HM1 1

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.
net
ww
w.E
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

this Materials, Students & Graduates if You Find the Same Materials with
EasyEngineering.net Watermarks or Logo, Kindly report us to
easyengineeringnet@gmail.com
Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer 161
Department of Mechanical Engineering
L T P C
ME 8693 Heat and Mass Transfer
3 2 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the mechanisms of heat transfer under steady and transient
conditions.
 To understand the concepts of heat transfer through extended surfaces.
 To learn the thermal analysis and sizing of heat exchangers and to understand the
basicconcepts of mass transfer.
(Use of standard HMT data book permitted)
UNIT I CONDUCTION 9
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates –
OneDimensional Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems –
Conduction withInternal Heat Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction
ww
– Lumped Analysis –Semi Infinite and Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts.
UNIT II CONVECTION 9
w.E
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and
ForcedConvection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow through
tubes .
a
UNIT III
syE
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS 9
Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling.Correlations in
ngi
boilingand condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient –
Fouling Factors -Analysis – LMTD method - NTU method.
UNIT IV RADIATION
nee 9
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy – Radiation
Shields.Radiation through gases.
rin
UNIT V MASS TRANSFER
g.n 9
Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Steady state Molecular
Diffusion– Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy –
Convective MassTransfer Correlations. et
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
OUTCOMES:
 Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1: Apply heat conduction equations to different surface configurations under steady
state and transient conditions and solve problems
CO2: Apply free and forced convective heat transfer correlations to internal and external
flows through/over various surface configurations and solve problems
CO3: Explain the phenomena of boiling and condensation, apply LMTD and NTU methods of
thermal analysis to different types of heat exchanger configurations and solve problems
CO4: Explain basic laws for Radiation and apply these principles to radiative heat transfer
between different types of surfaces to solve problems

CO5: Apply diffusive and convective mass transfer equations and correlations to solve
problems for different applications
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Holman, J.P., "Heat and Mass Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, 2000
2. Yunus A. Cengel, "Heat Transfer A Practical Approach", Tata McGraw Hill, 5th Edition
2015
REFERENCES:
1. Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer",
John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. Kothandaraman, C.P., "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer", New Age
International, New Delhi, 1998.
3. Nag, P.K., "Heat Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2002
4. Ozisik, M.N., "Heat Transfer", McGraw Hill Book Co., 1994.
ww
5. R.C. Sachdeva, “Fundamentals of Engineering Heat & Mass transfer”, New Age
International Publishers, 2009
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

UNIT I : CONDUCTION
1. Define heat transfer.
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another
due to temperature difference.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
1. Conduction.
2. Convection.
3. Radiation
3. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a
region of low temperature with in a medium (solid, liquid or gases) or different medium
ww in directly physical contact. In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the

kinematic motion or direct impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found only in solids.
w.E
4. Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a
a
fluid medium when they are at different temperatures. Convection is possible only in
syE
the presence of fluid medium.
5. Define Radiation.
ngi
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known
as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
6. State Fourier's law of conduction.
nee
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the
rin
direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Q A
dT
dx g.n
Where, A – Area in m2
Q  K A
dT
dx et
dT
 Temperature gradient , K / m
dx
K – Thermal conductivity, W/mk
7. Define Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
8. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equations in Cartesian co-
ordinate system.
The general three dimensional heat conduction equations in Cartesian co-ordinate is

 2T  2T  2T q 1 T
   
x 2 y 2 z 2 K  
Where, q = heat generation, W/m2
Α – Thermal diffusivity, m2/s
9. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equations in cylindrical co-
ordinate system.
The general three dimensional heat conduction equations in cylindrical co-ordinate is
 2T 1 T 1  2T  2T q 1 T
    
r 2 r r r 2  2 z 2 K  
10. List down the three types of boundary conditions.
ww 1. Prescribed temperature
2. Prescribed heat flux
w.E
3. Convection boundary conditions
11. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall
a
Where, ΔT = T1-T2
syE Heat Transfer Q 
Toverall
R
R
L
ngi
 Thermal resis tan ce of slab
12. Explain about Fourier equation.

KA
nee
rin
This Fourier equation is used to find out the conduction heat transfer. According to this
equation, heat transfer is directly proportional to surface area and temperature
gradient. It is indirectly proportional to the thickness of the slab.
A T g.n
Q
Q
L
 K A T
L
et
13. Explain about Poisson’s equation.
When the temperature is not varying with respect to time, then the conduction is called
as steady state conduction.
T
0

14. Explain about Laplace equation.
When the conduction is steady state conduction, and there is no heat generation, the
general equation becomes,
 2T  2T  2T
  0
 2 x 2 y 2 z 2

