BMEE402L

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

MODULE -1

CONDUCTION I
Course Instructor
Nataraj G
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
 MODULE -1
MODULE -1
 Fundamental laws;
 Identification of significant modes of heat transfer in
practical applications.
 General equation of heat conduction in cartesian,
cylindrical and spherical coordinates;
 One Dimensional steady state conduction in simple
geometries - plane wall, cylindrical and spherical shells;
 Electrical analogy;

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
 MODULE -1
MODULE -1 Cont….

 Conduction in composite walls and shells;

 Critical thickness of insulation;
 Thermal contact resistance;
 Overall heat transfer coefficient;
 One dimensional steady conduction heat transfer with
internal heat generation in plane walls, cylinders and
spheres.

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Introduction
What does the subject of heat transfer deal with?

The subject deals with the rate at which heat flow occurs. Which is given by J/s or W
in SI unit.

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Introduction
Whenever there are temperature differences in a body the heat flows from the regions of
high temperature to the regions of low temperature.
The body may be in solid state, it may be in liquid state or it may be in the gaseous state.

Difference between Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics, deals with the heat and work interactions during the shift from
one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. These equilibrium state are
described by temperature, pressure, etc. The thermodynamics never concern with
“how much time required in that process” and with “the rate at which that heat
interaction takes place”.

On the other hand, in heat transfer we concern with the “rate at which that heat
flow is occurring” and with “the time required to attained a certain temperature” at
a certain point.

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Introduction
Transfer ?
movement of certain quantities, due to interaction of the system with surroundings.

What drives the transfer process?

Driving force ?
For instance,
∆T (temperature difference) Heat Transfer
∆m (chemical potential) mass Transfer T1 = 600 C

SLAB
What causes the Driving force ?
Naturally
Engineered
T2 = 200 C
Important transport process :
Momentum
Mass Analogous
Heat

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Dr. NATARAJ G, SMEC, VIT-Vellore.
Introduction
What is heat transfer?
It involves
generation,
use,
conversion
exchange

of thermal energy, that is, heat between physical systems.

In fact, heat transfer occurs in the various unit operations in different industries.

For example, heat transfer occurs during cooling

of fluids and liquids
in – Chemical industries,
in - petrochemical industries,
in - power industries,
in - pharmaceutical industries, etc.

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Dr. NATARAJ G, SMEC, VIT-Vellore.
Introduction
Why is it important to study heat transfer?

It is important because once we have those laws which govern the process of heat transfer, we
will be in a position to
 Design equipment
 Size equipment
in which the heat transfer process occurs.

Example:

To be able to design the heat exchanger, we need to

understand the process of heat transfer such as
 The convective process of heat transfer occurring on the
air side and on the water side.
 The conduction process that is occurring in the fins and
the tubes.
Internal combustion engine and radiator

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Introduction
Different modes of Heat transfer process ?

Basically,
CONDUCTION

CONVECTION

THERMAL RADIATION OR RADIATION

CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

Tf T2
T1
Air q
q
Solid slab T2 Ts
Solid slab
T1 > T2
T1
Stationery medium Ts > Tf No medium
(Solid/liquid)
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Dr. NATARAJ G, SMEC, VIT-Vellore.
Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction
Conduction

Conduction is the flow of heat in a substance due to exchange of energy between molecules
having more energy and molecules having less energy.

 At high temperature molecules will have more energy

 At low temperature molecules will have less energy
 The substance may be a solid, it may be a liquid or it
may be a gas, doesn’t matter what is the state.

Mechanism of Heat Transfer in Solids

Heat conduction in
“Lattice or Molecular vibrations” and “Motion of different phases of a
free electrons” - Metals substances
Only due to “Molecular vibrations” - Non metals

Mechanism of Heat Transfer in Liquids and Gases

“The collision of molecules”
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Law associated with Conduction
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

Fourier’s law of heat conduction which states that the heat flow by conduction in any direction is
proportional to the temperature gradient (dT/dx) and area perpendicular to the flow direction.

