Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago

UTESA
Name:
Virginia Gacrcia

Registration:
2-19-4025

Teacher:
Edwin Emmanuel

Section:
ING-315-001
 • The Sentence
Grammatically a sentence is an independent unit of expression, made up of two essential parts
called subject and predicate. In writting, a sentence beings with a capital letter and ends with a
period, question mark, or exclamation point. A sentence is a combination or group of words that
gives a complete, idea, thought, or meaning. a set of words that is complete in itself, typically
containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command,
and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

Example:
Joe walks in the park.

CLAUSE
• Type of sentences A clause is a group of
1-Simple sentence; A simple sentence must have a single clause words that has subject
(a single verb) which is independent, and it cannot take another clause. and predicate.

Example:
VERB
I always wanted to become a singer.
Verbs are the action
(One clause – one verb) words in a sentence that
describe what the subject
is doing.
type of clauses
Independent or main clause: is a complete sentence. It contains a subject and verb and
expresses a complete thought in context and meaning. For example, He talked. (This
sentence contains only two words but it is still complete because it has subject and predicate)

Subject+Verb= Complete thought

Dependent or Subordinate: A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is part of a

sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not convey the complete sense. They can make
sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning.
A dependent clause is joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. It often
starts with a subordinating conjunction. Example: When I go to the supermarket, I buy chips.

Subord Conj.+Subj+Verb= Incomplete thought

A relative clause or adjective clause: conjunction

start of the clause like who, which, whose etc. To make a distinction
is a word that joins two
between an antecedent that is a human “who(m)” and an antecedent which is a
non-human “which”. Example: I met my friends yesterday. The friend, who equal things together. It
had curly hair, was very intelligent. can join two nouns or
two verbs, but it cannot
1. Who(m) is used when an antecedent is a person. join a noun to a verb.
2. That is used to refer to either a person or thing.
3. Which is used to refer to anything except a person.

starts with the relative pronoun

Noun Clauses: Noun clauses can act as a subject, direct or indirect objects or predicate
nominatives.

1. Examples: Tell me who left his book on the table. (direct object)
2. I shall tell whoever will listen to my interesting story. (indirect object)
3. Whoever is the last one to leave turns off the lights. (subject)
4. The boy with the curled hair is who I want on my team. (predicate nominative)

It is a dependent clause that works as a noun

Noun clauses often begin with pronouns or other words. That particular word usually has a
grammatical function in the sentence.

Relative pronouns: that, what, who, which, whom, whose

Indefinite relative pronouns: whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whether, if
Interrogative adjective: what
Interrogative adverb: how
Interrogative pronoun: who
Subordinating conjunctions: whenever, how, when, if, where, whether, why

2-Compound sentences: is a sentence that connects two independent clauses, typically with
a coordinating conjunction like and or but. They’re best for combining two or more self-
sufficient and related sentences into a single, unified one. To be a compound sentence, it needs
at least two subjects and two verbs. If both sentences use the same subject, it must be stated
twice, as in the example below. Otherwise, it’s not a compound sentence.

Example

I have a pet iguana whose name is Fluffy

3-Complex sentences: A complex sentence uses one main independent clause with any
number of subordinate clauses. While compound sentences use coordinating conjunctions to
join the clauses together, complex sentences use subordinating conjunctions, explained earlier.
If the subordinating clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause. If the
independent clause comes first, you don’t need a comma at all.

My sister puts on makeup whenever she goes out.

4-Compound-complex sentences: As the name suggests, compound-complex sentences

combine compound sentences with complex sentences. They require at least two independent
clauses and at least one subordinating clause. To combine them, follow the specific grammar
rules for each; be sure you’re using your coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions in the right places.

The sun is shining through the clouds, so I think that we can go

swimming.
Functionally, sentences are of mainly four types:
1-Declarative sentence:
An assertive sentence (declarative sentence) simply expresses an opinion,feeling, or makes a
statement, or describes things. In other words, it declares something. This type of sentence ends
with a period.
Examples:
London is the capital of England.

2-Imperative sentence: We use an imperative sentence to make a request or to give a

command. Imperative sentences usually end with a period, but under certain circumstances, it
can end with a note of exclamation.
Examples:
➢ Please stand up.
➢ I need you to stand up now!