15. What is critical radius of insulation?

Critical radius (rc): it is defined as outer radius of insulation for which the heat transfer
rate is maximum.
Critical thickness: it is defined as the thickness of insulation for which the heat transfer
rate is maximum.
16. Explain variation in thermal conductivity with temperature.
The thermal conductivity vary with temperature according to relation
k  ko 1  T 
Where ko= thermal conductivity at 0oC, β= temperature coefficient of thermal
conductivity.
17. What are the factors affect thermal conductivity?
ww 1. Material structure. 2. Moisture content. 3. Density of material. 4. Pressure and

temperature.
w.E
18. . What is super insulation and give its application.
Super insulation is a process which is used to keep the cryogenic liquids at very low
a
temperature. The super insulation consists of multiple layers of highly reflective
syE
material separated by insulating spacers. The entire system is evacuated to minimize
air conduction.
19. Where do you use Heisler’s chart.
ngi
Heisler’s charts are used to solve problems – Transient heat conduction in solids with
nee
finite conduction and convective resistances. i.e 0 < Bi< 100.
20. Give some examples of heat generation application in heat conduction.
rin
1. Fuel rod – nuclear reactor. 2. Electrical conductor. 3. Chemical and combustion
process. 4. Drying and setting of concrete.
21. State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law. g.n
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling
Q  hATS  T  et
Where A - Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
h - Heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Ts - Temperature of the surface in K
Tα - Temperature of the fluid in K
22. Write down the equation for heat transfer through a
composite plane wall.
Toverall
Heat Transfer Q 
R
Where T  Ta  Tb

1 L L L 1
R  1  2  3 
ha A k1 A k2 A k3 A hb A
L - Thickness of slab
A - Area
ha - Heat transfer coefficient at inner diameter
hb- Heat transfer coefficient at outer side.
23. Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or cylinder.
Toverall
Heat Transfer Q 
R
Where T  Ta  Tb
ww R
1 1
r 
r
r 
ln  2  ln  3 
  1  2
r 1
w.E2L ha r1 k1 k2 hb r3
a
24. Write down one dimensional, steady state conduction equation without internal
heat generation.
 2T
syE
x 2
0
ngi
nee
25. Write down steady state, two dimensional conduction equation without heat
generation.
T T
2

x 2 y 2
2
0
rin
g.n
26. Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer
in slab or plane wall without heat generation
 2T  2T  2T 1 T
  
x 2 y 2 z 2  t
et
27. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.
The overall heat transfer is defined as amount of transmitted per unit area per unit time
per degree temperature difference between the bulk fluids on each side of the metal. it
is denoted by 'U'.
Heat transfer, Q = UA ΔT.
28. Define fins or Extended surfaces.
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer.
The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces or
sometimes known as fins.
29. State the applications of fins.

The main applications of fins are

1. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines.
3. Cooling of transformers.
4. Cooling of small capacity compressors.
30. Define Fin efficiency.
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred to the maximum
possible heat transferred by the fin
Q fin
 fin 
Qmax
ww
31. Define Fin effectiveness.
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin
w.E Fin effectiveness 

Qwith fin
Qwithout
a
32. What is meant by steady stale heat conduction?
syE
If the temperature of a body does not vary with time, it is said to be in a steady state and
that type of conduction is known as steady state heat conduction.
ngi
33. What is meant by Transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction?
nee
If the temperature of a body varies with time, it is said to be in a transient state and that
type of conduction is known as transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction.
34. What is Periodic heat flow?
In periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a regular basis. rin
Example:
g.n
1. Cylinder of an IC engine.
2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours.
35. What is non periodic heat flow?
et
In non periodic heat flow, the temperature at any point within the system varies non
linearly with time.
Examples:
1. Heating of an ingot in a furnace.
2. Cooling of bars.
36. What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process?
The process in which the internal resistance is assumed as negligible in comparison
with its surface resistance is known as Newtonian heating or cooling process.

37. What is meant by Lumped heat analysis?

In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature throughout the solid is
considered to be uniform at a given time. Such an analysis is called Lumped heat
capacity analysis.
38. What is meant by Semi-infinite solids?
In a semi infinite solid, at any instant of time, there is always a point where the effect of
heating or cooling at one of its boundaries is not felt at all. At this point the temperature
remains unchanged. In semi infinite solids, the biot number value is ∞.
39. 39. What is meant by infinite solid?
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of space is known as infinite solid.
In infinite solids, the biot number value is in between 0.1 and 100.
0.1  Bi  100.
ww
40. Define Biot number.
w.E
It is defined as the ratio of internal conductive resistance to the surface convective
resistance.
a Bi 
syE
Internal conductive resis tan ce hLc
Surface convective resis tan ce
41. What is the significance of Biot Number?

k
ngi
Biot number is used to find Lumped heat analysis, Semi infinite solids and Infinite solids
If Bi< 0.1
Bi =∞ nee
=> Lumped heat analysis
=>Semi infinite solids
0.1<Bi<100 => Infinite solids
42. Explain the significance of Fourier number. rin
It is defined as the ratio of characteristic body dimension to temperature wave g.n
penetration depth in time.
Fourier number 
Characteristic body dim ension
Temperature wave penetration depth in time
et
It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect of a solid.
43. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
1. Moisture. 2. Density of material. 3. Pressure. 4. Temperature.5. Structure of material.
44. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity.
The physical significance of thermal diffusivity is that it tells us how fast heat is
propagated or it diffuses through a material during changes of temperature with time.
UNITII: CONVECTION
1. What do you mean by dimensional analysis?

Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method which makes use of the study of the
dimensions for solving several engineering problems. This method can be applied to all
types of fluid resistances, heat flow problems in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.
2. State Buckingham Π theorem.
Buckingham Π theorem states as follows: "If there are n variables in a dimensionally
homogeneous equation and if these contain m fundamental dimensions, then the
variables are arranged into (n - m) dimensionless terms. These dimensionless terms are
called Π terms.
3. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis?
1. It expresses the functional relationship between the variables in dimensional terms.
2. It enables getting up a theoretical solution in a simplified dimensionless form.
3. The results of one series of tests can be applied to a large number of other similar
ww problems with the help of dimensional analysis.

4. What are all the limitations of dimensiona1 analysis?
w.E
1. The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis. It only indicates
that there is some relationship between the parameters.
a
2. No information is given about the internal mechanism of physical phenomenon.
syE
3. Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables.
5. Define Reynolds number (Re).
ngi
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Re 
nee
Inertia force
Viscus force
6. Define Prandtl number (Pr).
rin
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
Momentum diffusivity g.n
7. Define Nusselt Number (Nu).
Pr 
Thermal diffusivity
et
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under a unit
temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under a unit temperature
gradient through a stationary thickness (L) of metre.
Nusselt NumberNu  
qcon
qconc
8. Define Grashof number (Gr).
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
Inertia force  Buoyancy force
viscous force. Gr 
Viscus force2
9. Define Stanton number (St).

It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl
number.
Nu
St 
Re Pr
10. What is meant by Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids?
The fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and
those which do not obey are called non Newtonian fluids.
11. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow,
the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The
fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each
other.
ww Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is
frequently observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any
w.E
individual particle is zigzag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in
laminar and turbulent flow.
a syE
ngi
12. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?
nee
rin
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.
13. What is thermal boundary layer? g.n
In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
temperature. et
14. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a
fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
15. State Newton’s law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation
Q  hATW  T 
This equation is referred to as Newton's law of cooling.
Where
h - Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
A - Surface area in m2

TW - Surface (or) Wall temperature in K

Tα - Temperature of fluid in K
16. What is meant by free or natural convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
17. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
18. According to Newton's law of cooling the amount of heat transfer from a solid
surface of area A, at a temperature T, to a fluid at a temperature T, is given by------
Q  hATW  T 
ww
19. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynolds number (Re).2. Nusselt number (Nu).3. Prandtl number (Pr).
w.E
20. Define boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface
a syE
at which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or
temperature.
21. What is meant by displacement thickness?
ngi
Displacement thickness is defined as the distance by which the boundary layer should
be displaced to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary
nee
layer formation. The concept of displacement thickness finds its application in the
design of ducts and wind tunnels.
22. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer.
rin
g.n
In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is divided into two regions:
1. A thin region near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the
temperature gradients are large.
2. The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature
gradients are very nearly equal to their free stream values.
et
23. An electrically heated plate dissipates heat by convection at a rate of 8000 W/m2
into the ambient air at 25°c. if surface of the hot plate is at 125°C, calculate the
heat transfer coefficient for convection between the plate and air.
Given : Heat dissipatio n, Q  8000 W / m 2
Ambent temperature, T  250 c  273  298 K
Surfac temperature, TW  1250 c  273  398 K
We know that
Heat transfer Q  hA TW  T 
8000  h  1398  298
 h  80 W / m 2 K

24. Sketch the boundary development of a flow.
ww
w.E
a syE
25. Define displacement thickness.
ngi
The displacement thickness is the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary,
by which the free stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.
26. Define momentum thickness.
nee
The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of
rin
momentum per second is equal to if it were passing a stationary plate.
27. Define energy thickness.
g.n
The energy thickness can be defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the
boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate
for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer
formation
et
UNITIII : BOILING, CONDENSATION AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. Define boiling
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.
2. What is meant by condensation?
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
3. Give the application of boiling and condensation.
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as mentioned below
a) Thermal and nuclear power plant
b) Refrigerating systems
c) Process of heating and cooling

d) Air conditioning systems

4. What is meant by pool boiling?
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process is
referred to as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially
stagnant and its motion near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced
by bubble growth and detachment.
5. What are the modes of condensation?
There are two modes of condensation
1. Film wise condensation 2. Drop wise condensation
6. What is meant by Film wise condensation?
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous film
over the entire surface is known as film wise condensation.
ww
7. What is meant by Drop wise condensation?
w.E
In drop wise condensation, the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various
sizes which fall down the surface in a random fashion.
8. Give the merits of drop wise condensation.
a syE
In drop wise condensation, a large portion of the area of the plate is directly exposed to
vapour. The heat transfer rate in drop wise condensation is 10 times higher than in film
condensation.
ngi
9. What are the effects of non-condensable gases in condenser?
In a condenser, non-condensable gases flowing
of condenser performance and efficiency. nee with steam cause reduction
rin
10. Write the force balance equation on a volume element for film wise condensation
on a vertical plane surface.
g.n
Where Bx = Body force in x direction,
11. What is heat exchanger?
et
A heat exchanger is defined as equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid.
12. What are the types of heat exchangers?
The types of heat exchangers are as follows
1. Direct contact heat exchangers. 2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
3. Surface heat exchangers. 4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
5. Counter flow heat exchangers. 6. Cross flow heat exchangers
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers. 8. Compact heat exchangers

