January 1, 2016 TOEFL MATERIAL

CHAPTER I
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

CLAUSES

Clause : a clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb (Understanding and Using
English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar)
Independent clause : An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of
(main clause) a sentence.
Dependent clause : A dependant clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an
(sub clause) independent clause
Note: a sentence is a complete thought, group of words that express a statement, question etc.

Sub Clause ------ Adjective Clause

------ Noun Clause
------ Adverbial Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (clauses as adjectives)

An adjective clause is a dependant clause (a sub clause) which modifies a noun.

An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing a
fragment, you must connect each adjective clause to a main clause.

CONNECTORS

No Connectors Note
1 Who (Relative Pronoun Subject/RPS) as a connector and subject For person
pronoun
e.g. Students who are intelligent get good grades.
2 Which (Relative Pronoun Subject/RPS) as a connector and subject For things
pronoun
e.g. Fruit which is grown organically is expensive.

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3 That (Relative Pronoun Subject/RPS) as a connector and subject For person or things
pronoun
e.g. I thank the woman that helped me.
The book that is on the table is mine.
4 Whom (Relative Pronoun Object/RPO) as connector and object pronoun For person
e.g. The man whom I chose was Mr. Jones
She is the woman whom I told you about.
She is the woman about whom I told you.
5 Which (Relative Pronoun Object/RPO) as connector and object pronoun For things
e.g. The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.
The music to which we listened last night was good.
The music which we listened to last night was good.
6 That (Relative Pronoun Object/RPO) as connector and object pronoun For person or things
e.g. The man that I rang last night is Mr. President.
The car that I bought a month ago is BMW.
7 Where (Relative adverb, related to a place) If where is used, a preposition is
e.g. The building where he lives is very old. not included in the adjective
The building in which he lives is very old. clause. If where is not used, the
preposition must be included.
8 When (Relative adverb. Related to time)
e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
9 Why (Relative adverb, of reason)
e.g. Give me one good reason why you did that.
10 Whose To show possession
e.g. I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

EXERCISE I
A. Identify the adjective clauses in these following sentences!
1. Dr. Stanton, who is the president of the university, will give a speech at the commencement ceremonies.
2. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting?
3. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

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4. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of automobiles which are produced by
American industry have some defect.
5. The rules that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.
6. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
7. Many of the students who hope to enter the university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of those
who apply for admission will be accepted.
8. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
9. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.
10. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of persons who possess the technical skill that
is required to maintain the numerous devices upon which our physical comforts depend.
11. Nero, who was Emperor of Rome from 54 to 68 A.D, is believed to have murdered both his mother and his
wife.
12. Pictures that showed the brutality of war entered the living rooms of millions of Americans on the nightly
news.
13. The Indian who lived in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the Incan
Culture.
14. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state.
15. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.

Peringkasan dalam Adjective Clause

A. Relative Pronoun Subject
Verbal Sentence

Active voice
 Jika adjective clause berupa kalimat verba (verbal sentence) dengan connector who, which dan that (Relative
Pronoun Subject), cara meringkasnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Adjective Clause Hasil Peringkasan
The man who lives next to me is friendly. The man living next to me is friendly.
The book which tells about his father’s story was sold The book telling about his father’s story was sold out.
out.
I don’t know the professor that created a new I don’t know the professor creating a new medicine a

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medicine a year ago. year ago.

Note : jika adjective clause berupa kalimat aktif (active voice) maka kalimat tersebut diringkas dengan menghilangkan
connector, subject dan mengganti kata kerja (verb) awal menjadi verb ing (present participle).

Passive voice
Adjective Clause Hasil Peringkasan
The man who was appointed by the president is John. The man appointed by the president is John.
The book which was sold out in a week is my book. The book sold out in a week is my book.
I don’t know the professor that is invited to this I don’t know the professor invited to this seminar.
seminar.

Note : jika adjective clause berupa kalimat pasif (passive voice) maka kalimat tersebut diringkas dengan
menghilangkan conjuction, subject dan mengganti kata kerja (verb) awal mejadi verb 3 (past participle.