3-Interrogative sentence: An interrogative sentence asks a question. Interrogative sentences

must end with a note of interrogation (question mark).
Example:

Does Mary like John?

4-Exclamatory sentence: expresses overflow of emotions. These emotions can be of happiness,

wonder, sorrow, anger, etc.
Example:

Jeepers! You scared the life out of me!

• Parts of the sentence

The subject: Is the part naming the person or thing that the sentence speaks about, the subject
represents what or whom the sentence is about. The simple subject usually contains a noun or
pronoun and can include modifying words, phrases, or clauses. Subject pronouns can be singular
or plural, and they can be masculine, feminine, or gender neutral. The masculine or feminine
subject pronoun is used when gender is known; when referring to an inanimate object, the gender-
neutral form “it” is used. The subject pronoun “it” can be used to refer to animals of unspecific
gender, and it is also appropriate to use the subject pronoun “it” to describe a baby of unknown
gender. “It” is also used to talk about the weather, temperature, or time.
Example
She was the queen of the world. They love their mother.

Subject subject
The predicate: It will always include a verb but will usually also include other elements. So
these are what it will/may include: Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Subject Complement.
Example
Hummingbirds sing with their tail feathers.

Predicate

Direct Object: A direct object is the receiver of the action within a sentence, and it is usually
a noun or pronoun.
Example

Damien hates raisins.

Direct object

Indirect Object: can only be in a sentence if there is also a direct object. They indicate to
whom or for whom the action of the sentence is being done. Again, the indirect object is usually
a noun or pronoun.
Example

Becky baked Bernice a plateful of cookies.

Subject complement: either renames or describes the subject, and therefore is usually a noun,
pronoun, or adjective. Subject complements occur when there is a linking verb within the
sentence (often a linking verb is a form of the verb to be).
Example

➢ The man is a good father. (father = noun which

renames the subject)
➢ The man seems kind. (kind = adjective which
describes the subject)

Grammar
Grammar is the way we arrange words to make proper sentences. Word level grammar covers
verbs and tenses, nouns, adverbs etc. Sentence level grammar covers phrases, clauses, reported
speech etc. The structure and system of a language, or of languages in general, usually considered
to consist of syntax and morphology think of grammar as a signpost. Grammar is the system of a
language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no
language has rules. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first
and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages
started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No
commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar"
is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.
 • parts of the speech
Refers to the role a word plays in a sentence. A part of speech is a term used in traditional
grammar for one of the eight main categories into which words are classified according to their
functions in sentences, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes, these are the
building blocks of grammar.
Every word performs one of five funtions: naming, expressing doing or being, modifying,
connecting, or expressing emotions. These funtions are clasified into eight Parts of speech,
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Words that name.

1-Noun: is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns have
both a singular and plural form, can be preceded by an article and/or one or more
adjectives, and can serve as the head of a noun phrase.

Person
Wander
Woman
Boy
Virginia
Maria

Place Idea
Venice Love
Paris Fear
Earth strength
Chicago Democracy
Waterfront Height

Thing
Car
Shoe
Cat
Computer
Table
Different types of noun
Common nouns: are words that refer to undefined or generic people, places, or things. For
example, the country is a common noun that refers to a generic place while the word Canada is
not a common noun because it refers to a specific place. Common nouns are only capitalized
when they begin sentences or are used in the names or titles of something, as in Grand Canyon
or Iron Man.

Proper nouns
Proper nouns help distinguish a specific person, place, or thing. These words should be
capitalized. The names and titles of things are always proper nouns, such as the brand name
Starbucks and the personal name Jenny.
Example