13. Draw different regimes of boiling and what is nucleate boiling?

Nucleate boiling exists in regions I1 and III.The nucleate boiling begins at region 11. As
the excess temperature is further increased, bubbles are formed more rapidly and rapid
evaporation takes place. This is indicated in region III. Nucleate boiling exists up to ΔT -
500C.
ww
w.E
a syE
I - Free convection
ngi
II - Bubbles condense in super heated liquid
III - Bubbles rise to surface. nee
IV - Unstable film
V - Stable film rin
VI - Radiation coming into play g.n
14. What is meant by direct heat exchanger (or) open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot
and cold fluids.
et
15. What is meant by indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried
out by transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
16. What is meant by Regenerators?
In this type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternately through the same
space. Examples: IC engines, gas turbines.
17. What is meant by Recuperators (or) Surface heat exchangers?
This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and cold fluid do not
come into direct contact with each other but are separated by a tube wall or a surface.
Examples: Automobile radiators, Air preheaters, Economisersetc,

18. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?

In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
19. What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite
directions.
20. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.
21. What is meant by Shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle of tubes
enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the
outside surface of the tubes.
ww
22. What is meant by compact heat exchangers?
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They
w.E
are generally employed when convective heat transfer co-efficient associated with one
of the fluids is much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
a
23. What is Micro Heat Exchanger?
syE
Micro heat exchangers, Micro-scale heat exchangers, or microstructured heat
exchangers are heat exchangers in which (at least one) fluid flows in lateral
ngi
confinements with typical dimensions below 1 mm.
24. What is meant by LMTD?
nee
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat
exchanger varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat transfer are
rin
involved. Therefore based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also
called logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat
exchanger is expressed as
Q  U A T m g.n
Where
U  over all heat transfer co efficient
A  Area, m 2
W / m2 K et
T m  Logarithmic mean temperature difference
25. What is meant by Fouling factor?
We know, the surfaces of heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use
for some time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of these
deposits affecting the value of overall heat transfer co-efficient. This effect is taken care
of by introducing an additional thermal resistance called the fouling resistance.
26. What is meant by Effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
maximum possible heat transfer.
Actualheattransfer Q
Effectiveness   
Maximumpossibleheatt ransfer Qmax

27. Sketch the temperature variations in parallel flow and counter flow heat
exchangers.
28. Sketch the temperature difference condenser and evaporator .
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
UNITIV : nee
RADIATION
1. Define Radiation.
rin
g.n
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known
as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
2. Define emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per
unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
et
3. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ].
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
4. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
Radiation absorbed
Absorptivity,  
Incident radiation
5. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.

Radiation reflected
Re flectivity,  
Incident radiation
6. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation.
Radiation transmitted
Trasmissiv ity, 
Incident radiation
7. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of, wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than
ww black body.
8. State Planck's distribution law.
w.E
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave
length of a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by
Planck.
a syE
ngi
Where Ebλ = Monochromatic emissive power W/m2, λ = Wavelength in m,
C1 = 0.374 ×10-15 Wm2, C2 = 14.4 ×10-3 mk
9. State Wien’s displacement law. nee
rin
The Wien's law gives the relationship between temperature and wave length
corresponding to the maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that
temperature.
g.n
10. State Stefan-Boltzmann law.
The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute
et
temperature.
Where Eb = Emissive power, W/m2, T = Temperature, K

σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
11. Define Emissivity
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the
ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of equal
temperature.

E
Emissivity  
Eb
12. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave
length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always
less than that of the black body.
13. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation.
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is constant for
all surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be
written as
E1 E2 E3
 
1 2 3
ww It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when
w.E the body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.

1  E1   2  E2 and so on
a
14. Define intensity of radiation (Ib).
syE
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle
per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
ngi In 
Eb

15. State Lambert’s cosine law. nee
rin
It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any direction
proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission.
Eb cos
g.n
16. What is the purpose of radiation shield?
Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used
to reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
et
17. Define irradiation (G)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It
is expressed in W/m2.
18. What is radiosity (J)?
It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
19. What are the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between the
surfaces?
1. All surfaces are considered to be either black or gray.
2. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse.

3. The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its emissivity and independent of

temperature of the source of the incident radiation.
20. What is meant by shape factor and mention its physical significance.
The shape factor is defined as "The fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from
one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening
reflections". It is represented by Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are view
factor, angle factor and configuration factor. The shape factor is used in the analysis of
radiative heat exchange between two surfaces.
21. The heat transfer by radiation takes place by means of -----------
Ans: Electromagnetic waves.
22. A perfect black body is one which-----------
Ans: Absorb heat radiation of all wave length falling on it.
ww
23. Two plates spaced 150 mm apart are maintained at 1000oC and 70°C. The heat
transfer will take place mainly by---------
w.E
Ans: Radiation.
24. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiators emit radiant energy at a rate
a
proportional to-----------
syE
Ans: Fourth power of absolute temperature.
ngi
25. Discuss the radiation characteristics of carbon dioxide and water vapour.
The CO2 and H2O both absorb and emit radiation over certain wavelength regions called
nee
absorption bands. The radiation in these gases is a volume phenomenon. The emissivity
of CO2 and the emissivity of H2O at a particular temperature increases with partial
pressure and mean beam length.
26. What is beer's law ?
rin
Beer's Law is an equation that relates the attenuation of light to
material. The law states the concentration of a chemical is directly g.n
properties of a
proportional to
the absorbance of a solution. The relation may be used
the concentration of a chemical species in a solution using a
spectrophotometer.
et
to determine
colorimeter or
UNIT V : MASS TRANSFER

