x 2 x (100 2, A electric wire vi' 1.5 rnm diameter and 200 mm long is laid horizontally
- 92) and submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. The wire has an applied
IQ 16544.98 W I voltage of 16 V and carries a current of 40 amperes, Calculate
(i) The heat flux, and (ii) The excess temperature
We knov 111al, [Ans : 0.679 MW/mJ, (ii) 18.5]" a
Q = ,;, x !JIg J, A metal lad healing element is of8 nun diameter and emissivity 0,95.
The element is horizontally immersed in a water bath. Ihe surface
=:>11/ =Q. temperature ofrhe metal is 260 C under steady state boiling conditions.
0
II
alculate the power dissipation per unit length for the healer if water is
165-R9S exposed to atmospheric pressure and is at uniform temperature.
11/ -
~_'-6 9 '( 10·; {Am' : I. 75 K WI"'I
11/ 4, A heated brass plate at 150 C is submerged horizontally

0
in water at a
pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature of 1250 • Whal is
the heat transfer per unit area? Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient
in boiling.
[Ans : 1.15 x 1(J6WI",l, 900 KWlmlKI
A heated pol.ished copper plate j.; umncrsed in a pool of water boiling

at atll10S~heflc pressure. If the 5l1. ;':1ce temperature or the copper plate
" = 13,166.08 W1m2 K I' maintainer] at tempcrauvc of 113, <)0 C. determine the urtace heal
flux and the evaporanon rate per unit .rea of the plate.
11/ == 7.33 x 10-J kg/s
I .,I/U': IIJ KWlml, 49.9] Itg/mlll
6,
Water at atmospheric p"e~-;lIrc is bodo:d ill a .dle lIlade ofcopper.
I The
bottom or kettle i5 Ilat, 30 CIIl ill diauictcr and is IlIa:lllaillCd at a
temperature 01'118° " '"kulatc the rate ofhcat required to boil water,
Also estimate the rate uf evaporaliull of water from the kettle.
II",,: 17.1 K'II. 17.41 Itlll"f
fr'
_j~.~6~6~f~/~oo~t~al~I(:/~A~~a~~~1}~·(~"'~~fi~o~r __
~~==~---------~
3.2 Heat Exchnngers
3.2. t Introduction
~
t Non condensable gas

Heat Exchangers 3.67
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment

the hellt from II hot fluid to 11 cold fluid.
which trnllSfe
'l -_I --_-_---__-_--"----L
------------
-0- - - - _
3.2.2 Types of Heat Exchanger -_ =- =- =- =- =_p=- =- =- =- ='0=- - HOI water
There nre silvern I types of heat exchangers which Illay be

classified on the basis of
I. Nature of heat exchange process

=- -- =- =_p=- =- =- =- =- =-
11. Relative direction of fluid motion
Steum-·
b-- =---
-~ -----_ --- --.-:.:
III. Design and constructional features I
i
IV. Physical state of fluids, Cold water
Fig 1. of Direct COIIIIU'I//{!III CX(:/IIIIIKcr

I. Nature of hC1l1 exchange process
h. Indirect (,I}tIIIICI/WIII c.\'c1I1111gcr.\·
On the basis of the nature of heat exchange process, helll In this type of heat exchangers. the transfer of heat between two
exchangers nrc classified as fluids could be carried out by transmission through u wall which separates
the two fluids.
II. Direct contact heat exchangers or Open heat exchangers
It may be classi tied as
b. Indirect contact heat exchangers.
i. Regenerators
II. Direct contact "eat exclumgcrs or Ope" "cal e:~:cll(I"gers ii. Rccuperators (or) Surface hem exchangers
i. RegcllerlllllfJ
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heal exchange takes place
In the type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids now alternately
by direct mixing of hot and cold fluids. This heat transfer is usually
through the slime space.
accompanied by mass transfer.
Examples : IC engine . gas turbines.
Examples: Cooling towers, Direct contact feed heaters II. Rccuperutors (or) Surface Ileal exchungers
This is the most common type of heat exchanger in which the hot
and cold fluid do nOI come into direct contact with each other but are
separated by a tube wall or a surface.
'. I
( ••• ~ ~: • .,.., -'; ~~ ... c ••• ~ •• • .....
3.68 Heal and Mass Transji!r. .~

les
1:"_
a",p C.I.
r;..l
Automobile
.
radiators. Air pre heaters, Economlsers . ttc. Heal Exchangers J 69
Af/vtl"'tlg~.f b. Counter flow h~u' ~xchang~r

I. Easy construction In this type, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite:
directions.
2. More economical
). More surface area for heat transfer
Cold fluid 1
DI.Jn(lvu"'tlg~.,
I, Less heat transfer co·eflicient
2. Less generating capacity

Hot
-
-
fluid
..
II. Relative direction of nuid motion
This typo of heat exchangers arc classified as follows
D, Parallel flow heat exchanger
-
b. .ourucr flow heat exchanger
Fig. J. 7 Counter flow "eal excltanger
e. 'rU88 flow heat exchanger
II, "lIrllllel flllw 111.1111
flxcllllltllcr c. Cros» flow keut exchanger
III I.hl~type, hot uud cold fluldtl move In the UUllle dircctlon. In Ihlo type, the hot and cold fluids move at right angles 10 each
other,
old l1uld
~l j
1101
thlld '.
. 1 II(Jr,
C j
II IlLlld
a -~
1
~ I?
'~Il' ,(j 1'1""II,,/lI1W 11(/111~ dulltller
1111/, ). fJ 'ft/IIM//ow /111111
e. dla",,,
J. 0 "'qot and Mass TrollSfer
Heat Exchangers J 71
III. Design and constructional features
c. Multlplt J/It/l and tub~ paSl~J
On the basis of design and constructional features. the heat c"changers
In order to increase the over all heat transfer. multiple shell and rube
are clas itied a follows. passes arc used. In this type. the two fluids traverse the exchanger more
a. Concentric tubes than one time. This type of exchanger is preferred due to its low cost of
b. Shell and lube manufacture, and easy to repair.
c. Multiple shell and tube passes
d. Compact h~at ~xcl'QnguJ
d. Compact heat exchangers
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat
II. COlfulft,lc tubes exchangers. They are generally employed when convective heat transfer
In thi type, two concentric pipes, each carrying one of the fluids are co.efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than that
used as a heat exchanger. The direction of flow may be parallel or counter. associated with the other fluid.
b. S"~II lind tube IV. Physical state of fluids

In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through a
Based on the physical state of fluids inside the exchanger, heat
bundle of tubes enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the
exchangers are classified as
shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
a. Condensers
Hot lluid
(001) b. Evaporators.
SIleII Ba"'e plate Tubes t a. COnlJl!nsers

In a condenser. the condensing fluid remains at constant temperature
Ihroughoullhe exchanger while the temperature of the colder fluid gradually
increased from inlet to outlet. It is shown in fig 3.10.
In other words, the hot fluid loses latent heat which is accepted by
the cold fluid.
<).- HoI tIuid b. Evaporators

(In) In a evaporator, the cold fluid remains at constant temperature while
the temperature of hot fluid gradually decreases from inlet to outlet. 11 is
shown in fig 3.11.
Fig J. 9 S/.~II and tube I.tat txChlllfgt,
J 1 HUll and MmJ TTamfeT
~~ ~ ttc.:pa"::1Il' c5fruma, ~ IBCXI

'~.cn ~ ~ r.ruJ heza ~A:" ~ is tx 0t.2I.e7~ D
~as
~-------------------l
3.1_" ..us..ptiom
~ zn dcm-e oq:n:srioo far unD (-or \'IIrious ~pes 0( bc3I
o.~~~ ...~~.-e~
I. .Bo!' is. 5l~'

.~
2. Tbe p\-=u1 bar t:ransfer ~fficicm is ctIOSWJI
3. l'be ~ilX bats ofbodl fluids are c:oomm..
~. Tbe r:nots5 flo ...· l'1IR of bod! fluids are C'OIISQD(
$. A.oo rondu~:rioo along ~ ~ is negligible.
The change in kinetic, and potential ~~ of the fluids are

negligihle..
3.1.5 Logaridlmic Men Temperahl~ Dirre~."

j ., for Parallel Flo,,'
"1 ~l'=t..:
,~------------_L--L A single pass p3l'1I)JeI now heat e.xcbangtt'5 is sbo"''1l in fi&. 3.12.
1. 74 /,!.W( and M(ISS Transfer
_,
.... Cold fluid
-. --.. from (3. I~).
-. -. lIot fluid --. -.-. dQ 'pedt
-. -.-.
e III"
-.-. -.-. Cold Iluid

dt ..
dO
III, e" c
fig 3.12 Flow Ilrrtlllgelllcllt
Let ~ r',' C,"""'u " C,JCI ... 13.17)
"'II - Mass now rate of hot fluid

-dO dO
"'e - Mass flow rate of cold fluid
dT-dt..
c;;- - c,
Cpll - Specific heat of hot fluid
.. -dO [...!_.., ...!_]
. Cpc - Specific heat of cold fluid C" C,
T I - Entry temperature of hot fluid

de - - eo [...!_
C"
+ ...!_]
c,
r ·,'de .. dT-cit] ... (J.I B)
T2 - Exit temperature of hot fluid
tl - Entry temperature of cold fluid Substituting dQ value from Equn. (3.14) in Equn. (3.IS)
t2 - Exit temperature of cold fluid

(3.IS)~ de - -UdA(T-t) [_'_+ ~]c,
C
U - Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
"
Let us consider an elemental area dA of the heat exchanger. The
[','9- T-tJ
heat flow rate is given by
dQ = UdA (T-I) '" (3.14) ~ .!!!L =
e·.,
_ UdA [ I I]
Ch + C
cI
We know that, ,
dQ = -mh Cph dT = me Cpe dt .. , (3.15) Integrating

~ dQ = -mh (ph dT
'~ide
I '9 = -
[I
C
h
+ C
I]
U IdA
~ dT =~ c
mhCph
. '2
[In B] = - U - + -
[ I. I] A
~ I _ CII Cc
. ,,(3.16)
L_5]
45
-
1/;,01 };xcltO",lIrt J 7
I
I
'" (J.I~
w. know ,h.,.
0- nt" 'ph Cr, - T1)'" "'e C/~ (12-I,)
I
••• (3.20)) fJ e , ':11 , 'I
I
I
···(l.21
From equn (3.20).

(Qr)
Q- C, (It -I,) o .. VA (M)",
~II..It-'I)
Cc Q
••• (J.21l
I
where (An", - 'o~rirhmjc
(AT)", ..
UTI
~n
-I,) - (T1
lempt.nlure d,trermu
-I'])J
In [~: = ::1
3.2.6 Loga,.itllmic mn. temper.tue dirrereue
92)
In ( 8, .. -UA
T,-T2 _• It-t'l tor co•• ter n01t'
00.
cmd fl.uid
- A iT, - T1 - It - 1
=
~
"J
~~r: ~ :..... _.,. ':. . . ...
J 78 Heal and Mass Transfer I

Heal Exchangers J 79
Lei
/II Ir _ Mass flow rate of hot flu id
... (3.27)
//I _ Mass flow rete of cold fluid
e (.,'c, = me • Cpcl
Cph - Specific heal of hot flui~
Cpc _ Specific heal of cold fluid
T 1 - Entry lemperalure o~ hoi fluid
T 2 - Exillemperalure of hot fluid
t1 - Entry temperature of cold fluid

,i
" ... (3.28)
t2 - Exit temperature of cold fluid
[','d6 = dT -dt]
U _ Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
Substituting dQ value from Equn(3.24). in Equn (3.28)
Let us consider an elemental area dA of the heat exchanger.
The heat flow rate is given by

(3.28)~ d6 = - UdA (T _ t) [J_- _!_]
C/c,
dQ = UdA (T-t) • " (3,24)
[':6 = T-t]
We know that,
dQ = -nih Cph (dT) = -me Cpe (dt) • " (3.25)
..!!! =
6
_ UdA [ 1
C" - Ce
1]
Integrating
jI2da
--0 = -
[11]
CI, - C U dAj
e
~ • •• (3.26)
[___§J all2 = _ UA [ 1
[.: C" ="''' x Cplrl [In
CI,- 1]
Cc
'I'. From Equn. (3.2S).
dQ - -"'e CfX' dt
dt.~
,r
Heal Exchangers J. 8/
.•. (3.29)
UA (TI -12) - (Tr II)]
Q=
We know !bat,
Q= mhCph(Tl- T2)= m,Cpc (12-1,)
... (3.30)
~Q= C/.(TI-T2)= C, (12-1,)
[.: C = m x C~I [':92=T2-11
9,=TI-12J
~Q= Ch(T,-T2)
~IIc, =TI-T'I Q
... (3.31) I
from equn (3.30)
Q= CC (12-11) .•. (3.33)

Q=UA(~n",
I~t =¥I ... (3.32) where
Substitute -ci
h
and f
c
values in Equn (3.29)
(~T)m - logarithmic mean temperature difference
3.2.7 Fouling Factors
We know, the surfaces of a heal exchangers do nOI remain clean

after it has been in use for some time. The surfaces become fouled with
scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits affecting the value of overall
heat transfer co-efficient (U). This effect is taken care of by introducing an
additional thermal resistance called the fouling resistance (R) which is
given by as follows.
['
Ilttll ttl _-hliffglffl J If)

_-.-~
- - ----~-----
.--,;;;, "Iltl/iitl JlIIi¥
1'01 ('1/1111'" flOHI
).~.8Il:tfll(\II"4lIl"~. lIy 11_1111 NUlllhlol" otTl'jUl~r"J'rJuJ11i (NTI))

A hQnl oS hlln~ol' 01111hi) clo~I",110d hy tho l,olllll'ltIJmlc Me"1J
Tallil't\I'IlIUI'~ I)IIlQI\'nu (t.MTI») when Inlet and olltl~t cj)lIclhloll~
where
til''' ~Iledni.id, I1l1t when Ihu prohlel1l INto dUlcnnlne Ihe Inlot or e_1t or I - P,nlry h:mperll,"re or hoI nuld "C
h.\Il1IWI'tlllIl'e of helll es.chllnl:!lll'. effccllvelle~s method IH usod,
'1'2 - r.xh temperature orJlIJ' iJuld "C
The hem oxchnnger ef(ecllvellLlsN Is deflned ns rho mIlo of
I. _ En.ry temperature of cold fluid PC
actunl hem transfor to the maximum possible hen I unnsfer.
'2 - Exl. temperature of cold fluid "C
Actual hC1l1 transfer ..!.L
Effecilvcncss • Maximum possible heat transfer «: 2. Ileullo.fl by 11111
fluid" /leul gullied by cold fluid
ber o·j'·r'rails f'er U'"lilts (N rU) = --UA

N 11111 O,,"Oc
c.,
= m"Cp,,(TI-T2)"mCCpc(~-tl)
3.2.9 Problems on Parallel now lind where
Counter now heat exchangers
';'11 - Mass flow rate of hot fluid, kg/s
F(}rmulfle used
';'C - Mass flow rate of cold fluid, kg/s
I From IiMT data book page no. I 51 (Sixth edition)]
Cp" - Specific heat of hot fluid, J/kg K
l.Heat tmnsfer Q = VA (LJT)nr "f I
Cpc - Specific heatof cold fluid, J/kg K
where,
U - Over~1I heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2 K 3. Surface urea of lube
,A - Area, m2 A = n DI L
~n'm -
L " , .
ogariihmic Mean Temperature
.
Difference '(LMTD) where DI - Inner diameter
4. Q=,;, x hlg Heat Exchanger! 1,85

I
!I where hfg - Enthalpy of evaporation, Jlkg K Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4180 J/kg K
I' ,
S. Mass flow rate Overall heat transfer co-efficient. U = 280 W/m2K
,~=pAC Toflnd:
I. Heat exchanger area, (A)
III In a counter flow do"ble pipe I,eal exchanger; oil Is COoledfiro",
8S-C 10 SS·C by water entering al 2S· C. TI,e IIIass flow rat« 0,/ 2. Heallransfer rate, (Q)
all
ls 9,800 kgll' and specific I,eal of oil is 2000 Jlkg K. TI'e "'113
Solulloll :
flow rate of water is 8,000 kgll' alld specific Ileal of waler ;
We know that,
4180 Jlkg K. Determine II,e heat exchanger area alld "eallranSltr
Heat lost by oil (Hot tluid) = Heat gained by water (cold fluid)
rate for all overall I,eallrallsfer co-ejJlcielll of 280 WI",lK.
Give" : Q" = Qe
Hot fluid - oil, Cold tluid - water :::) ,;,}, Cpl. (T I - T 2) = ,i'e Cpe (t2 -II)
Water
(TI' T2) (tl' t2) :::) 2.72 x 2000 [85 - 55) = 2.22 x 4180 x [t2 - 25)
Oil = 9279.6 t2 - (231.9 x 103)
Entry temperature of oil, T I = 85° C :::) 163.2 x 103
Exit temperature of oil, T 2 = 55° C Water :::) t2 = 42.5° C
Entry temperature of water, tl C Fig.l.U

= 25° Exit temperature of water, t2 = 42.5° C
Mass flow rate of oil (Hot fluid), ';'11 = 9,800 kg/h

= 9,800 kg/s
Heal transfer, Q = ';'C Cpc (t2 - tl) (or) mh Cpl. (T 1- T 2)
3600 :::) Q = 2.22 x 4180 x (42.5 - 25)
111111 = 2.72 kgls I Q = 162 x 103 W
Specific heat of oil, Cpll = 2000 J/kg K We know that,

Heat transfer, Q = UA (~T)III ... (I)
Mass flow rate of water (cqld-fluid), ';'c = 8,000 kg/h
[From HMT data book page No. 151
= 8,000 kg/s (Sixth editionl]
3600 where
I me = 2.22 kgls I (~T)m - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
3.86 Heal and Moss Transfer
For Counter flow,

Heal Exchanger« J.87
Given:
Hot fluid - oil, Cold fluid - water
(TI, T2) (II' t2)
Mass now rate of water (cold fluid), ';'C = 65 kg/min
(85 - 42.5) - (55 - 25) 65

= 60 kg/s
85 -42.5]
In [ 55 - 25 Imc = 1.08 kg/s I
[(6T)m = 35.8° C
Entry temperature of 'water, Ii = 500 C
Exit temperature of water, t2' = 75° C
Substitute (6 T)m ' U andQ values in Equn (I) Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph = 1.780 kJ/kg K
= 1.780 x 103 J/kg K

(I) ~ Q
Entry lemperature of oil, T I = 115° C
162 x 103 280 x A x 35.8
Exit temperature of oil, T 2 = 70· C
16.16 m21
Overall heat transfer co-efficient,U = 340 W/m2K
Resull: toflnd:
I. Heat exchanger area, A = 16.16 m2 I. Heat exchanger area: (A)
2. Heat transfer, Q= 162 x 103 W 2. Heat transfer rate, (Q)
Solution:
We know that,
o Water flows 01 the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pi .
Heat transfer, Q = ';'e Cpe (t2 - tl) (or)';'h Cph (Tt - T2)
counter flow Ileal exchanger: Water is heated from 50'C 10 7
by an oil flowing tllrougll tile lube. Tire specific Ireal of tl,e oU ~Q= l/~eCpe(t2-tl)
1.780 kJlkg K. Tire oil enters at 115°C and leaves 11170"(. TI,eovt ~Q= 1.08x4186x(75-50)
hea: transfer co-efficient is 340 WI",1 K. Calcuulte II,e following
[.: Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4186 J/kg K]
I. Heat exchanger area
2. Role of lIeallransfer
I'Q-=-11-3 x-I-03-w~1
.• "'r'
3. 90 Ileal and Mass Transfer

(380-210),- (300-25) 'I
(6T)m'1:' [380-210] Heal ExchQng",~ J. 91

,'I "In ) ,
300 - 25 We know that,
• I \ .; ,\ •
Heat transfer, Q ~ U • A (i.\!)",

I (6T)nr = '2'1~:~O~ I
," \ ,',
=> 184'103 ~ 7S0·A'>«193.1)
We know that,
Heat transfer, QUA (6 T)(li

IArea for parallel tlow A = 1.27 m2 I
IV ( ~ .I \, .. 'I' ,,,, I
Case (iii)
~ 184' 103 = 750. 'l' A,'I,.[:Z18.3)
Percentage of increase in area = 1.27 - 1,12
Area for counter flo~ A' '= I. 1'2m2
.,
1.12
= 13.3'% '
Case (il) Resull: r : , "
For Parallel flow, ,,1, I. Area required for parallel tlow = 1.27 m2
2. Area required for counter flqw = 1.12 m2 »,
(6T)", . J, Percentage of increase in area = 13.3 %

. f.: "
It) /11 a counter flow single pass I,eal exchanger Is used 10 cool Ihe
engille oil from J 50"C 10 55"C will, water; available at 23" C as Ihe
cooling medium. The specific Ileal of 011/s 2125 Jlkg K. The flow
(380 - 25) - (300'- 210)
(6T)nr - . rete 0: coollllg water I("ougl, the hiller lube of 0.4m diameter is
I [ 380 ~ 25 ] 2.2 kgls. Tile flow rate of all througt: II,e outer lube of 0.75 m
, (, (.1 .,/~ 300-2LO dlameler is 2.4 kgls. /f II,e value of the overall Ileal transfer
I (6T)ni - ~93.lo)C f co-efficient is 140 Wlml K, how 10llg must II,e Ileal exchanger be
10 meet tts coollllg requlremenl?
Givell :
Hot tluid - oil. Cold tluid - water
(TI• T2) (11.12)
,
= I x 2300 x [380 - 3001
Entry temperature of oil. T I = ISO· C
IQ 184xI03 wl Exit temperature of oil. T 2 = 55° C

Entry temperature of water. t I - 23' C
46
Specific heat of oil (hot fluid). Cph = 2125 Jlkg K

Heat Exchangers J.93
Inner diameter. 01 = 0.4 m
We know that.
Flow rate of water (cooling fluid). mc = 2.2 kgls
'Heal transfer ,Q = U A (~T)m ... (1)
Outer diameter. O2 = 0.75 m
where [From HMT data book page Na.151J
Flow rate of oil (Hot fluid). ;,,, = 2.4 kgls
(.1 T)m - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
Overall heat transfer co-efficient. U = 240 W/m2K
For Counter flow.
Toflnd:
(.1T)m B [(TI - t2) - (T2 - tl)J
Length of the heal exchanger. L
SO/lit/Oil : In [~~ ~ :~ 1
We know that.
(.1T)m _ (ISO -75.6) - (55 - 23)
Heat lost by oil (HOI fluid) = Heal gained by water (Cold fl4
In [ISO - 75.6]
::) Q" = Qc 55 - 23
=
= 2.4x2125(150-55) = 2.2 x 4186x(t2-23) Substitute (.1T)m ' U and Q values in equn (1)
(I) ::)
[.: Specific heal of water. Cpc = 4186J
::) 484.4 x 103 240 A x 50.2
= 484.5x 103 = 9209.2t2-(211 x 103)
a X
::) IA = 40.20 m21

=
We know that,
I Exit temperature of water. t2 = 75.6° C I Area. A = It x DI <L
40.20 = It x 0.4 x L
::) IL=31.9ml
::) Q = 2.2 x 4186 x (75.6 - 23)
Result .'
I Qz484.4 x 103 wi Length of the heat exchanger, L = 31.9 m.
!II Salllraled sleam .,/16- C b condmsing on Ihe OilIer'''be

Heat Exchangers J 95
0" • single p.ss heal exchanger. Tire hea, txc/r"
'J ""It,
1050 kgllr 01 ttI.,er Irom 10"C '0 95- C. The OVerallIre., We know that,
ctH/flciml is 1690 W/,.JK, C.lcul.'e Ihelol/ottlbt, Heat transfer, Q '" ';'h x hlg
I. Area 01"tIIl exd.lller
91 x 1()3= nIh x 2185 x 1()3
2 R.1t 01 cOlltitludOlf 01steam.
rde"/r = 1115 Ulkg
I Rate of condensation of steam, n;h= O.0416kg1s I
Gha: We know that,
Hot fluid - steam Cold fluid - water Heat transfer, Q = U A (~T)", .... (I)
(TI' T2 (11,12)
fFronrHA"dolohool. pDg1!No.151J
Saturated steam temperature, T I = T. = 126"C where
Mass tlow rate oh"3ler," '" 10:0 kg h (~T)", - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
1050 kg For Parallel now

3600 S
[ (T,-t,) - (Tl-IV]
(~T)",= ......._-[-T-I---II-]--~
In --
Ew..~ ~ofwlter .. I, =:!O"'C TZ -12
E.l",c~of"aler. (~'" 95~C
(126 - 20) - (126 - 95)
()\ ha.llr3:ll3:-er co-efficiem, '" 1800 W m2K
In [ 126- 20
&"""l':' '''~~h "'_ISjUkg 126 - 95
'" _IS5 I~ Jk" r-, (~-n-",-=-6-1. C--'I

r•.foM :
..Ala oflxa1 a~. (A) Substitute (.~T)", Q, U values in equn (I) . I.'
2.. Rz:t of mMensatioo of sseam, tit (I) :::::> Q=U A (dT)",

s..tm..: :::::> 91 x I<P= 1800 A x 61
Hcz tn::l5!a:. Q'" mc Cpr: - I,)
:::::> 1Area, A '" 0.828 mll
Q'" 0.19 f 4186" (95 - 20) Itesab:
(.: Specjjj beal of water Cpc = ~ 186 J ~ I. A '" 0.828 m2
.Q=91" loJ W I 2. mh = 0.0416 kgls
anti Moss 7rcm.lfer
J.96 1111(11
In An ,II co,le, of tl" fom of tubula, htal txchungt, cools 011t:
W
,,,,.p,,.,u,,
. "10,,,
0190"(' 10 _'j-t by a largt pool 01 Slain 0", '" I
H,al ExchanglTs J 97
.$$"",,11111 "o"s'a""tmptrtl'llft of 21- C. TIlt IlIbt It"IIh Is j"f'
Mass flow rate of oil.mh .. Po)( A )( C
2",
""" dI,,_lt, Is 11 ",m. Tilt sptdf'" htal and Sptclflc gravity 'f
011." 1.45 /(Jlkl K and 0.8 rtsptCllvtly. Tilt vtloclty o/Ihtoll&f O"'. '" 800)( ~ (02»( 0.62
61 cmls. Ca/clIl.'t Iht ove'fllI httll I"mslt, c~fflcltnL
800 )(t(O.028)2 )(0.62
GIvrtJf:
Hot fluid - oil Cold fluid - water 0.305 legis !
(TI' T2) (11.12)
Entry temperature of oil, T, :: 90· C Heat transfer, Q ';'h)( Cph (TI -T2)
Exit temperature of oil, T2 = 35· C 0.305)( 2.45)( 103 x (90 - 35) .
Entry and Exit temperature of water, t, = t2 = 28· C /Q 41x103W !

" We know that, .r
Tube length, L = 32 m \L
Heat transfer; . Q':: U A (.1nm ' ~ •• '(1)'
Diameter, D = 28 mm = 0.028 m
[Fro';' HMT data book page No, HI]
where
Specific heat of oil. Cph = 2.45 kJ/kg K
(.1T>~,- Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference, (LMTO).
Cph = 2.45 x loJ J/kg K
For Parallel flow.
Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Velocity of oil. C = 62 cm/s = 0.62 mls [(TI - tl> - (T2 - '2) J
Tofmd: In[~::::]
Overall heat transfer co-efficient U \
Solution: (90 - 28) - (35 - 28)
Specific gravity of oil = Density of oil In [~=~:

]
Density of water -2-s.-2"-c-'1
jr(-.1-T)-m-C'-=
_&
Pw '
Substitule (.1T)", Q. values in equn (I)
0.8 =~
1000
~ [Density of oil. Po = 800 kglmJ
3. 98 Heal anti Meiss Transfer
(I) => Q U A (6T)m
41 • 103 u " 11 0 Lx (6T)nr StlbilkM! .

Wtknowtflat,
U )( 11 x 0.028 x 32 x 25.2
Heat transfer, Q .. 'Ir{c C~ (c, - tl)(or) mh Cp" (11 - T1)
U 57.7.9
~ m .Cpc(I:2-.lr)
Co ~ MACp,,(Tr-·Tl)
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 577.9 W/m2 K
mc C~ (80 - 30) - mh Cph (220 -100)
Resllh:
mc C~ (50) - ni" Cph (120)
!Z)ln
U = 577.9W/m2
II
K
pIIrllll~1flow dOllb/e pipe helll exchanger waler flows III .

__ --
_"';'cC~
nih Cph
120
50
Ihe Inner pipe and is healed from JO"C 10 80"C. OflflOwing t .

';'cCpe .
tile IInnlllllS is cooled fro", 220"C 10 IOO"C. II is desired 10 COOl ---2.4
';'h Cpli
exchllllger. /)dermi"e lJ:e ",ini","", terrrperlltll.re 10 whldl Ii, Let't' is"the lowest temPerature 10 wbich the oil is cooled.
"'"Y be cooled. So,

GIwn: " .
~ ';'cC~ (1- 30) - "'h Cph (220 -t)
I' , I
Hot fluid - oil, Cold fluid -: water
.. ~
';'cC~
-.--)( (t -30) -(220 -t)
(TI, T2)
o/II~CpIr
Entry temperature of water, tl = 30· C ~ 2.4 x (t - 30).- (22Q r: t)
Exit temperature of water, t2 = 80· C ~ 2.4 x 1-.72 z(~O:-t) I

I \
Entry temperature of oil, T I = 220· C ~ 2.4 t + t ~ 220 + 72

n.
~ t (2.4 +1) = 292

Exit temperature of oil, T2 = 100· C
~
.. 3.4t - 292
Tuflnd:
~ ""
Ii - 85.:88·C I
Minimum temperature to which the oil is cooled, (t)
RDIIlt:
Mioirnum lempermln to wilich ibe oil may be coOled is IS:"O C
' .. _JIII!lp'.......
" ....._--
!) I•• ,.,.1Id fl-..ItHI txjM,~r,ItOl_I~r I~
is coo/~d I
4" C 6, ~ _trr ~"'~riIt,

., 10" C. n~"'.ss flo .. ""~ 0 ~ III
Htlll £.xchangers 1.101
_trr is 1.1 j,1s ."d IIt~IfHISS flo.' ,." 01 cold..tI/~ris O.S t IfA.,
IIt~ i.di"id .. 1 h., on bOl" :Sidlit If
Irusf~r co-~fJ1ci~,,'s
rs I, ~ Q=0.S.4186·(36-20)
680 w,.,z K. fllld tlI~ ana of tIt~ IIHI urhtuf,~r. r
GiwII: IQ = 33,488 W I ... (I)
Hot water (T I' T2), We know that,
Entry temperature of hot warrer, T 1 = 80· C Heat transfer, Q = U A (.:\n", ... (2)
Exit temperature of hot watrer. T2 = 40· C {From HMT data book page No. lSI
Where (Sixlh edition))
Entry temperature of cold water, tl = 20· C
(.:\T)", - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
Mass flow rate of hot water,';'" = 0.2 kgls
For parallel flow,
Mass flow rate of cold water, me =.O.S kgls
Heat transfer co-efficients on both sides = hi = ho = 600 W/m2)( (.:\T)", - [(TI -II) - (T2 -12>]
Toflnd: In [~~ ~ :~]

Heat exchanger area, A
Sol,,'lon: (80 - 20) - (40 - 36)
(.:\1)", - -------
We know thai, In [80 - 20]
40- ]6
Heat 1051 by hot water = Heal gained by cold water
Q/. ~ Qc -~ 2.708
mIl Cpl. (TI - T2> ~ me Cpc (12 - tl) I (.:\T)", - 20.67· C I ... (3)
0.2' 4186(80-40) - O.S' 4186. (11-20) We know that,
[.: Specific heat of water, Cp 4186 J/kg 1<1 Overall heal Iransfer co-efficient
33,488 ~ 2093 12- 41.860 I s !.+.!..

U hi ho
12 - )6· C
!. _ ho+ "I
1~llemp"'lure of cold WIler. 12~ 36· C
U hi "0
Heal Exchangers 1,101
hjhO
u=- Inside diameter of the tube, d, = 0,06 m
ho+ hj
Outside diameter of the tube, do = 0.08 m
600 x 600
Heal transferred, Q = 1.6 x JOS KJIhr
600 + 600
= 1.6 x lOS x loJ lIs
[u = 300 W/m2 K I .•• (4)

Q = 44, 444.4 W
3600
Substitute, Q, U and (~nmvalue in equation (2)

Toflnd:
(2) ~ Q=UA(~T)m Length of the tube, L
~ 33,488 = 300 x A x 20.67 So/ulio" :

We know that,
~ IA = 5.40 m21 Heal transfer, Q = U A (LH)m ... (I)
ResIIIf : {From HMT data book page No. 151

(Sixth edition)]
Heal exchanger area, A = 5.40 m2 where
I!l /" 0 JHlroll~1flow ~Ol uc"onf~r, /rot liquid ~/"trS III 4fWC (~T)/II - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
. ,
l~tflIeSal15fYC. Coldfluld mltn IIIS(J"C lind leav~.f lit I/(/'f,
For Parallel flow
I"sld~ lind outsld~ htOI tl'flsnsfer cDtffici~nlS IIr~ 110 WIm21
190 Wfm1K rapectfp~1y. Tht'lhsldt lind outsidt dillmdtfSll/ [(Tt-tt) - (T2-tV]
GiPtn:
tulH ort 0.06m lind 0.08 m rtsp~cti",Iy.IfI"t
hour Is 1.6 x IOSk), find tht Itngt" oflht
htat transfmS
tub« rtqulrtd. In [~~ ~:J
(400 - 50) - (250 ~ 110)'
,,
Entry temperature of hot fluid, T 1 = 400" C I [400-50]
n 250- 110 '
Exillemperature of hot fluid, T2 ',:"250 C 0
I Entry lemperature of cold fluid, 11;" 50" C 210

0.916
Exit temperature of cold fluid, 12 = I 10· C
I
I Inside heal transfer co-efficient, hi = 120 W/m2K I (M)m = 229,25· C I ... (2)
Outside heat transfer co.efficient, ho = '190 W/m2K
I
L ..n,. _
('
We know that,
Glvtn:
Overall heat transfer co-efficient
Hoi fluid - oil (TI, T2),
I ro I I
-- -+- Entry temperalure of oil, T I - 200" C
U r; h; hO
Exit lemperalure of oil, T2 - 120" C
_~. _1_+_1-
0.03 120 190 Enlry temperature ofwaler, II - 25· C
Exillemperalure of waler, 12 - 70" C
_ 0.0111 + 5.26 • 10-3
Specific heal of oil, CPh - I.S kJlkg K
.1. - 0.0163 - I.S • 103 J/kg-K
U
Mass flow rate of oil, ';'h - 0.8 kg/s
I U -61.35 W/m2 KI Overall heat transfer co-efflcienr, U - 400 W/m2K
Toflnd:
Substitute, Q, (AT) .. , U values in equn (I)
I. Rare of heallrlnsfer, Q
(I) ~ Q=U A(6nm
2. Mass flow rate of water, me
Q=U • II • do • L • (AT)m 3. Area of heal exchanger, A
~ 44,444.4 = 61.35 • II x 0.08 • L • 229.25 Solllllon:
We know that.
~ IL= 12.57ml
Heat transfer, Q = mh CpIJ (TI - T2)
Raid, :
= 0.8' 1.5' 103 • (200- 120)
Length of the tube, L = 12.57 m
I Q = 96,000 lIs I
[!!lIn a cOllnl~rflow dOllb/~ plp~ heal exchanger Is IIs~d 10 cool lite We know Ihat,
/ro1ll 20frC to 12frC wilh waUr ava;lab/~ al 15"C as tht c Heal lost by oil (hot fluid) = Heal gained by water (cold fluid)
~dllllfL TIlt exh I~mp~ratllr~ 0/ waUr Is 70~ Th~ sptclflc hm -
ollis 1.5 tJllg K and Iht ",assflow ret« 0/011 Is 0.8 /igls.1f
ol'Uall hea, lrans/t, c~fflcitnl Is 400 WI",zK,find Iht /ollow ~ mhCph(TI-T2) = ';'eCpc(12-11)
I) Ratt 0/ .tat trans/tr
~ 0.8' 1.5 x 103 x (200-120) = me x 4186 • (70 - 25)
1) Mas flow ralt 0/ wal~r
[.: Specific heat of water Cpc = 4186 J/kg KJ
J) Ana 0/ Ittal excllangt,
~:__--
M EM
1. 106 Hem and MUll {rumltr
Ilwl t,u:It{j"y"'~ J_t,,:_

I Man now rile o( willer, me O,S(ifj kgl, 1 rm In /III (III t(lt/lt'I"' II 'ub,kIlIWII I,J/em, (1111. t(lq4:d /",m ?lre
III fIre by utili/( u CIJIIIIIIIIIII/llt' Ill'w III ]1"(: 111f~"""'I /hiw '"k
For Counter now (1/1111 I, 'JIJ(J 1If1111 lind Ille mil" //(1'" 'lilt (i/ Wille, I. ?IHI 1If/1I,
[OI-tV - (T1-11)]
GiveY(ill' chotc« fl" II plI'lIl1el/III'"II' Wlllllt' fluw helll e~hllnKlu,
(I''' ,", wilit ",atO/U', If II,e (Ive'lIl1Iteal "alll/" tfI·el/lcleII,l. ]11 WI",J K.
I"[~I T2 -II [From IIMT dato bOtit,

Jln" lite ore« ul II", Itelll a.t:lIIIII/(".
1 kJllI'(C
Talle ,pecl/Ie I'wa/ ,,111,
(luge M.I j I (Shih edlllo,,)}
(2()() - 7(1) - (12() - 25) HOI Huia - oil ('1'" '121. Cold Huid - ....ater (I,. Iz)
I" [ 200 -70

120 - 25
1 '-,nlry ltmpc:rawre of oil. '1'1 - 7(1) C
Exit temperarure of oil. '1'2 .. 40" C
Emr)' temperature 01' water, II .. 2$° C

'1 he rmm flow rate of oil. :n h .. 90() kglh
I (IiTI", - 111.112' C I .. --
9()O
k~;'
3600
We koow that,
- 0.25 kg/s
The mass 1101'1rate of water, ';'c" 701) kg/h

Substnute, 0, U, and (6'1')"1 values. 701)
.. - - kg1s
3600
;:, 96,000 - 400 < A " 111.82
I A - 2,146 rn2
Overall heat transfer co-etflcient,
.. 0.194 kg/s
U = 20 W/m2K
Rtfllll:
Specific heat of oil, Cph" 2 kJlkgo C
I, 0 - %,000 J/s n 2 x 10J J/kgo C
rQ/llld:
2. ';'C - 0.509 kg/s
I. Choice of heat exchanger (Whether parallel flow or counter now)
3.A-2.146I11l
2. Area of heat exchanger.
47
SlIiIIIiM : Heal £TchangC'Ts 3.109
\\~ blow thai, w~know that.
H~ klst b)' oil (Hot fluid : Heat gained by water (Cold Heat transfer. 0 = , CpnI (TI -
n~1 T,)_ or me
• CP" (t 2 - tl )
Q;. Qe
:::>
:::::- 0 = IIi"~Cph (TI - T!)
= 0.25 x :2 • 103 (70 - -10)
10 = 15.000 J/s I ... (3)
[.: Specific heat of water ~: 41 86 Jik&~ Substitute. O. U. and (6T)m values in equation (I).
15,000 .= 812.08t1- 20.302.10
12 = 43.47" C 15.000 = 20 • A x (20.26)
IA = 37.02 m21
[Exit temperature of water, t2 = 43.47" Cl > T2
Result:
Since 12 > T 2, counter flow arrangement should be used.
I. Choice of heat exchanger - counter flow arrangement
We know that,
2. Surface area, A = 37.02 ml
Heat transfer, Q = U A (6 T)m ... (1)
For Counter flow 3.2.10 Problems on cross now heat exchangers (or)
Shcllandtubeheatexchangers
Formulae used
{From HMT data book
I. Q = F U A (LJT)
m [counter flow] page No. 151 (Sixth editiont]
where
page No. } 5} (Sixth edit;
F - Correction factor - (From data book)
(70~43.47) - (40 -25) U - Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W1m2 K
In [ 70 - 43.47] (6T)",- Logarithmic mean temperature difference.

