CHAPTER II

Towards Accuracy and

Fluency in Business English
 • CLAUSES
• PHRASES
• SENTENCES
CLAUSE
Lesson 1

S
How Close Are You
with the Clauses?
 
 OBJECTIVES:

01 Identify and discuss the elements of clauses.

02 Differentiate the types of clauses from one

another.
 
Clauses, like phrases, are groups of related words, but unlike
phrases, they have a subject and a verb.

A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.

There are two kinds of clauses: independent and subordinate

clauses.

An independent clause has a subject and a verb and can stand

by itself as a complete sentence.

A subordinate clause, although it has a subject and a verb,

cannot stand by itself as a sentence; it is only part of a sentence.
Adjective
Clauses
Adjective clauses describe, limit, or qualify nouns or pronouns in
ways often not possible with one-word adjectives or
adjective phrases.

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun

or pronoun by telling what kind or which one.

An adjective clause appears after the noun or pronoun it

modifies and usually begins with a relative pronoun (that,
which, whom, or whose) or sometimes with a relative adverb
(such as before, since, when, where, or why.)
EXAMPLES:

The shoes which I bought yesterday is

brown.

I still remember the time when I broke

your arm.
An adjective clause that is not essential to the basic
meaning of a sentence is set off by commas. An
essential clause is not set off. There are cases that
English language users combine information from
two sentences into one by using either a
nonessential or an essential adjective clause.
 Nonessential Adjective Clause Essential Adjective Clause

The Silk Road, which led to the The road that led to the riches of
riches of China, was once filled China was once filled with
with caravans having many caravans having many donkeys
donkeys and camels. and camels.
Adverb
Clause
 Adverb clause is a subordinate clause
which modifies a verb, adjective,
adverb, or verbal. It does this function
by pointing out where, when, in what
manner, to what extent, under what
condition, or why.
EXAMPLES:

In two sentences: Bill Bradley was a

basketball star. He became a senator of
United States of America.

Combined: Bill Bradley was a basketball

star before he became a senator of
United States of America.
Noun
Clause
 A noun clause, also referred to as a
substantive clause, is a dependent
clause that acts as a noun.

When a simple noun is not enough to

represent a person, place, thing, or
idea, we use a noun clause.
Noun clauses frequently begin with that,
which, who, whom, or whose, the same words
that can begin adjective clauses. Other words
that can begin noun clauses are how, if, what,
whatever, when, where, whether, whichever,
whoever, and whomever. Besides serving to
introduce a noun clause, these words
sometimes serve a function within the clause
as well.
 6 TYPES OF NOUN
CLAUSES
1. Subject
2. Direct object
3. indirect object
4. Predicative Nominative
5. Object of a preposition
6. Appositive
 Noun clause as a subject

Subjects in grammar are

words, phrases, or clauses
that do the action of verbs.
They can be nouns,
pronouns, and noun clauses.
 Noun Clause Direct
Object
A noun clause can act as the
subject of a sentence. The noun
clause itself performs the action
in the sentence.
 Noun clause as a indirect object
Noun clauses can also function as indirect
objects of the verb in the sentence (the
independent clause).
Indirect objects are words, phrases, or clauses
that receive the action of a ditransitive verb.
Sometimes a noun clause can function as the
indirect object
 Noun clause as a
predicate nominative
A predicate nominative is a word or a
group of words that identifies the
subject of a sentence and renames it. It
comes after a linking verb.
Noun clause as a object of preposition

-Have a subject and a predicate.

-Follow a preposition (about, to, in,

on, with, by, of, from, etc.)
-Start with an introductory word (what,
how, where, what, whoever, why, etc
-Will start with the introductory word
and go to the end of the prepositional
phrase (many times this will be the end
of the sentence)
Noun clause as a
appositive
An appositive is a noun or a noun
phrase that renames the noun next
to it. It serves the purpose of
adding information about another
noun
 Uses of Noun Clauses in Sentences
Functions in Examples
Sentences
Subject Whatever tools I need can be found at Ace Hardware.
Direct Object The dentist treats whoever patient arrives first.
Indirect Object The group sent whoever requested information a fashion
magazine.
Predicative To get rid of this cold is what I would like to experience.
nominative
Object of a I will cut the illustration board to whatever length you desire.
Preposition
Appositive The students made their request, that the final submission of
research manuscripts be extended.
Since some of the words that introduce noun
clauses also introduce adjective and adverb
clauses, do not let the introductory word be
your only guide to determining the type of
clause. Always check the function of the clause
in the sentence. With noun clauses, you can
also try substituting the words ‘fact’, ‘it’, ‘thing’,
or ‘you’ for the clause. If the sentence retains
its smoothness, the clause is probably a noun
clause.
 Lesson 2:

Phrases
Praise the Phrase!
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:

• Define Phrase.
• Discuss the kinds and functions of phrase.
• Identify how a phrase functions in a sentence.
• Discuss the Rules of Punctuations in Participle and Participial
Phrase.
What is Phrase?
 Phrase
• Phrase is a group of two or more words that
stand together as one unit and express a single
idea.
• A phrase does not have a verb or subject.
Kinds of Phrases
 Kinds of Phrases

• Noun Phrase
• Verb Phrase
• Adverb Phrase
• Adjective Phrase
• Prepositional Phrase
• Participle and Participial Phrase
NOUN PHRASE
Is a group of words that consists of a noun and
other words that modify the noun.
They can function as the subject, object or
complement of a sentence.
 Example:

The cute dog across the street is

mine.
VERB PHRASE
Consists of the main verb and any modifiers,
objects, or complements.

Example:
She is waiting for Danni.
ADVERB PHRASE
(Also known as Adverbial phrase) is a group of
words that functions as an adverb.

Example:
Sally lives around the corner.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
Is a group of words in which the head words is
an adjective.

Example:
Rihanna is a beautiful tall lady.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Is a group of words that consists of preposition, the
objects of the preposition and any modifiers.

Example:
The witch sat on her broom.
Prepositional Phrase can either be
adjective or adverbial phrase
• Adjective Phrase – it modifies the noun or
pronouns in a sentence.
• Adverbial Phrase – it modifies the verb.
 Example:

The cake with sprinkles is yours.

The balloon drifted up the stairs.

PARTICIPLE & PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

Participle Phrase is a verb that acts an adjective. It

modifies or describe a noun or a pronoun.
2 Kinds of Participle Phrase
• Present Participle – ending in – ing
• Past Participle – ending in – ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or
-ne
 Example of Present Participle

Smiling the winner accepted the trophy.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
Consists of a Participle and any modifiers or
complements the participle has.
Example
Delores noticed her cousin walking along the
shoreline
 Rules of
Punctuations
 Rules of Punctuations

1. When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a

comma should be placed after the phrase.

Ex.
Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
 Rules of Punctuations

2. If the participle or participial phrase comes in the

middle of a sentence, it should be set off with
commas only if the information is not essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
 Rules of Punctuations

Ex:
The church, destroyed by a fire, was never a rebuilt.
 Rules of Punctuations

3. If the participial phrase is essential to the meaning

of the sentence no commas should be used.

Ex.
The guy wearing a chicken costume is my cousin.
 Lesson 3:

Sentences
Sentence the sentences!
 PARAGRAPHS
A paragraph is defined as “a group
of sentences or a single sentence
that forms a unit” (Lunsford and
Connors 116).
 PARAGRAPHS
For instance, in some styles of writing,
particularly journalistic styles, a
paragraph can be just one sentence long.
Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or
group of sentences that support one main
idea.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!!