RSD

Aplikasi Ergonomi/
Applied Ergonomics
Human-
Computer/Machine
Interaction

Ergonomic and Work System Design Laboratory

Industrial Engineering Department-ITS
Sistem Manusia - Mesin

Ergonomic
(Interface Sistem Manusia-Mesin)

Human

Machine
 A Closed-Loop Human-Machine System

(+ voice)

Perceived Display/Monitor
Information

Internal and
Information
External
Processing
Equipment
Output Mechanisms Controls Status
(Speech & Manual Controls)
Mechanism
The Mechanism of Man-machine system

 Recording Display : memberi informasi tentang progress dari

proses kerja yang berlangsung (kinerja mesin)
 Perception : operator menangkap informasi dari display secara
visual
 Interpretation Decision : menginterpretasikan dan mengartikan
informasi yang masuk dan selanjutnya membuat keputusan
 Handling of Controls : mengkomunikasikan keputusan yang diambil
ke sub-sistem mesin melalui rancangan mekanisme kendali
 Control Display : memberikan petunjuk kepada operator hasil dari
keputusan dan tindakannya. Selanjutnya mesin akan membawa
kedalam bentuk aktivitas kerja
HUMAN ERROR?
Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 56

 The aircraft took off from Nakhchivan at 17:52 local time. At an altitude of 60 metres
(200 ft) and an airspeed of 317 kilometres per hour (171 kn), the no. 1 engine failed.
The co-pilot Sergey Kuliyev, who was at the controls, responded by countering the left
bank, but five seconds later the flight engineer Alexander Sokolov reported, in error,
that the no.2 engine had failed. The captain Eduard Hasanov took over control of the
aircraft. However, because the co-pilot had countered the left bank, the captain did not
have the sensory information which could have alerted him that it was the no.1 engine
that had failed. The aircraft continued to climb. The captain then ordered the no. 2
engine to be shut down. The flight engineer retarded the right throttle and noticed
that the power on the working engine was decreasing, he then pushed the No.2
throttle back to full power, but the No.2 engine had already stopped. Eight seconds
later, the flight engineer reported that both engines had failed. The aircraft climbed to
an altitude of 197 metres (646 ft), while the speed had decreased to 290 kilometres
per hour (160 kn). The captain decided to make an emergency landing, but
encountered an apartment block and made a sharp right turn to avoid it. The aircraft
crashed into a field with a 37-degree right bank and a sink rate of 10 m/s (2,000
ft/min). Thirty people out of eighty two on-board survived the accident (26
passengers and four crew members).
Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 56

 The aircraft took off from Nakhchivan at 17:52 local time. At an altitude of 60 metres
(200 ft) and an airspeed of 317 kilometres per hour (171 kn), the no. 1 engine failed.
The co-pilot Sergey Kuliyev, who was at the controls, responded by countering the left
bank, but five seconds later the flight engineer Alexander Sokolov reported, in error,
that the no.2 engine had failed. The captain Eduard Hasanov took over control of the
aircraft. However, because the co-pilot had countered the left bank, the captain did not
have the sensory information which could have alerted him that it was the no.1 engine
that had failed. The aircraft continued to climb. The captain then ordered the no. 2
engine to be shut down. The flight engineer retarded the right throttle and noticed
that the power on the working engine was decreasing, he then pushed the No.2
throttle back to full power, but the No.2 engine had already stopped. Eight seconds
later, the flight engineer reported that both engines had failed. The aircraft climbed to
an altitude of 197 metres (646 ft), while the speed had decreased to 290 kilometres
per hour (160 kn). The captain decided to make an emergency landing, but
encountered an apartment block and made a sharp right turn to avoid it. The aircraft
crashed into a field with a 37-degree right bank and a sink rate of 10 m/s (2,000
ft/min). Thirty people out of eighty two on-board survived the accident (26
passengers and four crew members).
User Interface

 The displays providing feedback to the

human about the status of the machine of
the behavior of the whole system.
 The controls by which the operator
inputs feed forward affecting the system.
Definition Of A Display

A display is an output device that

communicates with a human.
Qualitative vs Quantitative Displays

1. Fixed scale & moving pointer

− speedometer
2. Fixed pointer & moving scale
− analog bathroom scales
3. Digital display
− digital watch
3 Kategori Display Equipment

 Digital Display – dimana informasi

dapat dibaca secara langsung.
Mudah dibaca, namun deteksi
terhadap perubahan jelek.

 Fixed scale – moving pointer – sebuah skala sirkular dengan sebuah

penunjuk bergerak. Cukup mudah untuk dibaca, tetapi
dibandingkan dengan tipikal digital display lebih jelek. Deteksi
terhadap perubahan baik, karena bisa/mudah diikuti fluktuasinya.
 Fixed pointer- moving scale– sebuah skala sirkular yang bisa
bergerak merujuk pada penunjuk tetap..
Matching the Display with Information Requirement

 It is important that the

instrument gives the
operator only the
information required, for
instance by displaying the
smallest unit that the
operator is likely to read
off.
Matching the Display with Information Requirement

 Sometimes the
operator does not
need a precise reading
but just to know a
range. Here a moving
pointer is best and the
various ranges should
be marked by different
color.
Dynamic Displays