40 - 25
For Counter flow
11.53
(6T)",
[(T I - (2) - (T 2 - tl) 1
0.569
1
I (6T)m = 20.26° C I ... (2)
In [~~ ~ :~
J 1/(/ /lila/ m,d MII,u 'l'ril/l.I!m'
where
T, ~ 1'.,11' y llilliplinlh,r~ or hlit IllIllI, "C
Tl - Exit tVIIII'~rlltllf' (,floul 1111111,
"C
I, - Elllry IClllrCl'lllurC uf collllluld, "C
12· Ex II IClilpCfhlUrc uf' cold Iluhl, ,.C (A'I)", LUIIlH'ltlllolc '"V,II] IC'"11crUlurcdlllere'ltt 1'01' eout1lcrll,.w,
For 'ounrcr llow,

], /lilil/lo.f/ by "01 PIIIII • /lillIl/lIIIIWII b)' 1:11111
Jill III
Q/, n Qr
• "'I, Cpl,(T, - 1'2) e "tc /)('(12 -I,)
!I1 III UcrossJIIII~ I"!III I'.H'I"IIIKers, hoi" fli,lll.f u","/xell, 11111flllid 1111/. (380-210) - (300-25)
II IpeclJl.: IWII 0/1JOO Jlkg K tillers ut JIIO' C 1lIIlllell,'eJ at JOO'C,
Calli flulds enters III 15' C und teuves at 110' C. Cult'lllllfe th,
[2
In 80 - 2 10
JOO - 25
1
requircil SIIr/II"1! areu II/ heat
co-t!J!1cil!lIl is 750 WI",} K, MIISI flow rail'

t!xcllanger, Take aVl!rtllll'l'lIllr""J/fl
0/ hot flllill is I kg!.!, 2 I 8 J. C I
Given :
Specific heat of hot fluid, Cph ~ 2300 J/kg K Heat transfer, Q ~ "'" C"" (T I -. T2)
Entry temperature of hot fluid. T I~ 380· C ~ Q = I • 2300 (380 - 300)

Exit temperature of hot fluid, T2 ~ 300· C I Q ~ 184 • I 03 W I
Entry temperature of cold fluid, t, ~ 25· C
Tofind correction factnr F. refer IIMT data bookpag. 110 16 I (Sixt/, edition}
Exit temperature of cold fluid, t2 ~ 210· C
{Single pass cross flow heal e.rchanger - Both fluids unmixed]
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U ~ 750 W/m2K
From graph.
Mass flow rate of hot fluid, IIi" = 1 kg/so 12-11 210-25
X.xis value P = -- = --- ~ 0.52
Tolilld: TI- II 380 - 25
Heat exchanger area (A)
T I - T, 380 - 300
Solution : Curve value R ~ ---- ~ -::-- __
12 - tl 210 _ 25 ~ 0.432
This is cross flow, both fluids unmixed type heat exchanger.
For cross flow heat exchanger, X.XIS value is 0.52, curve value is 0.432 corresponding Y .
Q ~ F U A (6,.) ... (1) value is 0.97, 'IX"
m [counter flow J
{From HMT cia/a book page No. 151 (Sixth dition) i.e. IF = 0.971
,I 11-: II,' II ,,,,,I ""L~,'
~--.-----------------
tr'"L'J""
G/lltlII :
1101 l1uid water Cold fluid - brine SOlulion

(TI' '1'2) (II' (2)
O,()
Enlry temperature of water, T I - 20" C
Exil temperature of Wilier, 1'2 - 7° C

0.8
Entry temperature of brine solution, II • _2° C
0.7
r Exil temperature of brine solution, t2 • 3° C
Heat load, Q - 5500 W

0.6
Overall hcut transfer co-efficient, U - 800 W/m2K
0.5
Ttl fillll :
Area required (A)
0 P - 0.52 So/uliml:
Shell and lube heal exchanger - One shell pass and two lube passes
FlK' ,US
For shell and tube heal exchanger (or) cross now heat exchanger.
Substitute Q, F, (6 T)", and U value in Equn (I) Q F U A x (AT)

III [counter tlow] .• , (I)
Q - F U A (6T)", where {From /-1M,/,data book page No.151 }

(I)
F Correct ion factor
184 x 10) - 0.97 x 750" A" 218.3
(6'1')", Logarithmic mean temperature dilTerence for counter now.
A - 1.15 m21
For Counter now,
R~.full :
(ATJ",
Surface area, A • 1.15 1112
iII lit II rtlr/KulIl/IIK pllltll wilier if ('lIoled IfI"" 1"" C III 7" C by IIr/lI~
.fIIllIl/OIII:tller/IIK 111-1" C 1I11111elll,IIII(III"" C 1111! tle.fll(lI Itellll'llld (20 3) (7 I 2)
Is 55(JO W 111111
lite Ilveflllllll!lI( trunsfer "II-IIU'c1elll I.~ROO W/",1 K,
I" [1.Q__l]
7 2I
WIIII( arc« re"u/rl1ll when ".J/III( II ,f/wllllll,lluhe heat excl"II/Ktif
wilit lite wilier milk/III( one ,Jllell/ ,I(IU ,,,,,111,,: IIr/1I1! ",11111111(
IW(I [(AT)", e 12.S2:iJ
Illhe IJlI,f:fI!,~,
"'I 11.1111.,,;11 Mill' 1I"II\llil
/ltllil l'II/IIIIIW"t I1/'
' mil ,1"/11 IIIIuA /111,i Ilfl /lll
III/lilil, 1111, 111111 1III /111 I',III /I" 111/ 1IIIIIp (~, Jill' (), '/ ~III' " tt~'IIF III ,,",,1111 (')
/11111' 11111/1 /iini 11II11111'fl11I111J /IIINliJ1/
I' , ' • I I' "I I 1\ IAI JI/I
1'1'"' UIIII'Ii, "i ~(I(I , 1I'liI, .1,1, I 1\ • ') ~7
II
II.
'",,_ I'"hl , I' • 01 J III' II ',II 111/ J
II II
HjI~1I111
II ~:
I" 111'111lit h!llil "Xi h~I1I!"I, II- fI,~.11I1i/
'I, 'Il ,I\I? 11

i "II I'll ¥hlll~,II - I~ I I ~ , 1, I.!J ,\'11111'11111(1 fill1l11l1,,, /111' (_' II (IImlllllllflll,'" d,"11 111111 IlIh, ,"",
",I'('IUlllfler, n,e (Jiml/"fI wnter ,1"'lIf. 1/," 1111"III J ,. (' "",1 II"",_'
", lUI" C. ClIlI'lIlf1ll1ll1i! '''1/1'''1111111,· IIIltl""""P"lIluflllll//'''IIflll!
III tI '''''IIIflelllelll I~'
Xft"i value Iii 0,22, curve (II) counte« flow (II) 1"""l/ul/lIlIY (t) Cflllf JlIIW.
1'111111) Is 0,94.
GII'c" :
l.e.!I~;;~~J "01 fluid - steam Cold (Iuld - water
(T,. T2) (I" '2)
0.94 Saturated steam temperature, T, ~ T 2 ~ 120° C

0,9 Entry temperature of water, tl = 25° C
Ex it temperature of water, t2 = 80° C
0.8
R = 2.6
Tojitlll :
0.7 (tlT)III for paraliel flow, counter flow and cross flow.
F
Solution :
0.6
Case (i)
0.5 For Parallel flow, [FromHMTdatabook page No. 151]
(t1T)", =
0 P = 0.22
Fig.. U6
3.116 Heal and Mass Transfer Heal Exchangers JI17
(120 - 25) - (120 - 80)
XaxlS va Iue P=~ = 80-25
120 - 25 ]
In [ 120-80 TI-tt 120-25
I P = 0.5781
0 · ., (I)
(~T)m for parallel flow = 63.5 C
Tt - T2 120 - 120
Curve value R = --- = ---
t2-tl 80-25
Case (ii)
I R=O I
For Counter flow,
>:axis value is 0.578, curve value is 0,
So corresponding Yaxis value is I
~ [correction Factor F = I I
(120 - 80) - (120 - 25)
120-80] (3)~(~nm=Fx63.5°C= I x 63.5

In [ ""i"2O-2s
I (~T)m for cross flow = 63.5° C I ... (4)
(~T)mfor counter flow = 63.5 C
0
· .. (2)
From (I), (2) and (4) we came to know when one of the fluids in a
Case (iii) heat exchanger changes phase. the logarithmic mean temperature difference
and rate of heat transfer will remain same for parallel flow, counter flow
For cross flow
and cross flow.
(~T)m = F x (~T)m for counter flow
I (~T)", = F x 63.5
0
I · .. (3) 3.2.11 Anna University Solved Problems
where III In a double pipe counter flow I.eal exchanger, 10,000 IIg1hr of an
Fe correction factor oil huving a specific "eal of 1095 J/lIg-K Is cooled from 80'C 10
(Refer flMT data book l'oge No. 160) 50'C by 8000 kglhr of water enlering al 25'C Deurmine Ihe heal
exchanger area lor all overall heal trensfe» co-efflclent of
[Correction factor for sillRle pass cross flow heal exchanger-
JOO WlmlK. Take Cpfor waler as 4180 Jlkg-K.
one fluid mixed, other unmixed]
IDee-ZOU4. Anna Unlv]
3. 118 Heal (111<1Mew '/'rIl1l.'1~cr:_ .__ ------- _---------- !.fI'.!!!wl/ £'rchan/(lfr., J 11'1
Ilent trnnster. 0 .. ';'1 C ('I' '1') .--~.
GII'I.'n : , lIlt e
1 - 2 or ,;," l)" (12 'I)
fl'd '1 ('1' '1')Cold lluid - water (t I' t2)
1,ot
1
UI 111 I' 2
. '. 10 000 kg/hI'
=- Q. 2.22 • 418() , (43.85 _ 25)
The mass flow rate (If oil (Hot fluid), "''' '
10,000 kg I Q 17492. iOl3
• 3600s We know Ihal,
G", :-2 :27 kgl~ Hcallrallsfcr, Q - UA (~T)",

.•. (1)
Specific heat of oil, Cph = 2095 J/kg-K [From flMT dau, hook
page No. 151 (.')/xlh ed/l/olI) /
'1 T 1-- SO· C
Entry temperature 0 f 01, Where,
(~T)I/I- Logarithmic Mean Temperature Diff
Exitlemperature of oil, T 2 = 50· C , , erence. (LMTD)
'd) - 8000 kglh
Mass flow rate of water, (Cold flui ,"'e- For Counter flow,
= .~ kg/s
3600
Gne = 2.22 kglS]

Entry temperature of water, II = 25· C
(SO - 43.85) - (SO- 25)
icient, u -- 300 W/m K
2
Overall heat transfer co-e ffici
Specific heal of water, Cpc = 41S0 J/kg-K In [ 80 - 43.85]
50 - 25
Toflnd:
Heal exchanger area, A I (~T)m = 30.23· C I
~~: I
Heat lost by oil (Hot fluid) = Heal gained by water (Cold f1u~ql.I Substitute (~T)m' U and Q value in equn (I)
Qit = Qc I (I) => Q= UA(~T)m
=> 174.92 x 103 = 300 x A x 30.23
=> 2.777 x 2095 (SO- 50) = 2.22 x 41S0 x (t z- 25) A = 19.287 m2
174.53' 103 = 9.27 x 103t2- 231.99 x 103 I Heat exchanger area, A = 19.287 m21
t2 = 43.SSo C Result:
I Heat exchanger area, A = 19.2S7 m2
III In a counter flow double pipe heat txcl,anger, water Is heated /ro", Heat Exchangerl 1.12/
25"(' to 6S'C by an 011 with a specific I,eat of /.45 KJ/Kg K Gild
Heattransfc:r, Q = UA (.1T)",
mass flow rate is 0.9 Kgls. The ollis cooled from 230·C to 160· C. ... (1)
If tl,e overall heat tronsfer co-elJicient is ,120 WI",2 ·C, calcu~ [From HMT data book .
. page No./S/ (Sixth edition)]
the following.
(Sf)m- Loganthmic Mean ...
Tire rate of heat transfer •emperature Difti
J) . ereuce (lMTD)
2) TI,e mass flow rate of water I For Counter flow,
I
3) The surface area of tIre heat txchanger I (6.1)", = [(TI-t2)- (T2-tl)]

Given: [May-2004, Anna Un~J In rTI - t2l
Hot fluid - oil (T I' T 2) Cold fluid - water (tl'~)
lT2-tl
0 (230 - 65) - (160 - 25)

Entry temperature of water, tl = 25 C
In [230 -65]
Exit temperature of water, t2 = 650
C .-:- __ _;_____.._:___160 - 25
Specific heat of oil. Cph = 1.45 kJlkg 1(6.1)", = 1·49.4~ C I
= 1.45 x 103 Jlkg Substitute (6.1) '" Q and U val'ues ID
. (I)
equation
Mass flow rate of oil, mh = 0.9 kgls (I) => Q=U A (.1T)m
Entry temperature of oil, T I = 2300 C
=> 91.35 x 1()3= 420" A )c 149.49
Exit temperature of oil, T 2 = 1600 C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 420 W/m2 0 C

IA ~ 1.455 m21
Toflnd: We know that, For cold fluid,
I. The rate of heat transfer, Q Q = mc Cpc (t2 - tl)
2. Mass flow rate of water, me

3. Surface area of the heat exchanger, A
[.,' Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4 r~JA& I()
Solution:
Heat transfer, Q = mh \ph (T I ....:T 2) I mc = 0.545 kgls I .
Result;
= 0.9 x 1.45 x 103)( (230- 160)
1. Heat transfer, Q = 91.35 )( 103 W
IQ = 91.35 x 103wI 2. Mass flow rate of water, me = 0.545 kgls
3. Surface area of the heat exchanger, /Ii. = ··1;45.fm2
--
lin
\]
Heal and Mass Trallsfer
,4 ('o,mterflow cOllcelltric tube IIeat excllallger is used 10 cool engille
- )( 2130.(160-60) _
. , 2·X4186)( (r. -25)
..
oil (C == 2130 Jlkg K) frolll 160· C to 60· C willi waler available at [ .. S 2,

'; pecitic
: hear of water Cpc -- 4/86 l/kg KJ
25.(' as tl,e coolillg mediuIII. Tl,eflow rate of cooling water tllrougl, 42.6 x 104 == 8372
,,: . .' (rr 25)
tl,e i""er tube 0/0.5111 is 2kgls wllile tl,eflow rate of oil tllroug/, tl't
42.6 x 104 - 8'37 .
outer a"nulus, Ollter diameter = 0.7
", is also 2 kg/so If U is I • ~. ' ~ t2 - 209.3 x 10J
250 Wlm1 K, "ow long must tile IIeat t.'(cilallger be 10 meet its t2 == 75.88 C 0
cooling requirement? Exit temperature ofwarer • t2-- 75.:8~oC

(May-200S, Anna Univj
Give" : Heat transfer , Q == ni c cpc (trtl)' .

(or.).ni"cph (T 1- T2)
Hot fluid - oil Cold fluid - water
(11.12) (tl,t2) ~ Q = 2)( 4186 x·(15.88 -2'5)

Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid). Cph = 2130 J/kg K " t:
I Q -'425.96)(
~~~-:--_.:..._
'103
__
Wr --'
Entry temperature of oil, 1 I = 160° C
We know that,
Exit temperature of oil. 12 = 60° C Heat transfer Q ,;; 'u A (,1T) ,
m ••• (I)
Entry temperature of water. tl = 25° C
Where, S I'
I f,From H MJ. daf(1 b qDf"ol- pfJgB,no., [1$11
'
Inner diameter. DI = 0.5 m

(,1T)m-Logarith~'ii;M~an'Te;':;pl "'. .,' "f
Flow rate of water (Cooling fluid). mc = 2 kg/s , '. " ,,','. I ',' • erature Difference. (LMrD)
For Counter flow, ' \' . t ..
Outer diameter. D2 = 0.7 m
Flow rate of oil (Hot fluid). ,nh =2 kg/s
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 250 W/m2 K
" '
Tofind :
Length of the heat exchanzer
to , L
(,1 T)m = (160 '- 75,88) - (60 - 25)
Solutio" :
In [160 ~ 75.88]
We know that, 60 - 25
, ,
Heat lost by oil (Hot flUI.d) -- Heat gamed
. by water (Cold fluid) 49.12
=> Q/r Qc 0.8768
, ,
48
Q' =, 7

Substitute (~T)m' U and Q values in equation (I)
r Given:
Mass flow rate or hot liquid'';'h = 4.2 kg/min
Q =U A(~T)m
(1) =>
I mh = 0.07 kg/s I
=> 425.96 x UP = 250 x A x 56.02°C
Specific heat of hot liquid, Cph = 3.5 IUllegK
=> ~ = 30.415 m~
[CPh = 3.S x loJ Jlleg K I
We know that, Inlet temperature of hot liquid, T, = 1300C .
Area, A = 1t. D, . L
Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4.18 lUIkg K
30.415 = 1t x 0.5 x L
ICpc - 4.18 x, loJ·Jlleg K!
=> L=19.36m
Inlet temperature of cooling water, tl = 15°C
Length of the heat exchanger, (Single pass), L = 19.36 m
Mass flow rate of cooling water, mc = 17 kg/min
ResuU:
Length of the heat exchanger, L = 19.36 m
Imc = 0.28 kg/s I
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1100 w/m2K
3.2.12 Solved problems on NTU Area, A = 0.30 m2
[Number Transfer Units) method
Tofind:
INote) NTU me.hod is ustd '0 de.ermint th« inlet or exil I. Outlet temperature of liquid, (T 2)
,empera'ures of heat exc/ranger 2. Outlet temperature of water, (t2)
III A parallel flOH/:hea. exchanger is used '0 cool 4.2 kglmin Of 1101 3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, (e)
liquid of specifiC hea' 3.S kJlkg K a. 130' C. A cooling wa.er of'
Solution:
specific heat 4.18 kJlkg K is used for cooling purpose a••
Capacity rate of hot liquid, C = mh)( Cph
.empera.ure of IS·C. Tire mass flow rate of cooling water is
17 kglmin. calculate .he following. = 0.07 x 3.S x 103
I. Ou.let ttmpera.urt of liquid IC=24SWIK! ... (1)
2. Outlet temperature of water
Capacity rate of water, C· = me x Cpe
3. Effec.iveness of heat exchanger
= 0.28 x 4.18 x 103
Take
Overall heat transfer co-efficient is HOO Wlm2K. IC = 1170.4 WIK ! ... (2)
Heat exchanger area is 0.30 m2
J~.~/l~6~H!,a~,~a~n~d~A~la~s~s~~~a~m~~~fr~
---------------- __
From (I) and (2).
Cl1Ii~= 245 W/K
CmIX; 1170.4 W/K

64%
-
CmiR = ~= 0.209
C'ma.~ 1170.4 .
Effecliveness
.•• (3) E
CmiR = 0.209
CmIX
UA
NTU =_
Number of transfer units.
CmiR
[From HMT data book page no. 151}' NTU 1.34
1100 x 0.30 Maximumpossible hellf Iransf~r

NTU=
245 .. ' Qmax ",,' Cmin'(T, -I,)
.' ." \
. - 245 ( 130 - 15) \ '.
[NTU = Ij~r . •• (4)
Tofind effectiveness E, refer HMT data book page no 161 I Qmax = 28,175 W I
(Parallel flow heat exchanger) Actual heallransfe! rate
"
Q EX Qmax
From graph.
Xaxis -+ NTU = 1.34 •! 0.64 ~ 28,175
C·
Curve -+ ~ = 0.209
. '. 'I~''. 18,032 'w I
Cmax We know thai,
Corresponding Yaxis value is 64% Heal transfer, Q ;',; C;(12 -I,)
18,032 0.28' x4.18 x 103 (12 - 15)

i.e., IE =0.64 1
.' . 18,032 .11 70.4 12 - 17556
30.40° C
Outlel lemperalure of cold waler, 12 = 30.40· C
J. 128 Heat and Mass Transfer
We know that,
Mass flow rate of oil,
Heat transfer Q mh Cph (T, - T2) mit .. 520 kglh
=> 18,032 0.07 x 3.5 x 103 (130 - T2) '" 520 k
3600 gts
18,032 = 31850 - 245 T2 mit '" 0.144 kgts
=> T2 = 56.4° C Inlet temperature of oil, T, .. 95" C
IOutlet temperature of hot rIqUl,'d T2 - 56 .4° C I Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U'"' 1000 W/m2 K
Resllil : Heat exchanger area, A '" 1m2
I. T2" 56.4°C Toftnd:

2. t2 '" 30.40° C I. Total heat transfer, (Q)
3. e= 0.64 2. Outlet temperature of water, (t )

2
3. Outlet temperature of oil, (T )
Ill/"• COll"'~rflo"" "tal t.t:cllangtr, water all0" Cflowing .llltt I'GIt 2
01/100 k,l1I. It is "taltd by oil 01Sptcific "tat 1100 Jilt, K/10""u., Sollilian :
.1 '''t rtlI~01510 kglll al inltl I~"",~ralUrt 0195" C Dtlt""I,,~ lit, Capacity rate of hot oil, C ,. ,;,,,,, C
lollo""i", plt
I. Tot.llu., lTa"sltr .. 0.144"2100
1. Olld~ It'fffptrtlhlrt 01",.,,, [c ,. 302.4 W~

... (I)
J. Dulin tt"'l'trtlhlrt qf oil Capacity nile of water, C· ';'e" Cpt.
OI~rtllI"Ht ''''"sltrr CtNffiritlfl if 1000 H~:A'. ,. 0.33"4116
HH' t!.\·C".",u.MJ is Iwfl. [C 1381.3 W/~

... (2)
GI\wt:
(SfHcijic Ir"at o/""Qttrr Cp.,. - 1/86 Jlt, IV
ol..! Iluid - "'liter HOI Iluid - oil From Equn (I) and (2)
em In - 30•. 4 WII(
1381.3 WI"
o JJ ~ s -- 0:.1.4
UIU
O••dl
l'1 e~I(IOJ~1\
.. 0, I' ...( l
- ---------
, ,{Fi;om. HMr t/QtQ
'NTU"'~'
Number of transfer units, Cmin book page no lSI}
.' i 1000.)( 1
302.4
[BTl)'''' }1l '. 'II I : .....,. ,(4)

.~ • I ."
. \ \\\'\ .... : -.' ,'.'\ ' . \ ',"
,I. Jl
: T(I),fi;,d.ejf~ctiv~n~s ~j':te/P' HMf: t!.qIa· bOok Page' no 163 We knQW, m.t,
(COU.n,{~"jlpw, 'h~at,~C#J(;lnger)
Heat trapsfer, Q .. ';'cCpc{~-tl)
",q
'. ~
f'rOIll graph, 2J,5~ i- 0.31 ~ 4~'86..{~':'~Q.")
Xaxis -+ NTU = 3.3 I:; I"
I "
.: .l'~-:'pc.'rffllM,Jlkg KJ
Cmin
Curve-+ __..:..;...=··Q;~':l8
CmIX 1 ; t; : . I ~, . !.
=> .:' 2I"S46 = IJB}'.38;.~""','J.7,6'1f/4~
Corresppnding YlI?'isvab,ae is 0•.95 r::::=--=>-----:-""":':,~I( ~=' ===- =3=S.S='C~)~ , "",' -: .,,1
i.e., ,[ e = 0:.95J
r • 1~~~~~eOf~~rit2' ='; 35.5 0
'CI·" .../',
Cmin :I ." () ~. I , 'I • \ 1
___.;. = 0.218
Cmax We know that,
H~at tl;~fer, Q
95%
21,5~ . : : ?;I~~,~~~~,(~~- ~2)\ I,'
21,5~", ,~,,2;~,?:2,8:-:-,.Wi1T~.,.
EtfecQ~eness IT2 = 23.75o cl
e
I o"tlot .... _ofoil. T, ~ ~1S"C I ," ":.""
;.: ~ _ t ,',.' ! :.. . ,'.; .' 'I· 1. ';1 I
Res"lt: \ . :'{ L .: ',I' I ~ I :' t ". ,: 1, i, to';
I. Q = 21.546 W' . / I' (, .; ', 1
'.' NTU 3.>

2. T2 = 23.751)C , J I •I '/ I , 1 I •~ :". j., (, ,I
Maximum possible peat transfer~ 3. ~ = 35S"C

(' ,.' .. '
. Qmax;" ~~in ("(1,;;-11)

302.4 (95 -,20)
;: !
I Qmax . 22,680 :W, I,
ll32
ill 111 •
-
cross flow both fluids unmLted heat exchanger, water at 6' C
Capcity rate of air
flowing .tthe rate 0//.15 legis.It Is used to cool 1.1kgls 0/ air that
C = mh x Cph
Is initially at a temperature 0/50' C. Calculate the /ollowing
= 1.2 x 1010
I. Exit temperature 0/ air
2. £Xii temperature 0/ water IC=1212WIK! ... (2)
Assume overaU heattrans/er co-efficient Is 130 Wlm1 K and area Is From Equn ( I) and (2), We know that,
23m2.
Cmin = 1212 W/K
Givell :
Hot' fluid - air Cmax = 5232.5 WIK
Cold fluid - water
Cmin _ 1212
Inlet temperature of water, tl = 6° C
C - 5232.5 = 0.23
max
Mass flow rate of water, me'= 1.25 kgls
Cmin
Mass flow rate of air, mh = 1.2 kg/s -
Cmax
= 0.23 .• : (3)
Initial temperature of air, T I = 50° C

Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 130 W/m2 K
Number of transfer units, NTU = VA [From HMJ'data book
Cmin
Surface area, A = 23 m2 page no.151J
= 130 x 23
Tojlnd: 1212
I. Exit temperature of air, (T2)
2. Exit temperature of water, (t2)
INTU=2.46 I ... (4)
Tofind effectiveness E• reier
'./, HMT UIdata b 00k page no 165J
SollItion (Cross flow. both fluids unmixed)
We know that,
From graph,
Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4186 J/kg K
Xaxis -+ NTU = 2.46
Specific heat of air, Cph = 10 I0 J/kg K (constant)
C·
we know Curve -+ ~ '"' 0.23
Capacity rate of water Cmax
C =mc x Cpc Corresponding Ya.xis value is 0.85
= 1.25 x 4186
i.e., Ie" 0.85 I
IC = 5232.5 W/K! ... (1)
r
Heal exchangers 3.11.5
3. 13.4- ·H.«r a"d M(JssTransftr
-- We knoW Ihat.
Maximum heat transfer Heal Iransfer, Q •
Q _ Cmin (T, - tl) I, ' ,
mex
45,328 1.2)( 1010(50-T2)
• 1212(SO-6).
45.328 = 60,600,- 12.\2,T2
[ Qmax ... S3,328 w] '\ T2 = 12.6° c I I
Cm'ln
-. 0.23 Outlellcmperalure of air, T 2 '" 12.6° C
emlX
8S% Result:
I. T2 == 12.6° C
2., t2 =, !~.6° C :' .

Effectiveness
e o /n a counter flow heat exchanger; "'aler Is Ileatedfrom 20·C 10 BO-C
by an oil HlI~/, a specific Ileat of 2. 5 kJ/kg-K and nlass flow rate of
0.5 kg/so Tile oil is cooled from 1/o·C 10 40"C. If IIIeoverall Ileal
Iransfer co-efflc/~nt is UfIO wl':"2 K,flhd thefollowing by using NTU
",_ "
'2.46 method , "
I. Mass flo HI rate of water

Actual heat transfer . -rate
, 2. Effectiveness, of he,lltexcllt~ng~r
• I . •
Q,'i'j e><Qmax 3. Surface area
" \'
\= 0.85 >< 51,3~8 . Given :
Hot fluid r: oil , Cold fluid - water
. , , ..v: ., IL.:Q:.____45_,3_28_W
.......
1
I
(T(, T2) (t(, t2)

,'I,'; , i
me Cpc (t2 - tl)
'I',
Heat transfer, Q Inlet temperature of water, t( = 20° C

• . I •
45,328 "1.25 x 4186 (t2 - 6) Outlet temperature of water, ti == 80° C

45,328. '5232.5 ~'-,31·,195 Specific heat of oil, Cph == 2.5 kJ/kg - K
.~ ." I
= 2.5 x 103 J/kg - K

'.'; ',\" ') "j' , I
Mass flow rate of oil, mh = 0.5 kg/s

Outlet temperature of water, t2 = 14.6° C
Inlet temperature of oil, T (= 110° C
,
I
I
1 J 36 Heat and Mass Transfer -....,\ ,
Outlet temperature of oil. T 2 = 40° C From equation (I) and (2).
2
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1400 W/m K Cmin'" 1250 W/K
Toji"d: Cmax = 1456.73 W/K

I. Mass flow rate of water, me
Cmin _ 1250
2. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, e C
max
-"""i456J3 = 0.858
3. Surface area, A Cmin

= 0.858
Solll 1;0" : Cmax '" (3)
We know that,
Heat lost by the oil = Heat gained by the water We know that,
Qh o, . T1-T2
Effectiveness. E = _-
T, _ t, t···
. mllc",. -- Cmin1
mh Cph (T I - T 2) = me Cpc (t2 - tl) [From HMfd ata boak, page 110 1S 1J
110-40 .
0.5x2.5x 103(110-40) = mcx 4186 x (80-20)
110-20
[ .: Specific heat of water Cpe = 4186 llkg
IE = 0.71\
me 0.348 kg/s
[To find NTU, refer H ut data book page no 163J I'«:ower fl ow)
Mass flow rate of water, me 0.348 kgls
From graph,
Capacity rate of oil (Hot fluid), C = mh Cph Yaxis -+ E = 0.77

= 0.5 x 2.5 x 103 C·
Curve -+ ~ = 0.858
Cmax
Ie = 1250 W/K I ••• (1)
Corresponding X axiS
. value is 3 •4 , .'..e , NTU = 3 .4
Capacity rate of water (Cold fluid), C = ~c Cpe
We know that,
(FromJlMT data book,
= 0.348 x 4186 NTU = UA
Cmin page no.l51 J
Ie = 1456.73 WIK \ •.. (2) 3.4 = 1400 x A
1250
0.858
Inlet temperature of water t _ 2 Heat ExchangerJ
0.77 , ,- O°C
Mass flow rate of Water. ';'c '" 10 kg/s
Overall heat transfer co-efficie I U-

n , - 600 W 1m2 K
Heat exchanger area. A '" 6 m2
Effectiveness,
E Toflnd:
I. Exit lemperature of oil, (T 2)
2. Exit temperature of water, (1 )
2
Solution:
NTU 3.4 Capacity rate of hOI oil.
Result :
C =,;,,, x C
ph
I. ';'c = 0.348 kgls.
=3x2.lxIOJ
2. E = 0.77
IC = 6300 W IK I '" (I)
3. A = 3.03 1112
apcit rate of water,
C = ';'c x Cpc
3.2.13 Anna University Solved Problems
= 10 x 4186
Q] It is desired to use double pipe counter flow heat exchunger to cool
C=4186~
J kg/s of oil (Cp = 2.1 kllkg K)from 120 e. Cooling water at 10'(
D ... (2)
enters the heat exchanger at a rate of /0 kg/so The overall Iteat (._. Specific heal of water, C{X; = 4186 J/k
transfer co-efficient of the heat exchanger is 600 WI",} K and tht Fr m Equn (I) and (2),
heat transfer area is 6",1. Calculate the exit temperatures of oil and
water. [JlIl1e-2006. Anna niv] Cmlll = 6300 W/K
Given :
max = 41860 W/K
Cold fluid c water u.j t-) HOltluid-oil T"T2
Mass flow rate of oil, ,i,,, = 3 k s = 6300

41,860
Specific heal of oil C/)IJ = 2.1 kJ/kgK
=2.1 10 J gK => Cl11m = 0.150 ···c

max
Inlet temperature of oil, T, = 120°C
49
.,
3~.~14~O~H~ea~t~a~n~d~M~~~s~v~rwu~g.~e~r
__
UA
----~:-----IF~;h~~---
[From HMT data
___ ------~-----:--------------~H~e~a~t£r~c~h~an~g~e~n~J~.~/4~/~
Actual heat transfer rate
Number of transfer units, NTU= -Cmin b00 k page no 15/]
Q E x Oma.x
600 x 6
=6300 0.42 x 63 x 104
[NTU =0.57 U ..• (4) 10 2,64,600 W I

[Tofind effectiveness E,
We know that,
refer HMT data book page no J6J} (Counter flow) Heat transfer, 0 mc Cpc (t2 - II)
From graph, 2,64,600 10 x 4186 (12 -20)

X axis --+ NTIl = 0.571
26.32° C
Curve --+
Cmin
C = 0.150 [Exit temperature ofwaler, t2 = 26.32° C I
max
We know'that,
Corresponding Yaxis value is 42%
Heat transfer, Q ;"" Cph (TI - T2)
i.e., I E = 0.42 I
3 x 2.1 x 103 (120 - T 2)
Effectiveness 78°C
E 1 Ex it temperature of oil, T 2 78° C I
Result:
I. T2 = 78° C
2. t2 = 26.32° C
III A parallel flow heat exchanger lias IlOt and cold water stream
0.571 running through u.theflow rates are 10 and 1S kg/min respectillel),.
NTU
IIIlettemperatures are 7S·C and 15"(' on hot and cold sides. rhe
Maximum possible heat transfer, exit temperature on tile hot side sllould not exceed SO-C.. usume
Omax Cmin (TI - tl) "i "0 = = 600 Wlm1K. Calculate tile area of heat exchanger using
E - NTU approach.
6300,(120.- 20)
lOmax = 63 x 104 WI {Dec-Z005. Anna Univ]
GOlf''' .-
-
MtlSS l10w rol( of Iml WI\I~·r. "'II k~ "ill
I \)
~ k~/s 0,166 "'SIs
6(l
M:lSS 11,1\\1111113 of cold water. ,i"." ~ k ' 111111
• 60 k~/s
')
• 0.·116 kg/s We know Ihnl.
E 111,)\;1 j Vlln~lSS. I',' ';'/', ph .. Crnln )

In!cllemj)¢t1IIUI\l of hOI water, T I • 75"
Inllll h.'IIIj)crnlure of c,)ld W[lIe,"',II • .5' /Fm", IIM1' ItII/a hoo4, flaRO 110, I J/
(Sixth iJdltlOll)J
I'}xil ICIIIJlllnlIUI\l of hoI water, T2• 50" • 75 - 50
Overall hcnllrnnster l'l)·ctl1cicnl, "0 • ", • 600 W1m2 K 75 - 25
III fi"il :
(1'()find N7V. refer N MT d.
Helll Ilxch:lIIgcr area, A paJ.:() no 161 (Par /I. ata book
a el flow heat exchanger/
From graph.
Solulill/'
Capacily rate of'ho: fluid. - 0.5
C -';'11 x Cph C,
-0.166 x 4186 Curve -~ C
~ • 0.399
fIIllJI
[£394,87 W/K! ... (I)

Corresponding X,nxis value rs
. 0.84 , "' e " N'ru '" 0,84
t: Specific heal of water. Cp = 4 J 86 J/Kg KI
Capcity rate of cold fluid, 0,5
c- ,;,c x Cpc
··1
= 0.416 x 4186
EoorrwlK] ... (2)
Effectiveness,
E
From Equn (I) and (2)
Cmin = 694.87 W/K
Cmu = 1741.37W/K
NTU 0.84
.r. ---------------
3144 Heat and Mass Trans,er -
Heal Exchangers 1.145
We know that, UA 3.2.14 Problems for Practice
•.. (4)
fer units) == -
NTU (Number 0f trans Cmin I. Exhaust gases flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at a rate of
HMT data book page no /5/ J 0.4 kg/s are cooled from 450° C to 150° C by water initially at 150C.
{From
The specific heats of exhaust gases and water may be taken as 1.13
~ _efficient, and 4.19 kllkgOe respectively. and the overall heat transfer co-
Overall heat tranSler co
efficient from gases to water is 140 W/m2 "C. Calculate the surface
I ..!....+..!.... area required for the following cases, when the cooling water flow is
U h, ho
0.5 kg/s; (i) parallel flow (ii) counter flow.
I ho+ h; [Ans : (i) 4.84 m2 (ii) 4./5 ",1/
'" _.;;..---
U h;ho
2. 16.67 kg/s of the product at 700° C (Cp = 3.6 kJlkg "C) in a chemical
plant, are to be used to heat 20 kg/s of the incoming fluid from
1 600 + --600
100° C (Cp = 4.2 kl/kg "C), If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
U- 600" 600 1 k W 1m2 "C and the installed heat transfer surface is 42 m2, calculate
the fluid outlet temperatures for the counter-flow and parallel flow
Eow/m2K] arrangements.
. and U values in equation (4)

[Ans : th] = 438.4 ·c, te] = 186.8 6C, 17M' CJ
Substitute NTU , e mill
3. 8000 kg/h of air at 105° C is cooled by passing it through a counter
UA flow heat exchanger. Find the exit temperature of air if water enters
NTU"'-
(4) => emin at 150 C and flows at a rate of 7500 kg/h. The heat exchanger has
300" A heat transfer area equal to 20 m2 and the overall heat transfer
0.84 '" 694.87 coefficient corresponding to this area is 145 W/m2 °C.
Take Cp (air) = IkJlkg 6C and Cp(water) 4.18 kJlkg DC
[A = \.945 m~
==
[Ans : 76.1 -C/

Result: 4. A shell-and-tube type of heat exchanger is designed to cool 1.51~
2
Heat exchanger area, A = 1 .945 m kg/s of oil (Cp == 2093 J/kg K) from 65.56· C to 42.220 C by using
1.008 kg/s of water at a inlet temperature of26.67 "C. Assuming an
overall heat transfer coefficient of681.6 W/m2K and a single-shell.
2 tube pass type of heat exchanger determine the required heal transfer
area. use the effectiveness method.
IAns: 7.9m2/
3. 146 Heat and Mass Transfer (C 1000 ~
. han er hot exhaust gases p g ~~ Heal EJchangers 3.147
5. In a cross flow heat exc g. 1000 C are used to heat Water 6. WI,al is meant by Filmwise condensation?
. 3000 C and leavmg at ,
entenng at
fi 0
35 C to'
1250 C The overall heat
"
transr""l {April 2000. Oct 2000 MUj
flowing at I kg/s rom . face area has been found to be
. . the oas side sur , . . [Dec 2004 . 2005 & June 2006 A Uj
coefficient based on '"
100 W Im2K. Using the NTU met 0 ,
h d estimate the required gas Si~1 The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a
continuous film over the entire surface is known as film wise
surface area. condensation.
7. What is meant by Dropwise condensation?

. and Answers
3.2.15 Two mark QuestIOns [April 2000 , Oct 2000 MUJ
{Dec2004 . 2005 & June 2006 A UJ
1. Define boiling r .d to vapour state is known as boil"
In dropwise condensation, the vapour condenses into small liquid
The change of phase from rqui
droplets of various sizes which fall down the surface in a random
2. "'IIat is meant by condensation?
"' to liquid state is known. fashion.
The change of phase from vapour
8. Give the merits of drop wise condensation.
condensation.
• • .1" boiling and cOlldensatioll. {April 1999 MUj
3. Give tile appllClltlOnoJ ". In dropwise condensation, a large portion of the area of the plate is
Boiling and condensation. proc ess finds wide applications as menu
directly exposed 10 vapour. The heat transfer rate in dropwise
below condensation is 10 times higher than in film condensation.
1. Thermal and nuclear power plant 9. Write tIll!force balance equation on a I'D/umeelementfor fllmwise
2. Refrigerating systems condensation on a vertical plane surface.
3. Process of heating and cooling
4. Air conditioning systems

Where,
4. "'"at is meant by pool boiling? [May-2004. AnnaUn·.
. a dd e d to a liquid from a submerzed solid surface, the boll Bx - Body force in x direction
If heat IS I e
. ~
process IS re.erre, d to as pool boiling . In this case
. the liquid above Op - Pressure gradient
hot surface is essentially stagnant and its monon near the surface
ax
/0. Draw different regtous 0/ bollill/l alld wtuu ts Nucleate boil/nil'!
due to free convection and mixing induce! by bubble growth
[Apri//99Y MU. April 200] MUj
detachment.
Nucleate boiling exists in regions II and III. The nucleate boiling begins
5. WlllIt are tlu: modes tlf condensation? III region II. As the excess temperature is further increased. bubbles
There arc two modes of condensation arc formed more rapidly and rapid evaporation takes place. This is
I. Filmwise condensation 2. Dropwise condensation indicaled in region III. Nucleate boiling exists upto 6T - 50· C.
~~~-----
CI)
c::
0
u ';::
~...
~
5. Counter flow heat exchangers
0 Nucleate Filmboiling - 6. Cross flow heat exchangers
-
!:! c.
r:: '";.
IU
boiling
v VI
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers
8. Compact heat exchangers
II
7
10 /3. W/tal is meant by Direct heal exchanger (or) open heat exchanger?
B In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by
6
10 direct mixing of hot and cold fluids.
5 U. Whal is meant by lndirec: c,?ntaciheal exchanger?