Nominal Sentence
Jika adjective clause berupa kalimat nomina (nominal sentence) dengan connector who, which, that (Relative
Pronoun Subject), cara meringkasnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Adjective Clause Hasil Peringkasan
The man who is next to my father is his director. The man next to my father is his director.
The book which is on the table is my book. The book on the table is my book.
I don’t know the professor that is in the class. I don’t know the professor in the class.
The woman who is the president of university is here. The woman, the president of university*, is here.
Note : jika adjective berupa kalimat nomina, maka cara meringkasnya dengan menghilangkan conjuction, subject
serta to be (verb).
*appositive
Relative Pronoun Object and Relative Adverb
Verbal Sentence
 Jika adjective clause berupa kalimat verba (verbal sentence) dengan connector whom, which, that (Relative
Pronoun Object) maka cara meringkasnya dengan menghilangkan conjunction, seperti dalam kalimat berikut
ini :

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Adjective Clause Hasil Peringkasan

The writer whom I know is Mark Twain. The writer I know is Mark Twain.
The book which I bought is a novel. The book I bought is a novel.
I don’t know the professor that you called. I don’t know the professor you called.

EXERCISE II
A. Reduce the adjective clause
1. The Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that ended in November
1983.
2. Today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger’s voyages, nearly all
earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the
geological processes that shape the Earth.
3. The cores of sediment which were drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical
to understanding the world’s past climates.
4. Social categories are dynamic forces that operate to produce particular patterns of behavior that
influence the child.
5. The work of Carlous Linnaeus, who devised the classification system in botany, provided a
pseudoscientific basis for the dehumanization of non-white groups.
6. The Mississippi River which flows south from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico is the major commercial
river in the United States.
7. Goats which were first tamed more than 9,000 years ago in Asia have provided people with milk, meat,
and wool since prehistoric times.
8. Dr. Fields who lectured at Browning Hall last night was very good.
9. One of the most useful materials in the world is glass which is made chiefly from sand, soda, and lime.
10. Glaciers which are huge masses of ice that flow slowly over land form in the cold polar regions and in high
mountains.

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B. Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and
the verb twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the
sentence are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
The following exercises are taken from Longman Complete Course for TOEFL Test by Deborah Phillips

Appositives
C 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in
management policy.
I 2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university.
___ 3. Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweetheart.
___ 4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.
___ 5. Tonight’s supper, leftover from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night.
___ 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times.
___ 7. In the cold winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.
___ 8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room.
___ 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied for use.
___ 10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner.

Present Participle
C 1. The companies offering the lowest price will have the most customers.
I 2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
___ 3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.
___ 4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.
___ 5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
___ 6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
___ 7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market.
___ 8. Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.
___ 9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention.
___ 10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.

Past Participle
I 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.

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C 2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.

___ 3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.
___ 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours.
___ 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
___ 6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police.
___ 7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the county.
___ 8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites.
___ 9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment complex.
___ 10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your accounts by the next day.

EXERCISE III
Choose the best answer.
1. The North Platte River ____ from Wyoming into Nebraska.
a. It flowed
b. Flows
c. Flowing
d. With flowing water
2. The major cause ___ the pull of the Moon on the earth.
a. The ocean tides are
b. Of ocean tides is
c. Of the tides in the ocean
d. The oceans’ tides
3. ____Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word meaning “first people.”
a. The city of
b. Located in
c. It is in
d. The tour included
4. Henry Adams, born in Boston, _____ famous as a historian and novelist.
a. Became
b. And became
c. He was
d. And he became

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5. A pride of lion ____ up to forty lions, including one to three males, several females and cubs.
a. Can contain
b. It contains
c. Contain
d. Containing
6. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth century, ____ limited to the rich.
a. Was
b. Was photography
c. It was photography
d. Photography was
7. ____the tea plant are small and white.
a. The
b. On the
c. Having flowers the
d. The flowers of the
8. Any possible academic assistance from taking stimulants ____ marginal at best.
a. It is
b. There is
c. Is
d. as
9. The tetracyclines, ____antibiotics, are used to treat infections.
a. Are a family of
b. Being a family
c. A family of
d. Their family is
10. A computerized map of the freeways using information gathered by sensors embedded in the pavement
____ on a local cable channel during rush hours.
a. Airs
b. Airing
c. Air
d. To air

