Formulas and Tables for AP Statistics

I. Descriptive Statistics

1 ∑ xi 1 2 ∑ ( xi − x )2
x = ∑ xi = s=
x ∑ ( xi − x )=
n n n −1 n −1

ŷ= a + bx y= a + bx

1 x − x   yi − y  sy
=r ∑ i b=r
n − 1  s x  s y  sx

II. Probability and Distributions

P ( A ∩ B)
P ( A ∪ B )= P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) P ( A | B) =
P ( B)

Probability Distribution Mean Standard Deviation

µ X = E ( X ) = ∑ xi P ( xi ) 2
Discrete random variable, X σ X = ∑ ( xi − µ X ) P ( xi )

If 𝑋𝑋 has a binomial distribution

with parameters n and p, then:
µ X = np σX
= np (1 − p )
n
P( X= x= )   p x (1 − p )n − x
 x
where x = 0, 1, 2, 3,  , n

If 𝑋𝑋 has a geometric distribution

1 1− p
with parameter p, then: µX = σX =
p p
P ( X= x= ) (1 − p ) x −1 p
where x = 1, 2, 3, 

III. Sampling Distributions and Inferential Statistics

statistic − parameter
Standardized test statistic:
standard error of the statistic

Confidence interval: statistic ± ( critical value )( standard error of statistic )

( observed − expected )2
Chi-square statistic: χ 2 = ∑ expected

AP Statistics 2020 Formulas and Tables Sheet

III. Sampling Distributions and Inferential Statistics (continued)
Sampling distributions for proportions:

Random Parameters of Standard Error*

Variable Sampling Distribution of Sample Statistic
For one
population: µ p̂ = p p (1 − p ) p̂ (1 − p̂ )
σ p̂ = s p̂ =
p̂ n n

For two p̂1 (1 − pˆ1 ) pˆ 2 (1 − p̂2 )

populations:
µ pˆ − pˆ= p1 − p2
σ pˆ − pˆ
= +
) s pˆ1 − pˆ 2
p1 (1 − p1 ) p2 (1 − p2= n1
+
n2
pˆ1 − pˆ 2 1 2
n1 n2
1 2

When p1 = p2 is assumed:

1 1 
s pˆ ˆ = pˆ c (1 − pˆ c )  + 
1 − p2 n
 1 n2 

X1 + X 2
where p̂c =
n1 + n2

Sampling distributions for means:

Random Standard Error*

Parameters of Sampling Distribution
Variable of Sample Statistic
For one
µX = µ σ s
population: σX = sX =
n n
X
For two
populations: µX = µ1 − µ2 σ12 σ 22 s12 s22
1− X2 σX = + s X −= +
X1 − X 2 1 −X 2 n1 n2 1 X 2 n1 n2

Sampling distributions for simple linear regression:

Random Standard Error*

Parameters of Sampling Distribution
Variable of Sample Statistic
s
sb = ,
µ =β σ sx n − 1
For slope: σb = ,
b
σx n 2
b ∑ ( yi − yˆi )
2 where s =
∑ ( xi − x ) n−2
where σ x = 2
n ∑ ( xi − x )
and s x =
n −1

*Standard deviation is a measurement of variability from the theoretical population. Standard error is the estimate of the standard deviation. If the
standard deviation of the statistic is assumed to be known, then the standard deviation should be used instead of the standard error.

AP Statistics 2020 Formulas and Tables Sheet