1. What is mass transfer?
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference in a
mixture is known as mass transfer.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer.
Some examples of mass transfer are
1. Humidification of air in cooling tower
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of a 1C engine
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air

3. What are the modes of mass transfer?

There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
4. What is molecular diffusion?
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases
is known as molecular diffusion.
5. What is Eddy diffusion?
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
6. Define equimolar counter diffusion.
ww In equimolar counter-diffusion, the molar fluxes or A and B are equal, but opposite in
direction, and the total pressure is constant throughout. Hence we can write:
w.E
7. What is convective mass transfer?
N = NA + NB = 0NA= -NB.
a syE
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between a surface
and a fluid medium when they are at different concentrations.
8. State Fick's law of diffusion.
ngi
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick's law, which states that molar flux of an element
ma
  Dab nee
per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
dCa
Where
A dx
rin
ma
 Molar flux 
kg  mole
g.n
A s  m2
Dab  Diffusion co  efficient of species a and b, m 2 / s
dCa
 Concentration gradient , kg / m3
et
dx
9. What is free convective mass transfer?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration
gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass
transfer.
Example: Evaporation of alcohol.
10. Define forced convective mass transfer.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it.

11. Define Schmidt Number.

It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular
diffusivity of mass.
Molecular diffusivity of momentum
Sc 
Molwcular diffusivity of mass
12. Define Sherwood Number.
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
hm x
Sh 
Dab
hm– Mass transfer co – efficient, m/s, Dab – Diffusion coefficient , m2/s, x- Length, m
ww
13. What is lewis number and write its significance.
The Lewis number is defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity and mass diffusivity. It is
w.E
used to characterize fluid flows where there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer.
The Lewis number is a measure of the relative thermal and concentration boundary layer
thicknesses.
a
14. Give two examples of convective mass transfer.
1. Evaporation of alcohol syE
2. Evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it.
15. Define mass transfer coefficient. ngi
nee
The mass transfer coefficient is a diffusion rate constant that relates the mass
transfer rate, mass transfer area, and concentration change as driving force.
16. Define the following .
rin
(i) Mass concentration. (ii) Molar Concentration. (iii) Mass fraction (iv) Mole fraction
(vii) Mass concentration or Mass density
g.n
Mass of a component per unit volume of the mixture. It is expressed in kg/m3.
Mass Concentration 
Mass of a component
Unit volume of mixture
et
Molar Concentration or Molar density : Number of molecules of a component per unit
volume of the mixture. It is expressed in kg-moleJm3.
Number of moles of component
Molar Concentration 
Unit volume of mixture
Mass fraction: The mass fraction is defined as the ratio of mass concentration of species
to the total mass density of the mixture.
Mass concentration of a species
Mass fraction 
Total mass density
Mole fraction: The mole fraction is defined as the ratio of mole concentration of a
species to the total molar concentration.

Mole concentration of a species

Mole concentration 
Total molar concentration
13 & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS
UNIT I
1. Derive the general three dimensional differential equation of heat conduction in
Cartesian coordinates and deduce it to Poisson and Laplace equation
2. A metal plate of 4mm thickness (K=95.5 W/m0 C) is exposed to vapour at 1000C on one
side and cooling water at 250C on the opposite side. The heat transfer coefficient on
vapour and water side are 14500 W/m2 0C and 2250 W/m2 °C respectively. Determine
1. The rate of heat transfer 2. Overall heat transfercoefficient.3. Temperature drop at
each side of heat transfer.
3. Derive an expression for the heat conduction through a hollow cylinder from the
ww general heat conduction equation. Assume steady state unidirectional heat flow in
radial direction and no internal heat generation.
w.E
4. Determine the heat loss per meter length through a thick walled tube of stainless steel
(k=19W/mK) with 2cm ID and 4cm OD. Which is covered with a 3cm layer of asbestos
a
insulation (k=0.2W/mK).The inside and outside surface temperature are 600oc and
100oc respectively.
syE
5. A steel tube (k=43.26 W/mK) of 5.08 cm ID and 7.62 cm OD is covered with 2.54 cm
layer of asbestos insulation (k=0.208 W/mK). The inside surface of the tube receives
ngi
heat by convection from a gas at 3160c with a heat transfer coefficient 284 W/m2K,
while the outer surface of the insulation is exposed to the ambient air at 380c with
nee
heat transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2K. Determine (1) the loss of ambient air for 3m
length of the tube. (2) The temperature drops across the tube material and insulation
layer.
rin
6. An electrical conductor of copper with a diameter of 1mm is covered with plastic
g.n
insulation of thickness 1mm. The temperature of its surroundings is200c,Find
maximum current carried by conductor so that no part of plastic is above 800c.Take
Kcopper= 400W/mK,Kplastic= 0.5 W/mK, specific electric resistance of copper=3x10-8 m
7. A 6 cm OD,2 cm thick copper hollow sphere (k=386 W/mK) is uniformly heated at the
inner surface at a rate of 150 W/m2. The outer surface is cooled
et
with air at 200c with
a heat transfer coefficient of 10/m2K. Calculate the temperature of the outer surface.
8. 8. A plane wall 10cm thick generates heat at the rate of 30 KW/m3 when an electric
current is passed through it. One face of the wall is insulated and the other face is
exposed to air at 250c. If the convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and the
exposed surface of the wall is 50W/m2K, determing the maximum temperature in the
wall. The thermal conductivity of the wall material is 3 W/mK.
9. A composite insulating wall has three layers of material held together by 3cm diameter
aluminum rivet per 0.1m2 of surface. The layers of material consist of 10cm thick brick
with hot surface at 200oc,1cm thick wood with hot surface at 10oc. These two layers are
interposed by third layer of insulating material 25cm thick. Theconductivity of
materialKbrick=0.93W/mK, Kinsulation=0.12W/mK, Kwood=0.175W/Mk,
Kaluminium=204W/mK. Determine the heat transfer with and without rivet.

