13/02/2020

HEAT TRANSFER
SKMM3443

Dr Aminuddin Saat
C23-216 @ Level 4 E07
013-7722812
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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMODYNAMICS

• Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference.
• Heat Transfer: deals with the determination of the
rates of such energy transfers as well as variation of
temperature.
• Thermodynamics: is
concerned with the amount
of heat transfer as a system
undergoes a process from
one equilibrium state to
another. 2

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SKMM3443 Course Learning Outcomes

1) Explain the heat transfer mechanisms, and the
concepts of free and forced, external and internal
convection, and radiation exchange involving ideal and
real bodies.
2) Analyse steady conduction using thermal circuit, and
lumped system analysis for unsteady conduction heat
transfer.
3) Analyse forced and free, external and internal flow,
convection heat transfer, using various correlation
equations with good understanding of their limitations
4) Analyse radiation heat transfer involving ideal and real
bodies, and radiation exchange between surfaces
5) Illustrate and classify the application of heat transfer
in real engineering problems

Textbooks

Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals Foundations of Heat Transfer, 6th Edition
and Applications, 5th Edition, McGraw International Student Version, Wiley.
Hill. Yunus A Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar. Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt,
Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine.

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SKMM3443 Assessment
Assessment Number % each

Test 1 1 20
Test 2 1 20
Assignments 5 15
Project 1 5

Final Exam 1 40

Chap 1: INTRODUCTION

Why Heat Modes of

Transfer? Heat Transfer

Basic
Concepts

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

We love high temperature…

• For efficiency
– E.g: 1500 °C temperature at turbine inlet
• For high power supply
• No temperature, no power, no engineering
(just saying….)

MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

But, we need to control them..

• The blade must be
protected from high
temperature.
• Cool air circulated
inside the blades
• Ceramic thermal barrier
coating
• Aerodynamics + heat
transfer analysis

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Conduction

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Conduction
• “Transmission of heat
within a stationary
medium”
• Mostly in solid
• Also available in fluid
• Molecular level motion
of free electrons or
• Lattice vibration
(molecular vibration)

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Fourier’s Law
Conduction is………

“Transfer of energy from Heat flux

more energetic particle to
less energetic particle of a
substance due to the
interaction between
particles”
𝑞̇ = −𝑘 𝛻𝑇 [W/m2]
– 𝑘 ∶ Thermal conductivity
– 𝛻𝑇 : Temperature gradient

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

∆
𝑄̇ = −𝑘 𝐴 [W]
= −𝑞𝐴̇
𝑘 ∶ Thermal
conductivity
A : Cross sectional area
[m2]
∆𝑇 : Temperature
difference [K]
𝐿 Length [m]

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Convection

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Convection
“Convection is the mode of energy transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid
that is in motion”

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Convection
• Convection heat transfer has two
mechanisms:
– Random molecular motion (conduction)
– Bulk motion of fluid (fluid motion)
• When both are present, we call it convection
(conduction is part of convection)
• When only the bulk motion is present, we call
it advection

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Convection
in nature

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Convection at home

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Convection Heat Transfer

Convection
- for convection, the heat flux (W/m2) ….. also known as “Newton’s law of cooling”

Where, Ts = surface temperature

T = fluid temperature
h = convection heat transfer
coefficient (W/m2K)

As - the surface area through which

convection heat transfer takes place

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Radiation
• “Energy emission from
a matter at a finite
temperature”
• Transported by
electromagnetic wave
(No medium needed)

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Radiation: Blackbody emissivity

𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇 [W/m2]
𝜎: Stefan Boltzman constant
5.670 x 10-8 [ W/m2K4 ]
𝑇 : Surface temperature [K]

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Stefan–Boltzmann law

 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant

Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
Radiation emitted
by real surfaces
Emissivity : A measure of how closely a
surface approximates a blackbody for which
 = 1 of the surface. 0   1.

Blackbody radiation represents the maximum

amount of radiation that can be emitted from a
surface at a specified temperature.
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When a surface is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at

temperature Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does not intervene with
radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between these
two surfaces is given by

Radiation is usually
significant relative to
conduction or natural
convection, but
negligible relative to
forced convection.

Radiation heat transfer between a surface

and the surfaces surrounding it. 26

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Is Thermodynamics enough?

T-Dynamics Heat-T

• Energy transfer • Rate of energy

between system transfer
and surrounding • Mechanism of
• Equilibrium energy transfer
states

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

surroundings
W system
Q boundary

Energy can be transferred in and out of a system

in the form of work (W) and heat (Q)

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Heat Transfer is all about answering

the following question:

What is the heat flow/transfer rate

from A to B?

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Important concepts
Conduction
• Energy transfer due to random molecular motion
• 𝑘 - thermal conductivity [W/mK]
Convection
• Energy transfer due to random molecular motion and bulk motion
• ℎ - heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
Radiation
• Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves
• 𝜀 – emissivity

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Analysis of Heat Transfer

• Draw diagram
Diagram • State the known variables

• What must be found

Find

• List all simplifying assumptions

Assume

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Analysis of Heat Transfer (cont’d)

• Compile physical properties

Prop.

• Develop analysis before applying numerical values

Analysis

• Underline answer
Answer

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MOTIVATION MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BASIC CONCEPTS

Notation
Energy, Heat (J)
Heat transfer rate (J/s, W)

Heat flux (W/m2)

Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

Emissivity

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