10
In'this type ofheatexchangers, the t~;fer ~fh;at between two fluids
,....
M
104 could be carried out by transmission through a wall which separates
E
~ the two fluids.
'-'
~ 103 15. J!,~a~is!!Iea'!.lby Regeneralors?,
(;
In th is type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternately
2 - ... t
10 through the same space.

Examples : IC engin~:...gas turbines.
10
50 100 150 /6. Whal is meant byJltCUperalOTf;(or) Surface Ileal excuangen»
10 - - ..... - ..
Excess Temperature ~ Te = Ts - Tsat This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and
cold fluid do not come into direct contact with each other but are
I - Free convection
separated by a tube wall or a surface.
II - Bubbles condense in super heated liquid
IV - Unstable film Examples: Automobile radiators, Air preheaters, Economisers etc.
III - Bubbles raise to surface
V - Stable film VI - Radiation coming into play /7. What is meant by parallel flow Ileal exchanger? [May-05, AU)
l l, Whut is heat exchanger? In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluidUDoye in the same
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat direction.
from a hot fluid to a cold fluid.
/B. Wluu is meant by counter flow Ileal exclla~ger? {May-05. AU}
/2. What are the types of helll exchangers? [Dec 2005,AU] In this type of heat exchanger, hot and Gold fluids move i'!.E_arallelbut
The types of heat exchangers are as follows opposite directions. /""
I. Direct contact heat exchangers 19. Wluu is meant by cross flow heal exchanger?
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers In thi~ type of heat-exchanger, hot and coJd floids move at right angles
3. Surface heat exchangers to each other. \ ,.
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
3.150 Heat and Mass Tralls[e'
20. Wlrat is meant by SI,ell alld tube I,eat exchanger? ------:~~==~~-:=-------------
]~.U'''at is meant by Effectiveness r Heat Exchangers J 151
In this type of heat exchanger, one onhe fluids move through a The heat exchanger effectivene ss ISdefined
. as th .
of tubes enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the transfer to the maximum possibl e heat transfer. e ratio of actual he·at
and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes. Effectiveness E = Actual heat transfer
Maximum possible heat transftr
21. Wlrat is ",eant by compactl,eat e..'(c"angers?
Q
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact
exchangers They are generally employed when convective heat
s.;
co-efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than 25. Sketc" tI,e temperature variatio ns In
. parallel flo d
"eat exchangers. "' an counter flo"'
(Dec-O". AU]
associated with the other fluid.
22. WI,at is meant by LMTD'!

We know that the temperature difference between the hot and
fluids in the heat exchanger varies from point to point. In
}fOt alJicj
various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore based on
of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called
..
II
a Ih2
9) = Ih -I
C! 92 I CI
9)
mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the II
c. IC2 92=lh -I
E 2 c2
exchanger is expressed as ~
Cold fluid
Q~UA(~T)m Ie)
where Area
U _ Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K Temperature distribution - rara
n l",ei flo"'
A - Area, m2
(~T)m - Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
21. What is meant by Fouling factor? [ Nov.96

We
.' know, the surfaces ofa heat exchangers
~ do not rem'~c~ I
It has been In use for some time. The surfaces become fouled
scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits affecting the
overall
. heat
. transfer co-efficient. This effe C t iIS ta k en care of
introducing an additional thermal resistance called th r.
resistance. e rou Area
Temperature distribution - r...ounter flo"'
CHAPTER-IV
4. RADIATION
4.1. INTRODUCTION
The heat is transferred from one body to another without any

transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic
wave phenomenon.
All types of electromagnetic waves are classified in terms of

wavelength and are propagated at the speed of light,
i.c., 3 x 10M m/s.
4.2. EMISSION PROPERTIES
The rate of emission of radiation by a body depends upon the

following f"etors.
I. The wavelength or frequency of radiation.
2. The temperature of surface.
J. The nature of the surface.
4.3. EMISSIVE POWER [EtJ
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation

emitted by a body per unit time and unit area. ._
It is expressed in YiJJJ12.
4.4. MONOCHROMATIC EMISSIVE POWER (EbJ Radiation 4.3
I = a+p+'[
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length erp
time per unit area in all directions is known un'
as monochr Olllat~ where
. . a,
. p and t are known as absorptivity
IVI ,re fl ecnvity
.. and
emissive power. transmissIVity of the surface.
Radiation absorbed
i.e., Absorptivity, a Incident radiation
4.5. ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
Radiation reflected
When the radiant energy falling on a body, three thin I Reflectivity, p
Incident radiation
happen. A part is reflected back, a part is transmitted throUgh t~
Radiation transmitted
surface, and (he remainder is absorbed. Transmissivity, t
Incident radiation
Q
4.6. CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
). A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of

wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface

can emit more energy than black body.
A black body is regarded as a perfect

absorber of incident radiation. A black body
condition can be approached in practice by
Fig. 4.1. forming a cavity in a material as shown in
Fig.4.2. Radiation passing through the hole
If the incident energy Q is falling on a body as shown in into the cavity is repeatedly absorbed and
Fig.4.I, Qa is absorbed, Qr is reflected and Q, is transmitted, then
reflected at the cavity walls until it all
energy balance yields, Fig. 4.2.
absorbed.
A black body is a perfect emitter. This is a fact which can be
proved as follows. Consider a black body at a uniform temperature,
Dividing the above equation by Q placed inside an arbitrarily shaped, perfectly insulated enclosure
composed of another black body whose temperature is also
Q
Q
4.4 Heal and Mas.' ),a",}"
uniform but different from that of the former. The bla~

the enclosure will reach a common equilibrium temperature Y.and'
r -ii&'~'
. d .. alter' Radiation 4.5

peno ot time due to heat transfer. a,
AnlfLt T - 28981lmK
Enclosure at
uniform
IFrom HMT data book, Page No. 81(Sixth Edition)1
temperature
I Amax T 2.9 x 10-3 m~_] ... (4,2)
[':p=IO-om1
4.9. STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
Fig. 4.3. The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the

fourth power of absolute temperature.
4.7. PLANCK'S DISTRIBUTION LAW
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power [l-rom IIMl data "link. !'agl' No. KI(Sixth Editiun)!
of a black body and wave length of a radiation at a -particular , .. (4.3)

temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck
where E Emissive power - W/m2
c1 1.-5
"
J~~
]_
... (4.1)
a Stefan-Boltzmann constant
I 5.67 x 10 x W/1I12 K4
[From IIl'vlT data book. Page No. 81(Sixth EditionJl r Temperature -. K

where EbA Monochromatic emissive power W/m2
Wavelength - m 4.10. MAXIMUM EMISSIVE POWER, (EllA)max
0.374 x 10-15 W-m2 A combination of Planck's law and Wicns dispiacelllcill law
14.4 x 10-3 mK yields the condition for the maximum monochromatic emissive
I
power 1'01' a black body.
(4 T5
4.8. WIEN'S DISPLACEMENT LAW
1.307 >. I () ~ II,-adial ion ('oll,lant I
The Wien's law gives the relationship between temperat~re \\ here
and wavelength corresponding. to t hee maximum

maxi spec t·ra I e miSSive 1.307 x 10 ' I ; I . (-I ~)
power of the black body at that temperature.
bLCLl1 2~
4.11. EMISSIVITY
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to rad'

h I .
t late
ea. t IS also defined as the ratio of the emissive power of It states that the total emissive
body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperatu any . any directi
surface rn IrectlOn IS directl POWerEb. froma radIating
. pi
reo . . y proportIonal ane
angle of emission. tothecosineof the
E
Emissivity, E =
Eb [Eb C( cos~
'" (4.6)
4.12. GRAY BODY
4.16. FORMULAE USED
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation
[From HMT data b~ok, P
irrespective of their wave length, the body is known as gray body. age No. 8 I(Sixth Edition))
The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the J. Emissive Power (or) Total Emissive Power:
black body.
E, 0 T4 W/m2
4.13. KIRCHOFF'S LAW OF RADIATION
where IT = StefanBoltzmannconstant
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
absorptivity is constant for all surfaces which are in thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as 2. Wien's Law:
Amax T = 2898,.LlnK = 2.9 x Woo) mK
3. Monochromatic Emissive Power (or)

It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to Spectral Emissive Power:
its absorptivity when the body remains in thermal equilibrium with
its surroundings.
u, = E,; u2 = E2 and so on.
4.14. INTENSITY OF RADIATION (Ib> where 0.374 x 10-15 W-m2
C2 14.4 x 10-3 mK
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a surface in a given
direction per unit solid angle per unit area of the emitting surface 4. Maximum Emissive Power (Eb;)1II/lX
:
normal to the mean direction in space.
In = ... (4.5) where c4
4.8 Hear andM ass Transfer
5. Intensity of Radiation (/ t) :
---------------------
2. According to Stefan-Bolt zman law
Eb
Emissive power, Eb :: a T4
7t
[From HMT dal~ book P
. age No 81(Sixlh Ed' .
Radiation absorbed E _ IIlon)1
6. Absorptivity, a "b - 5.67xl(}&"(5800)4
Incident radiation
{ .:
a = Stefan-Bohzman
- constant
Radiation reflected
Reflectivity, p
Incident radiation r- =_5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4)
Radiation transmitted \t, 64.1 x 106 W/m21

Transmissivity, t
Incident radiation Re,.",lt:
I. Surface temperature, T 5800 K

4.17. SOLVED PROBLEMS
Emissive power, Eb 64.1 x 106 W/m2
~xamp_le 1 Assuming
_I I SUII to be black body emiUillg
llillmple 2 JA black body at 3000 K emits radiation.
radiation with maximum intensity at A. = 0.5 u; calcukue its
Calculate tile following:
surface temperature and emissive power.
1. MOlloc/rromatic emissive power (It 1 pm wave lengtll,
Given: Wave length A = 0.5 Jl == 0.5 x 10-6 III 2. Wave length at .~'lricllel"issio" is mtu:imilm. \
[ '.: I ~l = 10-6 m] 3. Maximum emissive power.
4. Tottll emissive I'llwer,
To find : I. Surface temperature,
5. Calculate the tot(ll emissive of tI,e [umace if it is
2. Emissive power. assumed (IS u 1'('(11surface huving emissivity equal to
(1.85. IMtlClras Ulliversity, April 96/
Solution :
1. According to Wien's displacement law, Given : Surface temperature, T == 3000 K
Amax T = 2.9 x 10-3 rnK To find :
[From HMT data book. Page 1\(\. X I (~i.\lh Editiollli \. l\1onochlOmatic emissive power EbA at
A -c. \ P .~ \ x \ 0 -(, J1l.
0.5 x 10-6 x T = 2.9 x 10-3
2, Maximum wave length, (A max ).
I T =_ 5~0Q_ []
5800 K
-, Maximum .'
emls~)VC Po\\ 'eI'" (F··)
'1".1111
/\
.'
Surface temperature, T ).
4. Total emissive power, e; J. Maximum emissive power (E .1
Radialion
41/
IINnta.t :
5. Emissive power of real surface at E = 0.85.
Maximum emissive power
Solution: \.307 x 10--5 TS
1. Monochronuuie Emissive Power: 1.307 x 10-5 x (3000)5
From Planck's distribution law. we know that, 3.17 x 1012 W/m2]

ci A-5 4. Total emissive power (E,) :
From Stefan-Bohzmann law, we know that

Eb = OT4
[From HMT data book, Page no. 811
{From HMT data book. Page no. 811
where 0.374 x 10-15 W m2 a Stefan-Boltzman constant

where
Cz 14.4 x 10-3 mK 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
Eb (5.67 x 10-8) x (3000)4

1 xl~m [Given]
0.374 x 10-15 [I x 10-6]-5 I s, 4.59 x 106 W/m2\

14.4)( 10-3 ]
[ I )( 10-6 x 3000 5. Total
I'
em;ssivJ!.P0wer of a real surface /
e - I
I EhI. 3.10 x 1012 W/m

2
where E -
Emissivity = 0.85
2. Maximum wave length, (A.max) : 0.85 x 5.67 x 10-8 x (3000)4
From Wien's law, we know that, 3.90 x 1()6 W/m2]
'1 T 2.9 x 10-3 mK

II. max Result:
2.9 x JO-3 =:: 3.10 x 1012 W/m2
1. EH
A max 3000
=:: 0.966 x I~ m
2. A max
I Amax 0.966 x 10-6 m
4.12
3.
3.17 x 1012 W/m2
---------------------
From Wien's displacement la Rudiulioll
w, We know that
4. 4.59x 106 W/m2 Amax T
2.9 x 10--3 mK
5. 3.90 X 106 W/m2 2.9 x 10-3
I Example I
3 A gT(~Vsill/ace is maintained at (I temperature 2.4xl~m
of 90(1't' IIlId maximum emissive power at tlmt tempermure is
[_A_max--,-__ 2._4 ~IlJI [.: I Il = I~
IA x 1010 "'/",1. Calculate the emissivity of the body and ti'e
wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity olmdialion. Result:
I. Emissivity of the body, E

Given : Surface temperature, T 0.48
2. Maximum wave length , Amar
1173 K 2.41l
Maximum emissive power. (Eh), )1II0X 1.4 x 1010 W/m2 I

[ Example 4 A black body of 1200 cml emits radiatio
1000 K. Calculate tile following:
To find: I. Emissivity of the body (s). 1. Total rate of energy emission.
2. Wave length corresponding to maximum 2. Intensity of normal radiation.

intensity of radiation (A ilia)' 3. Wavelength of maximum monochromatic emi
power.
Solution : We know that,
4. Intensity of radiation along a direction at 60° to
Maximum emissive power, (Eh)IIIGX == c4 T) normal.
Area, A 1200 cm2

where
,
1.307 x 10-5 W[m2 K5 Give" :
1200 x 10-4 m2
1.307 x"-IO-5 x (I) 73)5
Surface temperature, T 1000 K
2.90 x 1010 W/m2
To flnd :
).4 x 1010 W/m2 rGiven]
1. Total rate of energy emission, Eb·
1.4 x 1010
So, /' Emissivity, f. == 2. Intensity of normal radiation, In'
2.90 x 1010
4. !-I
3. Wave length of maximum monochromatic

power, A maX" 4. 415
4. Intensity of radiation at 60°, Ie.
Solution:
::: 18,048 W 1m2
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, Result :
1. Energy emission, Eb = c T4 1. Energy emission E

== 6804 W
' b
[From HMT data book, Page no. 811 2. Intensity of normal radiation, In 18,048 W/m2
Eb 5.67 x 10-8 x (1000)4 3. Maximum wave length, A. max 2.9 ~
\ e, 56.7 x 103 W/m2 I 4. Intensity of radiation at 60°, Ie == In == 18,048 W/m2
Here Area 1200 x 10-4 m2, I

[ Example 5 Assuming sun to be black bo.dy emitting
radiatiolt at 6000 K at a mean distance of 12 x 1010 m from the
~ Eb 56.7 x 103 x 1200 x 10-4
earth. 'tu« diameter of the sun if1.5 x'lOl) m and th~tofthe'earth
I Eb 6804 W is 13.2 x 1(J6m. Calculate thefollowing.
1. Total energy emitted by the sun.
2. Intensity of normal radiation ,.--
2. The emission received per m2 just outside the earth's
Eb
In = atmosphere.
.7t
3. The total energy received by the eartl. if no radiationis
56.7 x 103 W/m2 blocked by the earth's atmosphere.
7t
4. The energy received by a 2 x 2 m solar collector
normal is inclined at 45 to the sun. The energy_~ss
t:
\ In 18,048 W/m2 I 0
. 50% d the diffuse radiatIOn

through the atmosphere IS 0 an
3. From Wien's law, we know that is 20% of direct radiation.

2.9 x 10-3 mK
Amax T
Given: Surface temperature, T == 6000 K
2.9 x 10-3 12 x 1010 m

A max Distance between earth and sun, R
1000 1.5 x 109m
Diameter of the sun, DI
A max 2.9 x 10-6 m 13.2 x 106 m
Diameter of the earth, D2
2.9 Il I [.: 1 Il = 10-6 m]
" 16
Solution : I. Total ellcrJ:Y emitted :

Energy emitted by sun, E b ==
-1/7
5.67 x 10-8 x (6,000)4
[.: o Stefen-Boltzman constant 2855.S W/m2

3. Energy received by the earth:
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4]
IrE-b-----73-.4--x-10-6-W--/m-2~1 Earth area = ~ (D )2
2
Area of sun, AI 1t
4 x [13.2 x 106]2
1.5 x 109) 2
47t x ( 2 I Earth area 1.36 x 1014 m2 I
7 x 1018 m2 I Energy received by the earth
=> Energy emitted by the sun 2855.5 x 1.36 x 1014
73.4 x 106 x 7 x 1018 3.88 x 1017 W
5. 14 x 1026 W I 4. The energy received by a 2 x 2 m solar col/ector:
Energy loss through the atmosphere is 50%. So ener

2. Tile emission received per ml just outside tile earth's
reaching the earth
atmosphere :
100-50 = 50%
The distance between earth and sun
0.50
R 12 x 1010 m
Area, A 41t R2 Energy received by the earth
4 x 7t x (12 x 1010)2 0.50 x 2855.5
1.80 x 1023 m2 I 1427.7 W/m2 .,. (
2
=> The radiation received outside the earth atmosphere per m Diffuse radiation is 20%.
Eb => 0.20 x 1427.7 285.5 W/m2

A .,. (2
I Diffuse radiation 285.5 w!ffi2]
51
eUIMP.!&IIiJiiC
-1./8 Heat and Mass Transfer
Total radiation reaching the collection
1427.7 + 285.5
--- Given: Incident radiation
Absorbed energy
Reflected energy
800 W/m2
300 W/m2
Radiation 4./9
1713.2 W/1112 100 Wlm2
Plate area A x cos El Transmitted energy

800 - (300 + 100)
2 x 2 x cos 45° 400 W/m2
2.82 Jl12 Tofind: 1. Absorptivity, a.
Energy received by the collector 2. Reflectivity, p.
2.82 x 1713.2 3. Transmissivity, t.
4831.2 W Solution: We know that,
Result: Absorptivity, a
Radiation absorbed
1.
Incident radiation
I. Energy emitted by the sun, Eb 5.14 x 1026 W
300
2. The radiation received} 800
2855.5 Wlm2
outside the earth's atmosphere
'.,
la 0.375 I
-'. Total energy received}
3.88x IOJ7W Radiation reflected
by the earth 2. Reflectivity, p
Incident radiation
4. Energy received by the} = 4831.2 W
solar collector 100
800
I I
Example 6 800 Wlml of radiant energy is incident upon a
surface, out 'of which 300 Wlm2 is absorbed, 100 Wlml is Ie 0.125/
reflected and the remainder is transmitted through tile surface: Radiation transmitted
Calculate thefollowing: 3. Transmissivity, t Incident radiation
1. Ahsorptivity 400
800
2. Reflectivity
3. Transmissivity It 0.5)
____-------~~~----------------~R~a~~~a/~io~n--i4.~21
Result: Eb (0 -A.z T)
0.375 c 1'4 0.6195
\. Absorptivity, a ... (2)
2. Reflectivity, p 0.125 (From HMT data book, Page no. 82J
3. Transmissivity, t 0.5 E, (0- L T)

'''2
Eb (0-11.11 T)
/\. o T4 o T4
I ExamplklA black body is kept at a temperature Of
9491:('. Estimate the fraction of thermal radiation emitted hy the 0.6195 - 0.0025
surface in the wave length band lu and 4J.L 0.617
Given: Surface temperature, T E b (/") T - 1..2T)
:::> o T4 0.617
1222 K
IT 1222 K I :::> E b (A) T - A2 T) 0.617 x c x T4
Initial wave length, A.) I ~l 0.617 x 5.67 x 10-8 x (1222)4
Final wave length, A.2 4~ :::> I Eb(A) A

T- 2T) 78 x 103 W/m21
To find: Radiation emitted by the surface [E b (A.) T - ~ T) ]. Result: Energy emitted E b (A) T_ A2 T) = 78 x 10J W1m2
Solution: I x 1222 ~K I EXlImple 8 I A surface emits radiation as a black body at

3000 K. Calculate the emission from the surface in the
1222 ~K
wavelength interval Zum L l L 5 pm:
A) T = 1222 ilK, corresponding fractional emission, Given: Surface temperature, T 3000 K
Initial wave length, AI

= . 0.0025 ... (1)
Final wave length, A2
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82 (Sixth edition)J
Tofind: I. Emission from the surface E b (I. I T -1..2 T) .
4 Il x 1222 K
Solution: 2 x 3000 ilK
4888 ilK l,,- 6000 ilK ]
A2 T = 4888 ilK, corresponding fractional emission
4.22
A IT
Heal and Mass Transfer
6000 ilK, corresponding fractional emission

1. Emissive power.
•
2. The wave length A. b I
0.7378 .,. J e Ow W!riclt 20
'" (I) emiSSIOn IS cOlleen/rated d percent 0,/ th
an tlte W e
which 20 percent of the em! . aile length A.} abo lie
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82) lSSIOn IS conce
3. The maximum walle length. ntrated
}.2 T 5 x 3000 JlK 4. Spectral emissive POWer.
15,000 JlK I 5. The irradiation incident.
}.2 T = 15,000 JlK, corresponding fractional emission Given: Surface temperature, T

3000K
Solution:
0.9699 '" (2) 1. Emissive power, Eb
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82J 5.67 x 10-8 x (3000)4
E b (0 - A2 T) E b (0 - AI T) [Eb - 4.59 x 106 W/m2]

c T4 c T4 2. The wave length 1.( corresponds to the Upper I'un It,
.
0.9699 - 0.7378 containing 20% of emitted radiation.
Eb (0 - 1.( T)
0.2321 o T4 0.20, corresponding
o x T4 x 0.2321
,
AIT 2666 ilK
[From HMT data book, Page no. 821

5.67 x 10-8 x (3000)4 X 0.2321
AIT 2666 ilK
1.06 x 106 W/m2
2666
Result: ==> AI 3000
Energyemitted Eb(AI T-A2 T) 1.06 x 106 W/m2 ==> I AI 0.88 Il I
I Example 9 IA large enclosure is maintained at a uniform T he wave length 1.2 corresponds to t he Iower limit,containing
em perature of 3000 K. Calculate the following: 20% of emitted radiation
4.24
(1-0.20)
where ci
c2
0.80, corresponding
Eb}. @374 x 10-15) x (0.96 x 1()-6 5
6888 JlK
[(e 096 "",0-' ) ] to
10-6 3000 _ I
x x
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82)

=> EbA 3.1 x 1012 W/m2
6888 JlK
5. Irradiation:
6888
The irradiation incident on a small ob' t I '.
3000 [ec paced wlthm the
enclosure m~ be treated as equal to emissionfrom a black body at
the enclosure surface temperature.
So,
3. Maximum wave tength (A.ma.J :
From Wien's law, 4.18. SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS

AIIIOX T 2.9 10-3 mK
x
I Example 1 I Ti,e emits maximum radiation' at
SUIl
2.9 x 10-3 A. = 0.52 J..L Assuming tire sun to be a black body, calculatethe
A max 3000 surface temperature of tire sun. Also calculate th«
9.6 x 10-7 rn monochromatic emissive power o/tlre sun's surface.
/April 98, MUj
I Amox 0.96 x 10-6 m
Given: A lIIax -- 0.S2j.l = 0.52 x 10-{) m
4. Spectral Emissive Power: Tofind: 1. Surface temperature, T.
From Planck's distribution law, we know that, 2. Monochromatic emissive power, Eb)"
Solution:
1. From Wien's law,
A T
max
= 2.9 x 10-3 mK
81 (Sixth edition)]
[From HMT data book, Page no.
[From HMT data book. Page no. 811
T =
2.9 x 10-3
0.52 x 10--6
----~~-;::==~=-:---~--=
Given: Temperature, T 2000 K ; A
~R~a~$~m~iO
l um = I x lQ-6
IT = 5576 K I Solulion:
2. Monochromatic emissive power (Eb;) : /. Monochromatic emissive pOHler (Eu) :
From Planck's law, From Planck's distribution law, we know that
_ c1 A-5
Eb}. -
[J:~)- J
[From HMT data book, Page no. 81] [From HMT data book, Page no. 81
where 0.374 x 10-15 W m2 where c, 0.374 x 10-15 Wm2
14.4.x 10-3 mK c2 14.4 x 10-3 mK
0.52 x 10--6 m [Given] A 1 urn = 1 x I~ m [Given]

T 5576K 0.374 x 10-15 [I x I~I-5
EbA
0.374 x 10-15 [0.52 x 10--61-5 [( J4 4".-3) ]
=>
[.(052': ;0"J~-:576)- J => lEbA =
e 1 x 10--6 x 2000
2.79 x 1011 W/m2/

_ 1
6.9 x 1013 W/m2 I 2. Maximum WaveLength (AmaJ :

Result: 1. T 5576K From Wi en 's law, we know that,
2. 6.9 x 1013 W/m2 A,nax T = 2.9 x 10-3
I I
Example 2 A furnace wall emits radiation at 2000 K. (From HMT data book, Page no. 811
Treatingit as btack hody radiation, calculate
2.9 x 10-3
1. Monochromatic radiant flux density at J pm wave Amax T
length. 3
2.9 x 10- 1.45 x IQ-6 m
2. Wave lenglll at which emission is maximum and tne 2000
corresponding emissive power.
1.45 Il 1
J. Tora! emissivepower. IApril98, MU/
Corresponding emissive power -- Radiation

3 The wavelength of maxi",u", "'0 I
429
-
. power. noc'''O",atic
/'0 emissive
I· ct. 96 EEE, MUj
Given: A 0.25 m2
JA :T)_1
m
T 650 + 273 == 923 K
0.374 x 10-15 x [1.45 x 10-6]-5 Tojind: 2. In; 3. A max .
144 x JO-3) ] Solution:
[ e( 1.45 x JO-6 x 2000 - 1 Emissive power, Eb
1.
= 4.09 x 1011 W/m2 5.67 x 10-8 (923)4
3. Total emissive power (E J) : I s, 41151.8 W/m2]
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that, Here, Area 0.25 m2

s, o T4 => Eb 41151.8 W/m2 X 0.25 m2
where o - Stefan-Boltzmann constant

I s, 10.28 X IQ3 Watts I
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 2. Intensity, In
Eb 5.67 x 10-8 x (2000)4
10.28 x 103
l s, 907.2 x 103 W/m2/ 7t
Result: I In 3274.7 W I
1. Eb}. 2.79 x 1011 W/m2 3. From Wien's law,
2. (i) Amax T 2.9 x 10-3 mK

A max 1.4511
(ij) Eb}. 4.09 x 1011 W/m2 2.9 x 10-3
A max 923
3. Eb 907.2 x 103 W/m2
3.13 x lQ-6m 1
I Example 3 I Tile temperature of a black surface 0.25 ml of
area is 650't: Calculate, Result:
I. Eb 10.28 x 103 W
1. Tile total rate of energy emission.
2. In 3274.7 W
2. The intensity of normal radiation.
3. 3.13 X 10-6 m
A max
4.30 Heal and Mo." Transfer _______
[&amele ., 1 Assuming sun 10 be black body enritr;n, Radiation 4.3/

radiaJi()n with maximum intensity at .A. = 0.5 J1, calculate the
temperature of the surface of the sun and the heat flux at its
Surface. /ApriI97, MU, EEE}
Given: "-max 0.5 11
0.5 X 10~ m
Tofind : I. Surface temperature, T.
2. Heat flux, q. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse.

The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its
Solution :
emissivity and independent of temperature of the source of
1. From Wien's Jaw, we know that, the incident radiation.
"-max T 2.9 x 10-3 mK RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO BLACK

4.20. SURFACES SEPARATED BY A NON-ABSORBING
2.9 X 10-3
T MEDIUM .
"-max Let us consl ider two black bodies separated by a non-absorbing
. .
2.9 X 10-3 .
medIUm. T h e pro blem is to determine the net radiation heat
0.5 X 10~ h between them.
exc Consider
ange area e Iemen t s dA 1 and dA 2 on the two surfaces. The
IT 5800 K I . between t Ilem IS . r and the angles , the normals to the two
distance
area elements rna e k with the line joining them are 91 and 92,
2. Heat flux, q Q =
A
Eb = IT T4
q 5.67 X 10-8 (5800)4
/q 64.16 x 106 W/m2 I Normal to dA2
Result: T 5800 K
Normal 10 dA1
q 64.16 X 106 W/m2
bla£'ksurfaces
rig.
co 4.4. Rat/ilttion-lte(lt exclw/lg e. betweell two
4.32 Heal and Mass Transfer Radiation 4.33
FigAA shows the projection of d A I normal to the line between
dQ2_1
the centres. The projected area is ciA I cos eI .
Energy leaving d A I in direction 9 I '" cos 9, cos 8, dA, dA, I
,2 ... (4.11)
I dAI cos 91 '" (4.7)
"I
The net rate of heat transfer between d A I an d A2 is
where '''1 - Intensity of radiation at surface AI
dOl2 = dQI_2 - dQ2_1
We know that, '''1 cos 01 cos 02 ciA I dA2
= Eol ,2
Intensity of radiation, 1"1 1[
cos 01 cos 92 "AI dAz ]

Radiation arriving at any area normal to r will depend on the dQlz = (1"1 -1"2) [ ,2
solid angle subtended by it.
We know
Let dw I be subtended at d A I by d Az and d(J)z subtended al
dAz by dAI. I"

dAz cos (:)z
So, dWI ,.z ... (4.8)
dwz =
dAI cos
,.2
°
1
.. , (4.9) From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know
The rate of radiant energy leaving dAI and striking on dA2 is s, 0' T4
given by
, 4 4 [cos 91 cos 0z dAI clAz ]
(0' rI - 0' T 2 ) 1[ ,.2
0' cos 9( cos 92 dAI clA2 ]

IQ 12
Co
(. 'r4I - 'r4)
2 [ 1[ ,.2
... (4.12)
." (4.10) The rate of total net heat transfer for the total areas A( and A2
IS given by
.
The rate of energy radiated by ciA 2 and absorbed by dAI is
given by
QI'c == j' (i IQ 12
52
)J2

Radiation 4.35
[creosol cos 02 dAI dA2]
II
4 4
QI-2
II
( TI - T2 ) 1t r2
I cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2
QI AI 1t r2
... (4.16)
AI A2 AI A2
QI-2
QI FI2 ... (4.17)
where FI2 - Shape factor (or) configuration factor

From equation (4.10)
(or) View factor
n,
I cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2
Shape factor is defined as "The fraction of radiative energy
° °
cos 1cos 2dAI dA2
r2
that is diffused from one surface and strikes the other surface
directly with no intervening reflections."
E:I JJ ° °
cos 1cos 2dAI dA2
r2
::::)I QI-2 ... (4.18)
Similarly,
QI-2 a[.T:J ff °
cos 91 cos 2dAI dA2
r2
... (4.19)
The total energy radiated by A2 is given by

... (4.14)
4
Total energy radiated by AI is given by Q2 A2 c T2
QI = AI o Ti ... (4.15)
Q2-1 1 cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2
° °
cos 1cos 2 dAI dA2
Q2 A2 If
AI A2
1t r2
1t r2
Q2-1
F2_1
Q2
where F21 - Shape factor of A2 with respect to AI·
Q2 -I F2_ I Q2 Radiation 4.37

4.23. HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO NON BLA
PARALLEL PLANES .' . CK (GRAY)
~ I Q2-1 = F2_1 A2aT~ ... (4.20)
Consider two very large parallel gray surf f
From equation (4.18), (4.20), we know that, . rraces 0 areas A I and
A2 , at a small distance apart 'raand exchangl'ng diratiIon as sh own In
.
AIFI_2 = A2F2-1
Fig.4.5.
This is known as reciprocity theorem.
Thus the net rate of heat transfer between two surfaces AI and
A2 is given by
-,Q-12-=-A-
I
-F-
12
-a-[ T-4-=-1
-_-TA;I] I '" (4.21)
This equation is applicable to black surfaces only. If surface

having emissivity,
I~
Q-12-- - -I- -12- -[
gA F a T-4----T-~-]-I
1 '" (4.22)
E - Emissivity of surface
4.21. SHAPE FACTOR
Shape factor is defined as "The fraction of radiative energy

that is diffused from one surface and strikes the other surface
directly with no intervening reflections." Fig. 4.5.
Let T I' (XI and E I be the temperature, absorptivity and

4.22. SHAPE FACTOR ALGEBRA (OR) VIEW FACTOR emissivity of the surface I.
ALGEBRA
Similarly T2, (X2 and E2 be the temperature, absorptivity and
In order to compute the shape factor for certain geometric emissivity of the surface 2.
arrangements for which shape factors charts or equations are not
available, the concept of shape factor as a fraction of intercepted The following assumptions are made for the analysis.
energy and the reciprocity theorem can be used. I. The configuration factor of either surface is unity.
The shape factors for these geometries can be derived in termS 2. There is no absorbing medium in between the surfaces.
of known shape factors of other geometries. The interrelation
3. The emissive and reflective properties are constant for
between various factors is called shape factor algebra. over all surfaces.
",
-~4~.3~8
__ ~H~ea~/~a~nd~M~a~ss~~~r~an~~~e~r
__ ---------------------
The surface 1: emits radiant energy E( which falls on the
surface 2. Out of this, a part of a2 E( is absorbed by the surface 2
and the remainder (I - (2) E( is reflected back to surface I.
-.......
-- Q( E( [I " (I - ,,)
- 1-(I-t()(I-t2)
]
Radiation 439
On reaching surface 1, a part a( (1 - (2) E! is absorbe~ and the

E,[1-(1-.,)(1-,,)_., (1-,,) ]
1 -(1- t()(1 -~)
remainder (1 .- a() (1 - (2) E( is reflected. This process will go on
continuing. E,[I-[l-:-~, +',"]-', (1-<,) ]
The rate of radiant energy leaving surface 1 is given by 1 [1 ~-t(+t(t2]
Q( = E('_[a((l-a2)E(+al(l-a()(l-a2)2E(+
E,[' -1+" +.,-', "-', +" "J
1 - 1 + t2 + t( - tl t2
a( (1 - a()2 (I - (2)3 E( + ...... ]
E( - a( (I - (2) E( [1 + (I - a()(1 - (2) + EI t2

·t( + t2 -tl t2
(1 - a()2 (1 - (2)2 + ...... ]
Q( E( - a.<1 - (2) Edl + P + p2 + ...... ] ... (4.23) El t2

