Adapted from Jeffery A.

Hoffer’s
th
Modern Database Management, 12
Edition
Lecture # 6
Range of DB (continued)
Evolution of DB

Lecturer
Shermeen Adnan

1
 Range of DB Applications(Multitier
Client/Server Databases)
• Utility of a personal DB is limited
• To achieve sharing of data amongst multiple users multitier
client/server DBs are built
• Support a department like marketing and accounting or a
division line of business larger than work-group
– User interface is accessible on individual users computer via
browser
– Application layer/ web server layer contains business logic
required to accomplish the business transactions requested by
the user
– It talks to database server
• Improved performance and maintainability of application
and DBs
Range of DB Applications(Multi-tier
Client/Server Databases)
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
• Entire organization or enterprise
• Support organization-wide operations and
decision making
– Organization may have several enterprise DBs
(doesn’t include all organizational data)
– A single operational enterprise DB is impractical
for medium to large organizations
• Performance difficulty
• Diverse needs
• Complexity of achieving a single metadata
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
• The evolution of enterprise DB has resulted in two
major developments
– Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) systems
– Data Warehousing Implementations
• Enterprise applications form the foundation for the
processes that control and execute the basic tasks
• They capture the data surrounding the transactions
– When you registered for your DB course, you engaged in a
transaction that captured data about your registration
– When you go to a store to buy , a transaction takes place
between you and the store and data is captured about
purchase
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
• Organizations use packaged systems offered
by vendors for their transaction processing
needs
– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
– Customer relationship management (CRM)
– Supply chain management (SCM)
– Human resource management (HRM)
– Payroll
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
– a business management system that integrates all
functions of the enterprise, such as
manufacturing, sales, finance, marketing,
inventory, accounting, and human resources.
– ERP systems are software applications that
provide the data necessary for the enterprise to
examine and manage its activities, transactions,
current operations etc
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
• ERP works with the current operational data of
enterprise
• Data warehouse collect content from the various
operational databases
• Data warehouse
– An integrated decision support database whose content is
derived from the various operational databases including
personal, workgroup, department, and ERP database
– It enables users to work with historical data
• Trends
• Patterns
• Answer to strategic business questions
Range of DB Applications(Web-Enabled
Database)
• Web applications requiring databases
– Customer relationship management (CRM)
– Business-to-consumer (B2C)
– Electronic data interchange (EDI)
– Private intranets
– XML-defined Web services
• Issues to consider
– Which technologies to use?
– Security/privacy protection
– Managing huge volumes of data from Internet transactions
– Maintaining data quality
 Evolution of Database
• DBMSs were introduced during the 1960s
• Driven by four main objectives
– Need for program-data independence
reduced maintenance
– Desire to manage more complex data types and
structures
– Ease of data access for less technical personnel
– Need for more powerful decision support
platforms
 Evolution of Database
• DB technology that was dominant during each
decade
 Evolution of Database
• Flat File Database
– Stored as an ordinary unstructured file
called a "flat file”
– To access the structure of the data and id name team
manipulate it on a computer system, the file
must be read in its entirety into the 1 Amy Blues
computer's memory
– In this stored mode the database is said to 2 Bob Reds
be "flat", meaning that it has no structure
for indexing and there are usually no 3 Chuck Blues
structural relationships between the records
– A flat file can be a plain text file or a binary 4 Richard Blues
file
– Apollo moon landing project
 Evolution of Database
• Hierarchical Database
– Data is organized into a
tree-like structure. The data
is stored as records which
are connected to one
another through links
– A record is a collection of
fields, with each field
containing only one value.
– First generation DBMS
– Limited data independence
– Lengthy development time
 Hierarchical Database (1960’s and
1970’s)

• Books
• (id, title)

• Authors
• (first, • Publisher • Subjects
last)
 Evolution of Database
• Network Database
– Flexible way of representing
objects and their
relationships
– not restricted to being a
hierarchy
– Each file can be associated
with arbitrary number of
other files
– First generation DBMS
– Limited data independence
– Lengthy development time
 Network Model (1970’s)
• Provides for single entries of data and
navigational “links” through chains of data

Authors

Subjects Books

Publishers
 Evolution of Database
• Relational Database
– Organizes data in the
form of tables and
relationships among
them
– Second generation
DBMS
– Client/server
computing
– Parallel processing
– GUI
 Relational Model (1980’s)
• Provides a conceptually simple model for data as
relations (typically considered “tables”) with all data
visible.
 Evolution of Database
• Object-Oriented
Database
– Based on object classes
and relationships
among them
– Third generation DBMS
– Structured and
unstructured data
 Object Oriented Data Model (1990’s)
• Encapsulates data and operations as “Objects”

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)
 Evolution of Database
• Object Relational Database (1990’s)
– Hybrid between object-oriented and relational
databases
– Similar to a relational database, but with
an object-oriented database model
• Objects
• Classes
• Inheritance
 Evolution of Database
• Multidimensional databases
– It forms the basis for data warehouse
– Allows us to view data in the form of cubes or a
star schema
• Web-Enabled database 1990s-Present
Evolution of Database