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EXERCISE IV (Review adjective clause)

A. Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once
and the verb twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if
the sentence are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
The following exercises are taken from Longman Complete Course for TOEFL Test by Deborah Phillips

C 1. It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed
I 2. The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price.
___ 3. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.
___ 4. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.
___ 5. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.
___ 6. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.
___ 7. The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome.
___ 8. The story that you told me about Bob.
___ 9. The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very friendly.
___ 10. I am not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made last night.

C 1. The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.
I 2. The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.
___ 3. I have great respect for everyone who on the Dean’s List.
___ 4. It is going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here.
___ 5. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked.
___ 6. The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.
___ 7. These plants can only survive in an environment is extremely humid.
___ 8. The boss meets with any production workers who had left her credit card in the store.
___ 9. The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store.
___ 10. The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale

___ 1. No one explained to me whether was coming or not.

___ 2. The part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down.
___ 3. The girl who she joined the softball team is a great shortstop.
___ 4. I have no idea about when the meeting is supposed to start.

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___ 5. We have been told that we can leave whenever want.

___ 6. The racquet with whom I was playing was too big and too heavy for me.
___ 7. I will never understand that he did.
___ 8. He was still sick was so obvious to the entire medical staff.
___ 9. What is most important in this situation it is to finish on time
___ 10. The newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents had
not been home in some time.

TOEFL EXERCISE
Choose the best answer
1. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and _____ continually change.
a. Enmities that
b. That are enmities
c. Enmities that are
d. That enmities
2. The fact ___the most important ratings period is about to begin has caused all the networks to shore up
their schedules.
a. Is that
b. Of
c. That
d. what
3. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiments on ___trigger different sorts of health risks.
a. Noise pollution can
b. That noise pollution
c. How noise pollution
d. How noise pollution can
4. During free fall, _____ up to a full minute, a skydiver will fall at constant speed of 120 m.p.h.
a. It is
b. Which is
c. Being
d. Is

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5. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed as test for measuring intelligence
____served as the basis of modern IQ tests.
a. Has
b. It has
c. And
d. Which has
6. A cloud’s reservoir of negative charge extends upward from the altitude at ____the freezing point.
a. Temperatures hit
b. Hit temperatures
c. Which temperatures hit
d. Which hit temperatures
7. The Apollo 11 astronauts ____ of the Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the famous first moonwalk on July
20, 196, were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
a. Whom
b. Whom millions
c. Were some
d. Whom some were
8. ____will be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been announced to the public.
a. It
b. What
c. When
d. That
9. ____have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training is mandated by federal laws.
a. All police officers
b. All police officers must
c. That all police officers
d. For all police officers
10. In a 1988 advanced officers’ training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in
enforcing environmental protection laws whenever ____feasible.
a. It is
b. Is
c. Has

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d. It has
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (Clauses as adverbs)

CONNECTORS
1. Clause of time (Adverb time)
Connectors
after As soon as Once When
as Before Since Whenever
as long as By the time Until While

2. Clause of cause (Adverb cause)

Connectors
as Now that
because Since
inasmuch as Whereas

3. Clause of condition (Adverb condition)

Connectors
if Provided (that) If only
even if Providing (that) On condition (that)
unless (= if … not) Whether … or (whether)

4. Clause of contrast (Adverb contrast)

Connectors
Although While
Though Whereas
Even though
Note :
Some prepositions may function as conjunctions (connectors) by the addition of the fact that
In spite of the fact that Despite the fact that Regardless of the fact that

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5. Clause of manner (Adverb manner)

Connectors
as as if as though In that

6. Clause of place (Adverb place)

Connectors
Where wherever
Examples
1. They have become very snobbish since they moved into their expensive apartment.
2. Shut all the windows before you go out.
3. They had to move because their building was to be torn down.
4. Inasmuch as every effort is being made to improve the financial condition of this company, the term of the
loan will be extended.
5. If I see him, I will invite him to our party tomorrow.
6. Unless it rains, we will go to the beach tomorrow.
7. We couldn’t meet the deadline, although we worked day and night.
8. Even though she disliked the movies, she went with her husband to please him.
9. They all treat him as if he were a king.
10. She always does as her husband tells her.
11. They sat down wherever they could fine empty seat.
12. She lives where the Johnsons used to live.

