CONCEPTUAL MODELING OF

COMPUTER SIMULATION

Dr. Rika Ampuh Hadiguna

Elita Amrina, Ph.D
Computer Simulation (TIA 403) 3/T
Queuing System

Machine  
(Server)  
Arriving   Depar2ng  
7   6   5   4  
Blank  Parts   Finished  Parts  
Queue  (FIFO)   Part  in  Service  

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ACD in review …
•  How to build ACD for a simple queuing
system the above?

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Event Graph
•  Simulation Graphs (originally called Event Graphs)
were introduced by Schruben in 1983 as a means of
graphically representing discrete event simulation
models.

•  The Simulation Graph approach is a minimalist one,

consisting of only two basic constructs with a handful
of options.

•  The main reference of event graph is refer to

Buss, A. H. (1995) ‘A tutorial on discrete-event
modeling with simulation graphs’, Proceedings of the
1995 Winter Simulation Conference ed. C. Alexopoulos,
K. Kang, W. R. Lilegdon, and D. Goldsman, pp. 74–81.

Computer Simulation 4
Discrete Event Simulation
•  A discrete event simulation model consists of
two fundamental elements:
–  a set of state variables, or states
–  a set of events.
En2ty   En2ty  begins   En2ty  completes  
arrives   service   service  
Time  
x   x   x  
Event   “Event”   Event  

Possible   Possible  of  2me  

passage  of  2me   for  serving  
in  queue   of  en2ty  
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Example: A Single Server
State Variable
•  State variable is the number of customers in
the queue (Q)
•  Q is not sufficient to completely describe the
system at all points in time.
•  If Q = 0 then there could be either 0 or 1
customers in the system.
•  Therefore, we would need to add (at least) one
additional state variable, such as the number
of busy servers B.

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Example: A Single Server
Events
•  Events are defined whenever at least one state
variable changes value.
•  For example, the arrival of a customer to a queuing
system could be an event in a model of the system,
since the number in the queue increases by 1
whenever a customer arrives (i.e. Q + &+I, or Q++).
•  Similarly, when a customer finishes service and
leaves the system, a server will become (possibly
temporarily) idle.
•  Thus the departure of a customer can also be an
event since the value of B is decreased by 1.

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Symbols in Event Graph
•  Event graph consists of nodes and edges.
•  Each node corresponds to an event, or state transition,
and each edge corresponds to the scheduling of other
•  Whenever Event A occurs, if condition (i) is true after
A’s state transition, Event B is scheduled to occur t
time units later event.
•  Each edge can optionally have an associated Boolean
condition and/or a time delay.
(i)
A B
t

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Interpretation the Symbols
•  The occurrence of Event A causes Event B to be
scheduled after a time delay oft, providing condition
(i) is true (after the state transitions for Event A
have been made).
•  By convention, the time delay t is indicated toward
the tail of the scheduling edge and the edge
condition is shown just above the wavy line through
the middle of the edge.
•  If there is no time delay, then t is omitted.
•  Similarly, if Event B is always scheduled following
the occurrence of Event B, then the edge condition
is omitted, and the edge is called an unconditional
edge.
Computer Simulation 9
Example: EV Single Server

Computer Simulation 10
Algorithm

Computer Simulation 11