10. Explain briefly the concept of critical thickness of insulation and state any two
applications of the same.
11. A 6cm long copper rod (K=300W/mK) 6mm in diameter is exposed to an environment
at 20oc. The base temperature of the rod is maintained at 160oc. The heat transfer
coefficient is 20W/m2K. Calculate the heat given by the rod and efficiency and
effectiveness.
12. A vertical unit is made in the form of vertical tube fitted with rectangular section fins. A
tube height is 1.2m and its outer diameter 60mm. The fins are 50mm in height and their
thickness 3mm. Total number of fins used is 20. Temperature atthe base of fin 80oc and
surrounding air temperature is 18oc. The heat transfer coefficient is
9.3W/m2C,Kfinmaterial=55.7W/moC. Calculate the heat transfer from tube with and
without fin.
13. A 25mm diameter rod of 360mm length connects two heat sources maintained at
ww 127oC and 227oc respectively. The curved surface of the rod is losing heat to the
surroundingair at 27oc. The heat transfer coefficient is 10W/m2C. Calcualte the loss of
heat from the rod if it is made of copper (K=335W/moC) and steel (K=40W/moC)
w.E PART C
1. The average heat transfer coefficient for flow of 100oc air over a flat plate is measured
a syE
by observing temperature time history of a 3cm thick copper slab exposed to 100oc air.
In one test run, the initial temperature of the plate was 200oc, and in minutes the
temperature decreased by 40oc. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
2.
ngi
An egg with mean diameter of 40mm is initially at 25oc.It is placed in boiling water for
4 min and found to be consumer’s taste. For how long should be a similar egg for same
properties K=12W/mK,h=125W/m2K, nee

consumer be boiled when taken from refrigerator at 2oC.Take thermo physical
C=2000 J/KgK, =1250 Kg/m3.
3.
rin
A mild steel sphere of 15mm in diameter initially at 625oc is exposed to current of air
at 25oc with convection coefficient 120W/m2K.Calcuilate 1. Time required to cool
g.n
the sphere to 100oc. 2. Instantaneous heat transfer rate at the end of one minute after
start of cooling. Take thermo physical properties as K=42W/mK, C=475 J/KgK,
=7850 Kg/m3.
UNIT II et
1. Air at 65.6°C flows over a heated flat plate at 121.1°C with a velocity of 0.915 m/s.
Determine the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.61 m from the leading
edge of the plate and heat transfer for 0.61 m length taking the width of the plate as 1
m.
2. A flat plate 1m wide and 1.5m long is to be maintained at 900C in air with free stream
temperature of 100C. Estimate the velocity at which air must flow over the flat plate so
that rate of heat loss from the plate is 3.75KW.
3. A copper sphere 10mm diameter initially at uniform temperature of 750C is suddenly
subjected to an air stream at 230C having velocity of 10m/s. Determine the time
required for cooling this sphere to 350C treating it as lumped mass system.
4. An inline tube bundle consists of 10 rows of 1.9cm outside diameter tubes with 20
tubes in each row. The tube surface temperature is 93.30C. The longitudinal and