Countable noun
A countable noun, also called a count noun, is “a noun that typically refers to a countable thing
and that in English can be used in both the singular and the plural and can be preceded by the
indefinite article a or an or by a number.” Basically, if it is possible to count something, that
something is referred to by a countable noun. Countable nouns can be either singular nouns or
plural nouns. For example, the nouns apple, monkey, and chairs are countable nouns. You can
count that you have one apple in a basket, that there are three monkeys at the zoo, or that a
concert has 987 chairs. Something to remember about countable nouns is they almost always
use an article when they are singular. For example, you wouldn’t say I found dime or Cat ate
food. Instead, you would say I found a dime or My cat ate her food. However, countable nouns
can be used alone when they are plural as in I wore shoes or She loves dogs.
Countable nouns may sound simple, but sometimes things can get tricky. Depending on how
they are used, some words may be countable nouns in some instances but not in others. For
example, the word nickel is a countable noun when it refers to a coin, but it is not a countable
noun when it refers to the chemical element. You can have five nickels in your pocket, but we
don’t have five nickels in a chemical compound. As another example, the word fly is either a
countable noun or a verb (which isn’t a type of noun at all!) depending on context.
People and animals
The words we use to refer to people and animals are all countable nouns. It is possible to count
even very small animals and living things like dust mites or bacteria. Remember, countable
nouns can be singular or plural.

People: woman, men, girl, boys, enbies, astronaut, pirates, ninja,

Friends.
Animals: dogs, cat, pet, bird, herd, wasps, swarm, insect, crustaceans.

Places
Although you may not typically think of places as being things you can count, it is still possible.
For example, you can travel to three islands or drive through five countries as part of a journey.

Examples nations, cities, country, state, lake, rivers, mountain, house, romos.

Things
When it comes to things, you need to stop and think if it is actually possible to count something
to determine if it will use a countable noun. For example, it is possible to count pineapples but
you can’t count milk. You can have four pineapples but you can’t have four milk. Milk is an
uncountable noun, which we will address below.

Examples: bananas, car, computer, explosion, hole, bumps, bones, teeth, stick

Ideas and concepts

This is where things can get really tricky. For the most part, we don’t consider abstract nouns to
be countable nouns. Try as you might, you can’t count hunger, happiness, or music. However,
some intangible things can be countable even though they don’t exist as material objects. For
example, you can have 10 ideas, three goals, or two plans. In this case, you really need to think
hard if it makes sense to put a number in front of these words. If it makes sense to slip a number
in there, you have a countable noun.

Examples: situations, causes, experiences, problems, mistakes, answers, alternatives

Difference between singular and plural nouns

A singular noun refers to one person, place, or thing. The type of noun that refers to more than
one person, place, or thing is known as a plural noun. Singular nouns always use singular verbs
(such as is, was, and walks) while plural nouns use plural verbs (such as are, were, and walk).
Only singular nouns can use the articles a and an.
Plural nouns can be tricky to tell apart from singular nouns. Many plural nouns are created by
simply adding the letter S to a singular noun as in the words cats, hamburgers, or ideas.
However, many plural nouns do not follow this rule, so you need to keep an eye out. Always
remember the rule that a singular noun is a noun that only refers to one person, place, or thing.
Here are examples of the different ways that we use singular and plural nouns:

A lady (singular noun) bought a dress (singular noun) from the store (singular noun).
My brother (singular noun) collects stamps (plural noun).
Math (singular noun) gives me headaches (plural noun).
The shark (singular noun) had sharp teeth (plural noun).
Chris didn’t meet the required criteria (plural noun!) for being a dancer (singular noun).

Uncountable noun
An uncountable noun, also called a mass noun, is “a noun that typically refers to an indefinitely
divisible substance or an abstract notion, and that in English cannot be used, in such a sense,
with the indefinite article or in the plural.” Non-count nouns, sometimes called uncountable
nouns, do not have a plural form and they generally fit into particular categories.

Music, love, happiness, news

Concrete nouns
A concrete noun is something that can be perceived through the five senses. If you can see, hear,
touch, taste, or smell something, it uses a concrete noun.

Table, apple, rabbit, ear.

Abstract noun
is a noun or noun phrase that names an idea, event, quality or concept.

Courage, freedom, patience.

Collective nouns
Are words for single things that are made up of more than one person, animal, place, thing, or
idea

Committee, group, team

• Pronoun
a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause.
Types of pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points to a particular noun or to the noun it replaces. "These pronouns
can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural,

Near in time or distance: this, these

Far in time or distance: that, those

Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to an unspecified or unidentified person or thing. Put another way,
an indefinite pronoun doesn't have an antecedent. Indefinite pronouns include quantifiers (some,
any, enough, several, many, or much); universals (all, both, every, or each); and partitives (any,
anyone, anybody, either, neither, no, nobody, some, or someone). For example:

Everyone did as he pleased.