Peringkasan dalam Adverbial Clauses

Abridgement
 Jika kalimat dalam adverbial clause berupa kalimat verba (verbal sentence), maka cara meringkasnya dengan
menghilangkan subject dan mengganti verb awal menjadi 1. verb-ing (present participle) jika kalimat berupa
kalimat aktif (active voice, 2. verb 3 (past participle) jika kalimat berupa kalimat pasif (passive voice). Berikut
ini adalah contoh peringkasan
Adverbial Clause Hasil Peringkasan
1. Although the speaker feels rather sick, he Although feeling sick, he will take part in the
will take part in the seminar. seminar.

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2. When you give your speech, you should When giving your speech, you should speak loudly
speak loudly and distinctly. and distinctly.
3. Once it is submitted, your thesis will be Once submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.
reviewed.

 Jika kalimat dalam adverbial clause berupa kalimat nomina (nominal sentence), cara meringkasnya dengan
menghilangkan subject dan verb (to be) lalu menyisakan subjective complement.
Adverbial Clause Hasil Peringkasan
1. Although the speaker is rather unwell, Although rather unwell, he will take part in
he will take part in the seminar. the seminar.
2. When you are in public places, you are When in public places, you are not allowed to
not allowed to smoke. smoke.

Reducing
 Selain dengan metode abridgement, adverbial clause juga dapat diringkas dengan metode reducing yatu
dengan menghilangkan conjunction, subject lalu mengganti verb awal menjadi 1. Verb ing (present participle)
jika kalimat awal adalah kalimat aktif, 2. Verb 3 (past participle) jika kalimat awal adalah kalimat pasif.
Adverbial Clause Hasil Peringkasan
1. Although the speaker feels rather sick, he Feeling sick, he will take part in the seminar.
will take part in the seminar.
2. After it is submitted, your thesis will be Submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.
reviewed.

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NOUN CLAUSES (Clauses as nouns)

CONNECTORS
Noun Clause Connector Function Example
Derived From
Statement That Subject That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all.
Subject after it It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil.
Subjective complement My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil.
Object of verb I know that coffee grows in Brazil.
Appositive His belief that coffee grows in Brazil is correct.

Question Whether / if Subject Whether he gets the money doesn’t concern me.
Yes/no question Subjective complement The question is whether he will get the money.
Object of verb Do you know whether he will get the money.
Object of preposition We were concerned about whether he would get
the money.

WH Questions Who, what, Subject How he gets the money is his own affair.
which, Subjective complement The question is how he will get the money.
when, Object of verb I don’t know how he will get the money.
where, why, Object of preposition We were concerned about how he would get the
how money.

Exercise I
Analyze the sentences!
1. Noise is a sound that is unwanted, disagreeable, and disturbing.
2. At the time, zoos were places where people could go to see animals. The animals live in cages that were
made of concrete with iron bars, cages were easy to keep clean. Unfortunately for the animals, the cages
were small and impossible to hide in.
3. When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land, a tremendous force is exerted on
the seawater and one or larger.