transverse pitches are equal to 2D each. Air at atmosphere pressure and temperature
3780C flows out a velocity of 76.125cm/s. Find the average heat transfer coefficient and
total heat transfer rate from tubes to air.
5. A metal plate 0.609m high forms the vertical wall of an oven and is at a temperature of
1610C. Within the oven is air at temperature of 930C and one atmosphere. Determine
the mean heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate.
6. A thin 80cm long and 8cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a temperature of
1300C in a large tank full of water at 700C. Estimate the rate of heat input into the plate
necessary to maintain the temperature of 1300C.
7. Calculate the coefficient of heat transfer by free convection and maximum current
intensity for a nichrome wire 0.5mm in diameter with the condition that its
temperature should not exceed 3000c. The wire is exposed to still air at 200C and
resistance per meter length of the wire is 6Ω/m.
ww PART C
1. Draw a pool boiling curve for water and explain various parameters.
w.E
2. A 30cm diameter sphere maintained at 1000C is immersed in air at 200C. Calculate the
rate of convective heat loss.
a syE
3. Using dimensional analysis obtain an expression for Nusselt number in terms of
Reynolds and Prantle number.
4. A heated polished copper plate is immersed in a pool of water boiling at atmosphere
ngi
pressure. If the surface temperature of the copper plate is maintained at a temperature
of 1130C, determine the surface heat flux, critical heat flux and evaporation rate per unit
area of the plate.
nee
5. A vertical tube 12.5 mm diameters and 1.7m long are used for condensing steam at 0.4
rin
bar. The tube surface temperature is maintained at 540C. Determine the average heat
transfer coefficient in condensation. What would be the value of heat transfer
coefficient it the plate were held in horizontal position?
UNIT III g.n
1. In a cross flow heat exchanger hot exhaust gases (Cp=1000 J/Kg.K) entering at 3000C
and leaving at 1000C are used to heat water flowing at 1Kg/s from 350C to 1250C. The
et
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface area has been found to be
100 W/m2K. Using LMTD method, Estimate the required gas side surface area.
2. 2. A shell and tube type of heat exchanger is designed to cool 1.512 Kg/s of oil (C-
p=2903 J/Kg.K) from 65.56 C to 42.22 C by using 1.008 Kg/s of water at an inlet
0 0
temperature of 26.670C. Assuming overall heat transfer coefficient of 681.6 W/m2K and
a single shell,2 tube pass type of heat exchanger determine the required heat
transfer area. Use the NTU method.
3. The outlet header of a high pressure steam super heater consists of a pipe (=0.8) of
diameter 27.5 cm. Its surface temperature is 5000C.Calculate the loss of heat per unit
length by radiation if it is placed in an enclosure at 300C.If the header is now enveloped
in a steel screen of diameter 32.5 cm and emissivity 0.7 and the temperature of the

screen is 2400C, find the reduction in heat by radiation due to the provision of this
screen.
4. A double walled spherical vessel used for storing liquid oxygen consists of an inner
sphere of 30 cm diameter and an outer sphere of 36cm diameter. Both the surfaces are
covered with an paint of emissivity 0.5. The temperature of liquid oxygen stored is -
1830C whereas the temperature of the outer sphere is 200C.Caluculate the radiation
heat transfer through the walls into the vessel and the rate of evaporation of liquid
oxygen if its latent heat of vaporization is 213.54 KJ/Kg.
5. Water at 1 atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in a polished copper Pan. The diameter
of the Pan is 350 mm and is kept at 1150C. Determine
PART C
1. Power of the burner ii) Rate of evaporation in kg/hr and iii) Critical Heat flux (Max heat
transfer Rate.)
ww
2. 6. A.dry steam at 1000C condenses on the outer surface of a horizontal pipe of outer
diameter 2.5 cm. The pipe surface is maintained at 840C by circulating water. Determine
w.E
the mass flow rate of condensation per m length of the pipe.
3. A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool engine oil (C= 2130
a
j/kgK) from 1600C to 600C with water available at 250C as the cooling medium. The flow
syE
rate of cooling water through the inner tube of 0.5 m diameter is 2 kg/s while the flow
rate of oil through the outer annulus O.D is 0.7 m is also 2kg/s. If the value of U is 250
W/m2K, how long must the heat exchanger be to meet its cooling requirement?
ngi
4. Water enters a cross flow heat exchanger (Both fluid unmixed) at 50C and flows at the
nee
rate of 4600 kg/hr of Oil to cool 4000 kg/hr of air enters a heat exchanger at 40 0C.
Assume overall heat transfer co efficient as 150 W/m2K and surface area of heat
exchanger is 25m2.Determine exit temperature of both hot and cold fluids.
UNIT IV
rin
g.n
1. Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures T1=800K and
T2= 500K and have emissivity’s ε1=0.2 and ε2=0.7 respectively. Determine the net rate
of radiation heat transfer between two surfaces per unit surface area of the plates.
2. Two parallel disc of 1m diameter are facing each other. The distance between 2 disc is
1m. The temperature are 3000C (ε1=0.2) and 800C (ε2=0.6). Determine heat exchange
et
between twp plates due to radiation.
3. Two square plates of 3m side are kept perpendicular with each other in common edge.
The temperatures are 6000C and 4000C and emissivity are 06. Each. Determine heat
exchange due to radiation.
4. Two long concentric cylinder have dia of 300 mm and 400 mm are kept at 6000C and
4000C respectively. Corresponding emissivity’s are 0.6. And 0.5. Determine heat
exchanger due to radiation for the length of 0.5m.
5. A surface of a double wall spherical vessel is used for storing liquid oxygen with a layer
of silver coating having the emissivity of 0.03. The temperature of outer surface of inner
wall is -1530C and the temperature of inner surface of outer wall is 270C. The spheres
are 42cm and 60cm in diameter. Determine the radiation heat transfer rate and rate of
evaporation of liquid if latent heat of evaporation is 220 kJ/kg K.