Q( = ... (4.24)
£( + t2 - tl t2
where P (1 - al) (J - (2)
Since (l( and a2 are less than unity, P will be less than unity. Similarly,
As P < 1, the series 1 + Y + p2 + when extended to The rate of radiant energy leaving surface 2 is given by
. fini
imty gives 1 _1 P .
In E2 tl
Q = ... (4.25)
1 2 £1 + £2 - £1 £2
(4.23) ~ Q( El - a1 (1 - (2) EI x 1 _ p
al (1- (2) El The net radiative heat exchange from surface I to 2 is given by
El .' I-P Q(2 = \Q1 -Q2
E1 £2 ~ EI
£( + £2 - £1 £2 £1 + £2 - E1 ~
I E1 £2-~ E1
From Kirchoffs law, we know that, emissivity and .,. (4.26)
absorptivity of a surfaces are equal. £1 + £2 - E1 E2
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that,
4,40 Heal and Mass Transfer
Radiation 4.41
o r- Heat exchange between two para'lle'l surface is given by
,4
cr 1 , (considering Area).
0'2 = E o A [T~ - T;] ... (4.28)
4 [From equation (4.27)]

=> E2 £2 cr r 2
-
Substitute E, and E2 values in equation (4.26), where E
£, cr r,
4
£2 - £2
.
cr
r42 £,
£, + £2 - £, £2
4.24. HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO LARGE
£, £2 cr [ri - r; ] CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS OR SPHERES
£, + £2 - £, £2
Consider two large concentric cylinders of areas A( and A2
exchanging radiation as shown in FigA.6 .
... (4.2n
-
where, £
- Fig. 4.6.
£'
Let rl, (11 and £1 be the temperature, absorptivity and
emissivity of the Inner cylinder.
Similarly T 2' (12 and £2 be the ,temperature, absQrpti,vity and
£ =
emissivity of the outer cylinder.
We can use the technique as we have used in parallel plates
£ = except
--....._/
:'0
Considering the energy emitted by the inner cylinder,
'" (4.29)
I Radiation 4.43
1. Inner cylinder emits the energy = El

2. Outer cylinder absorbs energy = u2 E.
E2 s, r. <X2== ~
3. Outer cylinder reflects energy El (1 - E2)
4. Inner cylinder absorbs energy El (1 - E2) F2l <Xl
Al
El (I - E2) A2 EI
[.: F" ~ ~~ • al,"Ell
... (4.30)
E, (I - E,) [ 1 - E, ~; ]
6. Energy absorbed by the inner cylinder on the second

reflection
~ E, (1- E,>, E, ~; [ 1 - ~;.. ] ... (4.31)
This absorption and reflection go on indefinitely. So we ~

find the net energy lost by the inner. cylinder, considering infiniteI
The net radiation heat transfer between the inner and outer
times absorption and reflections.
concentric cylinders is given by QI2 = QI - Q2
Heat lost by the inner cylinder per unit area is given by AI
AI ~ £1 A2
01 = EI - EI (I - £2) EI A -
2
AI 'AI]
Edl -£2)2 £1 A [ I - A2 £1 + "..... .. ,'
2
---
445
Considering area AI and A2
'" (4.33)
where
For cylinders,
For sphere,
AI EI E2 _ AI E2 EI
... (4.32)
=> QI2 = AI AI 4.25. RADIATION SHIELD
-A EI + E2 _ A EI E2
Radiation shields constructed from I .
2 2
.I I . ow emissivity (h'
reflective) materia s. t IS used to reduce th e net radiat,
. igh
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that,
between two surfaces. on transfer
Eb E a T4
Let us consider two parallel planes I and 2
4 d Ts resnecti each of area A t
=> EI ElaTI temperatures T I an T 2 respectively. A radiatl'on S hiie ld ISi placed'a
=> E2 E2 a T; between them as shown in Fig.4.7. In
Substituting EI and E2 values in the equation (4.32),
AI EI a Ti E2 _ AI E2 a T; EJ
AI AI
A EI + E2 _- A EI E2
2 2
A I a EI E2 [Ti _ T; ]
[ ~: EJ Eo (t, - I) ] + E, 2
Radiation
shield
Fig. 4. 7. Radiation shield

The net heat exchange between parallel plates without
radiatio 11 S I'
lie Id IS. given
. by
A a (Ti _ Ti) ... (4.34)
QI2 =
1 +l_1
EI ·E2
[From equationno. (4.28)J
where
A _ Area in m2,
a _ Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 1(4
s I' £2 _ Emissivities of surface I and 2 respectively.
T1, Tz _ Temperature of surface 1 and 2 respectively.
Heat exchange between 1 and 3 is Under equilibrium condition
A a (T~ _ T;)
QIJ =
I 1 '" (4.35)
(~3+ 1) +( t +~ -
-+-_
£1 £3
=> QJ3 [ £~ _ I) J = A c (T~ - Ti)
Heat exchange between 3 and 2 .is

QI3 = ... (4.37)
... (4.36)
Dividing the equation (4.37) by equation (4.34),

From equation (4.35),
QI3
(1+1_1) EI E2
QI2
(1+1_1)+(1+1_1)
£3 £2 EI E3
If £1 £2 = £3
QI3 I
QI2 2
I I
Substitute T; value in equation (4.36) => QI3 = 2" QI2
(or) Q32 = 2" 012
.. . b tw parallel surfaces,the
Thus by msertmg one shield etween 0
direct radiation heat transfer between them is halved.
4.36) =:> Q32
FORMULAE USED
1. Helll 4.26. SOLVED PROBLEMS

e.'(challge between two large parallel plate is given by
- 4 4
I
[§xample 1 Calculate the n .
et radiant .
QJ2 E O'A(TJ -T2) ",. for two large planes at a temo Interchanoe
sq· ."erature of 9 II per
- I esnectively. Assume tflat tile enziss;v'," 00 K and 400 K
---- l·oT of hOI l
j
Where emissivity, ~ r .
E that 0/ cold plane IS O.7. _. Pane is 0.9 and
I I
- +--1
EJ E2 Given: Hot plane temperature , T)
:::: 900K
0' Stefan-Boltzmann constant Cold plane temperature ,
T
2 :::: 400 K TI •
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 Emissivity of hot plane, E)

0.9
EJ - Emissivity of surface 1 Emissivity of cold plane, E2
0.7
E2 - Emissivity of surface 2 Tofind: Net radiant heat exchange per
. square meter.
TJ - Solution: The heat exchange between tw I
Temperature of surface 1 - K o arge parallel plate
is given by
T2 - Temperature of surface 2 - K
~ Q = E o A [T: - T~ J
2. Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder (or)
sphere is given by [From equation no.(4.28)]
where - 1
E
- 4 4
QJ2 E AI 0' [ T J - T2 ]
- I -
where E
I
-+-AI
EJ A2
(I- )
E2-
1
E
~
I
+ 0.7 - I
I
For cylinder, Area, A 27t r L 0.6491

:::)
For sphere, Area, A 47t r2 Q a.649 x o x A x [(900)4 - (400)4]
where 0' - Stefan-Boltzmann constant
3. Heat transfer willi n shield is given by
5.67 x 10-8W/m2 K4
AO' [T; - Ti ] Q 0.649 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A [(90W-(400)4]
II 211
- + - + - - (n + I)
Q 23.20 x 103 W/m2
E, E2 Es A
where II - Number of shields. [~ 23.201 kW/m2]

Es - Emissivity of shield. Result: Q 23.20 kW/'l12
Heat exchange, A :::
I Example 2 I Estimate the net radiant heat eXcllm~

Pel'
square meter from a very large plate at a temperature of 550 [Example 3] Two large parallel Radial"
Ion 4.5
and 320°C. Assume that emissivity 0/ hot plate is 0.8 and t temperature
2
of 900 K and 500
K res'
plclleslITeIII' .
a",tQfnedat
cOld
plate is 0.6. area 0/6 m . ,Compare II,e net heal pectlvely. Eac" plate has a
for the following cases: exchange hetweenth an
Given: T, 550 + 273 = 823 K e plllles
1. Both plats are hlack.
T2 320 + 273 = 593 K
{~,
2. Plates have an emissivity .1'
c\ 0.8 oJ 0.5. Tl = 900 K
Given: T, 900 K T2=SOOK
c2 0.6
To find : Heat exchange per square meter, (Q/A). 500 K
Solution: Heat exchange between two large parallel plate is A

given by
Q E (J A [T~ - T; ] To find: Heat exchange for

[From equation no.( 4.28)] 1. Both plates are black.
where 2. Plates have an emissivity 0[0.5. Fig. 4.8.
Solution: This is heat transfer between two large parallel

plates problem.
I I Heat transfer, Q12 :: E a A (Ti - T~) ... (I)

0.8 + 0.6 - 1
Case 1: For black surface,
IE 0.521
Emissivity, E
Q 0.52 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A [ (823)4 - (593)4]
4 4
[.: (J = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4] Q 12 a A (T, - T 2 )
5.67 x 10-8 x 6 x [ (900)4 - (500)4]

Q 9880.6 W/m2
=> A
lli~:__- 201.9 x 10 W I 3
I~ 9.88 kW/m21 Case 2:

Emissivity, EI
Result: Heat exchange, ~ = 9.88 kW/m2
Radiation 4.53
In equation ( 1). E Tofind: Heat exchange. (Q).
Solution: Heat exchange between two large concentric

cylinder is given by
1 1 ... (I)
0.5 + 0.5 -1
[From equation no.(4.33)]
0.331
-
0.33 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 6 x [(900)4 - (500~1
where E
1. + AI
EJ A2
(1. _I)
~
66.6 x 103 W ]
1
Result: [.: A=1tOL]
1. Case 1: Q'2 = 201.9 x 103 W -1 +---
1t 0, L, ( --
1 1)
0.6 1t 02 ~ O.S-
2. Case 2: Q'2 = 66.6 x 103 W
I Example 4 I Calculate the heat exchange by radiation _10.6 + 0.12

0.24
(_1
O.S-
1)
between the surfaces 0/ two long cylinders having radii 120 mIll
and 60 mm respectively. Tile axis 0/ the cylinders are petrallelto IE 0.461
each other. The inner cylinder is maintained at a temperature of (I) ~
130'C and emissivity 0/0.6. Outer cylinder is maintained at II QI2 0.46 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 1t x 0, x L ~ [(403)4 - (303)4]
temperature of 30'C and emissivity 0/0.5.
0.46 x 5.67 x 10-8x1txO.12x 1 x [(403)4-(303)4]
Given: rJ 60 mm
IQ 12 = 176.47 W I
0.060 m
Result: Heat exchange, QI2 = 176.47 W
r2 120mm
I Example 5 I Aliquid oxygen is stored in double walled
0.12 m spherical vessel. Inner wall temperature is - 160'C and outer
TI 130° C + 273 E2 watt temperature is 30 'C. Inner diameter of sphere is 20 em and
outer diameter is 32 em. Calculate the fol/owing :
403
£1 0.6 1. Heallrans/erif emissivity of spherical surface is 0.05.
2. Rale of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its rate of
T2 30°C + 273 303 K Fig. 4.9.
vapourizalion of latent heat is 200 kJ/kg.
~ 0.5
_______ ------------------------~R~a~d~ia~lio~n--~4.~jj
Given:
Heat transfer, Q12 E o AI [T~ - Ti 1 ... (1)
Inner wall temperature, TI - 160°C + 273
[From equation no.(4.33)1
113 K
-E
where
1
-+--
0.05
41t'
41t ,2
2
I [I --
0.05-
I j
2
[.: Area A = 41t,2; E, = E2 = 0.051

I
Fig. 4.10.
_1_ + 41t (0.10)2 [_1_
0.05 41t (0.16)2 0.05 - I
J
Outer wall temperature, T 2 30°C + 273
0.036 \
303 K
(I) => Q12 0.036 x 5.67 x 10-& x 41t'~ x
Inner diameter, DI 20cm
[ (113)4 - (303)41
0.20 m . 0.036 x 5.67 x 10-& x 4 x 1t x (0.10)2 x
Inner radius, 'I 0.10 m [( 113)4 - (303)41
Outer diameter, D2 32 cm = 0.32 m [Q -2.12 W I

Outer radius, r2 = 0.16 m [-ve sign indicates heat is transferred from outer surface to
inner surface 1
Emissivity, £1 = 0.05 = E2
Heat transfer
2. Rate of evaporation
Latent heat = 200 kJ / kg Latent heat
= 200 x 103 J / kg 2.12 W
To jbld : I. Heat transfer, Q12· 200 x 103 J/kg
2.12 Jls
2. Rate of evaporation.
200· x 103 J/kg
Sotution : . here = \x \0-5 kg/s
1. This is heat exchange between large concentnv sp
problem.
Result:
l. Heat transfer, Q12 = 2.12W Tofind: Rate of evaporation.
2. Rate of evaporation = 1 x 10-5 kg/s Solution: This is heat exchange betw
I Example 6 \ Two concentric spheres 30 em and 40 CIII ' sphere problem. een largeconcentric
diameter witt. , the space between them evacuate d are Usedto Sl 'II
tameter wu
liquid air at - 130"C in a room at 25 "C. The surfaces Of ;;e
spheres are flushed with aluminium of emissivity E == 0,0;
Calculate the rate of evaporation of liquid air if the latent heat0'
vapourisation of liquid air is 220 kJ/kg. if
Given: Inner diameter, DI 30 em 0.30 m
Inner radius, rl 0.15 m
Outer diameter, D2 40 em
0.40 m
Outer radius, r2 0.20m
TI - 130°C + 273
143 K
25°C + 273
298 K
E 0.05
Latent heat of vapourisation 220 kJ/kg
220 x 103 J/kg
41tr~ [(143)L(298tl
0.032 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 41t x (0.15)2 x

[(143)4- (298t 1
I Q12 = -3.83 W]
. f ed from outer surface to
[- ve sign indicates heat IS trans err
inner surface]
Fig. 4./1.
Rate of evaporation
Heat transfer
Latent heat
3.83
220 x 103
-- rofind: I. Heat exchange, (Q).
2. Convective heat t
Teo ::::: 280 K ransfer coefficient (h) When
I.74 x 10-5 kg/s
Solution:
Result: Rate of evaporation 1.74 x 10-5 kg/s Case I: We know that
I Example 7 I A pipe of outside diameter JO em hav;"
Heat exchange, QI2
emissivity 0.6 and at a temperature of 600 K runs centrally ill : E x cx AI [T41 - T42] ." (I)
brick duct of 40 em side square section having emissivity 0.8 a/fd where, £' I
at a temperature of JOOK. Calculate the foilowing :
I. Heat exchange per metre length.
2. Convective "eat transfer coefficient when surrounding Of 1
0.6 + ~
0.942 (I0.8-1 )
duct is 280 K.
Given:
Ir-£'--0-.5---'5 I
Pipe diameter, DI 30cm (I) ~
Surface area, AI
0.30 m
1t
1t
DI L
x 0.30 x 1
0.942 m2
4"l~Fig. 4./1.
! Heat exchange.
Case (ii) :
0.55
QI2 = 3569.2 W/m
Heat transfer by convection, Q

x 5.67 x 10-8
hA(T(J)-T..,)
x 0.942 x
[ (600)4 - (300)4]
". (2)
Q12 hx A x (T 2 - T..,)
0.6 [.: L = 1m]
QI2 h x I x (300 - 280)
600 K IQ I2 20h I ... (3)
Brick duct side 40 cm = 0.40 m Equating (2) and (3).

3569.2 20h
Surface area, A2 (0.4 x I) x 4
Heat transfer coefficient, h 178.46 W/m2 K
[length L = 1m; No. of sides::: 4 J
Result:
I A2 1.6 m2/ I. Heat exchange, QI2 3569.2 W/m
E2 0.8 178.46 W/mlK
2. Heat transfer coefficient. h
T2 300 K
I 4.60 Heal and Mass Transfer
4.27 SOLVED PROBLEMS ON RADIATION SHIED
I Example 1 I Emisslvities 0/
two large paral/el pl
maintained at 800 'r and 300 'r are 0.3 and 0.5 respectivel" ",.
Qles
v- r'''d
net radiant heat exchange per square metre/or these plate,.. ",.
------
where,
-
E
~I
-+
1
OJ OJ-I
". r'''d 0.230 1
the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polish
aluminium radiation shield 0/ emissivity 0.06 is placed hettv ed 0.230 x o x A [T4 _ T4 ]
tell I 2
them. Also find the temperature 0/ the shield.
Radiation 0.230 x 5.67 x 100a x A x [(1073)4 _ (573)4]
shield
Given: TI 800°C + 273
15,880.7 W/m2 = 15.88 kW/m2
1073 K
Heat transfer per square metre without radiation shield
300°C + 273
[_QAI2 = 15.88 kW/m2!
. ... (1)
573 K
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given
0.3 Plale 1
Plate 2
by
Shield emissivity, E) 0.06 T, -

where, E
1 1
- +--1
Fig. 4.13. EI 1::3
Tofind: cr x A [Ti - T~ ]
... (A)
1. Net radiant heat exchange per square metre. (Q/A) 1 1
- +--1
1::1 1::3
2. Percentage reduction in heat transfer due to radiation
shield. Heatexchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
3. Temperature of the shield (T3). Q32 e o A [T; - Ti ]

1
Solution: Heat exchange between two large parallel plates where,
without radiation shield is given by 1 +1_1
E3 1::2
Ql2 = E c A [Ti - T1 ] cr A (T; - T~ ] ... (B)
[From equation no.( 4.28)J
1 +1_1
E3 E2
4,62 H!!CI/and Mass Transfer
Radia/ion 4,63
We know that, 013 = 032 ~ransfe~_with radiation shield
(j A I T; - T~]
I I
'" [()~J ~ 1.89 kW/m']
'" (2)
- +--1 Reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield
E3 E2
Owithout shield _. Owith shield 012 - 013
[T~ - T;] [T; - T; ] Owithoul shield - 012
I I I I 15.88 - 1.89
OJ + 0.06 - I 0.06 + 0.5 - I 15.88
0.88 = 88 %
(1073)4 - (T3)4 T; - (573)4
19 17.6 Result:
I. Heat exchange per square metre without radiation shield
4 17.6 [(1073)4 - (T3)4] 012 = 15.88 kW/m2
T3 19 +(573)4
2. Percentage reduction in heat transfer = 88%
0.926 [ (1073)4 - (T3)4 ] + (573)4 3. Temperature of radiation shield T3 = 911.5 K
0.926 x (1073)4 - 0.926 x (T3)4 + (573)4

I
[Example 2 Two large parallel plates are maintained at a
temperature of 600 K and 900 K and emissivities of 0.4 and 0.7
(T3)4 + 0.926 (T3)4 1.33 x 1012 respectively. Determine heat transfer by radiation and also
calculate percentage of reduction in heat transfer and shield
(1.926)(T3)4 1.33 x 1012
temperature when another plate of emissivity 0.05 introduced in
(T)4 6.90 x lOll betweenthem. Radialion
shield
Given: TI 600 K
911.5K I
r2 900 K
I Radiation shield temperature, T3 = 911.5 K I
E, 0.4
Substituting T3 value in equation (A) (or) equation (8),
E2 0.7
Heat transfer with radiation shield Plalel- Plale2
E3 0.05
5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4 - (911.5)4]
Tofind:
I I
OJ + 0.06 - I I. Heat transfer T,
013 2. % of reduction in heat transfer Fig. 4.14.

1895.76 W/m2
A 3. Shield temperature (1'3)
..
WT ...~

-£
Solutio" : Heat transfer between two large parallel plat
without radiation shield is given by . es
E o A [T~ - Ti ] = c A (Tj _ T4 )
-e 1 ~
where, -+1
£3 £2-1
". (8)
We know that, QI3 Q32

1 1 a A (T~ - T;) cr A (Tj - T~)
OA + 0.7 -I
_!_+_!_-1 I 1
- +--1
0.341 I £1 £3 £3 £2
=> Q12 0.341 x o x A x (Ti - T~ )

(T~ - T;) (T; - T~)
~ 1 1 1 1
- +--1 - +--1
0.341 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [ (600)4 - (900)4 ] £1 £3 £3 £2
\. QA12 - 10,179.6 W/m2

I .
[ (600)4 - (T3)4 ] T; -(900)4
~ 1 1 1 1
Heat transfer without} Q12 _ • 2
0.4 + 0.05 - 1 0.05 + 0.7 -I
radiation shield A - -10,179.6W/m ... (I)
(600)4 - Tj Tj -(900)4
Heat transfer between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by 21.5 2Q.42
=> E c A [Ti - Tj ] 20.42

21.5 [(600)4 - Tj ] + (900)4
- I
where, £
I 1
- +--1 0.949 [ (600)4- Tj ] + (900)4
£, £3
7.79 x 1011
cr A [T~ - Tj]
.. , (A)
Q13 = I I
- +--1 (1.949) T; 7.79 x lOll
£, £3
Heat transfer between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

:::). I T3 795.1 K I
[ Shield temperature, T 3 795.1 KJ
Q32 = E c A [Tj - T~ ]
54
FFtCZ'M"f'? ..

Substituting T3 value in equation (A) or Equation (B),~
(J A r T~ - T43 ] What would be the I Radiation 467
• • OSS 0/ heat d .
Heat transfer wit h 0 == which ts enclosed in (I 55 c ti. ue to radialion 01' th .
} m ~"'meter hrick 0 '. 'J e pipe
radiation shield 13 _!_ + _!_ - 1 Given : if enllsSll1ity 0.91 ?
EI E3
5.67 x 10-8 x A x ( (600)4 - (795.!tJ Case J : Diameter of pipe, D

J 30 em = 0.30 m
013 1 1
Surface temperature T1
0.4 +0.05 - 1 , 300°C + 273
573 K
013 -712.13 W/m2 Air temperature T2
, 25°C + 273
A
II-leattransferwith }013 = -712.13W/m2 298 K

'" (2) Emissivity of the pipe ,
I radiation shield ~, _J £1 0.8
Reduction in heat tranSfer} ==

012-013 Case 2 : Outer diameter , D2 55 em = 0.55 m
due to radiation shield 012 Emissivity, £2 0.91
-10,179.6 + 712.13
Toflnd : I. Loss of heat per metre length, (Q/L).
-10.179.6
2. Reduction in heat loss.
0.93 Solution :
W 25'C
93% Case J :
~
Result: Heat transfer, 0 £1 o A [Ti - T; 1

1. Heat transfer without } 012 - 10,179.6 W/m2 £1 xo xn D L [Ti - T; 1
radiation shield A
[.: A = nDLl
2. % of reduction in heat transfer 93% J '
795.1 K
o 0.8 x 5.67 x 10-8 x n x 0.30 x
3. Shield temperature, T3
L x [ (573)4 - (298)4 1
I Example 3 I A pipe of diameter 30 em, carrying steamrulll
in a large room ami is exposed to air at a temperature of 25,:1 lOlL 4271.3 W/m I
Tile surface temperature of tile pipe is 300 'C. CalcuMe ti,e ~ Heat loss per metre length = 4271.3 W/m
of heat to surrounding per meter length of pipe due to ther I
radiation. Tile emissivity of tile pipe surface isJ).8.
L ASPEiM- , .M·"'· .n
4.69
Radialion
Case 2: When the 30 cm diameter pipe is enclosed ~ ~ . ivity E value in equation (I),
stituting emlssl
diameter pipe, heat exchange between two large concentrjlll sub Q:::: 0.76 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 7t x DI x L,
cylinder is given by c
<I) z» x l (573)4 - (298)4 ]
Q 0.76 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 7t x 0.30

L
x [ (573)4 - (298)4 ]
[~ 4057.8 W/m \
Reduction in heat loss

Fig. 4.15. 4271.3 - 4057.8
213.4
'" (I)
Result:
-E = [From equation no. 4.331 I. Heat loss per metre length 4271.3 W/m
where
2. Reduction in heat loss 213.4 W 1m
I Example 4 I Tire outlet header of a higl. pressure steam
superheater consists of pipe (e = 0.8) of diameter 27.5 em. Its
1
-+--7t 01 L (1- 1 ) surfacetemperature is 500 CC. Calculate tire loss of heat per unit
0.8 7t 02 L 0.91- lengthby radiation if it is placed in an enclosure at 30 CC.
If the header is now enveloped in II steel screen of diameter
32.5 em and emissivity of 0.7 and the temperature of the screen is
1
-+-01
0.8 D2
(10.91-
- 1) 340 "(:,/ind the reduction in heat by radiation due to provision of
thisscreen.
Given:
_1 + 0.30 (_1_ I) Case 1: Emissivity, £1 0.8
0.8 0.55 0.91-
Diameter, 0, 27.5 em = 0.275 m
/E = 0.76/ T, 500°C + 273 = 7 3 K
T2 30°C + 273 = 303 K
-.I. 70 Heal and Mass Transfer
Case 2:
Screen diameter, D2 32.5 em = 0.325 In
Emissivity, £2 0.7
Screen temperature, Ts 340°C + 273 = 613 K
Tofind: I. Loss of heat per unit length.

So/ulilln:
Cast! J: We know that, @ C

30'C
-
E
1
Fig. 4.16.
1t D( L (1 )
Heat transfer, Q ~ + 1t D2 L £2 - 1
Q £( x o x 1t DL x [T4 ( - T4]2 1
[.: A = 7t D LI
0.8 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 1t x 0.275 x
L x [ (773)4 - (303)41
~ = 13661.41 W/m
I~ - 1;~6kW/m I Substituting E value in equati. lIi (1),

Case 2: Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder
(I) ~ Q 0.62xcrxAx[T~ -T~]
is given by
0.62 x 5.67 x \0-8 x 1t x D( x Lx [T~ - T~ ]
Q = £' o A [T~ - T~ ]
= 0.62 x 5.67 x 10-3 x 1t x 0.275 x L.x
Here T2 = T s = Screen temperature.
{ (773)4-(613)4]
Q = ." (I)
~ £' a A [T~ - T~]
- I
where, E =
I AI ( I
£1 + A2 £2
-I)
4.72 Heal and Mass Transfer Radiation 4.73
Temperature, T2 50°C + 273
Reduction in heat transfer due to screen 13.66-~
323 K
7.11 kW/m Emissivity, £2 0.9
Result: Heat lost by radiation.
).
roJind:
1. Heat loss per metre length, ~ 13.7 kW/m
solution:
2. Reduction in heat} =
transfer due to screen 7.1 kW 1m
I Example 5 I Calculate the heat lost by radiation per "'elre

length of 8 em diameter pipe at 400 'C and emissivity of 0.7, whell
(a) It is located in a large room with a red brick walls E, = 0.7

maintained at a temperature of 35 DC.
Fig. 4.17.
(b) It is enclosed in a 20 em diameter of red brick pipe
Case 1 :
maintained at a temperature of 50 DCand emissivity oJ o A [T~ - Ti ]
Heat exchange Q1 £1
0.9.
0.7 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 7t x Dl x L x
Also find reduction in heat loss. [(673)4"": (308)4]
Given: Length, L 1m 0.7 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 7t x 0.08 x 1 x
Case 1: Diameter of pipe, DI 8 ern = 0.08 m

[ (673)4 - (308)4]
1956.5 W \ ... (1)
Temperature, TI
Case 2 : Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder
673 K is given by
Emissivity, EI 0.7
Temperature, T2 35°C + 273
308K
Case 2: Diameter, D2 20cm
0.20m
Fig. 4.18.
4.74
--------------~
r
- 4 4 ...........
E crAdTI -T2]
". (2) -[Example 6 I Emissivitles Of tw Radialion 4.75
- 0
where E ",aintained at T, K and T2 K are 06 large paraUel plata
. and 0 6 respe,. I
,Fer is reduced 75 tl . C Ive!y. Heat
trans,. 'mes When a I' h
adia/ion shields of emissivity 0 04 I po IS ed aiulflilliwn
r . are P aced ill 6etw . h
Calculate the number of shields required. eell t em.
Given: EI = 0.6
E2 = 0.6
Heat transfer reduced = 75 times
Emissivity of radiation shield E = E - 004
' J 3 - .
_I + 0.08 (_1 I) Radiation

0.7 0.2 0.9- shields
£3 = 0.04
~_~ ,0.67 \
(2) => Q2 = 0.67x5.67xlO-8xltxD1xLx
[ (673)4 - (323)41
= 0.67 x 5.67 x 10-8 x It x 0.08 x Ix
Fig. 4.19.
[(673)4 - (323t1 To find: Number of shields required.
IQ 2 - = \854.7 W I ...(3) Solution: Heat transfer with n shield is given by
Reduction in heat loss, Q1 - Q2 1956.5 - 1854.7 A o (T~ - T~]
'" (I)
= 101.8 W
Result:
Heat transfer without shield, i.e., n = O.
I. Heat loss, Q1 = 1956.5 W
4 1
Acr(TI -T2 4
Q2 1854.7 W \ (I) => ... (:
Q12 =
I I
- +- - I
2. Reduction in heat loss = 101.8 W \ EI £2
,f,7(1 Ileal and Mass Transfer
Radiation 4,77
Heat transfer is reduced 75 times,
~",Z7lle 71 Two large parallel plates with e = 0.5 each,
Qwithout shield ~ intained at different temperatures and are exchanging
75
, Qwilh sh.eld are trIaI by radiation. Two equally large radiation shields with
QI2 "eat on ~"'issivity 0.05 are introduced in parallel to the plates.
o., 75 sur/ache percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.
find t e .
. n : Emissitivlty of plate 1, EI = O.S
G,ve .
A cr [T~ - T~]
Emissivity of plate 2, E2 O.S
1 1
- +--1 Emissivity of shield,
o
(1) =>
EI E2
7S Number of shields, n
Es
Plate. 1 Plate. 2
7S
I I 2n
0.6 + 0.6 + Q04 - (n + 1) Radiation shields
I 1 7S Fig. 4.20.
0.6 + 0.6 - 1
Tofind: Percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.
3.33 + 50 n - n - 1 Solution:
2.33 75
Case 1 : Heat transfer without radiation shield:
50n-n-l 171.67 Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without
49n-l' 171.67 radiation shield is given by
49 n 172.~7
n ,= 3.52 ~ 4
where,
-E
In 4 I
Result: Number of shields required, n = 4 nos.
4.79
~ED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS
1 1 •. 28.
o.s + O.S - I ~
~
Colculate the net r d'
alanthet
, ea for IWO large parallel plates at te a exchange per
"r ar . I mperature of 4270C
\E 0.333 \ 7 respecl"'e 'Yo &(ho, pia',) = 0.9 anll e _ a"d
0.333 (J A [T4I - T41

1 I' "e
0C
o ,s ti
aluminium shield is placed b ::'~" platt) - 0.6. If a
t. wee" them fi
2 P ",age of rel/u('lion in II.e heat transl'e • ",d the
perce ')1 r. £(.11;",,) :; 0.4.
Q",ithout shield 0.333 (J A [T4I - T42 1 ". (I) /May 2004, A""a Uni\lf!rSity/
Case 2 : Heal transfer with radiation s"ield : Given: TI 427°C + 273 3 2
We know that, 700 K Plate. 1 Plcite.2

Heat transfer with 11 shield 27°( + 273 [I
A (J [T~ - T~ 1 300 K
T,
Qwi1h shield =
0.9
0.6
A (J (T~ - T~ 1
I 1 2 x 2 0.4
0.5 + 0.5 + 0.05 - (2 + I)
fig. 4.21.
A (J [T~ - T~ 1 Tofind: I. et radiant heat exchange.per m'! area.
81 Percentage of reduction in the heat transfer.
0.0123 A (J (T~ - T~) ... (2) Solution :
QWilh shield
We know that, Heat ex hange between 1\ 0 large parallel plates without
Reduction in heat transfer l Qwithoul shield - Qwith shield
radiation shield i given by,
due to radiation shield J Qwithout hield
QI_ '£ (JA[T~ -T~l [Fromequationno.t4.281
0.333 (J A (T~ - T~] - 0.0123 A (J [T~ - T~ 1
I
where '£
0.333 (J A {T~ - T~ 1
0.333 -0.0123
.....,..,
= 096
. 3 96.3%
0. ..)..)..)
I I
Remit: Percentage of reduction in l = 96 ... 0.9 0.6 - I
net radiative heat transfer J .J
WE ·y.,oitr=!
~5

Radiation 4,81
\E = 0.5625 \
_______ cr A [T~ - T~ ) cr A tT~ - 1~ 1
0.5625 x 5.67 x lO-8 x A x [(7 1 1
00)4- (31\1\ -z» l.+_!__1 - +--1
V\I~l E, E) E3 E2
= 7.39 x 103 W/m2 14 _ 14

[T~ - T~ 1 3 2
I I I 1
Heat tran~f~r Without} Q12 _ - +--1 - +--1
EI E) £) £2
3
radiation shield A - 7.39 x 10 W/m2
"'(\1 T~ - (300)4
(700)4 - T;
Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield: 1 1 1 \
0.9 + 0.4 - 1 0.4 + 0.6 - \
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3' IS gIVen
. by
(700)4 - T; T~ - (300)4
Q13 EoA [T~ - Tj ] 2.611 3.166
2.611 T~ - 2.11 x \010
-t => 7.60 X io' - 3.166 T~
where,
7.81 x 1011 5.77 T~
T4 1.353 x lO'l
)
cr A [T~ - Tj] Radiation shield temperature, T) = 606.55 K

'" (2)
1 1
- +--1 Substitute T) value in equation (2) or (3),
t1 t3
4 T4)
Heat transfer with \. _ cr A lT I - 3
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by => radiation shield J Q\3 - l. + _!__ 1
EI E3
5.67 x 10-8 x A [(70W - (606.55)j

\ I
where, s 0.9 +0.4 - 1
..
Q\3 2.27 x 103 W/m2
cr A [Tj - T~] A
.. , (3)
Qwithout shield - Qwith shield
1 1 Reduction in heat loss \.
- +--1 Qwithout shield
t3 £2 due to radiation shield J
We know that,
55
QI2 - QI3
Radiation 4.83
Q12
Solution .'
7.39 x 103 - 2.27 x 103
Case J .' Heat transfer without radiation shield :
7.39 x 103 -
= 69.2%
0.692 Heat exchange between two parallel plates without radiation
Result: I. Net radiant heat exchange} QI2 shield is given by
(without shield) A = 7.39 103 II·
I'I'I~ 012 £ a A [T~ - T~] [From equation no.(4.28)]
2. Percentage of reduction in !lIe}
heat transfer due to hield = 69.2 -
where. I::
I I
Two large parallel planes {It BOOK and 6ft
1'-E-.\-'1I-'-I1P-le-2---', -+ --
0.5 0.8
have emissivities of 0.5 (1/1(1O.B respectively. A rat/illtionSA~
havillg (111 emissivity of 0.1 011 one side 0/1(/ (III emiSS;";tyo/tf 1£ 0.444 I
011 the other side hi placed between the plates. C(tlell/me tht 6e
::::> 012 0.444 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A r(800)4 - (600)4]
transfer rate hy radiation per square meter with and lVil~
radiation shield. Comment 011 the results. 012

::::> = 7.048 103 W/Il12
IDec.2005, AIIIUI VnivtrJi A
Given : TI 800 K 3a 3b Heat transfer without} QI2 = 7.048 x 103 Whn2 ... (I)
Plane. 1 Plaro;l radiation shield A
T2 600 K
£, £2 Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield "
EI 0.5
T, E3a E3b T2
Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3a is given by
E2 0.8
EJa 0.1
T3
E3b 0.05 where, E

Radiation shield
Fig. 4.22.
witlt
Tojilld: I. Heat transfer rate per square metre a A (T~ - T;]
... (2
radiation shield. I I
~~ +- -
2. Heat transfer rate per square metre EI E a
radiation shield.
_,
J. Comment on the re LIlt
II stitllte T 3 value in equation (2) Or (3), R adialion 4.85
Heat exchang e b etween_ radiation shield 3b an d pate
I 2 IS'
.---- -.........
given b 5 b
}-leattransfer with}
Q 3b, 2 = E o A [T~ - T~ 1 ) -;:::l radiation shield QI,3a ::: a A lTi - 141
~
-£1 +l..
1 £ -\
30
where, E
~[(800'j4 _ r,u 'h ...
l..~
0.5 OJ - \
cr A [Tj _ Ti]
'" (3)
1 1 509.74 W/m2
-+-_
E3b E2
}-leattransfer With} QI, 3a
509.74 W/m2
We know that, Q 1,3a Q3b,2
radiation shield A
cr A [T~ _ Tj) cr A [Tj _ T~)
Reduction in heat transfer} Qwilhout shield - Q\I;1h shield
1
-+ 1
-_ due to radiation shield
1 1 Qwilhout shield
-+-- E3b E2
El E3a QI2-QI ]a
T4 _ T4 Qu
3 2
7.048 x \OL 509.74
1 1 7.048 x IQ3
-+--
El E3a
0.927
Tj - (600)4
(800)4 - T~ 92.7%
1 1
1
o.s+0.1-1
1 o.os + 0.8 - 1 Comment: The presence of radiation shieldreducesihe h
Tj - (600)4 transfer rate significantly.
(800)4 - T~
2025 Result: 1. Heat transfer without l gg = 7.048 x \0 W/m2
3
:::> 11 radiation shield 1 A

11 [T~ - (600)4]
20.25 [(800)4 - Tj ) == 2. Heat transfer with l~ = 509.74 W/m2
12
:::> 11 T~ _1.42x 10 radiation shield J A
4
8.29 x 1.012 - 20.25 T 3 The presence of radiation shield reduces tbe beat transfer
:::> 31.25 Tj
9.71 x 1012 significantly.
:::> 3.1072 x lOll
T4
3
::::> 746.60 K
3 ==
Radiation shield temperature, T
- -
I
[ Example 3 Two very large parallel plates with em' '.
ISSIIII('
0.5 exchange IIeat. Determine tile percentage reduction' le, I '
==
"eat transfer rate if a polished aluminium radiation shiel/: Iht J-T--
-+
0.04 is placed in between t lte p Ia tes. Ife~ 0.5 OJ - I
Given: Emissivity
[June 2006, Anna Unille .
of plate 1, El = O.S
rSI~J G ==
~
::::> Q12 ==
0.333 (j A [T~ - T; 1
Emissivity of plate 2, E2 = O.S
::::> Qwithoul shield = 0.333 (j A [T~ - T; 1
... (1)
Emissivity of radiation shield, E) = 0.04 = Es
Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield:
We know that,
Heat transfer with n shield,
Qwith shield =
where, Es - Emissivityof radiationshield.