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4. When tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30 meters) or more and can
cause tremendous flooding and damage to coastal areas.
5. The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This is not
to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to
appreciate fully the roles of both sexes.
6. The opinion that men are superior to women has long been accepted in many cultures, but the feminist
movement is trying to change this view. Feminist claim that boys and girls are exactly equal at births, but
become unequal because the way they are treated by society.
7. Saliva has been shown to promote wound healing as it contains components which produce anti-viral,
antibacterial, and anti-fungal effects.
8. The term “primitive art” has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and styles of art. One way that
this term has been used is to describe the early period within the development of a certain style of art.
9. Research shows that people who eat small meals and snacks throughout the day are usually more
successful at losing weight or maintaining an ideal body weight.
10. In the animal world, when any species becomes overpopulated, naturalists observe that the animals begin
fighting among themselves and become cannibalistic.
11. Most doctors and scientists believe that there are different causes for the different forms of cancer. Working
condition may lead to this disease. For example, people who work in close contact with chemical compound
like arsenic and asbestos may develop cancer.

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Exercise II
A. Choose the best answer
1. Paper is different from other waste products ………. from trees.
a. it comes
b. it because comes
c. because it comes
d. it causes

2. Heart disease ……. Western society’s number one killer. It accounts for one-third of all deaths among middle-
aged men.
a. which
b. that is
c. there is
d. is

3. An allergy is an extreme response of the body to a foreign substance. The foreign substance, …… , cause a
defensive chemical reaction when it enters the body the first time.
a. Called an antigen
b. which called an antigen
c. calling an antigen
d. what was called an antigen

4. The body ….. antibodies (special molecules) to fight and destroy foreign substance.
a. that produces
b. produces
c. which produces
d. producing

5. In many European countries handshaking …… an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on
arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hand with everyone present.
a. are
b. that is

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c. is
d. becoming

B. Error Identification

1. A tomahawk is a small ax using as a tool and weapon by the North American Indian tribes.
a b c d

2. The Globe Theater, where most of Shakespeare’s plays was staged and performed, was located in
a b c d
London.

3. A chemical spill that leave 300,000 residents of Charleston, West Virginia, without tap water last month is
a b c
raising new concerns about the ability of the United States to maintain its high quality of drinking water.
d

4. A $ 4 billion oil pipeline where will pump oil from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea has been
a b c
opened ten years after construction started.
d

5. Black widows is notorious spiders identified by the colored, hourglass-shaped mark on their abdomens.
a b c d

6. Ant community are headed by a queen or queens, whose function in life is to lay thousands of eggs that will
a b c
ensure the survival of the colony.
d

7. Workers (the ants typically seen by humans) are wingless females who never reproduce, but instead forage
for
a b
food, care for the queen's offspring, work on the nest, protect the community, and perform many other
duties.
c d

8. Ants communicate and cooperate by using chemicals which can alert others to danger or lead them to a
promising
a b
food source. They typically eat nectar, seeds, fungus, or insects. However, some species has diets that are
more
c d
unusual.

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Bonus Quiz
Error Identification
1. There is many ways of communicating that do not utilize language. Cries of warning and aggression, of
contentment
a b c
and affection, are forms of communication not limited to men.
d
2. Scientist and doctors say which about 34 million Americans are too fat. Why is this? One cause is the kind of
food
a b c
Americans eat. Many Americans like ‘fast food’.
d
3. Alternative energy source are becoming increasingly attractive as the energy crisis becomes more severe.
Solar
a b c
heating systems, which use the sun’s radiation as a source of energy, are promising alternative energy source.

d
4. The killer sea waves knowing as tsunami are so quiet in their approach from afar, so harmless. That until
recently
a b
history has been one of surprise attack.
c d
5. Some people become sick when he sit in the back seat of a car; others cannot read or look at the map in any
kind
a b c
of moving vehicle.
D

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Inverted Subject
Inversi adalah suatu pola kalimat di mana verb nya mendahului subject. Inversi dalam Bahasa Inggris lazim digunakan.
Pola inversi
1. Dalam kalimat pertanyaan
Yes/no question Does Joko Widodo appoint him?
Did he come to the meeting?
WH-question When can I leave?
Whom did you call?

Note : dalam sub clause tidak boleh ada inversi

I don’t know whom you called.

2. Setelah adverb tertentu

a. Single words expressing place
Here, there, nowhere  There stood the tallest man who he had ever seen.
 Here is the book you lent me.
 There is a glass of apple juice on the table.
.
b. Necessary adverb of place
Necessary adverb of place berbentuk prepositional phrase. Necessary adverb of place adalah adverb yang
harus ada dalam sebuah kalimat, karena bila adverb tersebut tidak ada maka makna kalimat teersebut
tidak lengkap.
e.g.