The formula is for one dimensional steady state heat transfer due to
conduction
𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏
𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = −𝑲 𝑨 =−KA ,W
𝒅𝑳 𝑳

 K – is the conductivity which is used to find the energy transport

character of the material. Unit - W/m K
 Negative sign indicates the flow direction from high temperature
to low temperature
Consider – One dimensional steady
Heat Flux state heat transfer
It s defined as the amount of heat transferred per unit area per unit time from or to a surface.
𝑸̇
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙, 𝒒 = , 𝑾/𝒎𝟐
𝑨
Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Thermal Conductivity (K)
It is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct
heat. Thermal conductivity of a material can be defined
as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of
the material per unit area per unit temperature
difference.

Thermal conductivity of material at 293 K

Thermal conductivity of different materials

with variation of temperature

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University

Thermal Diffusivity (α)
In heat transfer analysis, the ratio of the thermal
conductivity to the heat capacity is an important
property termed the thermal diffusivity, α

It represents how fast thermal energy diffuses through

the material
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 k
Thermal diffusivity, =  (m2/s)
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 Cp

Cp −𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

 The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat in to the medium.
 Lower thermal diffusivity- conducts small amount of heat.

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University

Problem on basic Conduction
Example 1. The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having
a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m K. Measurements made during steady-state operation reveal
temperatures of 1400 and 1150K at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of
heat loss through a wall that is 0.5m x 1.2m on a side?

Given:
L – 0.15 m (heat transfer direction) , K = 1.7 W/m K,
Steady state , Tmax = 1400 K, Tmin = 1150 K, h = 0.5 m,
w = 1.2 m

To find:
The heat loss rate, 𝑄̇ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Solution:

𝑄̇ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = −𝐾 𝐴 = -K A

𝑄̇ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = - (1.7) x (0.5x1.2) ( ) = xx??

.

The heat loss through the wall is xx W

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Modes of Heat Transfer - Convection
Convection
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid
(liquid/gas) that is in motion.

Mechanism of Convection heat transfer

 Energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion)

 Bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid

Natural Convection How the air is getting heated up?

Fluid motion occurs due to density variations which are caused

by temperature differences- “Buoyancy Force”

Forced Convection
Fluid motion caused by external agency
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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Law associated with Convection
Newton's Law of Cooling

The law states that the rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the
temperature difference between the surface and fluid medium along with surface area,

Qconv = hAs (Ts-T∞) W (OR) qconv = h(Ts-T∞) W/m2

Typical values of the
Where, convection heat transfer coefficient
Qconv = Heat transfer rate, W
qconv = Convective heat flux, W/m2
h = convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2·K
As = heat transfer surface area, m2
Ts = temperature of the surface, °C
T∞ = temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface, °C

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University

Problem on basic Convection
Example 2. Air at 20◦C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250◦C. The convection
heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2-◦C. Calculate the heat transfer rate.

Solution:
From Newton’s law of cooling
= hAs (Ts-T∞)
= (25)(0.50)(0.75)(250−20)
= 2.156 kW

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University

Modes of Heat Transfer - Radiation
Radiation
All physical matter “above absolute Zero temperature” emits thermal radiation in the
form of “electromagnetic waves” in all directions and wave lengths, because of vibrational
and rotational movements of the molecules and atoms.

Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory Radiation heat

transfer which
Radiation is treated as electromagnetic waves occurs when
microwaves, infrared
Characteristics of the Radiation radiation, visible
light, or other
 Emission of radiation occurs from solids as well as electromagnetic
radiation is emitted
fluids (liquids and gases) or absorbed.
 Rate of emission increases with temperature level
How the glass surface
 No material medium required for energy transfer is getting heated up?

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Law associated with Radiation
Stefan-Boltzmann Law

The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit time and per unit surface area was
determined experimentally by Joseph Stefan in 1879 and expressed as

Eb(T) = σ T4 (W/m2) (OR) qrad = σ T4 W/m2

Where,
σ = 5.670 X 10-8 W/m2·K4 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.
T is the absolute temperature of the surface in K.
Eb is blackbody emissive power.

Note:
Emission of thermal radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature.

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University

Problem on basic Radiation
Example 3. Two infinite black plates at 800◦C and 300◦C exchange heat by radiation. Calculate the
heat transfer per unit area.

Solution:
From Stefan-Boltzmann law
qrad = σ T4 W/m2
Q/A = σ (T14−T24 )
= (5.669×10−8) (10734 −5734)
= 69.03 kW/m2

Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University