Radiation shield n - Numberof radiationshield.
Fig. 4.23. A (j [T~ - T; 1
Qwi1h shield
of reduction in heat transfer due to _1 _i_+li!1_(I+I)
To find: Percentage 0.5 + 0.5 0.04
radiation shield.
A cr [T~ - T;]
Solution : 52
Case 1 .. Heat transfer without radiation shield: = 0.0192 A o [T~ - T;] ". (2)
Qwi1h shield
two large parallel plates witho~
Heat exchange between We know that,
radiation shield is given by, Q without ,-
shield QWIith shield
Reduction in heat tran~fer } -
due to radiation shield Qwithout shield
where, =
4.88 Heal and Mass Transfer ~ Radiation 48CJ
0.333 A (J [Ti - Ti] - 0.0192 A (J [Ti - ~

.> QA::::: 0.23 x 5.67 x 10-8 x l(1073)4
- (573)41
4 4 2
0.333 A (J [T ( - T2 ]
[ ~ 15.8 x 1Q3 W/m2]
0.333 - 0.0192
0.333 Q 15.8 x 103 W/m2
]lesu1t: A
0.942 = 94.2%
~ Find lite relative heat Iransl'.er b
Result: Percentage of reduction in heat transfer rate = 94.2% ~ 'J' etween two
nes at temperature 1000 K ancl500 K wit en lit
large p Ia ey are
I Example 4 I Emissivities of two large parallel planes
Black bodies.
maintained at 800 '(' and 300'(' are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find 1.
the net radiant heat exchange per square metre for these plates. Grey bodies with emissivities of eaclt surface is 0.7.
2.
[Oct. 2001, MUI [May 2002, MUI
Given: 1'( 800 0
e + 273 Given: T, 1000 K
1073 K
e + 273
T,t t T, T2 500 K
~T'
300° £, 0.7
573 K E2 0.7 £, £2
1>, 0.3 Fig. 4.24.

Fig. 4.25.
£2 0.5 To find : 1. Heat transfer for black bodies.
To find: Heat exchange per square metre. 2. Heat transfer for grey bodies.
Solution : The heat exchange between two large parallel plate Solution:
is given by
Case 1: Heat 'exchange between two large parallel plate is
Q = g (J A (T1 - T;) [From equation no.(4.28)) given by
I Q -
E A a (T 4I -
T4)
2
where £ = 1 1
OJ + 0.5 - 1 For black bodies , E =
Q = A a (T~ - Ti )
0.23
Q 5.67 x \0-8 [(IOOW-(SOO)41
Q 0.23 x a x A (T~ - T~ )
A
4.90
Case 1: Q
:: 53.15
£" A (J
x 10 W/Il12
(T~ - T~ )
-
1::2 ~ O.os
where
-f. =
I
Inner temperature, TI :::
- 183°C + 273 '" 90 K
Outer temperature, T2
20°C + 273
E 293 K
I I
-+ -- Latent heat of oxygen
0.7 0.7 210 kJ/kg
210 x J03 J/kg

IE 0.5381 Toflnd : Rate of evaporation
Q 0.538 x A x 5.67 x 10-8 x [ (1000)4 - (500)41 Solution:
I~ 28.6 x 103 w/m'l

Result:
Q
I. A (Black surface) 53.15 x 103 W/m2
2. AQ (Grey body) 28.6 x 103 W/m2
I I
Example 6 The inner sphere of liquid oxygell container is Fig. 4.26.
40 em diameter and outer sphere is 50 em diameter. Both have
This is heat exchange between two large concentric spheres
emissivities 0.05. Determine the rate at which lite liquid oxygen
problem.
would evaporate at - 183'C wizen lite outer sphere at 201(.
Latent heat of oxygen is 210 kJlkg. {April 99, MUI -E Al [T 4I T4]2 ... (I)
Heat transfer, QJ2 0' -
Given: Inner diameter, D( 40 cm = 0.40 m [From equation no.(4.33)]
Inner radius, r( 0.20 m

where E
Outer diameter, D2 50 ern = 0.50 m
Outer radius, r2 0.25 m
\ 47t"1 (\ )
0.05 + 47t r; 0.05 - \
300°C + 273 _
- 573 K
OJ
O.~5 + :\ (O.~5 - I )
Radiation shield emissivity" - 0
"3 - .05
I
o.osI + (0.20)2
(0.25)2
(I0.05 - I
)
Radiation
IE -_ 0.031 I Plate 1
shield E:! :: 0 05
(\) => QI2 0.031 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 4 x 7t x (0.20)2)( Plate 2
[ (90)4 - (293~1
- 6.45 W
[ - ve sign indicates heat is transferred from outer surface to T1 = BOO'C

inner surface.]
Heat transfer Fig. 4.27.
Rate of evaporation
Latent heat Tofilld:
6.45 W
2 lOx \ 03 1 I kg I. Net radiant heat exchange per square metre (~2).
6.45 lis
2. Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiationshield.
210 x 103 l/kg
Solution:
, Rate of evaporation 3.07 x 10-5 kgls I
Result: Rate of evaporation = 3.07 x 10-5 kg/s
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without
I Example 7 I Emissivities 0/
two large parallel plaltl radiation shield is given by
maintained at 800'(' and 300'(' are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively.Fin'
the net radiant heat exchange per square metre 0/ the plates.If'
-
polished aluminium shield (E = 0.05) is placed between the1l'o where E =
Find the percentage 0/ reduction ill heat transfer. [Oct. 99, MW
Given: TI = e
8000 + 273 = 1073 K
1 1
OJ + 0.5 - 1 (J A [T~ - Tj] Radiation
495
o A [ T4
1 I 3 - T4]
- +--1 ~
\E 0.230 I EI E3 -+1
£3 E
2
- I
(1073)4 - r4
=> Q12 0.230 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4-(57) 3 T; - (573)4
~I 1 I
0.3 + 0.05 - I ~
-+
Heat transfer Without} Q12 = 0.05 OJ - I
radiation shield A '" (I) (l073)4 - r:
3 T~ - (573)
=> 22.3
Case 2: Heat transfer wit" radiation shield : 21
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is givenby => 2.78 x 1013 - 21 r4
3 22.3 Tj -2.4 x 1012
- 4 4
E crA[T, -T3] => 3.02 x 1013 43.3 Tj
- 1 Shield temperature =>

where E I r3::: 913.8K 1
Substitute T 3 value in equation (2) or (3),
Heat transfer With} Q _ 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4 (913.8)4]

... (~ radiation shield 13 - 1 I --
OJ +0.05 - 1 I
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is givenby I ~J 1594.6 w/m'l ... (4) il
-EcrA[T - 4 T4]
3
1
2 % of reduction in heat transfer}
due to radiation shield
::: Qwilhout shield - Owilh shield
Qwithout shield
II
where E
_!_+_!_-1 012 -013
E3 E2 012
I
cr A [Tj - Ti] ... (~ 15.8 x 103 - 1594.6
I 15.8 x 103
_!_+_!_-l
E3 E2 0.899 == 89.9%
We know that,
4.96 Heat and Mass Transfer ~
Result:
--- roJind:
1. Heat exchange without} QI2
radiation shield A 15.8 x 103 W/rn2 Solution:
Heat transfer, Q E c A [T~ _ T; ]
2. % of reduction in heat transfer = 89.9%
250 0.8 x 5.67 x 10-8
I Example I
8 Tile amount of radiant energy falling 0" 250 1.13x1Q--8[T4
)( O.2Sx [T4
1-(03)4]
50 em x 50 em horizontal thin metal plate insulated to the bolto II 41 _ (303)4 I - (03)4 ]
is 3600 kJlm2 hr. If the emissivity of the plate surface is 0.8 Q"~ T 2.2 x 1010
the ambient air temperature is 30 'C, find the equilibriuIPJ I TI 417.89
temperature of tile plate. /April97, MUJ Result: Plate temperature, TI ::: 417.8K
Given: Area, A 50 em x 50 em
0.5 m x 0.5 m
0.25 ffi2]
. I
[Example 9 A pipe carrying st
ea", havm
'
diameter of 20 em runs in a large room d ' g an Outside
30 "C. Tire pipe surface temperature is 400Clr>
.
of heat to surroundings per metre length of
~u~_.
toQlrat
.....Calcu/ateth l
' e oss
thermal radiation. Emissivity of the pipe s ."the~,pe,dueto
Radiant energy, Q 3600 kl1m2 hr . "rlace u 0,8, What
would be the loss of heat if tire pipe is encl d'
.. ose m a 40 Clft
3600 x 103 1 diameter brick conduit of e= 0.9 ? /MU A '
• , p,,12001/
3600 m2 s {The procedure of this problem is sameas problemno.3 _
103 lis x m2 (Solved problems 011 radiation shield - Section4.27) J
I Example 10 I The surface
of douhlewalledsphericalvessel
1000 ~ used for storing liquid oxygen are coveredwitha layerofsilver
m
lining having an emissivity of 0.03. The temperatureof outer
Here, Area 0.25 m2
surface of the inlier wall is - 153't' and tl,etemperature ofthe
W inner surface of the outer wall is 27't'. Thesphereare21 em and
Q 1000 x 2 x 0.25 m2
rn 30 em diameter with tire space betwee» them evacuated.
Calculate the salt of evaporation of liquid oxygenduetoradiant
IQ 2S0W I • • °ifl' Iqui'd ot}'oen
l leat transfer. Latent heat of vapoumatlon '. is 220 &
Emissivity, E 0.8 kJlkg.

. as problemno.6
Ambient air temperature, T2 {The procedure of this problem IS same
303 K
(Solved university problems - Section 4.28)J
56
,
I
( Example 11 Two large parallel I '
Radiation 4.99
oifO 3 dO' . panes hav'
. an .5 are maintained at a t 'Ilg e",·
K' emperature »r« ISsi~' ~ Emissivities of .two large parallel plates
respectively. A radiation shield havi 'J 00 /( q~
b h laVing an en . Q"d . t ,'ned at 800 ~ and 300 c:c are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find
ot sides is placed between two pia C IlSSivity 0'0 4~ ",a,n a
hi .. nes. alculat la 'J .OS net radiant heat exchange per square metre between the
oif .s IIeld, (u) ratio of heat transfer rate . e ,I,
te"'Per ~ the [Nov. 97, MKU/
shield.• Without sh,' e I d I 1Il~. "1 plates.
1M 0",.
[The procedure of this problem is U, April 20'" [The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.4
/S I d . . same as pr b ~I
d university problems - Section 4.28)J
I' 0 ve umverSI roblems - Section 4.28)J 0 Ie", I!o.~
(SO Ive
Exam Ie 12 Liquid nitrogen boil' a-x-a-m-p-Ie-l-S"IA pi~e carrying steam having an outside
. '. Ing at - 1960C .
In a 15 litres spherical container ot 32 . IS Sto,~ diameter of 20 em runs In a I~rge room and is exposed to air at
tai . 'J em d,am
con atner IS surrounded by a concentric spheri eler. 1~ temperature of 30~. TI,e pipe surface temperature is 400~.
. erlcal shell
d iameter whose inside temperature is mai t . Of 40 ~ Calculate the loss of heat to the surroundings per metre length of
In alned at jOt'
annular space between the two is evacuated. Tl. . 1'1rt pipe due to thermal radiation. TI,e emissivity of the pipe surface
l faci te surfaces 'f
sp teres acing each other is silvered and hav . oJI~ is 0.8.
o 35 ", ki
. . ~a Ing the latent heat of vapourisauan fi
e an emlSsivit.,
h :' ~
or t e "qllij What would be the loss of heat due to radiation if the pipe is
oxygen as 200 kI/kg, find the rate at which it evaporat IV, enclosed in a 40 em diameter brick conduct of emissivity 0.91.
the thermal resistance offered by the inner surface .~St·he?lta
, II' JI OJ e Iftlltr IBllUratlriyar University, Nov. 96/
sne and by the thickness of the same.
. [Bltarathidasan University, Nov. 9~ [The procedure of this problem is same as problem no. 3
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.! (Solved problems on radiation shield - Section 4.27)J
r-- ;,,;;.:...~roblems- Section 4. 28)J
The surface of a double walled spherkl
I Example 16 \ Consider two large parallel plates one at TI
10000[( with emissivity 6] = 0.8 and the other at T2 = 500"1( wit
vessel used for storing liquid oxygen are covered with a layer~
emissivity 62 = 0.4. An aluminium radiation shield with
silver having an emissivity of O.03. The temperature of tile oulll
emissivity (botl: sides) 63 = 0.2 is placed between the plate
surface of the inner wall is - 153 CC and the temperature of innll
surface of the outer wall is 27CC. The spheres are 21 cm anI Calculate the percentage reduction in tile heat transfer rate as
result of the radiation shield.
30 em in diameter. With the space between them evacuated.
Calculate the radiation heat transfer through the walls intoIhl [Bhorathidasan University, Nov.
vessel and the rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if the ratt~
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem n
vapourisution is 220 kJlkg. [Bharathiyar University, Apr. 91)
0 (Solved university problems - Section 4.28)J
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem 710.
(Solved university problems - Section 4.28)J
4. J 00 Heal and Mass Transfer Radiation 4.101
~ • •
I
[Example 17 Two very large parallel pi
Q~ ~ we n
Illsnvities 0.3 ami 0.8 exchange heat by radiatio . "'i1h . + Reflectivity + Transmissivity = I
Absorptiv1t)'
n, F'''d
P eTCentage reductio II ill heat transfer when a POlis/,ed., . 'hI a+p+t
Ta.uiation shield of emissivity = 0.04 is placed betweell the",. '14", (I "n",,· [.: t=O]
a+p ,
-[p--'-_-a--"lj
[Bharathidasan University ....
, pr.98/
(,-a)G+£Eh
[The procedure of this problem is same as bl
pro ell, IIo.j (4.38) ::::>
(Solved University problems - Section 4. 28)J a == £
We knoW that,
(1-£)G+£Eb
4.29. ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALOGY FOR THERMAL ". (4.39)
RADIATION SYSTEMS BY USING RADIOSITY AND [Radiosiry.
IRRADIATION J - f. Eb (I - c) G
An alternate approach for analysing thermal radiation between ". (4.40)

Irradiation, G ==
gray or black surfaces is called electrical network analogy. This
approach is more direct, more general and much simpler. The two " 'a surface is the difference between its
The net energy 1 eav ing
terms often used in the electrical analogy approach are irradiation
radiosil)' (J) and irradiat i n (G).
and radiosity.
QI-2
J-G
A
Irradiation (G)
_ (J-£Eb)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per J I _£
unit time per unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
J(I-c)-(J-cEb)
(I - c)
Radiosity (J)
J-Jc-J cEb
It is used to indicate the total ra~iation ~eaving a surface per
1- t;
unit time per unit area. It is expressed 111 W/m-.
E Eb - .J r;
The rad iosiry (J) consists of two parts. I - c
Reflected by the surface pG

I.
2. Emitted by the surface E Eb
.. ' (4.38)
J == pG + E Eb
So,
A£(E'-J~
Q'-2 = I-E Radiation 4.103
Eb-J --;his again can be represented by an electric circuit as shownin
QI-2 =
l-E I
figA.29.
I
0 \10M
AE ". (4~ 0
J, 1 J2
This can be represented in the form of electric I . A, F'2
shown in Fig. a CltcUQI
Fig. 4.19.
oo----~~~----~o
__
1 -E . J
w
1 . kn
AI 12
.
here --F- IS own.as space resistance.
Fig. 4.28.
If two surface resistance of the two bodies and space resistance
l-E b tween them is considered, then, the net heat flow can be
where A E is known as surface resistance of the body.
e sented by an electric circuit as shown in Fig.4.30.
repre
If two bodies which are radiating heat with each other~'
the radiating heat of one b0 dy per unit'. area IS not fallingon~
I Eb2
other and part of it has gone elsewhere, then, it is takenit

account by a factor which is known as shape factor or view fa~ Fig. 4.30.
The heat radiated by the first body } Ebl - Eb2

and received by the second body JIA1FI_2
Heat radiated from second} __
J2 A2 F2_1
and received by first
So, net heat lost by the first body,
QI _2 = J, AI F, _ 2 - J2 A2 F2 _ I
= AI FI_2 (11 -h) [.: AI F'2=A2F1J
.. , (4.43)
J, -J2
1·
A, F,'2 I
c.
Stefan B 0ltzmann constant
where, 0' -
,,' (4.J 5.67 x JO-8 W/m2 K4
TI - Temperature of surface I, K
T2 Temperature of surface 2, K Radiation 4./05
Emissivity of surface I 11 - IJ
I
Emissivity of surface 2
AI FIJ
Area of surface I, m2
J2 -JJ
A2 - Area of surface 2, m2
_L__
FI2 - Shape factor.
A2 F2J
For black surface,
The values of 012, 013, 02J are determined from the values of
the radiosities (J I' J2 and )3)' Kirchoffs law which states that the
(4.43) ~
sum of the current entering a node is zero, is used to find the
radiosity.
4.30. RADIATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE FOR THREE GRAy 4.31. SOLVED PROBLEMS
SURFACES
I Example I
1 Calculate the shape factors for the
The network for three gray surfaces is shown in Fig.4.31.. configuralions shown in Fig.
this case each of the bodies exchanges heat with the other two.Tt
heat expressions are as follows: I. A black body inside a black enclosure.
2. A tube with cross section of an equilateral triangle.
Ebl
1- £1
JI J2 1- £2
AI £1 AI FI2 A2 £2
3. Hemispherical sur/ace and 1I plane surface.
Fig. 4.31.
J1 -J2
Q/2 =
1
A, F'2
4./06 Hear and Mass Transfer
Solution:
Case J:
F'_2 - Radlollon 4107
[All radiation emitted from the black surface 2 . r.::- p_,-.l (Since symmetry rriangle1
IS abs
the enclosing surface I.] oriled~ (2) ~ . . [F,_2 - O·D f!,-.l - 0.5J
We know that, Now considering radial ion fro ....
m su"ace 2,
FI _ 1+ FI -2 = F2-, + F2-2 + F2_J =
By reciprocity theorem, "'(ij

!F 2_2 0]
AI FI_2
F2 -I + F2-J =
I F, -2 ~
!F2_J
By reciprocity theorem, we know

- I-F2_
1
]
... (3)
(1) :::)
FI -I =
(3) ~ I-F2_1
l F,_, =
~:I 1- FI_2
1-0.5
c·: F2_1 = F,_2]
C': F,_2=0.5]
0.5/
Result: F1_ I = 0, F2_1 = FI_2 = 0.5
Result: FI _ I =
F2-2 = 0
Case 2: We know that, FI _2 0.5, F2-J 0.5
F/_I + FI-2+FI-3 = FI -J 0.5
For flat surface, shape factor FI _ I = O. Case 3: We know that,

FI_I +FI_2
.J
I FI - 2 + FI - 3 =
By reciprocity theorem,
A1FI_2 = A2F2-1
=> [F'_2 0 t, F,_, I '" (4)
Since all radiation ermttmg from the black surface 2 are

absorbed by the enclosing surface 1,
F2-1
A2
(4) ~ FI_2 [':F2_1==1]
AI
1t ,.2 Fig. 4.32.
FI_2 - = 0.5
21t ,.2 2
From Fig., we know that,
I FI_2 = 0.5 I As == AI + A3
We know that, FI_I +FI_2 =
A6 = Az + A4
FI_I +0.5 = 1
I FI_I 0.5 I We know that,
Result : FI_I 0.5 AsFs-6 == AIFI_6+A3F3_6
FI_2 0.5 [.: As=AI +A); FS-6=FI-6+F3_6]
F2_1 =
Al FI_4+AI FI_2+A3F3_6
I Example 2 I Find the shape factor FI_2 for the figure
shown below. In the Fig., the areas AI and A2 (Ireperpendicular [.: FI_6=FI_4+FI-z]
but do not share the common edge. As Fs -4 - A3 F3-4 + AI FI_2 + A3 F3-6
[.: AI=As-A3; FI_4=Fs_4-F3-4]
AIFI_2 = As F5_6-As FS_4+A3F3-4-A/J-6
AtFI_2 = As [F5_6-FS_4]+AdF3-4-FJ-6]
AJ
A5 [F F J+ [F -FJ-61 .. ·(I)
AI S-6- 5-4 A 3-4
I
94 (Sixth edition)]
[Refer HMT data book, Page no. .
21A'*-
--~~~~~~~~~----------------------
.1
S""pe }ilClor fior Me area A and
I
5
~I/(JII
A4 : ~
4".
~ B
1 . B = 2 m ...... 1
T L2 T
L2 =2m A4
1 L.-.-----'-.
"""'Ll -l~
~'---':::' Ll =4
Fig. 4.33.
Fig. 4.35.
Shape factor for the area A 5 and A6 : L2 2

Z B = 2 =1
Y
S = 42 =2
B
~ IF5-4 0.116431 [From tables]
Shapefactor for the area A 3 and A4 :
Fig. 4.34.
L2 4
Z = -=-=2
B 2
L( 4
Y = ----2
B-2 - Fig. 4.36.
L2 2
Z value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find Z = =2=1
B
corresponding shape factor value is 0.14930 (From tables, Page No. 94). ..,
Ll
Y = =2=1
B
I F5-6 0.14930 1
!F 3_ 4 = 0.20004 J
4.112 H
---.:.:_eal and Mass Transfer
SIIapefi ac tor for the area A and A . Given: Area, A = 2 x 2 == 4 012
3 6'
TI 1000°C + 273
I. B::: 2 m .1
T
L2::: 4 m As
1273 K
T2 == ,500~C +273
l~ "'
L1::: 2 m
== 773 K
L'-- __ --=::::., Distance 0.5 III
Fig. 4.37.
L2 4 Fig.4.1B.
z B = 2" = 2 Tofind: Heat transfer, (Q).
y Solution:
0.23285 I Heat transfer by radiation general equation is

I
Substitute F s _ 6' F 5 _ 4' F3 _ 4 and F3 _ 6 values in equation (I), QI2
= o [Ti - Ti I
1 -EI 1 l-~
As A3 --+-+-
AI EI Al F12 A2E2
(I)~ FI_2 AI [0.14930-0.11643]+ AI [0.20004-0.23285] i
I
[From equationnO.(4.43)] ·1
A A3
= AS [0.03287] - A [0.03281] For black body I!
I I
E2 = 1
4x2 2x2
2 x 2 [0.03287] - 2 x 2 [0.03281]
c [Ti - T; ] x AI FI2
= 2 [0.03287] - I [0.03281] = 5.67 x 10-8 [ (1273)4 - (773)4] x 4 x FI2
I FI -2 = 0.03293 I 5.14xlOSFlz ! ... (1)
Result: Shape factor, FI _ 2 == 0.03293
where F 12 - Shape factor for square plates
I Example 3 I Two black square plates of size 2 by 2m are ln order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book, Page
olaced parallel to each other at a distance of 0.5 m. One plate is no. 90 (Sixth Edition) .
maintained at a temperature of 1000 CCand the other at 500 oc.
Smaller side _
Find the heat exchange between the plates. X axis =:
Distance between planes
57
j3
4.114
2
0.5
I X axis ~
Curve ~ 2 [Since given is squar TI ::: 750°C + 273 :::
e Plates] 1023K
X axis value is 4, curve is 2. So, corresponding Y axis VI. T2 ::: 350°C + 273 :::
0.62. a Ue,s 623 K
£1 OJ
i.e., I FI2 0.621
Distance between discs = 0.2 m.

0.62
Tofind: Heat exchange between discs, (Q ).
F12
Solution:
4 Heat transfer by radiation general equation is

Fig. 4.39.
[T~ - T;]
(J
(I) ~ 012 5.14 x 105 x 0.62
1-
__ £1 + __ I 1 - e2
+ __ [Fromequationno.(4.33)]
1012 3.18 x 105 W I AI £1 AI FI2 A2 £2
Result: Heat transfer, 012 = 3.18x IOsW.

5.67 x IO-S [ (l023t - (623)4)
I Example" I
Two circular discs of diameter 0.3 m eachart 1 - 0.3
+
1
+'
1- 06
placed parallel to each other at a distance of 0.2 m: One disc is 0.070 x 0.3 0.070 FI2 0.070 x 0.6
maintained at a temperature of 750 't' and the other at 350er and 5.35 x 104
... (I)
their corresponding emissivities are 0.3 and 0.6. Calculate heat
exchange between the discs.
Given: °1 0.3 m
T § T,075OC
El =0.3
where
42.85 + 0.070
F 12 -
FI2
Shape factor for disc

In order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book,Page
°2 = 0.3 m
O.2m no. 90 (Sixth edition).
AI = A2 = ! 02
4 l_§ T2:: 350'C
E2:: 0.6
X axis =
Diameter
Distance between discs
OJ
1t 0.2
4' (0.3)2 Fig. 4.40.
j2
I X axis = 1.5
Diameter of disc 2, ~ Radiation
Curve -)- I [Since given is disc] 62 crn ::: 4. iJ7
Distance 0.62 m
X axis value is 1.5, curve is I. So, corresponding y . Temperature of disc I, TI ::: 125 crn _
1150 K - 1.25 m
is 0.28. aXIS valUe Temperature of disc 2, T·2 :::
620 K
0.28 10jind: Heat flow by radiation.
=>
1 . When no other, surfaces
. : are present
2.' When the discs rare connected b. .
surface, . Y non-conducting
Solulion:
~
Area,' AI
TV T,=1150K
'r~
1.5
;;< (0.62)2 ,
'.v
Fig. 4.41. = '. ~
T2~620K
5.35 x 104 030 in2'/.
(I) =>
42.85 + 0.070 x 0.28
~Fig. 4.41.
569.9 W / We know that
Result: Heat transfer, QJ2 = 569.9 W Heat/transfer by.radrauo. t;.... :al e411aill.)l1l~
a [T4 , r 4
.:. ~ 2
I Example 5 I Two black discs of diameter 62 em are
y'
I-E, I 1-&2
arranged directly opposite to each other and separated by a --+--+--
distance of 125 em. Tile temperature of tile discs are 1150 K and A,E, A,FI2 A2~
620 K. Calculate the heat flow by radiation between tile discsfor I iFrom 'equation no.(4.33))
the following cases. For black surface,
Emissivity, £, E2 = )
1. When 110 other surfaces are present.
2. When the discs are connected by IIoll-colltlucting cr [ r~ - r;)

surface. I
A, F'2
Given: Diameter of disc I, D, 62 em 0.62 III
4. / /8 Heat and Mass Transfer
. Radiation 4
Case 2 : The dISCS are connected b ' ·1/9
= 5.67 x 10-8 x 0.30 x F12 [(1150)4_ Y non-COndu .
So, choose curve 5. ctlng,surfaces.
. .. (620~
27.2 x 103 F121 I X axis value is 0.496, curve is S S . .
. 0, correspo d'
••. (1) value .IS 034
. •
' n Ing Y axis
where F12 Shape factor for disc. 0.34J
In order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book, p
no. 90 (Sixth edition).. . age
Diameter
X axis
Distance between discs
0.62
0.496
1.25
Fig. 4.44.
I X axis 0.496 I ,
(1) ::::) Q12 27.2 x 1()3 x 0.34
Case 1: When no other surfaces are present i.e., direct I Q12 ::: 9248 W I
radiation. So, choose curve 1.
Result: . QI2 (Direct radiation) = 1360 W
X axis value is 0.496, curve is 1.
Q 12 (planes connected by non-conducting surfll:CS) = 9248
So, corresponding Y axis value is 0.05. I I
Example 6 Two parallel rectangul~ surfaces 1 m x 2m
I F12 = 0.05 are opposite to each other at a distance of 4 m..1he surfacesare
black and at 300 ~ and 200~. Calculate the heat exchangeby
radiation between two surfaces.
r,
-1--V
Given: Area, A lx2=2m2
Distance
i7.
= 4m 1m
TI 300°C+273 4m
2m
Fig. 4.43.
0.496
S73K L 1m
T2
T 2 = 200°C + 273
Q12 ::: 27.2 x 103 x 0.05
(I) => Fig. 4,45.
= 473 K
[Q12 ::: 1360 W I
..
Tofind: Heat exchange (012), .

From graph, we know that,
Solution: Heat transfer by radiation general equation is
,
(J r T~ - T~]
, .
,
I FI2 = o~
QI2 J - EI . I J - E (I):::::> 012 S.67x 10-8[(573),,_(
-- + -- + ---.l 473)4 ~x 2 x 0.04
AI EI AI FI2 A2 E2 012 261.9 W
For Black surface, Result: Heat exchange, 012 = 261.9 W

EI &2 I
[Example 7 Two parallel plates of s;ze3
-
2
m x m areplaced
4' 4 arallel to each other at a distance or I 0
=> 012 (J [ T I - T 2 ] x AI FI2 ... (1) P . 'J III. lie plate is
maintained at a temperature of 550 C(' and the otheral 250't
where FI2 - Shape factor for parallel rectangles the emissit'ilies are 0.35 and 0.55 resnect;ve!u Th land
I, l' :.t. e p ales are
located in a large room whose walls are al 35't: If the plales
In order to find shape factor, refer HMT data book Page nO.91 excllange Ileal with eac!, other and ",;th tht room,calculale
and 92 (Sixth Edition).
1. Heal lost by the plates,
L Longer side
X =
2. Heat received by the room.
D Distanc.e ---..--~
B=1m
2 1 Size of the plates 3 m x 2m
.4
B
0.5 '
D__,___=( m_t!J Distance between plates 1m
y - 0.25 B=1m First plate temperature, TI 550°C + 273 = 823 K

D 4.
Second plate temperature, T2 250°C + 273 = 523 K
Fig. 4.46.
Emissivity of first plate, EI 0.35
BID = 0.25
Emissivity of second plate, E2 0.55
Room temperature, T3 350C + 273 = 308 K
TOfind, : I. Heat lost by the plates.

0.5.
X = lID 2. Heat received by the room.
Fig. 4.'47.
Solution: In this problem, heat exchange take Pla~

two plates and the room. So, this is three surface problem and the
corresponding radiation network is given below.
Eb3
Fig. 4.49.
To find shape factor F '2- refer HMT data book, p

92 (Sixth edition). age no.91 &:
Fig. 4.48. Electrical network
Area,
=:>
A,
I A,
3x2
A2 = 6
=
m2
6 m2
I
D=1m
I
__j___"
07
. ,,''J A
,
B=2m
Since the room is large, AJ = 00
Fig.4.50.
From electrical network diagram,
L 3
I-E,
x = 5=1=3
1-0.35
= 0.35 x 6
0.309 B 2
y = 5=1=2
I - E2 1-0.55
= = 0.136 X value is 3, curve value is 2. From that, we can find
E2 A2 0.55 x 6 corresponding shape factor value is 0.47, ie., F12= 0.47.
1 -EJ
= 0 [.: A3 =CX)j [From graph]
EJ AJ [F12 = 0.47J
IE. We know that ,

1 - EJ = 0, 1 - EI = 0.309, ---=-.2 = 0.136 values JII
Apply EJ AJ EI AI E2 A2 Fll+FI2+F13 =
ctrical network diagram, But, FII = 0
!&li!1®5~
::
Eb2
::
I - 0.47 5.67 x 10-8 [523J4
Q); = 0.531
I Eb2 4.24x~
... (5)
EbJ = o T4
J
Similarly, F21 + F22 + F23
5.67x 10-8 [308J4
We know that, F22 0
Eb3 510.25 W/m2-
=> F23 = 1- F21
I EbJ = J3 :: 510.25 W/m2] ... (6)
=> F23 = 1- FI2
[From diagram]
F23 = 1-0.47 The radiosities J I and J2 can be calculated by using Kirchotrs
law.
I F23 0.53 )
=> The sum of current entering the node J1 is zero.
AI Node r.,
0.314 ... (1)
AI FI3 6 x 0.53
= 0.314 ... (2)

A2F23 6 x 0.53 [From diagram]
... (3) 26.0IxIOJ-JI J2-J1 510.25-J1 = 0

= 0.354
6 x 0.47 0.309 + 0.354 + 0.314
, J1 J2 J1 J1
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, => 84.17 x IOJ - 0.309 + 0.354 - 0.354 + 1625 - 0Ji4 :; 0
Eb = crT4 => -9.24J1+2.82J2 = -85.79xloJ ... (7)
AI Node Jz:
Eb3-J2 EbJ-J2 o
5.67 x 10-8 [823 J4
+ I + 0~36
... (4)
A2F23
br
-------:------!.Radintioll
= 4.24 x 103 - 4.73 x )OJ
~
6 x 0.55
4.24 x 103 __2__
J
_1__ 0354
J2 510.25
+Q3j4 -0.314
_2_ + 0.136 - 0.136 - 0 IQ 2 = - 3.59 x 103 ~
0.354. .
= -32.8 x 103 . ". (8) heat lost by the plates
2.82 J1 - 13.3 J2 Tota I
Q = Q1 +Q2
Solving equation (7) and (8),
= _ 85.79 x 103 ". (7) 49.36 x 103 - 3.59 x 1()3
- 9.24 J1 + 2.82 J2 =
2.82 J1 - 13.3 J2 = - 32.8 x 103 '" (8) IQ = 45.76 x 100W]

'" (9)
Heat received by the room
J2 = 4.73 x 103 W/m2 11 - 1) 12- 1)

I By solving, :::)
Q = I +~
:::) J1 = 10.73 x 103 W/m2
Heat lost by plate I is given by 10.73 x 103 - 510.25 + 4.73 x )(}J-510.25

0.314 , 0.314
Ebl -J1
Q, ~ (:,-;: J [.: Eb3=J]=512.9]

[Q 45.9 x 10) wi ... (10)
26.01 x 103 - 10.73 x 103
From equation (9), (10), we came to know heat lost by the
01 = 1-0.35
plates is equal to heat received by the room.
0.35 x 6
[Example 8] T"e water tank of size 2 m x 1 m x l m and
I 01 49.36 x 103 W I radiates heat from each side. The surface emissivityof tank is 0.8
andthe Surface temperature of tank is 32OC.
Heat lost by plate 2 is given by
Calculate the following:
1. Hear lost by radiation if ambient temperatureis 4t:

2. Reduction in heat loss if the tank is coated with an
tlluminium paint of emissivity 0.6.
~~~~~~~~T-al-lk~sl'-ze----~
Given:
Emissivity of tank, €I 0.8
Reduction in heat loss
Surface temperature, T1 32°e + 273 =: 305 K
Result: I. Heat loss by radiation Q _ ,
Ambient temperature, T2 4°e + 273 =: 277 K I - 1.003 kW
2. Reduction in heat loss _
- O,250kW
Emissivity of aluminium, €2 0.6
4.32. UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS
To find : I. Heat loss by radiation (Q).
I
rexample 1 Determine the view faclor (F lfi
2. Reduction in heat loss. L.; 1(1 Or the figure
Shown below. IDee. 2004 & May 2005 Anna u,' .
I ",verslty)
Solutio" : I. 1m .1
1. From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that 1m
E b (or) Q == o T4
. . ity (c)c.' and Area (A) are given. SO,

E ITIISSIVI
Heat transfer, Q € x A x o T4
1':1 x A x o [T~ - T; ]
Solution:
0.8 x 8 x 5.67 x 10-8 [ (30S)L (27m
[.: Area == 2 x 1x 4 == 8 m2 (4 sides)1
[Q 1003.83 W I
(or)
IQ 1.003 kW I
2. Emissivity of aluminium, £2 == 0.6.
Fig. 4.5/.
£1 - £2 x Q
Reduction in heat loss ==
£1
SA
~1~,/~j~O~H~e~a~/a~n~d~~~~~s~s~~~o~~~fu~
--------------~
From Fig., we know that,
Shapt factor for the area A J and A, :
As ... AI + A2 ~Bz1m-l
A6 '" A3 + A.
T
L2 = 2 m Ae
-tJ~
Further.
AsFs-6 == AIFI_6+A2F2-6
[.: As == AI + A2; FS-6 = FI_6 + F2_ ]
6
= A I F I _ 3 + A I F I - 4 + A2 F2 - 6 Flg.4.SJ.
L2 2
t: FI-6=Ft-3+Fl-(]
z B= T =2
i., 2
A~ FS-6 As FS-3 - A2 F2-3 + AI FI_4 + A2 F2_6 y
B = T =2
[·:AI=As-A2; FI-3=Fs_3-Fd Z value IS 2, Y value is 2. From
that, we can find
corresponding shape factor value is 0.14930.
[From tables]
== AsFs_6-A~F~-3+A2F2-3-A2F2-6
~ I
F 5 - 6 = 0.14930 J
Shape factor for tile area A J and A J :
~ B= 1 m ~
(Refer HMT data book, Page nO.94 (Sixth EditiOliI

T
L2:: 1 m A3
-ll~
L, =2m ~
~'''----
Fig. 4.54.
L2 )
Z = -
B -- --)
) -
Fig. 4.52. L, 2
Y = - -- --2
) -
B
[FS_3 = 0.116431 [From tables]
·132 Hear and Mass Transfer
Shape factor for tIre area A 2 ami A j :
A5
II B = 1m .1 A; [0.14930
L2
1
= 1m A3
- 0.11643] +
A2
-1J~ A
-l.
AI [0.03287] _ ~
2
AI [0.200IlA
Al [0.032811
\J<f - 0.23285]
Fig. 4.55.
T [0.03287] _ !
,.--____ 1 [0.03281]
Z
L2
- -
I FI-4 O.0329 U
B
Result: View factor, FI -4 -- 003
. 293
Y !::.L - - I
[Example 2 Determine the .
B . VIew factor F
Illefigure shown below. I'D / - 2 alld F2 fi
0.20004 ec. 2005 <] Or
=> F2-3 --...J 'Alilia Ulliversity}
Shape factor for tire area A 2 and A6 :
I_ B= 1 m .1
L2.
2
T1 ..
Fig. 4.57.
L1 = 1m
~~---..::::.. Solution:
Fig. 4.56. I. 5m
z
L2
B=T
2
= 2
T
y
s_ _
B-1 -
0.23285 I
Substitute FS-6' FS-3' F2-3 and F2-6 values in equation (I),
Fig. 4.58.
4.136 HeatandMa!sTra/lsf~------- ____.----- Radiation
Result: View factors FI_, ~ 0.0978 ~

F2 _ I == 0.0489
[ Example D Two pilfallel plates of size J m x J "'lit

spaced 0.5 0' IIp'''' are lacaWI in a very large room, the ""'''. '
whiclt are maintained at a lemperatllre of 27 OC. One P alt' of ,!
maiolainetl III a temperalure of 900"C lind tne other ., 46 •
Tlreir emissivilies are 0.2 111111 0.5 respeclively. If the p1artJ 6t
excltange heat belween tlte",selve!i a/l(l sllrr(Jllfltiillgs,find Ihe n "'2 £2
hea! ITilnsfer 10 eilell
• plale anti to lite room.. . Consider (J1111 Y I~II
venlt}1 Fig. 4.62. Electrlcul IItlwor' dl IIgrum
pltlle .wrft,cesfac",g eac/r olher. {May 2004, Anna Uni ,
Area, AI .. 1)( I • 1m2
SOllllion:
Size of the plates == I J11 X I 111 _/ IA I - "2 - I m
2
I
Distance between plates == 0.5 III
Since the room is large, A)· r:/)
0
Room temperatur'!, TJ == 27 ' -I- 27 ., 300 K From electrical network diagram,
0 27 .. 1173 K 1-0.2
foirst plate temperature, T I == 900 --4
I )( 0.2
Second plate temperature, T2 = 400
0
' -I 27 .. 673 K
1- O.S
(;Q.'5 • I
Emissivity of first plate, CI ;:: 0.2
Emissivity of second plate , e·2 == 0.5

== o
1'0/1/1(1: I. Net heat transfer to each plaLc.
I-I: I-e
2. Net heat transfer to room. Apply __ JI
I, -:;:; 0 values in e"':l:trical
A3 (;3
AI (;1
s
Salution : In thi pro bl em, heat exchange take place bet\l'~ nctwo r'k (I'iagram.
om. S 0, this., IS three surface problem and tlt
.wo ,. Iares and the roor
orrcsponding radiation network is given below.
4. 138 Neal and Mass Transfer
-------- But,
::::>
::::>
J2
Eb2
Similarly,
Fig. 4.63. Electricat network diagram
We know that, F22 o
To find shape factor FI2 ' refer HMT data book Page nO.91&
92 (Sixth Edition). ::::> F23 I-F 21
1-0.41525
0.5847J
8=1m
I x 0.5847 == 1.7102
Fig.4.M.
L I
X = 0
= 0.5 = 2 I x 0.5847 == 1.7102
B I I
y = = 0.5 = 2
0 AI FI2 I x 0.41525 == 2.408
X value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find correspon· From Stefan-Boltzmann law ,
ding shape factor value is 0.41525. [From table}
i.e., FI2 = 0.41525
4
o TI
We know that,
5.67 x 10-8 [II 73J4
107.34 x I 03 W/m~
5.67 x 10-8 [673]4
I Eb2 11.63 x 103

W/~
4
Eb3 o T3
= 5.67 x 10-8 [300]4
Eb3 = 459.27 W/m2
From electrical network diagram, we know that,
I Eb3 = 13 = 459.27 W/m~

0.415 J1 - 1.4997 J2 ==
The radiosities 11 and 12 can be calculated by using Kirchoff's - 6.08 x 103 '" (2)
Jaw. Solving equation (1) and (2),
=> The sum of current entering the node J 1 is zero. - 1.2497 J1 + 0.415 J2 == -27.lOx 103
0.415JI-1.4997J2 == -6.08 x 103
AINodeJ/ :
Ebl -1) By solving, 11.06 x J03 W/m2

4
o
J1 = 25.35 x 103 W/m2
Ebl -J1
[From electrical network diagram] Heat lost by plate ( I), Q1
107.34 x 103-11 12-\11 459.27-1) = 0

4 + 2.408 + 1.7102
[From electricalnetwork diagram]
11 lz 1) 1)
26835 - '4 + 2.408 - 2.408 + 268.54 - 1.7102 = 0 107.34 x IOL 25.35x J03
1-0.2
~6835-0.2511 +0.41512-0.41511} :::: 0 1 x 0.2
+ 268.54 - 0.5847 1)
-1.2497 J1 + 0.41512 -27.IOxIOJ ... (1)
4./42 Heat and Mass Tramjer
Eb2- J2 ~
Heat lost by plate (2), Q2 = 1- E2 [lxomple" , Two hI" It Rd'
C 'qll("e U lOlto" " 143
'(lettI p{/Tllllelto eaclt olh, pInt, 0' i .
A2 E2 P" .' al a di 'J sUI b
"'{Iinlflined tu a lempert/lure " 'Slnlleeof 0.4 ~ I", are
fl' oJ 900't: f1I. Olle pl .
11.63 x 103 - 11.06 .___
x 103 r:/'nd the net heal exclutnoe 0'
T" 'J tllergy d.
and lire 01" ate u
er at 400 "C.
= It
1-0.5
-- t'ltt IHIOplates. lie to 'adintio L_
II oelwetll
•
I x 0.5
Given: Area A ::: I x I ::: 1 m2 lOCI. 99, MUj
I Q2 = 570 W I Distance = 0.4 m 1m

~Tl=900'C
Total heat lost by the} Q T, = 900°C + 273
= Q, +Q2
plates (1) and (2) O.4m
= 1173 K
= 20.49 x 103 + 570
T2 = 400°C + 273
1
IQ = 21.06 x 103 W I
673 K T2 = 4OO'C
Total heat received or} Q = 1, -13 12 7" 13
+
absorbed by the room I I Fig. 4.65.
A, F'3 A2F23 Tofind: Heat exchange, (Q).
25.35 x 103 - 459.27 11.06 x 103 - 459.27 Solulion: Heat transfer by radiation generalequationis
= 1.7102 + 1.7102 a [Ii - I;]
Q12 =
[.,' Eb3 = J) = 459.27 W/m2j 1- E, 1 l-~-
--+-+-2
A, E, A, F'2 A2 £2
IQ = 20.752 x 103 W I I
I
,I [From equationno.(4.43)]
[Nole: Heat lost by the plates is equal to heat received by the
room.] For black body, £, = £2 =I
Result: I. Net heat lost by each plates :::::)

QI2 = a[Ti -I~] A, FI2
Q, = 20.49 x 103 W
= 5.67 x IO-S[ (I 173)4- (673)41F'2
Q2 = 570 W
2. Net heat transfer to the room IQ I2 = 95.7 x 103 FI21 ... (I)
Q 20.752 x 103 W where - Shape factor for squareplates

= F'2
,
4. J 44 Heal and Mass Transfer

In order to find shape factor F,2, refer HMT data book, Page 2Qcm ::: O.2m
no.90 (Sixth edition). 0.2m
Smaller side
X axis Distance between planes T, = 8000e + 273
1 = 1073 K
0.4
T2 3000e + 273
I X axis 2.5 I
= 573 K
Curve ~ 2 [since given is square plate]
E, 0.3
X axis value is 2.5, curve is 2. So, corresponding Y axis value Fig. 4.67.
is 0.42. E2 = 0.5
i.e., 0.42 I Tofind: Heat exchange, (0).
Solution:
1t
= 4 (0.2)2 = 0.031 m2
A, = 0.031 m2
2.5
Fig. 4.66.
A2 = 0.031 m1
(I) => 95.7 x 103 x 0.42 Heat transfer by radiation generation equation is
I0 ,2 40 x 10J W I (J [r: ...r; J

Result: Heat exchange, 0,2 = 40 x JOJ W
I Example I
5 Two circular discs of diameter 20 em each ore
placed 2 m apart. Calculate the radiant heat exchong« for these _5.67 x 1O-8((107Jt-(573tl
discs if there are maintained at 800 't:' 0/1(1300't:' respectively and 1 - 0.3 I I - 0.5
the corresponding ennssivities are 0.3 and 0.5. IApr. 2000, MOl 0.031 x 0.3 + 0.31 x F'2 . O.OJI x 0.5
4.146
Heal and Mass Transfor
69 x J()l
~
J 07.45 + 0.03 J F'2 '" (lJ [!xample 6 I TlVo black d' Radian
• ISc., Of d.' 011 4147
directly opposite at U di.ft(tnce " IQ"'eler 0 5 '
where F'2 - Shape factor for disc. oJ", Th . "'artpl
fOOD K and 500 K respectivel . t discs are . aced
discs. lV· Calculate the h "'m"t"i"td al
In order to find shape factor, FJ2, t.."e tat /lOti! bettl!te"
J, WI,ell no other surfaces
(Refer HMTdata book, Page no.90 (Sixth Ed" areprese
2. Whell the discs are nt.
Diameter ,Ilionl) ~on"ected bv
"axis = surface. , J non-conducting
Distance between disc
to« 97, MUI
0.2 Givell: Diameter of disc, )
0.5 m
2
Diameter of disc, 2 0.5m
I X axis = 0.1 I T~
Distance = ) m 1m T,=l000K
Curve -+ 1 (since givel1 is djs~)
\ .
X axis value is 0.1, curve is 1. So, corresponding Y axis value Temperature, of disc,
is 0.01.
Temperature of disc, 2
J - JOOOK
5001(
l~
~ I FJ2 = 0.01
Solutio" : Fig. 4.69.
1t
4' (0.5)2
'-.(r.f I,
Heat transfer by radiation general equation is
c [T~ - T~]
" Fig. 1-68. . 012 = 1- t ,\' I )-&2
____l +- + -:-
.. 69 xJl~; 1 I AI 61' Al FI2 Ai &2
(l)~ 'tel , 1.1
107.45 + 0~031,x 0.01 For black surface, I' ,
Emissivity, £1 = 62 =
rQ~~"~ ,:-':2([7 W~":l ~
.J
012 =
,i' t'
o AI FI2
.' ~
r TI
::'4' ,I
- T2
4
]
Result: Heat exchange, Q = 20.7 Watts [(1000)4 - (soW]

= 5.67 x 1O-8xO.196xFI2x
,
--;:xiS value is 0.5, curve is 5. S
~4~./~4~8~~H~e~a/~(~/II~d~A~U~/~~J~T~"~~II~lv~e~,.~==~-------------- ' .'1ad mio" ~ 149
o cprr .spo t'
@;~~4 , 10'fl2J . 0 J4.
~ ,s .
" n(!Og y axi~ value
where, FI1 -
Shape factor for disc. z» I FI2 0.3'1 )
(I) :::::> QI2 JO.4x IOJxO,1'

In order to find shape factor f12,
(Refer J·IMT dalft book, Page no. 90 (Sixlh Edilir.~ 3536 W ,
[ 012
Diameter
X axis Distance between discs Resull:
I. 012 (DireCI radialion) = 520.9 W
Q2
I 2. 012 (Planes connected by non-condU(linpurflcc) = 3536 W
[!:xalllple 7 I A long cylintlricallrealer 30 mm in diameleris
[x axis 0.5 ] mainlabretl til 700°C II has surface emissivilyof 0.8. The healer
other surfaces are present i.e., directQ is localed in (/ large room whose wall are 351('. Fimlll,e radianl
Case: J Wh en no .'
.' S I curve I. X axis value IS 0.5, curve IS I, Ileallrans/er. Find the percentage of reduclionin Ireallransfer if
radiatIon. 0, C ioose
the heater is complelely covered by radialiollshieltl (s= 0.05) and
corresponding Y axis value is 0.05.
diameler 40 mm: IApril99, MU/
[F12 == 0.05 ] Give": Diameter of cylinder, DI 30 mm = 0.030 m
Temperature, TI 700°C + 273 = 973 K
Emissivity, E, 0.8
Room temperature, Tz = 35°C + 273 = 308 K
0.5 Room
Fig. 1.70.
• T 2 [2
(I) => 10.4 x 103 x 0.05
. surft.1
CaJe 2: The discs are connected by non-conductJOB Fig. 4.71.
:0, choose curve 5.
Radiation S"ield :
Emissivity, E3 = 0.05
-----------------
Since room is large ~ ~ Rod iQlion 4.15/
Diameter, D3 = 40 mm == 0.040 rn F 12 Shapefactor

==
Radiation shield Small body enclosed by largebod

Y~FI2'=l
[Refer HMT data
book,p
(1) ~ Q 5.67 x lo-a [ (973 age 110.83(Sixth edition)]
12
1 - 0.8 t ~(30S)4_J
0.094 x O.S + 0.094 x 1 + 0
[Since A '= ex) 1- ~

2 'A =O}
2~
Heat transfer without shield
I QI2 = 3783.2 W J '" (2)
Case 2: Heat transfer with shield:
Diameter 03 = 0.040 m Heat transfer between heater (1) and ra dilatlon shield
.
. b (3) is
given y
Fig. 4.72.
Toflnd : I. Heat transfer. l-EI

__ + I 1-& 3
+ __
2. % of reduction in heat transfer. AI EI AI FI3 A3 &3
where 1t D3 L == 1t x 0.040 x 1
Solutio" :
Case 1 : Heat transfer wit/rout shietd :
I A3 == 0.125 m21
Heat transfer by radiation general equation is Shape factor for concentric long cylinder F13 = 1
[Refer HMT data book, Page no.83 (Sixth edition»
c [Ti - T~] ... (11
QI2 = 1- EI I I- E2 5.67 x 10-8[(973)" - Tj I

--+-+-
AI EI Al FI2 A2 E2 1 - 0.8 + 1 I - 0.05
0.094 x 0.8 0.094 x I + 0.125 x 0.05
where, Al 1t DL = 1t x 0.030 x 1 = 0.094 m
I Al 0.094 m21 == 3.43 x 10-10 [(973)4 - T~] I .., (3)
... I:JL. Hear and Mass Transfer
Heat exchange between radiation shield (3) and
1
D
[\OOrn (
given by 2), Reduction in heat . Radia/io"
Q.
loss due to == Without shield - Q .
a [Tj - T;] Q.
radiation shield Without shield
"I~
QIl-Qn
QI2
Since room is large, A2 = 3783.2 -154.6
3783.2 == 95.9%
1-£2
A2 £2
o Result:
I. Heat transfer without radiation shield
Shape factor for small body enclosed by large body
QIl == 3783.2 W
F32 I 2. % of reduction in heat transfer = 95.9%
[Refer HMT data book,Page noll\ I
[Example 8 A disc oj 10 em diameter at 4000C is situated
5.67 x 10-8 [ T; - (308)4 ] 2m below tile centre oj another disc of I.S m diameter which is
=> maintained at 200 'C. Find the net radiant energy excl.ange
1 - 0.05 1
between tile surfaces if tile emisslvities of smaller and larger discs
0.125 x 0.05 + 0.125 x 1 +0 are 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.
3.54 x 10-10 [T; - (308)4] I '" (4)
/Manonmaniunr Sundaranar Unil1ersity,NOI1. 96/
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.5J
We know 013 032
=> 3.43 x 10-10 1(973)4 - T;] 3.54 x 10-10 [Tj -(308~1 4.33. RADIATION FROM GASES AND VAPOURS- EMISSION
AND ABSORPTION
307.4 - 3.43 x 10-10 T; 3.54 x 10-IOT; -3.18
Many gases such as N2, 02' H2, dry air etc., do not emit or
310.58 6.97 x 10-10 Tj absorb any appreciable amount of thermal radiation. These gases
may be considered as transparent to thermal radiation. On the other
=> 817 K I hand, some gases and vapours such as CO2, CO, H20, S02' NH3,
Substitute T3 value in (3) or (4). etc., emit and absorb significant amount of radiant energy. As
illustration we shall take up radiation from CO2 and H20, which
Heat transfer with radiation shield are the most common absorbing gases present in atmosphere
013 == 3.43 x 10-10 [ (973)4 - (817)4 ] industrial furnace, etc.
L§lL = 154.6 W I
4.33.1. Radiation from Gases Differs From Solids ~
The radiation from gases differs from solids in the fOllow' 4155
ways: lilt I...!::
I
r£xantple 1 A gas is en l
c oSed in
'''7CC TIle mean bea", leng/~ a bOdy III
• The radiation from solids is at all wavelengths, whe N • I Of the a temper t
es~ure of water vapOur is 02 gas body is J a lire of
gases radiate over specific wavelength ranges or b I'eas pll
' ' . at". "'- The .
lit' Calculate the emissivity 01" and tire total partIal
within the thermal spectrum. iIItds a • 'J ",aler Vapo preSSureis 2
Ur.
Given: Temperature T _
• The intensity of radiation as it passes through an absorb' , - 727°C +
Mean.beam length L _ 273 == 1000 K
gas decreases with the length of passage through the Illg , ", - 3m
volume. This is unlike solids wherein the absorption gas Partial pressure of water vapou' p
I, H
radiation takes place Wit. hiIn a sma II d'istancs from thtof 20 == 0.2 atm.
surface. Total preSSure p :::
. . . '2atm
Tojinll: I E rmssrvity of water vapo
ur, (£H 0).
2
4.34. MEAN BEAM LENGTH
Solution: PH 0 x
2
L", 0.2 x 3
Hottel and Egbert evaluated the emissivities of a number of
gases at various temperature and pressures are presented the results 0.6mat~
in the form of graphs.
From HMT data book, Page no. I 07 we C f d '"
Their results are strictly valid for hemispherical gas volum~sof H 0. ' an In emissIvity of
2
GH~W
radius L, radiating to an elemental surface at the centre of the base
as shown in Fig.
Fig. 4.73.
lO00K
However, for other shapes, mean beam length can be
calculated by Fig. 4.74.
From graph,
i; = 3.6 x AV Emissivity of H20 = OJ
where V Volume of gas ... (1)
A Surface area of gas
To fintl correction/actor/or H]O:
2 -
0.2 + 2
2 :::: 1.1
Given: Partial pressure of CO p
2, CO
2
Partial pressure of HOp
2 , Ht' '" IOOIe '" 0 10
= . aIm
2 1.1, PH 0 L
2 m '" 0.6 Total pressure, p '" 2 abn
From HMT data book, Page nO.l08 (Sixth editio )
n, Wt Temperature, T .. 92""
find correction factor for H20. ~ rC + 273
'" 1200 K
Mean beam length, l. '"OJ m
Tofind: Emissivity of mixture, (t.-a).
So/lilian: TafindemissivityofCo~
P~ xL. == 0.2)( OJ
P¥+P
I P~ xL. 0.06 m-atuiJ
__ =1.1
2
From HMT databook, Page no. I05, we can find emissivityofC~.
Fig. 4.75.
From graph,
Correction factor for H20 1.36
IC H20 = 1.36 I ... (.
So, Emissivity of H20, (H 0 OJ x 1.36

2
I EH20 0.408 I
Result: Emissivity of H20, E
H2
0 0.408 1200K
Fig. 4.76.
I Example 2 I A gas mixture contains 20% COl and J~
From graph, Emissivity 0(002 == 0.09
H P by volume. TIle total pressure is 2 atm. The temperattPt
the gas is 927'\:". The mean beam length IS. 0• 3 m. Calculatl - I~ == O.l19J
emissivity 0/ the mixture.
u
To find correction factor for CO2 : ~
Total pressure, P = 2 atm
P C02 Lm = 0.06 m-atrn.
From HMT data book, Page no. 106, we can find

factor for CO2, co~
Fig. 4.71.
From graph, Emissivity of H20 0.048
Tofind correction factor for Hp:

PH20 + P
0.1 +2
P=2atm 2 2 = 1.05
PH20 + p
Fig. 4.77.
1.05, ,
2
From graph, correction factor for CO2 is ,i .25. pH 'L0, 0.03 m-ann
,', 2 III,
1.,25 I From HMT data book",Pag~ no. 108 (Sixth edition), we can
find correction factor for H20.
EC0 x Cco2 = 0:09 x 1.25
2
0.'11251 .,,(
I EC02' x CC02
Tofind emissivity of H20 :

'J>H20 x Lm 0.1 x OJ
I 'PH20,L~ = 0.03 m-atrnJ ' , P"zO + P ,1,05

2
,- . i...
ity d F(g.'.4.7fJl "
From HMT data book, Page n~.107, we can find emlss
,', r
H20.
Tofind correction factor for CO2 :
Total pressure, P = 2 atm

PC02 L", = 0.06 m-atm.
From HMT data book,' Page no. 106, we can find COrr....-
, "~Q~
factor for CO2,
, .' Fig. 4.78.
From graph, Emissivity of H20 = 0.048
0.048 J
Tofind correction/actor/or Hp:.
PH20 +p
" I 0.1 +2
P=2atm '2 = ~ = 1.05
• I .' I PH20 + p
Fig. 4.77. = 1.05,'
2
I " , , , '" . ' t,
From graph, correction factor for CO2 is ,j .25. , L", = 0.03 m-ann
PHl 0 '.'
! I', .! " J ~. ',', '.' .' )'~.. 'I
I,Ci~ = 1.25,/ From HMT data book, page. no. 108 '(Sixth edition), we can
find correction factor for H2O', '
EC~ x CC~ = 0:09 x 1.25
I EC02,' x CC~ = Oh'12S I ..,(I)
To find emissivity of H:P :
J>H20 'x L", = 0.1 x OJ

'\ ,
,'PH20 :L';' ~". 0.03rn-a~.J I i , PHzO+ P

--,,',05
F ' '. , '. . 'ty of 2
rom HMT data book, Page no.107, we can find emisSIVI Ffg.'·-#. 7.'/1 '
H20. ' ,
From graph, emissivity of gaseous mixtllr ROd"",. ~/ ~.,

Tota I e 6/'
Correction factor for H20 1.39 Emtx Ec~ Ceo + E
,..-
.C- - --1.-39-', 2 1i20 CH 0
H 20 0.1125 + 0 066 2 - l\E
. - 0.002
~[Fromequal'
EH20 x CH20 = 0.048 x 1.39
r+=
I EmU = 0.176U IOn(I),(2)and(3)]
I EH20 x CH20 0.0661 Jl es ull: .]

Emissivity of gaseous mixture
, E"'I: ::: 0.1765
Correction factor for mu1ure of CO] and H]O:
[f!a",e1e 3 A furnace of 25 nrl or~a and J2",J .
;'td 01 a temperature of 925 OV~r;t
.
",0111'01 ~.
. cr vollI"'eis
s ~nl"t valli
PH20 0.1
I rtS!iUre of the combustion gases is J The "'e.
= 0.1 +0.2
lola .~e of water vapour hi O.J atm and that 01" ~O"" .the PII"illl
pres!;U .~ . . 'J :lIS 0.]5 IIIIft.
~olate II.t emunVity of tile gaseous mixture .
I
Given: Area, A = 25 m2
= 0.333 Volume V 12 m)
Temperature T - 925 + 273
,
0.06 + 0.03
1198 K
Total pres ure, P 3 atrn
, Peo x L", + PH20 x L", 0.09 , Partial pres ure of water vapour, PH 0
0.1 atm.
2 2
From HMT data book, Page no. 109 (Sixth edition), we can Partial pressure of CO2, P 0.25 atm.
cOz
find correction factor for mixture of CO2 and H20. Tofind: Emis iviry of mixture (Emu)'
r·1200K
P~L",+PHzOL",
Solution: We know, Mean beam length for gaseous mixture.
0.002 V 12
Lit, 3.6 x A = 3.6 x 25
I Lltt 1.72 m I
TOfind emissivity of CO] :
PC( 0.25 x 1.72
:00.333 0.43 rn-atm. I

From liMT data bo 105, we can find emissiviry of
Fig. 4.80. CO2,
From graph, 0.002 I ..' (3)

60
From graph. we find Cc~ ::: 1.2
I Cc~ I~
.. te~ x Cc~ 0.15 x 1.2
I te02 x CC02 ::::

O.I~
'" (I)
T = 1198 K
Tofind emissivity of HzO :
Fig. 4.81. PH20 xL", ::::

0.1 x 1.72
From graph, IP H20 x t, ::::

O.I72J
Em issivity of CO2 0.15
I EC0
2
0.15 From HMT data book, Page no. 107 we can find e ...
' mlsslvlly of
H2 O .
To find correction factor for COl:
Total pressure, P 3 atm.
Peo2 t., = 0.43 m-atm.
From HMT data book, Page no. 106, we can find correcta
factor for CO2,
T = 1198 K
Fig. 4.13.
From graph,
Emissivity of H20 = 0.15
I EH20 = 0.15 J
P = 3 atm
Fig. 4.81.
Tofind correction factor for H20 : ~
PH20 + P 0.1 + 3
2 = 2 = 1.55
PH20 +P
2
From HMT data book, Page no I .
. c. c . 09 (SIxth di
From HMT data book, Page no. 108 (Sixth edition) fi nd correctIOn ractor lor mixture of CO e Ilion), We c
2andHO an
find correction factor for H20. ' 'We can 2 .
0.602
PH 0
PH 0 +P _ __1_ =0.285
__2 -1.55 P,,<o+ p~
2
Fig. 4.84. Fig. 4.85.
From graph, we find CH20 1.58 From graph, we find ~E = 0.045.
r-I C-H- --1.-58-, I ~E = 0.045\ ... (3)

20
Total emissivity of the gaseous mixture is
=> EH20 x CH20 0.15 x 1.58 = 0.237
L!_EH_:2:_O_x _C_H-=.20 0_.2_3_7__J1 .,. (2)

EmU' 0.18 + 0.237 - 0.045
Correction Factor for mixture of CO2 and H20 :
PH 2 ° 0.1
0.1 + 0.25 = 0.285
[From equation (I), (2) and (3)1
I E""x 0.372 1
Result ; Total emissivity of gaseous mixture, En/u = 0.372.

0.285
-44~./~6~6 ~=-----------___
__ /~/~Cl~ll~tI~n~d~U~a~~~7r~a=,u~~=~
__
---.........
4.36. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE <,
Two parallel plates 0.5 by I Radiation 4./67
0
I. 1,wo equ al discs of diameter 200 mill each are arranged' InfII. 5. plate is maintained at 10000C' m are spaced 0.5 a
,, and th part. One
nes 400 m apart. The temperature of first d' 0
para IIe I pla IS(: ~ emissivltJes of plates are 0.2 d
.
e other at SOO°C Th
an 0.5 res' . e
seo-c and that of second disc is 200°e. Determine the radia are located In a very large pectlvely,The plates
heat flux between them, I·t" t Ilese are - room,
maintame. d at 27°C . The plates ex has the w II which are
c ange he t '
and with the room, but only the I a with each other
(i) Black be consi p ate surfaces f .
other are to e consIdered in the a I . aCingeach
(ii) Grey with emissivities OJ and 0.5 respectively. na YSISFind th
transfer to each plate and to the room. . e net heat
[Ans,' 30 W, 4.5 W) [Ans: 14.425kW 2595 kW
' . ,17.02 kW]
2. A steam main (E = 0.79) having an outside diameter of 80 mill Two very large parallel planes with emis ...
6. ", SIVltlesOJ and 0 8
runs in a large room in which the air temperature is 27°C. Tht exchange heat by radiation. Fmd the percenta .:
. ge reductIon In
surface temperature of the stearn main is 300°e. Calculate tht heat transfer when a polished aluminium radI'at' h' I
. .' Ion s Ie d of
loss of heat to surroundings per metre length of pipe due10 emisSIVIty = 0.04 IS placed between them. [Ans: 93.6%]
radiation. 7. Two parallel plates 2 m x I m are placed I m apart facingeach
other. Their temperature and emissivity values are 500°C and
Calculate also the reduction in heat loss if the above pipeis
0.8, and 300°C and 0.5 respectively. Estimate the net radiant
enclosed in a brick conduit (at 27°C) of emissivity 0.93.
heat transfer between the two plates,
[Ans,' 1151.3 7 W 1m, 29.075 W/m) If another identical plate (E = 0.6) is introduced between the
3. Two large parallel planes of emissivity 0.8 and 0.6 are two plates equi-distant from each, find its temperature and the
heat gained by the colder plate due to its presence.
maintained at temperature of 560°C and 300°C respectively.
Compute the radiant heat exchange per square metre between [Ans: 335°C, 4.163 kW]
them. [Ans,' 11.28 kW/ml) 8. Two parallel plates 3 m x 2m, placed I m apart, are maintained
at 500°C and 200°C ; their respective emissivities lbeingOJ
4. A double-walled spherical vessel used for storing liquid and 0.5. If the temperature of the room in which these plates
oxygen consists of an inner sphere of 30 cm diameter and an are located at 40°C, estimate the heat lost by the hotter plate.
outer sphere of 36 cm diameter. Both the surfaces are covered Consider radiation only. [Ans: 6.629 kW]
with a paint of emissivity 0.5. The temperature of liquid 9. Two parallel plates each of emissivity 0.8 are maintainedat
oxygen stored is - 183°C whereas the temperature of the outer temperatures of 400 K an 600 K in an evacuated space. A
sphere is 20°e. Calculate the radiation heat transfer throu~ screen of emissivity 0.05 is now introduced between these
the walls into the vessel and the rate of evaporation of liqUId plates. Determine the temperature of the screen and also the
oxygen if its latent heat of vapourisation is 2 13.54 kJlkg. heat flux per unit area of the screen.
[Ails: 3.6 W, 0.0607 kg!llJ [Ans: 727 K, 146 W/m2]
-I. 168 Heat and Hass Transfer
10. A chamber is filled with a gas mixture at a pressur

and 1000°C. The gas mixture is transparent to radi t~ of 2 ~
CO2 whose partial pressure is 0.3 atm. Assuming a ~~n e~~ 6. What is "',-ant h
length of 1.2 m, estimate the emissivity of the gas V I an"
o Ul'lle.
"
'.
to the mCldent radial'

. 'Y trails
Transmissivity is d "'lss#Vlljl r
etiOed
as the '.
IOn ratIO of
[Ails: 0• I 7fi1 .'
T ransmlssivity radiation
~. . transmitted
4.37. TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS '1
, t "" ~tran._:_ .
7. What is hlack hody , Incident~
,_f. Define Radiation. •
{APril ·....tation
. DeC.200S 97, April 99, MU
The heat is transferred from one body to another with Black body IS an ideal sf:' lillie 2006 ' Dec.2004,
. . d' . k . OUI~ ur aee h' ,Alllla U •
transrmttmg meorum IS nown as radiation. It is : tn g
I. A black body absorbs all . a.... the followin nrve1'J~J
electromagnetic wave phenomenon. iI wave length and di . InCIdent Ild" g propertIes.
Ireclion. laban, regard I
2. Define emissive power {Ebl. 2. For a prescribed tempe ess of
. rature and
can emit more energy th b wa...e lenm'"
{Dec.2005, Anna University, Oct. 97, MU, Oct. 2000,Ml~ an lack bod I!>"', no surface
8. State Planck's distribution' ,alii.
y.
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiali
emitted by a body per unit time and unit area. It is expressed~
to« 97, April 2000
The relationship between the ,MY, May 2004, AU7
W/m2. monOChromat' .
of a black body and wave length of . I~ emissive power
. . . a radiationat .
3. Define monochromatic emissive power. {E b;'/' temperature IS given by the folio . . a partIcular
wmg expressIOn, by Planck.
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per UM c ).-5
E hi,. = ;:::--:,....1_-
time per unit area in all directions is known as monochromalK
emissive power. where
[Jrt) - J
EbA Monochromatic emissive powerW1m2
4. Wltat is meant by absorptivity? {Dec.2004, Anna Un;vers~1 A = Wavelength - m
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absor~ ci 0.374 x 10-15 W m2
and incident radiation. c2 14.4 x 10-3 mk
Radiation absorbed 9. State Wien's displacemem to«
Absorptivity, a = Incident radiation
{Dec.2004, June 2006, Anna University}
.5. What is meant by reflectivity? {Dec.2004, Alma Un;vers~! The Wien's law gives the relationship, between temperature
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected lotht and wave length corresponding to the maximum spectral
ernissi ve power of the black body at that temperature.
incident radiation.
Rad iation retlected Amax T cJ
Reflectivity, p Incident radiation where c3 2.9 x 10-3 [Radiationconstant]
All/ax T 2.9 X 10-3 mk
~: &aiCfS2&J!!~
l;':state Stefan-Boltzmann 10". IApr.2002, MU ~

• , Qy 200
The emissive power of a black body is p ~~ '.
It also states th a t th e emIssIvity of th
Radial"
ropOrtional ' ~ . 10" 4 17/
fourth power of absolute temperature. 10 ~ 'ts absorptivity when the body rem .e ~y IS alwaySI'n I
s,ec T4 I .
with its surroundings.
alns In the -..,ua to
rntaleqUilibrium
s, (J T4 ell == EI; (X2 = E2 and Soon.
where Eb Emissive power, W/m2 lYDejine intensity of radiation (I,j.
(J Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 INov. 96, Ocl. 98 9
It is defined as the rate of energy leavin .' 9, MUI
T Temperature, K . I'd g a space In .
direction per urnt so I angle per unit a given
11. Define Emissivity. to«
2000, April 2002, MlJ D area of the '.
, ec.llJ04 surface normal to the mean direction in spa emitting
ceo
and May 2005, Anna Univel1' Eb
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to rad(' In = 7t
heat. It is also defined as the ratio of emissive POWerof ate 15. State Lambert's cosine law.
body to the emissive power of'a black body of eq: It states that the total emissive power Eb from a rad' ti
tern pera tu re. ia Ingplane
surfac.e i~ any direction proportional to the cosine of the angle
E
Emissivity, E = of emISSion.
Eb
Eb ex cos 0
J 2. What is meant by gray body?
16. Wlrat is tire purpose of radiation sllield?
IApri12000, MD, Dec.2004, Dec.2005, June 2006 AU]
[Apr. 99, Oct. 99, Apr. 2001, MU, May 2004,AUj
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiatiOll Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high
irrespective of their wave length, the body is known as gray reflective) materials. It is used to reduce the net radiation
body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than transfer between two surfaces.
that of the black body. 17. Define irradiation (G). [Nov. 96, MU/
13. SUIte Kirchoff's law of radiation. It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surfaceper
[Aprit 2001, MD, Dec.2004, JUlie 20(16, Anna Univtn/IyJ unit time per unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to ~ u. Whal is radiosity (J).
absorptivity is constant for all surfaces which are in lhennal IDec.2005, Anna University, April 2001,MU/
equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as It IS. used to indicate the total ra diianon Ieaving a surfaceper
£( E2 E3 unit time per unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
A:
What are the assumptions made to calcuJ~ I • Raditllio
19. exchange between the surfaces r ~ ","en II,e."eal ~ Iransferredfrol1l hot bo "4.17 J
J5. aiol,t tine without aJfectino the t dy to cold60"" .
All surfaces are considered to be either black or Ilh.. str " e e Interveni -r, In a
I. QO"l
reI''''erredto as heat transfer hy . ng ItIedi"",',.
..., I l$
2. Radiation and reflection process a~ assumed to be dl
3. The absorptivity of a surface IS taken equaJ ~.
IMU,EEE, Apr.1997/
emissivity and i~d~pendent of temperature of the so~ ~ Ans : Radiation.
the incident radIatIOn. q J6. fhe amount of radiation mainly dependson
o What is meant by shape factor and mention its Ph . ,4ns: Nature of body, temperature of body an-d-- .
2 . signifICance. . {May 2005, Anna Un.!n~ type of surface
ofbo d y.
OcL 1997, Apr. 98, Oct. 20~'
17. fhe heal transfer equation Q = aAT' is knownas _
The shape factor is defined as "The fraction of the rad~
energy that is diffused fro.m one ~urface e!ement an~ strikes~ {MU, EEE, Apr. 1997}
other surface directly WIth no mterve~m~ reflections". II U Ans: Stefan-Boltzmann equation.
represented by F if • Other names for radiation shape factor an 18• DiscusS the radiation characteristics or carbon d' 'do
'J lOX' e and
view factor, angle factor and ~onfigurat~o~ factor. The s~ watervapour. {Dec.lOBS, Anna University}
factor is used in the analysis of radiative heat exchan~ Ans : The CO2 and H20 both absorb and emit radiation ov
. er
between two surfaces. certain wavelength regions called absorption bands.
21. The heat transfer by radiation takes place by ntellllS ~ The radiation in these gases is a volume phenomenon.
{MU, EEE, Nov. 1994j
The emissivity of C?2 and the emissivity of H20 at a
Ans : Electromagnetic waves.
particular temperature Increases with partial pressure and mean
22. A perfect black body is one which _
beam length. DO
{MU, EEE, April95J
Ans: Absorb heat radiation of all wavelength falling on it.
23. Two plates spaced 150 mm apart are maintained at lOOOf
and 70't: The hetu transfer will take place mainly~
{MU, EEE, Oct 1996/
Ans : Radiation.
24. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiatorstmf
radiant energy at a rate proportional to •
{MY. EEE, Oct 199~
Ans : Fourth power of absolute temperature.
CHAPTER-V
5~TRANSFER
~UCTION
~11I""'- .. f
. In a system consisting 0 two or more components whose
ntrationsval)' from point to point, there is a natural tendency
cOnce~ies (particles) to be transferred from a region of higher
ntration Slide (hiig her density
for Sy·- . Sl'd)e to a region
. of lower
, conce• . •
ntra tionside (lower density side).
conce
This process of transfer of mass as a result of the species
concentration difference in a mixture is known as mass transfer.
Someexamples of mass transfer are
I.Humidification of air in cooling tower.
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetter of an Ie engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.
4. Dissolution of sugar added to a cup of coffee.
5.2MODES OF MASS TRANSFER

There are basically two modes of mass transfer given below
that are similar to the conduction and convection modes of heat
transfer.
I. Diffusion mass transfer

2. Convective mass transfer
SJ DIFFUSION MASS TRANSFER

It may be c I assified
. into two types.
I. Molecular diffusion
2. Eddy diffusion.
I
~~~-------.....I·
I
5.4
The r:ra;lSpol1 of water on a microscopic level as a re.sul P \ - Density of corn
. . - hi h . . IOf PoQell~ J\
diffusion from a region of ig er concentranon to a region of 10\\ 1\" '\ - Molecular
Weigh
. .. t of Co
concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is know n as mOlecUI:
diffusion.
(iii) Mass/raction ItlPootnlA.
S.S EDDY DIFFUSION The mass fraction is defi

. llled as th
.n1"Cies to the total mass density of the . e IllaSs~.
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent mOlion, edd )r- . . Illl:':tu . ''''IC~I_ .
Ma fe. ~.tlon
diffusion takes place. Mass transfer is more rapid by eddy diffusio Y Mass fraction = concentration
55 (If
than by molecular diffusion. n TOtal of as
rnass den'
PA SII)'
5.6 CONVECTfVE MASS TRANSFER rni\==-
. P
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that
will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when they are at (il') Mole fraction
different concentrations. The mole concentration is d fi
. f . . e tned 8S th
5.7 CONCENTRATIONS concentratIOn 0 . a species to the total rn I e ratio of III I
o ar concenll1. 0 e
(i) Mass concentration or Mass density Mole liOn.
Mole fract ion ~n of a srwo.-;••
Totalmolbr,.n~ Its
The mass concentration is defined as the mass of a component o ar concentration
per unit volume of the mixture It is expressed in kg/m '.
. Mass of a component
Mass concentration =. .
Unit volume of mixture S.8 FJCK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION
(ii) Moltl~ Concentration or Molar density Consider a system shown in
Fig.S.1. A partition separates the two
The molar concentration is defined as the number of molecules
gases,a and b. When the partition is
of a component per unit volume of the mixture. It is expressed in
removed, the two gases diffuses
kg-rnole/m-.
throughone other until the equilibrium
. Number of molecules of component IS established throughout the system.
a b
Molar concentration = . .
Unit volume of mixture
. The diffusion rate is given by
The mass concentration and molar concentration are related theFlck'sl hi
by the expression
n aw, w ich states that molar
uxof:lnel .
di . emel1l per un It area is
Ctly Fig.S.1
D:cd proportional to concentration
~. rem
rna dCa
-oc--
A dx :::) Ca = C IX + C
2
rna . dCa Apply boundary condition
A =-Dab dx At. x =0
••• (5.1)
At, x =L
where
Ca2=Cll+C2
N a = rna
A _ Molar flux - Unit is kg - mole
_
Co2 = Cil + Cal
s - m2
(or) - Co2 -Cal
C 1-
i,
Mass flux - Unit - ~
s- m2
Substituting C I, C2 values in equation (5.2)
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient of species a and b-.!!t
dCa
s
(5.2) :::) C = [C
a2 - c, I1x+C
alai
-- - Concentration gradient
dx
From Fick's law, we know that,
5.9 STEADY STATE DIFFUSION THROUGH A PLANE rna dC
MEMBRANE Molar flux, A = -Dab dx Q
Consider a plane membrane of thickness L, containingfl~

'a'. The concentrations of the fluid at the opposite wall face51J!
Cal and Ca2 respectively.
Considering the diffusion is along X axis, then the controll~
equation is
d2C a = 0
__ x I
dx2 Mo Iar fl ux -rna = -lC
Dab
C a I]
., A L a2 - ••• (5.3)
Integrating above equation

TL
Where,
dCa
dx = CI
1 rna kg-mole
- - Molar flux - -=---
Membrane Fig. 5.2 A s-m2
Again integrating,
rtlits
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient -
~~
Cal -
. at inner
ConcentratIOn . 'd _kg-rnol~
Sl e - ~
Given : Mass 11
. ransfer 5.7
m3 PartIal pressure of 0
2, Po 2 ::::0 .,)(
"\ iota\
pressure
Ca2 - Concentration at outer side - ~ ::::0.2\ x \. \ bar
m3
::::0.21 )( \.\)( ~
L - Thickness - m Partial pressure of N n... _ 0 10, N/m2
2, 1"1'12 - .19)( iotal
For cylinders, pressure
::::0.79 x \.\ bar
L = r2 - r,
=: 0.79)( \.\)( I05N/m2
21tL(r2 - r,) Temperature, T = 2O"C + 273

A = --=----'-"-
= 293 K
Tofind:
For sphere, I. Molar concentrations Co C
, 2' N2
L=r2-r, 2. Mass densities, P02' PN
2
A = 41t r, r2 3. Mass fractions, m~, m N2
where, 4. Molar fractions, Xo , XN
2 2
r, -Inner radius - m Solution:
r2 - Outer radius - m We know that,

Molar concentration, C = _!_
L- Length - m GT
S.lO SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CONCENTRATIONS
o A vessel contains a binary mixture of O2 and 'N2 with JHIIIi'
pressures in the ratio 0.21 and 0.79 at 20"e. If the lOll
0.2\ x 1.\ )( \05
pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar, calculate tl,efollowillX: 83\4 x 293
i) Molar concentrations (.: Universal gas constant, G =: 83\4 J/kg-mole
ii) Mass densities
C~ = 9.48 x \0-3 kg - mole 1m
iii) Mass fractions
iv) Molar fractions of each species
Mass fractions:
0.79 x 1.1 x 105

=
8314 x 293
mo = P02 =~
2 P 1.302
I I
ICN2 = 35.67 x 10-3 kg - mole 1m3] Im02 = 0.2~

We know that, m N2
= PN2 _ 0.9987
P - 1:302
,
"
Molar concentration, C = ...e_

M
p=C x M
__ ,I
We know that,
Total concentration, C = C + C
= 9.48 x 10-3 x 32 °2 N2
[.: Molecular weight of02 is 32] = 9.48 x 10-3+35.67 x 10-3
I P02 = 0.303 kglm31 [C = 0.045]

I
Mole fractions:
. Co I'
Xo =_2
2 C I:
= 35.67 x 10-3 x 28 = 9.48 x 10--3
0.045
[': Molecular weight ofN2 is 21]
IX02 = 0.210 I
I PN2 = 0.9987 kglm31
CN
xN =_2
Overall density, P = Po + o.. 2 C
2 I"N2
35.67 x 10--3
= 0.303 + 0.9987
0.045
I P = 1.302 kglm31
[XN2 = 0.7921
Result: ...---:
foft"d:
Mass Transfer 5. J J
1
I. COz = 9.48 x 10-3 kg - mole 1m3
I . Molar concentrations Co C
C = 35.67 x 10-3 kg - mole 1m3 , 2' N2
Nz
2. Mass densities, Poz' PN
2
3
. 2. POz = 0.303 kg/m 3. Mass fractions, ,;,oz' mN
2
PN = 0.9987 kg/m' 4. Average molecular weight, M
z
3. moz = 0.233 Solution:
We know that,
';'NZ = 0.767 . P
Molar concentration, C = -
GT
4. xO
z
= 0.210
Po .
xNZ = 0.792 -
C0-- 2
2 GT
o A mixture of O2 and N2 with their partial pressures intht

D
ratio 0.21 to 0.79 is in a container at 25 C CalculatetAt
= 0.21 x I x lOS
8314 x 298
molar concentration, the mass density, and the IIUlSsjractifJ" [.: Universal gas constant, G = 8314 Jlkg-mole-KJ
of each species for a total pressure of 1bar: What Hlould lit
the average molecular weight of the mixture?
[Dec-2004 & 2005, Anna Univ]
jC O2 = 8.476 x 10-3 kg - mole Im3/
Given:
Partial pressure of 0z, POz = 0.21 x Total pressure
= 0.21 x I bar 0.79 x 1 x lOs
=
8314 x 298
= 0.21 x I x 105 Nlm2
Partial pressure of Nz, PNZ = 0.79 x Total pressure I CNZ = 31.88 x 1(r3 kg - mole 1m3 I
= 0.79 x I bar
We know that,
= 0.79 x I x 105 N/m2
Molar concentration, C = ~
Temperature, T = 25°C + 273
= 298 K p=C x M
&
1
~ Molecular weight
A"~Jr#O M~
== 8.476x 10-3 x 32 M :: p~ ""'2 +p~~
[.: Molecular weight of 0 . == 0.2] x 32 + 0.79)( 28

21\ J);
M == 28.84
~02 :: 0.271 k.g/m31
JleSu/J:
I. CO2 == 8.476 x 10-3 kg - molelmJ
~2 == 31.88 x 10-l kg - mole/mJ
== 31.88 x 10-3 x 28 == 0.27] kglm3
2. p~
[.: Molecular weight ofN2 iJlt; PN2 == 0.893 kg/m!
I PN2 == 0.893 kglmJI .