Necessary Unnecessary
 Inside the room were a few dilapidated pieces  She studied mathematics inside the room.
of furniture.
 In the forest are many exotic birds.  I walked for many hours in the forest.
 Beyond the mountains lies the town where
 I live with my wife beyond the mountains.
you will live.

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3. Setelah negative word

a. Adverbial expressions of negation with no, not, never.
 Never have I seen such a stupid person.
 Not once did I miss a question.
 In no case can an exception be made.

b. Negative conjunction
Neither, nor, not only – but also, no sooner – than.
 I don’t want to go, and neither does Tom.
 Not only is she very beautiful, but she is also very intelligent.
 No sooner had he begun his vacation than he became ill.
c. Adverbial expression of near negation
Scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely, hardly
 Seldom has anyone succeeded in this kind of business.
 Scarcely had he entered the room when he was approached by a bearded stranger.
d. Adverbial expressions with only and so
 Only once has he done such a thing.
 So greatly did he admire the beautiful actress
4. Dalam Conditional Sentence (jika dalam Conditional Sentence terdapat had (past perfect), were, should
dalam if clause)
Selain inversi, conjunction “if” dalam conditional sentence juga dihilangkan (omitted)
 If you should ever visit this town again, I would be delighted to show you around.
Should you ever visit this town again, I would be delighted to show you around.
 If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
 If I had known, I would have told you.
Had I known, I would have told you.
5. Dalam Degree of comparison

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PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THE VERB

1. After have, use the past participle (V3)
2. After be (to be) present participle (V ing)
Past participle (V3)
3. Modal Auxiliary + base form of the verb (V1)
4. Know when to use the past with the present
Note:
a. If you see a sentence with one verb in the past and one verb in the present, the sentence is probably
incorrect.
b. However, it is possible for a correct sentence to have both past and present together.
c. If you see the past and present together, you must check the meaning to determine whether or not
the sentence is correct.

Example:
a) He took the money when he wants it. (incorrect)
b) He took the money when he wanted it.
c) He takes the money when he wants it.
d) I know that he took the money yesterday.

Exercise: choose the correct sentence with logical meaning.

1) Last semester he reads seven books and wrote five papers.
2) When he was a child, he always goes to the circus.
3) She is where she is today because she worked hard when she was a student.
4) He put some money in his account when he goes to the bank.
5) He is telling the teacher why he did not have time to finish his homework.

5. Use Past perfect tense and Present perfect tense correctly, and use correct tense with time expressions
 The present perfect refers to the period of time from the past until the present.
Jim has lived in Los Angles for ten years.
This sentence means that Jim has lived in Los Angeles for ten years up to now. Jim is still living in Los
Angeles.

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 The past perfect refers to a period of time that started in the past and ended in the past, before
something else happened in the past.
Jim had lived in Los Angeles for ten years when he moved to San Diego.
This sentence means that Jim lived in Los Angeles for ten years in the past before he moved to San
Diego in the past. He no longer lives in Los Angeles.

Note:
Because the past perfect begins in the past and ends in the past, it is generally not correct in the same
sentence with the present tense.
USING PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT
Tense Form Meaning Use
Present perfect Have + past participle (V 3) Past up to now Not with a past tense **
Past perfect Had + past participle (V 3) Before past up to past Not with a present tense
** except when the time expression since is part of the sentence

USING CORRCET TENSES WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT

by (1920) ……..(time) …… ago Since (1920)
Last ….. (time) ……. Lately
In 1920

Exercise: choose the correct sentence.

1) He said that he had finished the typing when you finish the report.
2) When she had purchased the car, she contacted the insurance agent.
3) The Senate votes on the law to ban cigarette smoking in public in 1990.
4) I had not done much more work since I talked to you on Wednesday.
5) The students are writing many compositions lately.