Interrogative Pronouns
The term interrogative pronoun refers to a pronoun that introduces a question. These words are
also called a pronominal interrogative. Related terms include interrogative, "wh"-word, and
question word, although these terms are usually not defined in precisely the same way.

What do you want for your birthday?

Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun ends in -self or -selves and is used as an object to refer to a previously
named noun or pronoun in a sentence. It can also simply be called a reflexive. Reflexive
pronouns usually follow verbs or prepositions. For example:

He himself took the notebook.

Intensive Pronouns
An intensive pronoun ends in -self or -selves and emphasizes its antecedent. It is also known as
an intensive reflexive pronoun. Intensive pronouns often appear as appositives after nouns or
other pronouns.
The team knew that they themselves
were responsible for playing their best.

Personal pronoun
Refers to a particular person, group, or thing. Like all pronouns, personal pronouns can take the
place of nouns and noun phrases.
 First-person singular: I ( subject), me (object)
First-person plural: we (subject), us (object)
Second-person singular and plural: you (subject and
object)
Third-person singular: he, she, it (subject), him, her,
it (object)
Third-person plural: they (subject), them (object)

Possessive Pronouns
Can take the place of a noun phrase to show ownership, as in, "This phone is mine." The weak
possessives (also called possessive determiners) function as determiners in front of nouns, as in,
"My phone is broken." The weak possessives are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
Reciprocal Pronouns
A reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual action or relationship. In English, the reciprocal
pronouns are each other and one another.

Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun introduces an adjective clause (also called a relative clause). The standard
relative pronouns in English are which, that, who, whom, and whose. Who and whom refer only
to people. Which refers to things, qualities, and ideas—never to people. That and whose refer to
people, things, qualities, and ideas.

Words that express doing or being

• Verb
A verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a
state of being.
Lexical vs. Auxiliary
Lexical verbs—also called full verbs—convey the semantic (or lexical) meaning in a sentence,
such as:

It rained last night

Dynamic vs. Stative
A dynamic verb is used primarily to indicate an action, process, or sensation as opposed to a
state, such as:
I bought a new guitar
Finite vs. Nonfinite
A finite verb expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main clause, as in:

She walked to school

Regular vs. Irregular

A regular verb forms its verb tenses, especially the past tense and past participle, by adding one
in the set of generally accepted standardized suffixes. Regular verbs are conjugated by adding -
d, -ed, -ing, or -s to its base form, unlike irregular verbs which have special rules for
conjugation.
The base form: the dictionary term for a word
like walk
The -s form: used in the singular third person,
present tense like walks
The -ed form: used in the past tense and past
participle like walked
The -ing form: used in the present participle
like walking

Transitive vs. Intransitive

A transitive verb takes an object (a direct object and sometimes also an indirect object):

She sells seashells.

Phrasal vs. Prepositional

A phrasal verb is a type of compound verb made up of a verb (usually one of action or
movement) and a prepositional adverb—also known as an adverbial particle. Phrasal verbs are
sometimes called two-part verbs (take off and leave out) or three-part verbs (look up to and look
down on).
tear off, run out of, and pull through

Words that modify

• Adjective
is used to modify a noun, in other words, we use adjectives to add something to the meaning of
a noun.
Types of adjectives
Proper adjective: Is one derived from a proper noun. For example, “The English language”,
“The Indian Ocean”, “The Victorian attitude.
Descriptive, qualitative or attributive adjective: is one that shows the kind and quality of a
person or thing. For example, “A brave person.”, “A beautiful child.”, “A careful mother.”
Some attributive adjectives are derived from nouns, e.g. a law college, a flower garden, pay-day.

Quantitative adjective: is one that shows how much (quantity) of a thing is meant. For
example, I did not eat any apple, he ate much bread, you drink little milk.
A quantitative adjective is always followed by a singular material or abstract noun.