 Quantitative
 Exact Information
 Qualitative
 General Condition or
Status
Check-reading Displays

 Check-reading displays are a

specific type of qualitative
display in which you
determine whether the value
of a continuously changing
variable is normal, or within
an acceptably normal range.
Digital vs. Analog Displays

 Digital Displays
 Preferred when
precise numeric
values are required,
legible digits are
needed quickly or the
value remains stable
for a long enough
period to be read
Types of Displays

Type of Display Moving Pointer Fixed Marker Digital Counter

Moving Scale
Ease of Reading Acceptable Acceptable Very Good

Detection of Very Good Acceptable Poor

Change
Setting to a Very Good Acceptable Acceptable
Reading or
Controlling a
Process
Design of Scale Graduations

1. The height, thickness

and distance of scale
graduations must be
such that they can be
read off with minimal
likelihood of error,
even if lighting
conditions are not
ideal.
Design of Scale Graduations
2. The information presented should be what is
actually wanted: scale divisions should not be
smaller than the accuracy required; qualitative
information should be simple and
unmistakable.
Design of Scale Graduations

3. Scale graduations should give information

that is easy to interpret and to make use
of. It is laborious to have to multiply the
reading of the instrument by a factor. If
this is unavoidable, then the factor should
be as simple as possible.
4. Subdivisions should be by ½ or 1/5:
anything else is difficult to read off.
Design of Scale Graduations

5. Numbers should be confined to major scale

graduations and, once again, subdivisions
should be ½ or1/5.
6. The tip of the pointer should not obscure either
the numbers of the graduations and if possible
should not be broader than a scale line. It is
best if the tip of the pointer comes as close as
possible to the scale, without actually touching
it.
Design of Scale Graduations

7. The pointer should be as nearly as possible in

the same plane as the graduated scale, to avoid
errors of parallax, and the eye must be
positioned so that the line of sight is at right
angles to the dial and pointer.
Scale Graduations

Height of biggest graduations a/90

Height of middle graduations a/125
Height of smallest graduations a/200
Thickness of graduations a/5000
Distance between two small graduations a/600
Distance between two big graduations a/50
Background and Lettering

 Black letters on a white background are

preferred, in principle, because white
characters tend to blur, and a black
background may set up relative glare against
its lighter surroundings.
Text Size
Breadth 2/3 of height
Thickness of line 1/6 height
Distance apart of letters 1/5 of height
Distance between words and figures 2/3 of height
Viewing Angle

 The preferred angle of

view for displays (the
angle at which the
display plane is
positioned with regard
to the person
monitoring it) should be
90 degrees.
Analog Display Design
 Moving pointer on a fixed scale is preferred.
 If numerical change relates to natural function
(e.g. up/down) then vertical display is preferred
to circular display.
 Types of pointer-scales should not be mixed to
indicate related functions in displays.
 Direction of movement of pointer should match
that of the control.
Analog Display Design

 If value must be read quickly then a

moving scale appearing in an open-
window is best.
 Semi-circular or circular displays
preferable to horizontal or vertical
displays.
 Adjacent scales should have similar
markings and be oriented to the same
point to indicate normal operation. This
is exemplified with check scales
Analog Displays: Scale Markings

 Marker length depends on  Zero should be placed

level of illumination - at 6 o'clock or 12
markers must be thicker and
farther apart in low light. o'clock (standard for
auto industry is 7
 Markings should be o'clock however)
presented for the smallest
scale unit that needs to be
read.
 Use different interval
markers (in gradations like a
ruler).
Analog Displays: Numerical Progression
 Intervals of 1 are easiest
to read (0, 1, 2, ...)
 Decimal progression is the
second most preferred
(10, 20, 30,...)
 Units of 5 is the next best
(5, 10, 15, ...) intervals of 2
are also OK(2, 4, 6, ...)
 Avoid unusual
progressions (e.g. by 3, by
7, by 8)
 Scale intervals should
represent consistent
progressions (all intervals
should equal the same
amount)
Control and Display Rules

 Controls and
instruments which
are functionally
linked should make
corresponding
movements that
comply with our own
stereotypes.
Control and Display Rules

1. When a control is moved or turned to the right,

the pointer must also move right over a round
or horizontal scale; on a vertical scale the
pointer must move upwards.
2. When a control is moved upwards or forwards,
the pointer must move either upward or to the
right.
Control and Display Rules

3. A right-handed or clockwise rotation

instinctively suggest an increase, so the
display instrument should also record an
increase.
Control and Display Rules

4. A moving scale with a fixed pointer indicator

should move to the right when the control is
moved to the right but the scale values should
increase from right to left, so that a rotation of
scale to right gives increased readings.
 Control and Display Rules

5. When a hand lever is moved upward, or forward, or to the

right, the display reading should increase or the
equipment should be turned on. To reduce the reading,
or to switch off, it is instinctive to pull the lever toward
the body or move it to the left, or downward.
Conclusion

 Good Visibility
 See it
 Good Comprehension
 Make correct
decisions
 Good Compatibility
 Easily used with
others
Source:

Communication: Displays. Definition Of A

Display A display is an output device that
communicates with a human.
Published by Alannah Houston
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5703198/