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6. Use the correct tense with will and would

USING CORRECT TENSES WITH WILL AND WOULD
VERB MEANING USE
Will After the present Do not use with past
Would After the past Do not use with present
Note : there is a different modal would that is used to make polite request. This type of would is often
used with the present tense.
I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow.

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Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols.
a b c d

2. Scientists at the medical center is trying to determine if there is a relationship between saccharine and
a b c d
cancer.

3. On the rim of the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands are a hotel called the Volcano Hotel.
a b c d

4. The great digital advances of the electronic age such as integrated circuitry and a microcomputer, has
a b c
been planted in tiny chips.
d

5. There are many frequently mentioned reasons why one out of four arrests involve a juvenile.
a b c d

6. Kepler’s Laws, principles outlining planetary movement, was formulated based on observations made
a b c d
without telescope.

7. Only with a two-thirds vote by both houses are the U.S. Congress able to override a presidential veto.
a b c d

8. Of all the evidence that has piled up since Webster’s paper was published, there is no new ideas
a b c
to contradict his original theory
d

9. More than half of the children in the 1,356-member district qualifies for reduced-price or free lunches.
a b c d

10. Five mile beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching up to the sky.
a b c d

11. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, were incorporated into the orchestra in the
a b c d
eighteenth century.

12. When is a flag hung upside down, it is an internationally recognized symbol of distress.
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a b c d

LESSON
PARALLEL STRUCTURE

1. Insect provide many beneficial services, such as ______ breaking down dead-wood, and pollinating plants.
a. they condition soils
b. to condition soil
c. conditioning the soil
d. soil conditioned

2. Frozen orange juice must be packed, _____, and stored when the fruit is ripe.
a. be frozen
b. must be frozen
c. frozen
d. it must be frozen

3. The Sioux language is spoken not only ____ Sioux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes.
a. by the
b. the
c. do the
d. and the

4. In 1900 electrically powered cars were more popular than gasoline powered cars because they were quiet,
operated smoothly, and _________.
a. handled easily
b. ease of handling
c. handling easily
d. easy to handle

5. Roger Williams was a clergyman, ______ the colony of Rhode Island, and an outspoken advocate of religious
and political freedom.

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a. founded
b. the founder of
c. was the founder of
d. be founded

6. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, ______, or spray guns.

a. brushes
b. brushes can be used
c. with brushes
d. by brush

7. The use of labor saving devices in homes, _____, and in factories added to the amount of leisure time people
had.
a. at office
b. used in offices
c. offices
d. in offices

8. A dulcimer can be played by either striking its strings with a hammer or _____.
a. to pluck them with the fingers
b. fingers are used to pluck them
c. they are plucked with fingers
d. plucking them with the fingers

9. Throughout history, trade routes have increased contact between people, _____, and greatly affected the
growth of civilization.
a. have resulted in an exchange of ideas
b. an exchange of ideas has resulted
c. resulted in an exchange of ideas
d. resulting in an exchange of ideas

10. Walt Disney made many technical at advances in the use of sound, color, and _____ in animated films.

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a. photographing
b. using photography
c. photography
d. use of photographs

11. Artist Paul Kane traveled throughout Northwest Canada on foot, by canoe, and _____ to sketch Native
Canadians going about their ordinary lives.
a. on horseback
b. riding a horse
c. was on horseback
d. by a horse

12. Barbara Jordan was the first woman in the South to win an election to the House of Representative, _____ as
Congresswoman from Texas from 1973 to 1979.
a. to serve
b. served
c. serving
d. has served

13. Photographers’ choice of camera depends on what kind of pictures they want to take, how much control they
want over expo sure, and _____ they want to spend.
a. the amount of money
b. what money
c. how much money
d. no much money that

14. Atlanta is the commercial financial and _____ of Georgia.

a. center of administration
b. administrative center
c. center for administering
d. administering center

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15. Even after the Revolutionary War, American importers obtained merchandise from Britain because British
merchants understood American tastes, offered attractive prices, and _____ .
a. easy credit was provided
b. because of easy credit
c. easy credit
d. provided easy credit

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