Numeral adjective: is one that shows the number or serial order of persons or things. They are
further divided into two main classes.
Definite numerals show some exact number. They are of three kinds
Cardinals (One, two, three, four)
Ordinals (First, second, third, fourth)
Multiplicatives (Single, double, triple, quadruple)
Indefinite numerals do not show an exact number e.g. all, some, enough, none, many, few,
several etc.
Demonstrative adjective: is one that points out which person or thing is meant, e.g. this boy,
that person, those men.
Distributive adjective: is one that refers to each one of a number. They are four in number;
each, every, either, neither.
Interrogative adjective: is used to ask a question. For example: “Whose pen is this?”, “What
book is that?”, “Which flower do you like best?”
Possessive adjective: The words my, our, your, his, her, its, their, when used before a noun, are
called possessive adjectives.

• Adverbs
Are content words that provide information about how, when, or where something happens.
Adverbs are also called intensifiers because they intensify the meaning of the word or words
they are modifying,
Adverbs of Emphasis
Adverbs of emphasis are used to give added force or a greater degree of certainty to another
word in a sentence or to the sentence as a whole, for example:

He certainly liked the food.

Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner indicate how something is done. They are usually placed at the end of a
sentence or before the main verb, as in: Tom drives quickly.

Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time tell you when or at what time something is done. Adverbs of time are usually
placed at the end of a sentence. They can also be used at the beginning of a sentence followed
by a comma. Example: Yesterday, we decided to take a walk.

Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place indicate where something is done and usually appear at the end of a sentence,
but they can also follow the verb. Example: I decided to rest over there.

Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell you how often something is repeatedly done. They include usually,
sometimes, never, often, and rarely. Adverbs of frequency are often placed directly before the
main verb: Example: She rarely goes to parties.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

When adverbs modify an adjective, they are placed before the adjective: Example: She is
extremely happy.

Words that connect

• Preposition
is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Prepositions are words like in and out, above and below, and to and from, and they're words we
use all the time.

Simple Prepositions
Many prepositions are made up of only one word and are called simple prepositions. These
include short and very common words like as, at, by, for, and of. You also use prepositions such
as about, between, into, like, onto, since, than, through, with, within, and without to show a
relationship between words.
Complex Prepositions
In addition to the simple prepositions, several word groups can perform the same grammatical
function. These are called complex prepositions. They are two- or three-word units that combine
one or two simple prepositions with another word.
Deverbal Prepositions
Transitive prepositions that take the same form as -ing participles or -ed participles are called
deverbal prepositions. It is a rather short list, but it is important to understand that these are also
prepositions. Example: according (to)

Conjunction
Is the part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
The common conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet) join the elements of a coordinate
structure and are thus called coordinating conjunctions. They connect words, phrases, and
clauses of equal rank.

Coordinating Conjunctions
You use coordinating conjunctions to connect two simple sentences with a comma. The two
parts of the sentence, if split apart without the conjunction, could stand alone as sentences, as
they both have a subject and a verb.

Using Subordinating Clauses

A clause that couldn't stand alone as its own sentence is a dependent clause. When you connect
a dependent clause to a sentence, you'll use a subordinating conjunction, such as in the
following: Example: With a subordinating clause: It closed its eyes and purred at me when I
picked up the tabby cat.

Paired Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions pair things together and go in a set. They include either...or,
neither...nor, not only...but also, both...and, not...nor, as...as. Whether you use a comma before
the second conjunction depends on whether the clauses are independent or not (as in
coordinating conjunctions above).

Words that express emotion

• Interjection
An interjection, also known as an ejaculation or an exclamation, is a word, phrase, or sound
used to convey an emotion such as surprise, excitement, happiness, or anger. Put another way,
an interjection is a short utterance that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing
alone.
Mild Intejection: (punctuated with comma): Well, i would not worry about that.
Strong interjection: (punctuated with exclamation point): no! I cannot believe it!

• The simple present

Is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is
happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes
called present indefinite). Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using
the root form or by adding ‑s or ‑es to the end.

Example: I feel great! Pauline loves pie. I’m sorry to hear that you’re sick.