6. Two plates are maintained at a temperature of 10000C (ε1=0.3) and 7000C(ε1=0.5). A

shield of emissivity of 0.04 is placed in between the plate to reduce the heat loss due to
radiation. Determine the % of heat reduction and shield temperature for this case.
7. Two parallel plate of size 1mx1m is placed 0.5m apart in a very large room, the walls
are maintained at a temperature of 270C. One plate is maintained at 9000C and other is
maintained at 4000C.The emissivity’s are maintained at 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the
plate exchange heat between themselves and to the surrounding air. Determine the
heat transfer between the plates & heat transfer between the plates to the room.
PART C
1. Write short notes on Gas radiation.
2. Emissivity’s of two large parallel plate 8000C and 3000C are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively.
Find net energy transfer rate per unit area.
ww
3. Two plates are maintained at the temperature of 10000C (є=0.3) and 7000C (є=0.5). A
shield of emissivity of 0.04 is placed in between the plates to reduce the heat loss due to
w.E
radiation. Determine the percentage of heat reduction and shield temperature.
UNIT V
a
1. O2 gas at 250C and a pressure of 2bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of inside
syE
diameter 25mm and wall thickness 2.5mm. The diffusivity of O2 through rubber is
0.21x10-9m2/s and the solubility of O2in rubber is 3.12x10-3Kg mol/m3bar. Find the loss
of O2 by diffusion per meter length of pipe.
ngi
2. Estimate the diffusion rate of water at 270C from the bottom of a test tube 20mm in
nee
diameter and 4cm long into dry air at 270C. Take the diffusion coefficient of water in air
as 0.26x10-4m2/s.
3. Dry air at 270C
rin
and 1 atm. Flows over a wet flat plate 50cm long at a velocity of 50m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer of water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
g.n
4. Air at 250C and atmospheric pressure flows with a velocity of 3m/s inside a 10mm
diameter tube of 1m length. The inside surface of the tube contains naphthalene.
Determine the average mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of naphthalene from
the pipe surface into air. TakeDab(naphthalene-air)=0.61x10-5m2/s.
5. The door of a cold storage plant is made from two 6mm thick glass sheets separated by
et
a uniform air gap of 2mm. The temperature of the air inside the room is -200C and the
ambient air temperature is 300C. Assuming the heat transfer coefficient between glass
and air to be 23.26 W/m2K, determine the rate of the heat leaking into the room per
unit area of the door.Neglect convection effects in the air gap.Kglass=0.75W/mK,Kair=0.02
W/mK.
6. A steel tube of 5cm ID,7.6cm OD and K=15 W/mK is covered with an insulation of
thickness 2cm and thermal conductivity 0.2W/mK.A hot gas at 3300C and h=400W/m2K
flows inside the tube. The outer surface of insulation is exposed to cold air at 300C with
h=60W/m2K.Assuming length of tube of 10m, Find the heat loss from the tube to air.
Also find across which layer the largest temperature drop occurs
7. The oxygen gas at 250C and a pressure of 2 bar is flowing through the rubber pipe of
inside diameter 25mm and wall thickness is 2.5mm. The diffusivity of oxygen through

rubber is 0.2x10-9 m2/sec and solubility of oxygen in rubber is 3.12x10-

3kgmole./m3bar.Detrmine the loss of oxygen by diffusion per m length of the rubber
pipe.
PART C
1. The oxygen gas at 250C and a pressure of 4 bar is stored in a spherical silicon container
of 100 mm inner diameter and 3 mm wall thickness. What is the initial rate of leakage of
oxygen in the system?
2. Ammonia and air experiences equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube of 3mm
diameter and 20 mm long. The system is at total pressure of 1 atm. and temperature of
250C. One end of the tube is connected to large reservoir of ammonia at 0.25
atmospheric pressure and other end of the tube is connected to another reservoir of air
at 0.125 atmospheric pressure. Estimate the mass transfer rate of ammonia and air
through the tube.
ww
3. Estimate the rate of evaporation of Toluene from bottom of a deep, narrow cylinder
vessel to air at 291.7K which is flowing over the top surface of the vessel. The diffusivity
w.E
of Toluene is 0.826x10-5 m2/sec and saturated vapour pressure of Toluene at the liquid
surface is 0.026 atmospheric pressure. Take the distance between the liquid surface
and top of the vessel as 1.525m
a syE ====
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

HM1 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HM1 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.

**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww in directly physical contact. In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

12. Explain about Fourier equation.

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

15. What is critical radius of insulation?

ww 1. Material structure. 2. Moisture content. 3. Density of material. 4. Pressure and

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

The main applications of fins are

w.E Fin effectiveness 

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

37. What is meant by Lumped heat analysis?

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww problems with the help of dimensional analysis.

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

TW - Surface (or) Wall temperature in K

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

24. Sketch the boundary development of a flow.

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

d) Air conditioning systems

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

13. Draw different regimes of boiling and what is nucleate boiling?

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

18. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

28. Sketch the temperature difference condenser and evaporator .

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Where Eb = Emissive power, W/m2, T = Temperature, K

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

w.E the body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

3. The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its emissivity and independent of

UNIT V : MASS TRANSFER

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

3. What are the modes of mass transfer?

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

11. Define Schmidt Number.

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Mole concentration of a species

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

properties K=12W/mK,h=125W/m2K, nee

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

6. Two plates are maintained at a temperature of 10000C (ε1=0.3) and 7000C(ε1=0.5). A

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

rubber is 0.2x10-9 m2/sec and solubility of oxygen in rubber is 3.12x10-

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Download From: www.EasyEngineering.net

You might also like