==
==
0.233
0.767
Overall density, p:: P02 P 2
4. M == 28.84
... 0.271 0.893 111 The molHular weights of the two COmpoMIIlI A IIIfd B f1/
IP - 1.164 kglm31
a gay mixture are U and 48 re.pective/y. TU MOIecu/4r
weight of a gas mixture ;, found to be JO. If tlu IffIIII
Mas fraction c()ncentration of the mixture U 1.1 kglmJ, detmrrbr.t tit
foll() wing:
(i) Density of component A and B
(II) Molar fractions
(Iii) Mas« fractions
(Iv) 1'0101 pressure if the temperatureof tht mixlllft;,
290 K. [Muy-2004, Anno Univ)
O.R93
111 2
1.164 Given:
Molecular weight of component A, MA ~ 24
Molecular weight of component B, Ma == 48
Molecular weig.ht of gas mixture, M ::: 30
Mass concentration, P = 1.2 kg/m3
We know that,
Temperature, T = 290 K
Tofind:
~ 124CA+48CB==~)''1..
I .Density of component A and B, pA, PB
' •. (2)
2. Molar fractions, x A' and xB Solving equation (1) and (2)
'3. Mass fractions, m~, and m~ ~ CA = 0.03 kg mole/m3

4. Total pressure, p CB = 0.01 kg mole/m3
Solution:
(i) Density
Molar concentration of the mixture,
Density, PA = 24 CA
C = _£_
M
= 24 x 0.Q3
1.2
30 IPA = 0.72 kglm3\
IC= 0.04 I Density, PB = 48 CA
We know that, = 48 x 0.01
I PB = 0.48 kglm3 \
,..[I) ii) Mole fractions

I CA + CB = 0.041
CA 0.03
xA=-=- =075
We know that, C 0.04 .
x ;:::CB ;::: 0.01 = 0 25

B C 0.04 .
iii) Mass fractions

[,:
11·1
~lB'
rnA;::: PA ;::: 0.72 = 06
P 1.2 .
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON l\1El\1B

Mass r,.allsfer 5.17
1
5.1 . Elts
iv) Total pressure at 290 K rIelium diffuses thTOUgha plane
rt1 pi ..d IIIenrbran
L!.J At tile tnner st e the conce . e oil "''''tho
3 ntratlO" lelc.
Gas law, pV = mRT 0025 kg mole/m . At the Outers." Of "efill", .
. . k Ille the co" ts
'elium IS 0.007 g mole/mJ. 'WI,li. . ce"tratioll .f
,I .., IS tI,e difJi . oJ
p= m RT helium through tile membrane. ASSumedi I. IISlo" flllX Of
V
o
ifhelium with respect to plastic is 1 )(/'!!IlSIQ" cO-e/Jicklll
1/ 9 ",1Is.
=pRT
Given:
n , L = 2mm = 0.002 m
ThlC. kess
concentration at inner side,
= 12 x 8314 x 290 C = 0.025 kg-mole
. 30 al m3 Cal
Concentration at outer side, Ca2

[ .: Universal gas constant, G = 83 14 J/kg-mol~Kl
• C = 0.007 kg-mole
a2
p = 96442 N/rn2 m3
-l
Ip = 96.442 kN/rn2\
Diffusion co-efficient,
ToJind:
Dab::;: 1 x 10-9 m2/s L
Result: Diffusion flux, -fm

1. PA = 0.72 kg/m! Solution:
PB = 0.48 kglrn3 We know that, for plane membrane [Fromequationno.5.3]

rna Dab
2. x A = 0.75 Molar flux, A = L [Cal - Ca2]
xB= 0.25
1 x 10-9 [0.025 _ 0.007]
3. A 0.002
rnA = 0.6
niB = 0.4 m ::;:9 x 10-9 --"-__

_a kg-mole
Resll/t: A 5-m2
4. P = 96.442 kN/rn2
D·fti . . rna 9 x 10-9 kg- mole
I us Ion flux of helium, A = S _ m2
5.J 8 Heat and Mass Transfer
r:;") Gaseous hydrogen is stored in a rectangular
~ cO"lQ;
walls of the container area of steel having 25 IIInr ~. ~
At the inner surface of the cOntainer tJ,~la.
111 Hydrogen gases at 3 s Ma 71
membrane Ita . ar and I 6ar ss ransfer 5. J 9
concentration of '11'Yurogen
.1 • 'It "ire' "
In t e steel is 1.2 Ie
Vllrgthick"e areseparated6 .
co-efficient 01' Itlld .ss0,25 mm."", . ~ aplastiC
while at the outer surface of the cOn/ainer t ~ 'J J roge" I" h I lie6mary dl(r. •
Tile solubility 01' h'e pla.flieis 9 J '.J,USlon
concentration is zero. Calculate the molar diff . lire , :J Ydroge' ,)( J~ ",21s
2. J x J 0-1 kg-molel",1 b "In tile "'e"'6 .'
T 'J USIO" Jl ' . ar; A, erane IS
hydrogen through tile steet.l ~'ake diffusion Co-.Il !itA con d Ilion of 200 is assu- d. n uni/or", tem
effie;,. •..e mperature
hydrogen in steel is 0.24 xl 0-11 "r/s.
--,
lilA Calculale II,efollowing
Given: Thickness, L = 25 mm = 0.025 m i) Molar concentration 01'/1d
'J Y rogenon 60th .,.1
Molar concentration at inner side, Cal == 1.2~ '~I1101 l fl
II~ mo ar ux of hydrogen
Slues
mJ
iii) Mass flux of hydrogen
Molar concentration at outer side,
Given:
Ca2 =0 cl1
Inside pressure, PI = 3 bar Outsid
Diffusion co-efficient, ' e pressure, P2 = 1 bar
Thickness, L = 0.25 mm = 0.25 x 10-3 m
Dab =0.24x 10-12m2/s Hydrogen Sleeiplate
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 9.1 x 10-8 m2/s
Ina Dill
Tofind: Molar diffusion flux, A
Solubility of hydrogen 2.1 x 10-3 kg-mole
m3_ bar
. Solution: Temperature, T == 20°C
We know that, for plane membrane Tofind :
rna Dab I. Molar concentration on both sides Cal and Ca2
Molar flux, A = T [Cal - Ca2J
2. Molar flux
12
0.24 X 10- [I 2 - OJ 3. Mass flux
0.025 .
Solution:
kg - mole
1.15 x io- II 2
A s-m I. Molar concentration on inner side,
Result: Cal == Solubility x Inner pressure
m kg- mole Cal == 2.1 x 10-3 x 3
Molar diffusion flux, AU = 1.15 x 10-11 S _ m2
Cal == 6.3 x 10-3 kg-mole
m3
.- &_
,.
Molar concentration on outer side, '01,\'ED UNIVERSITY PROBLEM Mass Transfer 5.21
Ca2 = Solubility x Outer pressure S.lZ SPLANE MEMBRANE SON
C a2 = 2.1 x 10-3 x 1 .....-- Oxygen at 25°~ fI~d pr~ssure of 2 hur is .
= 2.1 x 10-3
kg-mole I (1] rll
bber pipe of inside dlllmeler 25
"
floHilngthro
111111 and Ugh Q
ICa2 m3
] .,smm- Tlte 1diffuSlvily
9
of 0 l
2 1 'rough
O.]1 x 10- m Is and tile soluhilil Yo/ O· rUbber 's
Hlal/ thick"
ell
.
2) We know that, 2 tn rubbe .
3 kg-mole . r 'S
lila Dab 3.12 x 10- 3 b . Fmd lite loss % b .
Molar flux, A T[Cal-Ca2] m - ar 2 Y diffusion
per
9.1 x 10-8 [6.3 X 10-3 - 2.1 x 10-3 11,elre Iengtt! of pipe. [AI')"'2000 &
. Apr' 1998 - Mill
0.25 X 10-3 ~
3) Mass flux
A
1.52 x 10-6 kg - mole
Molar flux
s-m2
Molecular weight
X
Give" :
Temperature,
Inside pressure,
Inner diameter,
T == 25°C
p, == 2 bar
d, == 25 mm
=.
kg- mole ~
1.52 x 10-6 s-m 2 x 2/mole Inner radius, r, == 12.5 mm == 0.0125 m
[.: Molecular weight of H2 is21 Thickness, t == 2.5 mm == 0.0025 m
Mass flux 3.04 x 10-6

.
__3_
s-m2
I Outer radius, r2 = Inner radius + Thickness
== 0.0125 + 0.0025
Result:
I r2 == 0.015 ml
kg- mole
1. Cal = 6.3 X 10-3 m3 Diffusion co-efficient, Dab == 0.21 x 10-91112/5
kg-mole Solubility, == 3.12 x 10-3 kg-mole

Ca2 = 2.1 x 10-3 m3 m3 - bar
TOfind:
kg-mole
2. Molar flux = 1.52 x 10-6 S _ m2 Loss of 02 by diffusion per metre length
SO/Ulioll :
3. Mass flux = 3.04 x 10-6 kg

s- m2 I. M~Iar concentration on inner side,
Cal == SolUbili~y x Inner pressure
5.22 Heal and Mass Transfer ------------~ ,
= 3.12 x 10-3 x 2 rna =4.51 x 10-11 ~
Cal kg-mole s
Cal
= 6.24 x 10-3 m3 ItSP": _
LOSS of oxygen - 4.51 x 10-11 ~
, tration on outer side, s
Molar concen
'LIvdrogen gas at 2 atm and 250(' .
C =Sou I b'I'ty
II
x Outer pressure r11 P.' ISflottJ'
a2 ~ tpe o/ID = 25 111111and OD :::: 50 IIrg throllgh a h
C =3.12x 10-3 x 0 PIt,vJrogen t/lroug/I tI,e ruhher .III0nr. The difJll.fi;;tyher
a2
J IS .7)( J fH of
C =0 ".l/h. The
Oluhility of hydrogen == 0.053 kg-IIIole
a. the partial. pressur e of 02 on the outer surface of the S -;--.:..:.: F: d
[Assummg mJ - hQr '. III tire loss Of
tube is zero 1 Hydrogen hy diffusion per metre lenalh .~ .
J G OJ Pipe.
We know,
ma [The procedure of this. problem is same as . '97 - MUJ
[Apr
Molar flux, A '" (I) prevIOUs problem]
{Ans : 4.46 x Ut·' !!!-rno.!!.}
For cylinders, L s
5.13 STEADY STATE EQUIMOLARCOlINTERDIFFUSION
Consider two large chambers a and b connected by a passage
Dab [Cal - Ca2l as shown in Fig.5.3.
(1) z» 21r L (r2 -r,) (r2 -r,)
Na and Nb are the steady state molar diffusion rates of
In( ;,2) components a and b respectively.
2 1r L . Dab rCa' - Ca2l Chamber .....

/ --' Chamber
a
+--Nb b
In( ;;)
,--------./ Pb, C
b
2 X 1r X I X 0.2 J 10-9 (6.24
x X 10-3 - OJ ---_--J
0.015 ) Fig.5.3
In ( 0.0125
Equimolar diffusion is defined as each molecules of 'a' is
[.: Length = I m] replaced by each molecule of 'b' and vice versa. The tot~1pressure
p:::Pa + Pb is uniform throughout the system.
p = Pa + Pb
(~
i
1i nsfer I
Heal and Mass ra·
5.24 ith respect to x \ I
. .n g WI
DifTerentlaU __... -----~__:_-----~M~a.~~s..!.Ti~ran5!.sfi~er:..:5~.
d 2~5 \
d A Po \i
dp dPa + _!!_!!.... So, Na = -D GT dx I
;;; --- dx dx
ure of the system remains Co
S·Inee the total
.
press nSlanI
nditJons,
steady state co d dpb
dp 'P{/ + _ == 0
7h == -;;; dx
Integrating,
-
dpi,
N
a
=
A
2
!
rna = _ _Q_ dpo
GT , dx
te conditions, the total molar flux isl!..
Under steady sta ~
Na + Nb == 0 Molar flux, No = mAO= _Q_ Ipa, - Pa2\ ... (5.6)
GT x2-x, j
Na Nb == -
Similarly,
A dp., _ D ~ dPb
-Dab GT dr - ba GT dx "·Ii)
Molar flux, Nb = mb = _Q_ \ Pb' - Pb2 \ ••• (5.7)
A GT x2-x, 1
From Fick's law,
[ A dPa where,
Na == -Dab GT -dX
rna kg- mole
- - Molar flux -
J
----=:;---
A dPb A s- m2
Nb == -Dba GT {IX
D - Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
We know,
[F rom equation G - Universal gas constant - 8314 -----
kg-mole - K
dx dx A - Area - m2
Substitute in equation (5.5)
Pal - Partial pressure of constituent at I in N/m2
(5.5) ~ -Dab
A
GT -;t; = -
dPa
Db
_-
A dPa
GT dx
Pa2 -
. .
Partial pressure of constituent at 2 In N/rn
2
T - Temperature - K
z> IDab= Dba = 01
I
.26 Heal and Mass Transfer .~

.14 SOLVED PROBLEMS ON EQUIMOLAR
COUNTER DIFFUSION
III Ammonia and air are in equimolar counter diffusion ill a

cylindrical lube of 2.5 mm diameter and 15 m lengtlt. rhe
total pressure is J atmosphere and the temperature is 25 C. 0
One end of the tube is connected to a large reservoir Of

ammonia and the other end of 'the tube is open to atmosphere.
If the mass diffusivity for the mixture is 0.28 x J(J-I ",2/s. For equirnolar COunter djA:...
, IIUSIOn
Calcalate the following
a) Mass rate of ammonia in kg/II

Molar tlux, - rna
A
==
D ( Pal - P
-..!!!..
GT ~
x2 - .tI
I [F
rOil)
eqUation
h) Mass rate of air in kg/ll where, 00.(5.6)J '" (1
Given:
G- Universal gas consta
Diameter, d = 2.S mm = 2.S x 10-3 m nt - 8314 J
Length, (x2 - XI) ISm A-Area::::!Id2 ~II)I
= 4 oe-K
Total pressure, P.= I atm = 1.0 I3 bar
Temperature, T = 2SoC + 273 = 298 K
::::f- (2.Sx 10-3/
Diffusion co-efficient, 0.28 10-4 m2/s

Dab = x
I A:::: 4.90 x 10-6m~
Ammonia Atmospheric
(I)~ rna _ 0.28 x 10-4 [I
490 x 10-6 - x ._:_OI3 x 105-0)
Air r---- . 8314 x 298 15-
TOfind:.
I. Mass rate of ammonia in kg/h

Molartransfer rate of ammonia
_
We know
.
-3 k
,rna - .74 x IO-U g-mole
-
2. Mass rate of air ill kg/h Masstransfer rate . M
So/ution : of ammonia == Ol~ transf~r rate x Molecularweight
We know that , o ammoma ofammonia
Total pressure p = p al + p a2 ::::3.74 x IQ-lJ x 17.03
,
[Molecula . h
r welg t of ammonia = 17.03, refer HMTdata,
page no. 182 (Sixth edilion)]
= 6.36 x I 0-12 kg/~
r
I ~ransferrateofCOl and
Mass Transfer 5.29
= 6.36 x 10-12 ~ ! Mass transfer rate of air

~ I~/3~600h I
2.
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 2.29 x 10-8 kg/h Given: d ::: 60 mm = 0.060 m
Diameter,
We know, J..,ength , (X2 -XI)::: 1.2 m
Molar transfer rate of air, mb
[Due to equimolar diffusion, rna = -mb]
= -3.74 x IO-I3~
S
Total pressure, p
Temperature, T =
= I atm
273 K
= I bar (
Partial pressure of CO2 at one end
Mass transfer rate = Molar transfer x Molecul .
. ar Weigh 200
of air rate of air of air. I Pal = 200 mm of Hg = 760 bar
= -3.74 x 10-13 x 29
Pal = 0.263 bar [.: I bar = 760 mm ofHg]
=-1.08 x 10-11 kg/s I Pa I = 0.263 x lOs N/m2 I [.: I bar = lOs Nlm2]
= -1.08 x 10-11 _k_,;g::___ Partial pressure of CO2 at other end

1/3600 h
90
Pa2 = 90 mm of Hg = 760 bar
I Mass transfer rate of air :::- 3.88 x 10-8 kg/h I => Pa2 = O.118 bar
Result:
=> I Pa2 = 0.118 x lOs N/m2 I
I. Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 2.29 x 10-8 kg/h
2. Mass transfer rate of air 3.88 10-8 kg/h
[II
=- x
CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusioninQ cO2 d=60mm

1 I
Air
circular tube whose length and diameter are 1.2 m and60mm
respectively. TI,e system is at (I total pressure of 1atm andQ -- __ -.JI Xrx 1= 1.2 ml'-----_--....J
temperature of273 K. Tile ends of the tube are connected to TOfind:
large ell ambers. Partial press lire of CO2 at one endis
200 mm of Hg while at tile other end ls 90 mm of Hg· 1. Mass transfer rate of CO
2 M 2
Calculate tile following . ass transfer rate of air
5.30 Heat and Mass 7}ans/er
y
Mass Tran.ifer 5.31
Solution: .
We know that, for equimolar COullter d'ff .

Molar flux, Ill"
A
= Dnb
GT
[~.a2x2-xl
I] uSIOIl
We knOW,
. t of air mb = - 1.785 x
where,
Molar transfer ra c ,
DRh - Diffusion co-efficient - 1112/s

== Molar transfer x Molecular weight
The diffusion co-efficient for CO - A'
2 rr COlllb' MasS transfer
. rate of air
II 89 111alio of air
. )( IO"{) n b
=-1.785 x 10-10 x 29
[From HMT data book page no. 180 . 1112/1
(S'X/hec/. 9
I Dab = 11.89 x 10-6 rn2/s I /(101,

: Mass transfer rate of air = -5.176 x 10- kg Is
G - Universal gas constant - 8314 ~ Result: 9 /

I. Mass transfer rate of CO2, :::; 7.85 x 10- kg s
1t kg - mole - K
A - Area = - d2 2. Mass transfer rate of air -5.176 x 10-9 kg Is
4 >
= : (0.060)2 WsOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON

EQUlMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION
I A = 2.82 x 10-3 m2 I ill Two large tanks, maintained at the same temperature and
pressure are connected by a circular 0.15m diameter direct,
I =:> rna = 11.89 x 10-6 x rlo.263 x J05-0.118xW'
() 2.82 x 10-3 8314 x 273 1.2. which is 3 m in length. One tank contains a uniform mixture
of 60 mole % ammonia and 40 mole % air and the other
tank contains a uniform mixture of 20 mole % ammonia
Molar transfer rate of COl> ma = 1.785 x 10- 10 kg - mole and 80 mole % air. The system is at 273 K and
1.013 x .'05 pa. Determine the rate of ammonia transfer
We know, betweenthe two tanks. Assuming a steady state ~ass transfer.
Mass transfer rate· gb [Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ - Nov '96, MU - Nov '96J
= Molar transfer x Molecular wei t
of CO2 Given Data:
= 1.785 x 10-10 x 44.01
HMTdIil Diameter, d = 0.15 m
[Molecular weight of CO2 :::; 44.01, ref~r hediti~l
Length, (x2 - xl) = 3 m
page no.182 (Slxt
5.32 Ileal and Mass Transfer 2
_ .!!.. )( (0.15)
- 4
Pa I = I~OO = 0.6 bar = 0.6 x lOs N/m2
40 ~
Pbl = 100 = 0.4 bar = 0.4 x 105 N/m2
·ff .Ion co-efficient ;: 21.6 x ) Q-6 m2/s
_01 uS
Pal = ~go = 0.2 bar = 0.2 x 105 N/m::! Dab
of am
..
monia with air
HMT data book page no. 180 (Sixth edition]
= ~go=
[From
Pb2 0.8 bar = 0.8 x 105 N/m2
T= 273 K
~ P = 1.013 x 105N/m2
) Tank I
Ammonia
Tank 2
Ammonia
(I) z»
. 2.15 x 10-9 kg-mole

+Air Molartransfer rate of ammoma, rna ;: S
+ Air
Pal Pal
Pbl Pb2 Masstransfer rate ;: Molar transfe.r rate x Molecular weight
I
of ammonia of ammonia of ammonia
'a' - Ammonia I'
'b' -Air
=2.15 x 10-9 x 17.03
Tofind : [Refer HMJ data book, page no. 182 ]

Rate of ammonia transfer Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 3.66 x 10-8 kg Is
Solution:
Result:
We know that, for equimolar counter diffusion,
1. Rate of ammonia transfer = 3.66 x 10-8 kg Is
'M oar
I fl ux -rna = -Dab [ Pal - Pa2]
'A GT x2-xl
[I CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a
where, ... (I) circular tube whose length ami diameter are lm and 50mm
respectively. Tire system is at a total pressure of 1atm and a
J
G - Universal gas constant = 8314 ----=--- temperature of 25°C. Tire ends of the tube tire connected til
kg - mole - K large clrambers in whicl: the species concentrations are
A - Area = ~ d2
4 maintained at fixed values. Tire partial pressure of C01 at
63
Mass Transfer 5.35

'ffusion, we can find
wof d I
one end is 190 mm of Hg while the other end is 95
fick's la \Pal (5 8)
Estimate the mass transfer rate of CO2 and air th "'Itt Ii..
tube. [Bharathidasan
rO"lIh ".
Univ-Apr '98, MU-Apr '98 0
, c"200
'he
frolfl
Molar flU'" A
~ ~ -aT
Dab ~
(Xl - X I)
In -
1
Pa I
... .
[This problem is same as problem No.2 - Solved Pr hi 2 ]

o elll)
[Ans: 1. Mass transfer rate of CO2 = 5.17 )( 19-9 s
2. Mass transfer rate of air = - 3.40 x 19-9
kgls
(or)
~~ err Dab ~
(Xl-XI)
l
In p- pwl
P-Pwl
J ••• (5.9)
kglsi Molar flu", A

5.16 ISOTHERMAL EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR
Consider the isothermal evaporation of water from a \\'here, kg - mole
waler
surface and its diffusion through the stagnant air layer over' rna _ Molar flux - s _ ml
shown in Fig.S.4. The free surface of the water is eXposedto ..
II
air In
as
---A Di if USI'on co-efficient - mlls
the tank.
Dab _. __ ~J _
Air== Water vapour 'versal gas constant - 83 \4 kg _ mole - K
G- Uru
/'"
T _ Temperature - K
p _ Total pressure in bar
Water
_ Partial pressure of water vapour corresponding to
Tank
Pw\. saturation temperature a t I' III N/m2
_ Partial pressure of dry air at 2 in N/m2
Fig. 5.4 Pw2
For the analysis of this type of mass diffusion, following 5.17SOLVED PROBLEMS ON ISOTHERMAL
assumptions are made, EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR
1. The system is isothermal and total pressure remains
constant.
ill
Determine tile diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a
test tube of25 mm diameter llml35 mm long into dry air at
2. System is in steady state condition.
we. Take diffusion co-efficient of water in air is
3. [here is slight air movement over the top of the tankto 0.28 x lQ-4m2 Is.
remove the water vapour which diffuses to that point.
Given:
4. Both the air and water vapour behave as ideal gases.
Diameter,d::. 25 rnrn ::. 0.025 m
Length, (x2 - xl)::' 35 mrn = 0.035 111
-
Mass Transfer 5.37
5.36 Heal and Mass Transfer ' ssure at the top of the test tube. Here, air
"::":":=-":'T~e:':m:':'pe~ra:':'tu':"'r':"'e,_;_T-=-2-5""::OC~+-2-7-3-=-2-9-8-K---~_________
'\ rtial pre . _
.... pa d there IS no water vapour. So, Pw2 - O.
is drY an
Diffusion co-efficient. Dah = 0.28 x 10-4 m2/s \
I
Dry saturated air ~~
Area,
A=== r d
2
i t
=== (0.025)2
\ 2
~.90)( 10-4 m \
water \\ rna 0.28 )( 10-4 x \.0 \3 x \ 05

Tofind: (\)==' ~ 83\4 x 298 0.035
Diffusion rate of water I r \.0 \3 x 10L 0 ~
Solution: x 11 L1.013 x 10S_0.03166 x 105 J
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
rna = 5.09 x \0-\0 kg- mole
Molar flux, mAa = Dab ( p ) In \ p - Pw2 \ '" (I) s
GT x2-x\ lp-pw\)
(From equation no.5.91 Weknow that,
where,
Mass rate of Molar rate of x Molecular weight of
G - Universal gas constant = 8314 __ .::__J __ watervapour water vapour water vapour
kg- mole- K
5.09 x 10-10 x \8.0\6
p - Total pressure = I atm = 1.0 \ 3 ?~r
= 1.013 x \ 05 N/m2 I: Molecular weight of steam = 18.016.
Pw I = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube refer HMT data book. page 110.183 I
corresponding to saturation temperature 25° C Masstransfer rate of water vapour = 9. I 70 x 10-9 kgls
At 25° C
, 1ts"lt:
~ Pwl = 0.03166 bar
[From R.S. Khurmi steam table. page no.2J lYff
I us ion rate of water ==
9.170 x 10-9kgls
2
~ \ Pwl = 0.03166 x IOsN/m \
5.38 Heat and Mass Transfer Mass Transfer 5.39
Estimate the rate of diffusion of water vapour fro

water at tire bottom of a well which is 62 _ l ", (IPOol
. .., (eep (I Of
diameter 10 dry ambient air over lire lop of tire lid 2.2",
entire svstem may be assumed at 30°C and Oil lVell. 'l'h
• e (It", e
pressure. Tile diffusion co-efficient is 0.24)( 1()-4 oSPh
ert where, J
",2Is.
Given: . I gas constant == 8314
G - Unlversa kg - mole - K
Diameter, d == 2.2 m
Deep, (x2 -XI) == 6.2 m Partla. I pre ssure at the bottom of the well
pwl - correspon ding I
to saturation temperature 30° C
Temperature, T == 30°C + 273 == 303 K
Total pressure, p = 1 atm = 1.013 bar = 1.013 x 105 N/rn2

:::> Pwl ==0.04242 bar [From steam table,
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 0.24 x 10-4 m2/s page 110.21
:::> G-pw- N~/m~2;!1
-I ==-0-.0-4-24-2----:1-=-0~5
X
Dry saturated air

TQ) Pw2
. pressure
_ Partial at the top of the well.which is zero.
d _ x2-xl :::> IPw2 == 0 I
rna == 0.24 x 10-4 x 1.013 x 105

--------- _l__ (j) (l)~
3.80 8314 x 303 6.2
- - - - - - - water
1 013 x I OL 0 ]
x In [ 1.013 x ; 05 _ 0.04242 x 105
ToJind: kg- mole

rna == 2.53 x 10-8 ---"'----
Diffusion rate of water S
kg- mole
Solution: . Molar rate of water 2.53 x 10-8 ---=----
S
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
Molar flux,
-rna
A ==
D ab
GT (X2-XI)
p ln [~l ...
P-Pwl
(l)
We know that,
Mass rate of Molar rate of x Molecular weight
Watervapour water vapour of stearn
Area, 2.53 x 10-8 x 1:::.016
4.55 x 10-7 kg/s
Mass Transfer 5.41
Result: _ 7 ~
Diffusion rate of water - 4.55 x 10- kg/s
an 210 mm in diameter and 75 nun ~
O An open P weep co"
at 25 fie and is exposed to dry attnos h '.l.I~
knoW' that,
water P eric
r_' 'ate the diffusion co-efficient of Water in a' Q;'.
we = Molar rate of x Molecular weight
,--rucu., tr, 'l'll/{ MaSs rate of
rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.52 x 16-4 kglh. e '~t water vapour
water vapour of steam
Given: Diameter, d = 210 mrn = 0.210 ....

,., Dab x ~ x p
(x2-xl)
x In [P-PW2
P-PWIJ
Ix 18.016\
Deep, (x2 -XI) = 75 rnrn e 0.075 III 2.3 6)()0-7=0
••• ( 1)
Temperature, T = 25°C + 273 ::::298 K where,
Diffusion rate (or) mass rate = 8.52 x 10-4 kg/h Area, A= ~ d2
4
= 8.52 x 10-4~ =~ (0.210)2

3600 S 4
= 2.36 x 10-7 kg/s 2
I A = 0.0346 m \
Mass rate of water vapour = 2.36 x 10-7 kg/s
G - Universal gas constant = 8314 --- J __
Dry atmospheric air
kg-mole- K
®
d
I
x2 - x1
p - Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar
= 1.013 x 10sN/m2
1---------
1---------
I-------:~
_I (j)
Pwl - Partial pressure
corresponding
at the bottom of the pan
to saturation temperature 25° C
- - - - - - - - r-- Water At 25° C
I;;.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.
=::) Pw: == 0.03166 bar [From (R..s. Khurrni) steam
Toflnd:
table. page no. 2]
Diffusion co-efficient, (Dab) =::) Pw: ::::0.03166 x lOS N/m2
Solution: We know that, molar rate of water vapour,
Pw2 - Partial pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.
ma
- :::: -
Dab p- X In
(P -PW2)
A GT (X2-xl) P-Pwl ==> ~W2:::: ~
5.42 Heal and Mass Transfer Mass Transfer 5.43
(I)=> 2.36 x 10-7:: DabXO.~

8314 x 298 ~ .1 gas constant ==8314 -----
G - Unlvers kg - mole - K
xln(~ 1.013 x 10
5
0.03166 x 105)( 18'()16
ssure == 1 atm = 1.013 bar
- p - Total pre = 1.013 x lOs N/m2
[nab =: 2.18 x I 0-5 m2/~

Rf!Sull: - Partla. I pressure at the bottom of the pan o
pwl eorres ponding to saturation temperature 30 C
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab == 2.18 x 10-5 m2/s
==0.04242 bar [From steam table
:::> Pwl
A pan of 40 mm deep, isfilled with water to a I I page no.2J
. e.:'Cposed :::> ~w -1-==-0. O--:5-:-N-/~m-=2-'\
-0-42-4-2-X-I
and t« to dry air at 30°C. Calculate th eVe
ti 0/20 "''''
for all the water to evaporate. Take, mass diff e 'lne req .
. ~"ed
0.25 x 1()-4 mlls. ':JUS'VlIy is _ Partla. I pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.
Pw2
Given:
~ (PW2 ==0 \
Deep, (x2 - xl) == 40 - 20 == 20 rnrn == 0.020 m
Temperature, T == 300e + 273 =: 303 K rna _ 0.25 x 10-4
x 1.013 x 105
(Il=>
A 8314 x 303 0.020
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab == 0.25 x 10-4 m2/s
I I 1.013 x 1 OS_ 0 1
Dry atmospheric air L
x n 1.013 x 105 - 0.04242 x 105 J
Tofind : 1(1) ~==2.15 x 10-6 kg-mole
Time required for all the A s
water to evaporate, 1.
For unit Area, A ::::1m?
water Molar rate of water m :::: 2.15 x 10-6 kg - mole

Solution: , a sm2
We know that, for isothermal evaporation
We knowthat,
Molar flux ~ == Dab p x In [p - PW2] ... (I) Mass rate of

'A GT (x2-xl) p- Pwl Molar rate of
WatervapOur x Molecular weight
water vapour
of steam
Mass Transfer 5.45
::: 8.54 x 10--4 kg
=2.15XIO-6~
3600 s
[Molar rate of water vapour 3.87 x 10-5 ~ == 2.37 x 10--7 kgls
The total amount of water to be evaporated per m2 area
Dry atmospheric air
= (0.020 x l ) x 1000
= 20 kglm2 Area
t-a>
fO find: 'on co-efficient, Dab
Time required, I =~ DiffuSI
Mass rate of Water~
vapour
20
3.87 x 10-S soilltion: ========= -L
water
CD
We knoW that,
11 = 516.79 x 103 sJ
Molar rate of water vapour
Result:
rna - Dab p x I \p - Pw2\
Time required for all the water to evaporate, I == 516.79)( 103 S A- GT (x2-X,) n P-Pw' J
5.18 SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON ISOTH'ERMAl

:::> rna::: Dab x A x P x In \p - Pw2\
EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR GT (x2-x,) p-Pw,J
o An open pan 20 em in diameter and 8 em deep Contailll We know that,
water at 25°C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air.lftht Mass rate of Molar rate of x Molecular weight
rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54 x /0'-4 kglh, water vapour water vapour of steam
estimate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air.
[May '05 -Anna Univj ,

2.37 x 10-7 = _D_u_b_x_A_
x p x In \p - Pw2 Ix 18.016
GT (x2-x,) P-Pwl] \
Given: Diameter, d = 20 ern = 0.20 m where, ... (1)
Length, (X2 -xI) =-= 8 em = 0.08 m
Area, A = .2!_ d2
*
Temperature, T = 25°C + 273 = 298 K 4
Diffusion rate (or)

= (0.20i
Mass rate of water vapour = 8.54 x 10- 4 kg/h
2
\ A = 0.0314 m \
Mass Transfer 5.47

: =::::lOmm==o.OlOm
G - Universal gas constant = 8314 -;-----L_----... ter
kg - mole - K
t.jI"tI
v OiaJ11 ' e d ) == 1 5 em = O. 15m
(.%2-X1 .
p _ Total pressure = I atm = 1.013 bar l)logtb, T == 2SoC + 273 = 298 K
::: 1.013 x 105N/m2
erature,
re(l1P
. n CO-e
r , fticient, Dab = 0255 x '10~ rolls
Pwl - Partial pressure at the bottom of the t ·d.'S10
est tube DIi'"
corresponding to saturation temperat Dry saturated ~ir
ure 25° C
T~
Pwl = 0.03166 bar [From (R S Kh d'
'" Urmi) Slea 10ft'·· . n rate of water
table IIr Difi'uS10 -.
I
Pwl = 0.03166 x 105 N/m2
I • page n02J
Pw2 - Partial pressure at the top of the pan. He '.