How to Form the Simple Present

In the simple present, most regular verbs use the root form, except in the third-person singular
(which ends in -s).
First-person singular: I write
Second-person singular: You write
Third-person singular: He/she/it writes (note the ‑s)
First-person plural: We write
Second-person plural: You write
Third-person plural: They write

For a few verbs, the third-person singular ends with -es instead of -s. Typically, these are verbs
whose root form ends in o, ch, sh, th, ss, gh, or z.

Simple Present in Negative

The formula for making a simple present verb negative is do/does + not + [root form of verb].
You can also use the contraction don’t or doesn’t instead of do not or does not.
Pauline does not want to share the pie. She doesn’t think there is enough to go around. Her
friends do not agree. I don’t want pie anyway. To make the verb to be negative, the formula is
[to be] + not.

How to Ask a Question

The formula for asking a question in the simple present is do/does + [subject] + [root form of
verb].

Do you know how to bake a pie? How much does Pauline love pie?

• The present continuous

is made from the present tense of the verb be and the –ing form of a verb. We use the present
continuous to talk about:
1-activities at the moment of speaking:
I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping

2- future plans or arrangements:

Mary is going to a new school next term.
What are you doing next week?

Present continuous questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of the subject:
Example: Are you listening?
Are they coming to your party?

Present continuous negatives

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after am, is or are.
I'm not doing that.
You aren't listening. (or You're not listening.)
They aren't coming to the party. (or They're not coming to the party.)

• Past Simple (Simple Past)

The Past Simple tense, also called the Simple Past, is used for past actions that happened either
at a specific time, which can either be given by a time phrase (yesterday, last year, etc.) or
understood from the context. Regular Verbs add -ed to the base form, or -d if the verbs ends
with -e. Irregular verbs can change in many different ways. The verb form is the same for all
persons:
I liked, you liked, she/he/it liked, we liked, they liked.

Note: After the auxiliary verb, Did/Didn't, it returns to the base form:
Did you take it?
She didn't like it.

When to use the Past Simple Tense

The past simple is used to show a completed action at a specific time in the past. Like the
present simple, we use the past simple to show habits, facts, and things in general except this
time we are talking about the past.

Negative Sentences in the Past Simple Tense

We use did not (didn’t) for negative sentences except the verb to be.

I didn’t like tennis.

I didn’t come here to talk to you.

Questions in the Simple Past Tense

We use did to form a question in the past simple tense except the verb to be.
Yes/No Questions in the Past Simple
Yes/No questions are formed with the auxiliary did. We use did before the subject.

Did you find the bar?

Did you come here alone?

Past continuos
Past Continuous is used to express continuous processes that happened at a certain point in the
past. This moment can be indicated by words or phrases:

Yesterday when you called me I was working.

How to form sentences

The Past Continuous is very simple to form. For this we need two components: The first
component is: the past form of the verb to be. In the past tense, the verb to be looks like was or
were. It depends on who is the subject in the sentence.

Example: I was
He was

How to form Affirmative (Positive) Sentences in Past Continuous

To form an affirmative (positive) sentence, we put the subject first. After the subject, we put the
right form of the verb to be. After that, we put the main verb with the -ing ending. Then we can
add the rest of the sentence if needed.

Subject (I, you, they, John, dog) + to be (was, were) + main verb with -ing (reading, running,
speaking) + rest of the sentence.

: When Jessica called me, I was walking down the street.

How to form Interrogative (Question) Sentences in Past Continuous
To form an interrogative (question) sentence, we put the right form of the verb to be at the
beginning of the sentence. Then we put in the subject. After the subject, we put the main verb
with the -ing ending.

to be (was, were) + Subject (I, you, they, John, dog) + main verb with -ing (reading, running,
speaking) + rest of the sentence.

Were you playing football this morning?

How to form Negative Sentences in Past Continuous

To form a negative sentence, we put the subject first. After the subject, we put the right form of
the verb to be with the negative not. Then we put the main verb with the -ing ending.

Subject (I, you, they, John, dog) + to be (was, were) + not + main verb with -ing (reading,
running, speaking) + rest of the sentence.

I was not reading your journal when you came!

Answers: 1- Exclamatory
2- Inter
3- Inter
4- Declarative
5- Inter
6- Imperative
7- Exclamatory
8- Dec
9- Inter
10- Dec