Chapter 7 part 2 - INVERTEBRATES, ANIMALS WITHOUT BACKBONES

Platyhelminthes – Flatworms (flukes, trematodes, tapeworms)

1. What are parasites?
Parasites are animals that survive off of a living host while giving no benefits to the host. They require a host to
go through life.

Nemertea – ribbon worms

2. What is a proboscis?
A proboscis is a long, thin extension of the mouth that is used for feeding or capturing prey.

Nematoda – roundworms
3. What is a hydrostatic skeleton?
An animal with a hydrostatic skeleton does not actually have a hard skeleton, rather it keeps its form using the
pressure of fluids inside of its body.

Annelida – segmented worms (Polychaetes and beard worms, Oligochaetes, leeches)

4. What is a coelom?
A coelom is the body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall

5. What is a closed circulatory system?

A closed circulatory system is where blood is enclosed in veins and pumped around the body so that it is reused.

6. What is a trochophore?
A trochophore is a free-swimming planktonic larvae that uses cilia to propel itself through the water.

Mollusca –
7. What is a mantle?
The mantle is a soft layer of tissue beneath the shell that secretes the material that makes the shell.

8. What is a radula? What is it made of?

A tongue-like extension made of chitin that has a ribbon of small teeth. It is used in feeding.

Know the main classes of Mollusca: Which kinds of organisms are in each class?
Gastropods, Chitins, Bivalves, Cephalopods

Gastropods
9. Define a Gastropod
A coiled mass of vital organs enclosed by a dorsal shell

Cephalopods
10. What is a beak?
Some cephalopods have beak-like jaws that grasp their prey as their radula strips away the flesh

11. What is a pen?

A pen is a reduced version of a shell that is found in the upper surface of the mantle in squids.

12. What is an ink sac?

 An ink sac is a defense mechanism of some cephalopods. It allows them to squirt ink out into the water to
confuse their attackers.

Bivalves
13. What is a valve?
A valve is a section of a clam, mussel, or oyster’s shell.

14. What is an umbo?

The upper hump near the hinge of each shell, is the oldest part of the shell.

15. What are byssal threads?

Byssal threads are secreted by bivalves in order to attach them to surfaces.

16. What are adductor muscles?

Muscles that are used to close the valves

17. Draw a flatworm and label its important characteristics (Insert->Drawing->New)

Sensory Lobe Eye

Ventral Nerve
Cords
Brain

Mouth
Intestine

Pharynx

18. Draw a gastropod and label its important characteristics (Insert->Drawing->New)

 Shell Genital Pore

Eye Spot

Border of foot

Pneumostome
Sole