. re, air IS d solution:
and there IS no water vapour. So, Pw2 ::: O. ry We knoW that, for
--------
.....al evaporation,
isothe,,,.
(1) => 2.37 x 10-7 = Dab x 0.0314 x 1.013 x lOS

8314 x 298 0.08
xI [ 1.013 x 10 - 0
5
n 1.013 x 105-0.03166 x 105 x18.016
1 where,
Area, A = ~ d2
2.58 x 10-5 m2/s I = ~ (0.010)2
Result:
5 2
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 2.58 x 10-5 m2/s \A = 7.85 x 10- m \
G - Universal gas constant = 8314

J
II] Estimate the diffusion rate of water from tile bottom oja kg-mole- K
test tube 10mm in diameter (I/l(1 15cm 100Ig into dry
atmosphere air at 25°C. Diffusion co-efficient of water into P - total ores sure = 1 atm = 1 .013 bar
air is 0.255 x 10-4 mt/s. = 1.0i.3 x 105 N/m2

[Nov '96· MUl Pwl - Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
correspoIiding to ·saturation temperature 250 C
Mass Transfer 5.49
5.48 Heal and Mass Transfer 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

15 cm = 0.15 m
Pwl = 0.03 166 bar
{Fro", SI 250C + 273 = 298 K
~ /PWI =0.03166 x IOSN/m2] falll/ubi
. _ Page II I 0.256 cm2/s = 0.256 x 10-4 m2/s
0.(
P 2- Partial pressure at the top of the test tube hi
w ,W lch' Dry air
IS~
~ IPw2 = 01 to
0.255 x 1D-4 x 1.013 x 105

(I)~
7.85 x 10-5 8314 x 298 0.15-
Molar rate of water vapour = 1.73 ma Dab p In(P-PW2) ... (1)

Molar flux, A GT (X2 -xI) P =P«,
We know that,
Mass rate of = Molar rate of where, Area, A
!!..d2
x Molecular weight 4
water vapour water vapour of steam
1.73 x 10-11 x 18.016 ~ (0.015)2
[.: Molecular weight of steam:: 18.0J6
A 1.76 x 10-4 m2
refer HMf data book, page no.J8J]
IMass rate of water vapour = 3.11 x 10-10 kglsJ G- Universal.gas constant 8314
kg-
J
mole - K
Result:
Diffusion rate of water = 3.11 x 10-10 kg/s p - Total pressure 1 atm = 1.013 bar
1.013 x 105 N/m2
I
Estimate the diffusion rate of water vapourfrom tile bonollli Partial pressure at the bottom
of a test tube 1.5 em diameter and l Scm long into dry air •. the test tube corresponding
25°C Take D = 0.256 cml/s. I saturation temperature 25°C.
[Apr '2001 - MU, Bharathidasan Univ- Nov'901
I
5.50 Heal and Mass Transfer Mass Transfer 5.51
~rature,T 25°C + 273 = 298 K
~
Pwl 0.03166 bar [From steam b Relative humidity 50%
ta le, Po Atmospheric air 50% RH
IPwl 0.03166 X 105 N/m2] ge tJo,21
Pw2 - Partial pressure at the top of the test tube who .

, lch IS
raJi"d:nOration
. rate of water in grams
==> I Pw2 = 0 I l.ero, pvllr-
per hour.
0.256 x 10-4 1.013 x 105
(1) => 1.76 x 10-5
8314 x 298 x 0.15-
x In[ 1.013 x 105_0

I"----------- ~6\ _:_:__."..J )( lOS J
[From HMT data book, page no. 180J
Molar rate of water vapour ==3.899 x 1 0-11 ~
~------------ :s D ab = 25.83 x 10-6 m2/s
We know that,
We knoW that , for isothermal evaporation,
Mass rate of water vapour {~~l:~:~e } x J ~~:;~~ \ ma Dab P I (p - Pw2 '\ ... (1)
vapour l steam J
Molar flux, A = GT (X2 - XI) n \.P - Pw\)
3.899 x 10-11 x 18.016 ~d2
where, Area, A 4
I Mass rate of water vapour 7.02 x 10-10 kg/s 1
Result: Diffusion rate of water = 7.02 x 10-10 kg/s
An open pan of 150 mm diameter and 75 mm deepcontains

\A==0.0176m2\
water at 25°C and is exposed to atmosphere air at 25°C
and 50% R.B. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in
G - Universal gas constant = 8314 kg _ mole _ K
grams per hour. [Apr '2002-MU]
Given: P - Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar
Diameter, d 150 mm == 0.150 m = 1.013 x lOS N/m2

Deep, (x2 - xl) 75 mm == 0.075 m
Pw\ - Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
corresponding to saturation temperature 25°C
Mass Transfer 5.53
Heal and Mass Transfer
5.52 diameter a nd 8 em deep contains
., water
At 25° C pan 20 em
lt
d. tmospheric air: Determine
,4" ope nd is exposed to ry ~ vapour in glhr. Take
=> Pwl = 0.03166 bar 01]5" C aof diffusion of wa er [Del '99 _ MV]
{From Slea
/It role 0-4 m2/s.
=> IL.Pwl~ = 0.03166 x 10 N/m2
5
1
-...J
I1J 1Qb{
Page 110.2]e,
~,;:;0.259 x 1 ter vapour = 0.855 g/hr
rateofwa
P ., - Partial pressure at the top of the pan corres . ,4"s: MOSS • if water from the bottom of a
wz
25°C and 50% re Iative. Iiurm idi
ity. POndln g to
. te tlte diffUSIOn~ate 0 nd 20 em long into dry
r11 tSII/1l0be10 mm in dlOmeter ~ = 0.26 x 10--4 m2/s.
~ test ta . t 30°e. Assume
:::> Pw2 = 0.03166 bar = 0.03166 x lOs N/m2 almosplterealf a [Apr '99 - MUJ
:::> R.H.= 50 % = 0.50 - 321 x 10-/0 kg/so
s : Diffusion rate of water - .
Pw2 = 0.03166 x lOs x 0.50
:::> I Pw2 = 1583 N/m21 []-r: An .
iest lub.
.
tlte diffusIOn"
"ate oif water from tile hottom of a
10 mm in diameter and 15 em long into dry
almosplterlc atr a
. t 25°e. Diffusion co-efficient of water
2
25.83 x 10-6 x 1.013 x 105 . . 0255 x ](;--4 m '/s.
(I):::> inloaIT IS •
0.0176 8314 x 298 0.075
[Nov '96 - Mano'!manium Sundaranar Univ 1
x In [ 1.013 x 105_1S83 ] Ans : Diffusion rate of water = 3.12 x 10-/0 kg/so
1.013 x 105_0.03166~
[Theprocedure of above problems are same as, Section 5.17,
Molar rate of water vapour, ma = 3.96 Problem no. IJ
We know that,
lil An openpan 20 em in diameter and 8cm deep contains water
(1125" C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of
Mass rate of Molar rate of Molecular weight
x diffusionof water vapour is 8.54 x 10-4 kg/It. estimate tile
water vapour water vapour of steam diffusionco-efficient of water in air.
= 3.96 x 10-9 x 18.016
[Apr '97 - Manonrnaniu-n Sundaranar Univ
= 7.13 x 10-8 kgls & Apr '98 - Bharathidasan UnivJ
= 7. 13 x I 0-8 1000 g Ans: Dab = 2.58 x 10-5 m2/s
1/3600 h [The procedure of this problems .
I Mass rate of water vapour = 0.256 g/h
Problem no. I ] IS same as, Section 5.18,
Result:
Evaporation rate of water = 0.256 glh
Mass Transfer 5.55
5.19 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER ~x_Distance-m
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass t v - Kinematic viscosity - m2/s

. . ransfu
will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when tl r thai
different concentrations. ley are al For flat plate,
If Re < 5 x lOs, flow is laminar
S.20 TYPES OF CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER
If Re > 5 x lOs, flow is turbulent
I. Free convective mass transfer
2. Forced convective mass transfer ·/t Number (Sc)
2.SChttlit .
S.21 FREE CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER I is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of
: m to the molecular diffusivity of mass.
If the fluid motion is produced due to change' I d mornen u
n ellS'1
resulting from concentration gradients, the mode of mass t Iy Molecular diffusivity of momentum
. . ransfer' SC ==
said to be free or natural convective mass transfer. IS
Molecular diffusivity of mass
Example: Evaporation of alcohol
Sc= - v (or)Sc=-- 11
5.22 FORCED CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER
Dab pDab
~fthe fluid motion is artificially created by means of an exte~al where,
force like a blower or fan, that type of mass transfer is known as v - kinematic viscosity - 1U2/s
forced convective mass trasfer.
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean whenair
blows over it. 3. scnerwood Number (Sir)
5.23 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the
boundary.
1. Reynolds Number (Re)
It is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous
force.
where,
Re == Inertia force
Viscous force hm - Mass transfer co-efficient - m/s
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s

Re= Ux
v
x - Length - m
where,
U - velocity - mls
Mass Transfer 5·.57
5.56 Heat and Mass Transfer ~c tnbi;ed Laminar - Turbulent flow
./(ii) Cotllu ....
5.24 FORMULAE USED FOR FLAT PLATE P ~ SherWoodNumber; Sh = (0.031 ReO.8- 81l1Sc
ROBLEM 0.333
Reynolds Number, Re = U.x S

v Sh = h"r
where, Dab
U - velocity - mls
~ROBLEMS ON FLAT PLATE
x - Distance - m
5.ZSS0
IfRe < 5
v - Kinematic viscosity '- m2/s
x lOs, flow is laminar
If Re > 5 x lOs, flow is turbulent
1 Air at 10llC witll a velocity of 3 m/s flows over a ]lat plate.
GJ 1/ the plate is 0.3 m long, calculate the mass transfer
co.efJicient•
(
Given:
For Laminar Flow Fluid temperature, Too= lODe
L [From HMI data book, page no .]75 IS'IXt h edilio))

. \' Velocity, U = 3 mls
ocal Sherwood Number, Sh, = 0.332 (Re.x)o.s(Sc)0.333 n Length, x = 0.3 m
Average Sherwood Number, Sh = 0.664 (Re)O.S(Sc)0.331
Tofind:
where, Mass transfer co-efficient, (hm)
Sc = Schmidt Number
solution:
= _v_ Properties of air at 10
D
e [From HMf data book,
Dab page no.33]
Kinematic viscosity, V = 14.16 x \0-6 m2/s
v - kinematic viscosity
Weknow that,
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient
Reynolds Number, Re = Ux
V
Scherwood Number Sh = hrnX 3 x OJ
, Dab
14.\6 x \0-6
hm - Mass transfer co-efficient - m/s
Re = 0.63 x 105-< 5 x lOs
For Turbulent Flow Since, Re < 5 x \ 05, flow is laminar
[From HMT data book, page no.17o j
ForL ammar
. flow, flat plate,
(i) Fully turbulent from leading edge.
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)u.5 (Sc)o.m ..• (I)
Sherwood Number, Sh = 0.0296 (Ke)O.8 (Sc)OJ33
[From HMTdaca book, page no. 175]
\,
Mass Transfer 5.59

~55nl/s
where, ~e1ocitY, u -._
'lie :x:::::: 600 mm = 0.6 m
Sc - Schmidt Number == V J..,ellgth,
D~b ..• (2)
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient (water + Air) at lOa (.

r'MasS tran sfer co-efficient,
0
(hm)
= 20.58 X 10-6 m2/s
c , 80
C
1
[From HMT data book.

[From HMT data book pag 50lplion: . s of air at 30°C
...--_--- __ --, • e 1I0./80J propertle page no. 33]
[Dab = 20.58 x 10-6 m2/s I . .....atlc - osity , v = 16 x IQ-6 m2/s
. Vise
Kille".
14.16 x 10-6 We knOw that, Ux
(2) => Sc = 20.58 x 10-6
ids Number, Re = v
Reyna
I Sc = 0.6881 55 x 0.6
16 x 10-6
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (I)
Re = 2.06 x 106> 5 x 105
(I) => Sh = 0.664 (0.63 x 105)05 (0.688)0 3JJ
Since, Re > 5 x lOs, flow is turbulant

ISh= 147.151
[Flow is lami~ar upto Re = 5 x 105, after that flow is turbulant 1
We know that,
hmx
Sherwood Number, Sh = For combined Laminar - Turbulant flow.flat plate,
Dab
m h x 0.3 Sherwood Number (Sh) = [0.037 (Re)O.8 - 871 ]ScO.333 ••. (1)
147.15 = _....;.;_--
20.58 x 10-6 [From HMTdata book. page no. 176]
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm == 0.0 I m/s where,
Result: Sc - Schmidt Number = v

.•. (2)
Dab
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0 I rn/s
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient (water + Air) at 30° C :::::260C
[I] Dry air at30 e and one atmospheric pressure flows over a
D
== 25.83 x 10-6 m2/s

flat plate of 600 mm long at a velocity of 55 mls. Calculate
the mass transfer co-efficient at the end of tile plate. [From HMJ data book. page no. 180]
Given: I
~ -::;:-=-2S=-.-83-x-I-0--6- -2/-
m s
I
Fluid temperature, Too = JO°C
~~~~~-------~
5.60
(2) ~
16>< 10-6
Sc = 25.83 x 10-6
~
.,,:
111//0 rtieS 0
fair at 2
8°C = 30°C k
HMTdata boo, pa
[From
ge no.33]
(
S/I prope . v === 16 x 10-6 m2/s
. ViSCOSIty,
[ Sc = 0.619 ] . (lla ttC
I(,oe
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (I)
(I) ~ Sit = [0.037 (2.06 x 106)08 - 871] (0.619)0333 that,
ow ~
we kO ....lumber, Re === v
I Sh = 2805.131 Ids J'"
ReynO 2.5 x 15
We know that, 16 x 10-6
h,nX
Sherwood Number, Sh -D x 106 > 5 x lOS
=
ab
Re-_ 2 .34
hm x 0.6 05 flow is turbulant
=> 2805.13 = 25.83 x 10-6 R /' 5 x 1 , . 1
Since, e = 5 x lOs, after that flow IS turbulent
[floW is laminar upto Re
Mass transfer co-efficient, hnr = 0.121 m/s
.
mar _ Turbulantfiow,fillt plate,
Result: eo b 'netl Lam (\)
for ", , (SI ) = [0 037 (Re)0.8 - 871 )ScO.333 •••
h rWood Number 1 .
Mass transfer co-efficient, hili = 0.121 m/s 5e {From HMIdata book, page no. 176]
Q] TIre water in II 6m x J 5 m outdoor swimming pool is where,
maintained at a temperature of 28°C. Assuming a wind speed v
Sc - Schmidt Number = ... (2)
of 2.5 m/s in tIre direction of the long side of the pool. Dab
Calculate tile mass transfer co-efficient.
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient (water + Air) at 28° C :::;26°C
Given:
= 25.83 x 10-6 m2/s
Size = 6m x 15 m
(From HMT data book, page no. 180]
Fluid temperature, Too = 28°e
rl O-ab-=-2-5-.8-3-x-1 0---6 2-/ -m- s-'l
Speed, U = 2.5 m/s
Wind speed in the direction of the long side of pool. (2)~ Sc = 16 x 10-6
So, x = IS m 25.83 x 10-6
Tofind: ;A
Mass transfer co-efficient, (hm)

EO.619]
SUbstitute SR.
c, e values In equation (1)
Mass Transfer 5.63
5 62 Heat and Mass Transfer
We know that,
hnrX 15+25
Sherwood Number, Sh =
Dab 2
3185.90 = __ h m x 15 _
25.83 x 10-6
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = . s of air at 20°C

PerUe
prO [From HMT data book, page no.33J
Result:
uc viscosity,
I(inema I
V = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 5.486 x 10-3 m/s
'lie knoWthat,
" Ux
Air dr2SOCyrows over a tray full 0/ water wit" a vel . Reynolds Number, Re = v
2.8mls. Tile tray measures ~ .10 em along tile flow dirOCItyO/.
2.8 x 0.30
• eClion
and 40 em wide. Tile partial pressure 0/ water present' h
In I e 15.06 x 10-6
air is 0.007 bar: Calculate tile evaporation rate 01" Wat .
'J er if Re= 0.557 x 105 5 x 10
the temperature on tile water sur/ace is J 5°C. Take diffusion
co-efficient is 4.2 x Ifr5 m}/s.
Since, Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar.
Given: Forflat plate, Laminar flow:
Fluid temperature, Too = 25°C
Sherwood Number ( 'h) = [0.664 (Re )0.5 (Sc) 0.3 3\ ... (
Speed, U = 2.8 mls
[From IIMT data book, page no. 17
Flow direction is 30 cm side. So, x = 30 ern = 0.30 m where,
Area, A = 30 ern x 40 ern = 0.30 x 0.40 m2
Sc - Schmidt Number = V
Partial pressure of water, Pw2 = 0.007 bar Dab
Sc::: 15.06 6
! Pw2 = 0.007 x 105 N/m21 4.2x 10-.
Water surface temperature,
Diffusion co-efficient,
Tw
Dab = 4.2
= 15°C
x 10-5 N/m2
EOJ58]
Substitut S
e C Re value In equati n (I)
Mass Transfer 5.65
5.64 Heat and Mass Transfer ----uNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS
/,,~t\ u~
(I) ~ Sh [0.664 (0.557 x 105)0.5(0.358)0.~ 5.Z6 Ofll fLt\T~P::L:.:A:.:.T.:....E --
I Sh 111.37 I ~
~t
. air 01
20"C /p = 1.2 kg/m3, v = l5 x /0-6 ml/s.
We know that, rJ1 Dry )( J(r5 ml/sl flows over aflat plate oj length JO em
l!J D:::4.~ overed wit" a thin layer oj water at a velocity of
hmx h'ch ,s c
Sherwood Number, Sh 11" Estimate the local mass transfer co-efficient of a
Dab /",Is. « tncm from tile leading edge anti the ave";ge
.I' lance 0, .
S iter co-efficient. [June 20()~-A"'1Q Univ]
hm X 0.30 ul
",asstrans,.
~ 111.37
4.2 X 10-5
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm 0.0155 mls Give" : - = 200C
Fluid temperature, 1
Mass transfer co-efficient based on pressure difference I'S .
given Density, p = 1.2 kg/m)
2
by, Kinematic viscosity, v = 15 x I O~ m /s
_~ _ 0.0155 Diffusion co-effie ient, Dab = 4.2 x 10-5 m2/s
hmp - R Til' - 287 x 288
Length, L = 50 em = 0.50 m
[.,' Til' = 15°C + 273 = 288 K, R = 287 JlkgKj
Velocity, U = I m/s
1 hmp = 1.88 x 10-7 mls I
Distance, x = 10 em = 0.10 m
Saturation pressure of water at 15°C Tofilld:
{From steam table
Pwl = 0.017 bar (RS Khumi) page no I) I. Local mass transfer co-efficient, h.t at a distance of 0.10 m.
5 2
1 Pil'I = 0.017 x 10 N/m I 2. Average mass tran fer co-efficient, hm for entire length.
The evaporation rate of water is given by, Solution:
mil' = hmp x A [Pwl - Pw2] Case(i) : Local mass transfer co-efficient at x = 0.10 DI
We know that ,
= 1.88 x 10-7 x (0.30 x 0.40)
x (0.017 x IOLO.007x IOSI Reynolds number, Re = Ux
v
'I l-n-II'--=--2.-2-5-x--IO--~5~k-W~s'l
== I x 0.1
Result: ISxIO-6
Evaporation rate of water, mit' = 2.25 x 10-5 kg/s
. l Re == 6666.67 < 5 x lOS 1
Since Re < 5 )( . 05
I .Tlow is laminar
i 6E
I
For Laminar Flow,jlat plate
Local Sherwood Number, Sh = 0.332 (Re)o.s (S )0

C .333 Re - 3 3 ----::::---:.
- . 3)( 104
[From HMJ'data book "'(1) 5
Since Re < 5 x 10 , flow is 1 .
where, Page ~O.17S1 amlnar.
For flat plate laminar flow
.Sc = Schmidt Number = -2_
Dab Sherwood Number, Sh « 0
Sc = 15 x 10-6 .664 (Re)O 5
Substitute Re and Sc VI' (SC)0.333
4.2 x 10-5 a Ues. '" (2)
Sh == 0.664 (3.33 x 104 )0.5
\ Sc = 0.357 \ (0.357)0333
[Sh == S5.99\
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)
We know that,
(1) ~ Sh = 0.332 (6666.67 )0.5 (0.357)0.333' - hmL
SI1--
Dab
\ Sh = 19.24\
85.~9 == hm x 0.50
We know that, 4.2 x 10-5
hxx
Sherwood Number, Sh = ::::> hm == 0.007 m/s.
Dab
hx x 0.1
19.24= ---- Average mass transfer co-efficient f .
4.2.x 10-5 or entIre length'
~d: IS 0.007 mJ
=:> \ hx = S.OS·x 10-J m/s.\
1. hx == 8.08 x 10-3 m/s,
Local mass transfer co-efficient at x = 0.1 m is 8.08 x 10-3mil. 2. hm == 0.007 rn/s.
Case (ii): Average mass transfer co-efficient h m' for entirelen~h

We know that,
UL
v
1 x 0.50
=
15 x 10-6
5.68 Hem U"" .'_
5.17 FORMULAE USED FOR INTERNAL FLOW ~
(CYLINDERS or PIPES) PROBLEMS SOLVEDpQ""
Vnlt
(pIPES AND t.t~
UD C\'t,~ ~'t<\ \ MGt's
1. Reynolds number, Re == v r1l Air at 30· C tlltr,~'ll~ .. · T'CDujer 5,69
t;J Gild l'Lo
12 mm diameter t I4bQ'IIIo 'p~. W
where, e
2.5 m/s. rile ;11 . Of I 'rl
U- Velocity - mls • Side
t
p""
deposit of naphth SUr/Itt' ""tl~U~f flow! in
""'r
D - Diameter - m ",ass transfer co-effie'
,r. ale",. ',,01I~, ""h Q ""ocitu :
UtI '11" -, OJ
v _ Kinematic viscosity - m2/s Dab == 0.62 x J(j-S na2
1
Ie",. 1'1t~_t'IIIi"f e con'ain. a
IS. ~ elil 'he
. n . IlIlioll a"erage
If Re < 2000, flow is laminar GIlle • co-efficien,
If Re > 2000, flow is turbulent fluid temperature T _ 3Ooe

• ' <J:)-
'
Velocity, U = 2.5 mls
For laminarflow: Diameter, 0 = 12 mm » 0 .0 \2m
Sherwood Number, Sh == 3.66 Length, x == 1 m
h D Diffusion co-efficient , D ab -- 0 .62 x \ I.)-~
Sherwood Number, Sh == _m_
Dab Tofind : ll\11~
where, Average mass transfer co-eff IClent,

. h
hm - Mass transer co-efficient - mls . 11\
SoI uuon :
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
Properties of air at 30°C
For turbulentflow:
.' [From HMT data boo
Sherwood Number, Sh == 0.023 (Re)O.83(Sc)O.44 Kinematic viscosity , v == 16 X In...J.
v m2/s k, page no
v
[From HMT data book, page no. J 76 (Sixth edition)) We know that ,
where, Reynolds number, Re == UD

v
Sc == Schmidt Number == _v_
Dab == 2.5 x 0.0\2
16 x 10"-6
Sh = hm D
. Re = 1875 < 2000
Dab
F, Since Re <2000 , fl ow IS
. laminar.
or/ami nar Internaljlow:
Sherwood Number, Sh = 3.66
We know that,
hmD
Sh=-
Dab ::::' 4 ~
hmxO.012 ~ a"., r~Qltlfe
)( IlK ~5.71
3.66 = R e ::::10
Since Re > 2000, flow' ,624.1 ~ 2
hm x 0.012 IS turbU\ 0%
3.66= For turbulent, Internal flow tnt
0.62 x 10-5
Sherwood Number (Sh):::
0.023 (R \1\
I:r·&3 ~
where, [From HI". St)O.44
0)
'''ll data book ...
Result :
Sc - Schmidt Number::: -!_ ,Page 110.1761
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 1.89 x 10-3 mls.
Dab
o Air at 20° C and atmospheric pressure, containin
quantities of iodine flows witb a velocity of 4 m/: ? s~
Sc = 15.06 x 10-6
0.75 x 10-5
.' • s mSldeQ
4cm inner diameter tube. Determine the mass transfrr
I Sc = 2.0081
co-efficient. Assume Dab = 0.75 x 10-5 m2/s.
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation
. (1)
Given:
Fluid temperature, T CXl = 20°C (1) => Sh = 0.023 (10,624)0.83 (2.008)0.44
Velocity, U = 4 mls ISh = 68.661
Diameter, D = 4 em = 0.04 m
We know that ,
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 0.75 x 10-5 m2/s
Sherwood Number, Sh = hmD
Toflnd : Dab
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm ~ 68.66 = hm x 0.04
0.75 x10-5
Solution:
Properties of air at 20°C Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0128 m1s
[From HMf data book, page no.Jl] ReSUlt:
Kinematic viscosity, v = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0128 mls
We know that,
Reynolds number, Re = UD
v
5.72 Heat and Moss Transfer where, \ 1
! '
SC - Schmidt NUtn\.-
5.29 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS Ul:r:::: "
1)-
IIIA' I tm and 25"C containing small quantities of iOdill Sc = 15.5 x 1(}-{l ill
I..!J ir at a 2 _/.' '../ 35 di e
'/h a velocity of 6. TW S msiae a mm lameter tuh 0.82 x lQ=s
floww! . fi 'd' t.
Calculate mass transfer co-efficient or 10 me. The therltl{j
physical properties of air are
v::: 15,5 x 1(J-fI m1/s substitute Sc, Re values in .
t<\uatl()1\ t\) \
D::: 0.82 x 10-5 m1/s {May 2004 - Anna Un;v] I

-;::J Sh ::: 0.023 (14,000)0.&3 1\ '\
( 1) \ .&9()~.44
Given: \
@h::: 84.07 \
Pressure, p ::: 1 atm= 1.013 bar
Fluid temperature, Too::: 25°C We know that,
Vel~city, U ::: 6.2 mls Sherwood Number, Sh:: ~

Dab
Diameter, D::: 35 mrn ::: 0.035 m
Kinematic viscosity, v= 15.5 x 1~ m2/s 84.07 = hm x 0.035
0.82 x \()-5
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab::: 0.82 x 10-5 m2/s
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm:: O.()\I}(:, mls
Tofind:
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm Result :
Solution: Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0\96 mls
We know that,
\1] Dry and 1 aIm flows OVfr II IIIf' jla. platt SO CIII
air at 27·C
Reyno Ids num b er, Re= UD
V long and velocity of 50 mls. Calcullllt 'ht mass "wltr C~
6.2 x 0.035 efficient of water vapour in air aI 'he end of .ht platt. Talt
15.5 x 10-6 D = 0.26 x 1()-4 m2/s.
[Ocl'99· Madras Univ }
IRe::: 14,000 I > 2000
Since Re > 2000, flow is turbulent. Ans: hm = 0.11 mls
For turbulent, Internal flow [The procedure of this problems is same as, Section- 5.25
Problem no.2)
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.023 (Rep·g3 (Sc) 0.44 •• , (1)
{From HMf data book, page no.176}
. "c and atmospheric pressure flows wit/I a ~
o A" at ~5.
3 m/s inside a
JO mm diameter tube of J m length. The' Iy 0/
. . I"S;d,
I.
.
A plastIC membrane 0 2
. 5 rn
P~f'ot,.,
....11(:£
..\1(1,I.'j,
""-tft, j
.r the tube con tams a deposit of naphthal e .75
surface 0, .r.' e"e at pressures of2.5 bar m thic~h
. the average mass transfer co-effiCient. Talc . . and I bash
Determtne . D = 0. 62 x J(i-5 m1/s. e /0, diffusIon co-effieie aronits Ydrogen
Naphtllalene air, . 8.5 >< J()-8m2/sandthe~: ~~ hYdr:PPosiless:lllaintaif\ed
{Apr' 2000 - Madras 1 2b Ublll",0 gen· !'lbe bi
kg mo Ie Imar.
T •
VIl/\! } Underth .'1 fhYdr In the lnary
eUnlforrn ~enlll_ Plastic is
• h = 2.27 x J(i-3 m/s. COnd' ""Ibranc .
A n·
S ", (i) The molar concentrations IhonsOf2St ISO.0015
[The procedure· of this problems is same as, Section - 5.28 of the membrane, and of hYdrogen ,Calculate
atthe0
Problem no. 1] PPositefaces
(ii) The molar and mass diffu '
Sianflu
r7l Air at 20DCflows part a tray full of water with a veloc;". membrane. x ofhYdr
L:J .'J of agenthrough the
2.5 mls. Calculate the evaporatto» rate of water if th
D
temperature on the water surface is 15 C. The tray measur e [Ans . (i) 0003
25 em along the flow direction and its width is 40 em; es (ii) 76.5 x 1fH kgll ~ 75ando.OlSk
nro e!s-tn1j 153 x 1 g trloitlntl
The moving air has a total pressure of 1. 01 bar and the partial Hydrogen gas is maintained at ()-I kgls-nr2/
2. ite sid pressuresof3
pressure of water associated with it is 0.0075 bar. The physical the OpposIte Sl. e of a 0 .3 rnm thiIek rubbe bar and \ bar on
properties of air are Density = 1.205 kg/m', kinematic Viscosity entire system IS at 25°C. What' th r membraneand the
h IS e molard'~
15.06 x 1~ m2/s and diffusivity = 0.15 m2/llr. ' hydrogen .t . rough the membrane? Take0 _ I usion flux of
and solubility of H2 in rubber = 1.5 x 1f\...)AB - 8.7 x \0-3 m21s
[Oct' 98 - Madras Univ} v kmoVm)bar,
Ans : mw = 1.846 x lrrs kg/so fAns: 1.75 x Ifr6 kgls-nrZ/

[The procedure of this problems is same as, Section - 5.25 3. Estimate the diffusion rate of wate fr th
. r om e bottom f
Problem no.4J tube 10mm In diameter and IS em 100 . t dry 0 a test
t 25°C T k h '. g 10 0 atmosphericair

a . 1 a e t e diffuSIon co-effieieot of bra "
[IJ Dry air at 27DCand 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm 0.255 x 10-4 m2 Is. watert ughau- IS
long at a velocity of 50 mls. Calculate the mass transfer
co-efflceint of water vapour in air at the end of the plate,
fAns: 1.13 x l~ kglll/
D = 0.26 cm2/s.
[Oct' 2001 - Madras UnivJ 4. Air at 3.5°C and I atm flows over a wet flatplate50emlongwith
a velocity of 30 mls. Calculate the mass transfereo-efficeintof
Ans: h", = 0.11 mls. water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
[The procedure of this problems is same as, Section- 5.25
fAns: 0.075 mis/
Problem no.2J
l _ME
Compute the rate of evaporation of~ter vapour. from~ "",al is Eddy diffll.s'
~ ~~~ ~
5. ofa flat pan filled with water at 150C mtoa~ air SI:reaJn .~ When one of the diffi . asl "'r~fer 5 7
• USIOn t1 . 7
with a velocity of3m1s parallel to water s~rface. The tern~ diffuSion takes place uids i .
• S lilt
of air is 200C and the length of the pan LD the flow diftcti 'IIrt • Urbulent .
~ ",haIlS convective '" mOtion, eddy
30 ern while its width is 50 cm. Take the total pressllrt of ~~ o- CI.t.s t'Q"~1".
.' I f lIr}' . •...
It"
1.013 x lOs N/m2 and the partia pressure 0 water vapoUr~~ Convective mass lransfe . . II
as 800 N/m2. q occur between a surfacer IS a pr<>tessof ""t.20 06,A VI
and a t1 . mass tra
different concentrations • Uld med'
IUm wh
nsfer that w'II
I
[Ans ; 0.096. • , en they are at
""I 7. Slate ru« "S law of diffus;oll.
5.31 TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is mass transfer?

AND ANSWERS
------- .' .
{J"~t·06 ~
{Oct'97: 99,~~S &. Dtc'04 A VI
The diffusion rate ISgiven by th' 0 &. Ap,'98 MVI
e FICk's I
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the spec" molar fl ux 0 f an element per un't . aw, which state th
I area IS d'
concentration difference in a mixture is known as mass transter. concentration gradient.
S at
lrectly proponional to
2. Give the examples of mass transfer. fMU-Nov'96,Oct'''1 ma =-0 dea

A ab d;"
Some examples of mass transfer are
where,
I. Humidification of air in cooling tower
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburertor of an IC engine -
ma k
- Molar flux _ g - mole
A s-m2
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient of species a and b 2/
3. Wlia!are the modes of mass transfer? fJune - 2006,AUj .m s
dCa
There are basically two modes of mass transfer, dx - Concentration gradient, kgtm3
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer 8. Whal is free convective mlUs transftr'! IOe,'97. MU/
Lt('Wllat is molecular diffusion? . od uce d due to change ID'. density resulting

If the fluid m o tiIon ISpr
[June - 2006,A~1
from concentration gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a regiOll of
lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known IS Example: Evaporation of alcohol.
molecular diffusion.
L J
9. Defineforced convective mass transfer. {Apr'97
(iii) Mass fr .
If'th fluid motion is artificially created by means of .....(;/ . action
e an e)(te... . (IV) Mole fra .
force like a blower or fan, that type of mass transfer is kno -"Qj ctlon
convective mass transfer. \\'n~ (i) Mass concelilra .
no" 0, At
Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean wh Mass of a CQrn lIss Ii
Pon ttr!il)l
blows over it. en a~ expressed in kg; lent Pet UIl'
rn . It vOlu
me Of Ih
10. Define Schmidt Number. {Apr'97, Oct'97 - Mll/ Mass concentrati \. e mixture I '
on "" IYJasS ' t IS
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of rno D' Of a Corn
., f lllenluJn nit vOlum Ilelll
to the molecular diffusivity 0 mass. (ii) Molar Concent,,... e Of min..
""0/1 Or At, ~'ure
Molecular diffusivity of momentum N urn b er of molecul oi"'d
tl!$il)l
Sc = . es of a
Molecular diffusivity of mass the mixture. It is exp tOtnPolle
tesSed in k lit Pet Unit
11. Define Scherwood Number. &-rnoleJml Volultle of
Molar concentration"" 'NUtnber 0 .
/Apr'97& 2001- MU I {May -2004 -AU, f tnoles of
Dnit volu COmponent
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary, (iii) Mass fraction tne of mixture
h",x
Sh= - The mass fraction is d fi
. e Ined
Dab concentration of species to the t as the ratio f
otal mass den' 0 mass
hIn - Mass transfer co-efficient, mls Slty ofthe mixture
Mass fraction = ~Mass concentrationof .
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient, m2/s 'I' a species
lotal mass density
x- Length, m (iii). Mole fraction
12. Give two examples of convective mass transfer: The mole fraction is defined as the .
/ May -2004 -AUf concentration of a species to the t tal raho of mol
o molar concentration.
1. Evaporation of alcohol
Mole concentration = Mole concentrationofa species
2. Evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows overit.
Total molar concentration
IJI.'Dejine thefotlowing. I Dec -04 & 05 -AUf
(i) Mass Concentration
(ii) Molar Concentration

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[ ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS I _

For B.E. VI Semester Mec

ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS ........ S.1 - S.71

1.1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer

The heat transfer from one body to another without any

Rate of heal conduction is proponional 10 the area mea lIred O.

dT _ Temperature gradient in k/m

Consider a small rectangular element fide dx, d I and I Q, dz I ... (1.2

=> element from

l directions element j elern nt../

~ [kx aT Jdx dy dZ]

He~t stored} Mass Of} { SpeCifiC} { Rise in }

Heat generated within the element

02r 02r 02r or ..• (1.11 )

This equation is known as diffusion equation (or) Fourier's

k, = ky = k, = k = constant. with time. So, or = O. The heat ~onduction equation (1.10)

Thermal diffusivity is nothing but how fast heat is diffused

Out! (iii): One dimensional steady state "e(lf condllcliOll--- Conduction J, 9

o2T q The general heat conduction equation in cartesian

J~_(r,4J,z Elemental volume

, oin un~teady state, the temperature changes with time,

... (1.18) The volume of the element dv = r d~ drdz .

Net heat Or=-k(rd~dz) cr de

Net heat conducted into the elem~nt through (r, ~) plane in

=_ __L [ -k tdr dz). or de] rd¢

Total heat generated within the element is given by

Heat stored in the element

k (dr rd~ dz) r&T

k (dr rd~ dz) de

If the flow is steady, one dimensional and no heat generaion , L T2

Let us consider a small where

L --.J R = C. - Thermal resistance of slab.

s, Consider a hollow sphere of

------------------ Conduction 1.19

Heat transfer by convection is given by Newtons law of cooling

Consider a composite wall of thickness L1, L2 and L3 having

41tk (rl r2)

ilT overall ... (1.35)

Heat transfer by condl1ction at slab (I) is

We know that, We know that,

To-T, =Qx_1 [From equn. (1.37)] R=_l_

T4-Tb=Qx_'_ '(0" IS t he overall heat transfer co-efficient (W /m2K).

fZJ Determine the heat transfer through the plane of length

conductivity of wall is 0.55 WlmK.

~ Q = VA [To - Tb J ... (1.49)

U = Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K

given. So, neglect that terms.

T) = 10° C + 273 = 283 K Result : .' = 00621 m

1.28 Heal and Mass Transfer

III The wall of {I cold room is composed of three layer. Til

Film co-efficient for inner side, ha = 17 W/m2K

j kne f brick LJ = 20 em = 0.2 m

<h, (PT2 <T (

Inner layer middle laye outer layer

For Unit Area k, kJ

Thermal conductivity of inner layer, k I = 8.5 W/mK

Midddle layer thickness, L2 = S ern = 0.05111

~IQ/A = 909.97 W/I11~

2. Heat flow through composite wall is given by

L\ToveraJl [From Equn. 110. (1.42) (or) (Neglecting ha' hb terms)

~ Q = 0.25 -I- 0.05 + 0.03.

_I + LI + __L2 L,

<) = I + LI l.~