NON- NURSING

THEORIES
 NON- NURSING
THEORIES
1. SYSTEMS THEORY
2. CHANGE THEORY
3. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
SYSTEM
THEORY
 SYSTEM THEORY
• It provides another approach for
studying individuals in their
environments and is used by many
disciplines.
• General System Theory includes
purpose, content, and process, breaking
down the “whole” and analyzing the
parts. The relationships between the
parts of the whole are examined to
learn how they work together.
 SYSTEM THEORY
• Von Bertalanffy (1969, 1976) developed
general systems theory which assumes the
following:
• All systems must be goal directed
• A system is more than the sum of its parts
• A system is ever changing, and any change in
one part affects the whole
• Boundaries are implicit, and human systems
are open and dynamic.
CHANGE
THEORY
 CHANGE THEORY
• People grow and change throughout
their lives. This growth and change are
evident in the dynamic nature of basic
human needs and how they are met.
• Change happens daily. Change involves
a modification or alteration. It may be
planned or unplanned. Although a
variety of change theories exist
 CHANGE THEORY
• Kurt Lewin (1962) developed the classic theory of
change, which identifies the following six
components:
• Recognition of the area where change is needed
• Analysis of a situation to determine what forces
exist to maintain the situation and what forces
are working to change it.
• Identification of methods by which change can
occur
• Recognition of the influence of group mores or
customs on change
• Identification of the methods that the reference
group uses to bring about change
• The actual process of change.
 CHANGE THEORY
Lewin identified three states of change:
1. Unfreezing – is the recognition of the
need for change and the dissolution of
previously held patterns of behaviour
2. Movement – is the shift of behaviour
toward a new and more healthful pattern.
Movement marks the initiation of change.
3. Refreezing – is the long term solidification
of the new pattern of behaviour.
DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY
HUMAN NEED THEORY
 Human needs are any physiologic or
psychological factors necessary for a
healthy existence.
 The most prominent theorist to focus
on human needs has been Abraham
Maslow. Maslow’s hierarchy of human
needs (1970) states that all human are
born with instinctive needs
HUMAN NEED THEORY
 These needs, grouped into five categories, are
arranged in order of importance from those
essential for physical survival to those necessary to
develop a person’s fullest potential. Maslow’s
hierarchy provides a framework for recognizing and
prioritizing basic needs.
 People must meet lower level needs to some
degree before they can address higher level needs.
 Physiologic needs
• fundamental motivating forces and provide the base for
Maslow’s pyramid. Oxygen, food, water, elimination, activity,
rest, temperature maintenance, and sexuality are essential for
existence.
 Safety needs
• Human needs to be physically safe should be free from the
fear and anxiety that result from a lack of security and
protection
 Love needs
• People need to feel that they belong and are loved to avoid
loneliness and isolation. To meet this need, a person must
give and receive love
 Esteem needs
• There are two types of esteem needs: esteem derived from
others and self-esteem. People need to know that others think
well of, admire and respect them. Self-esteem is a person’s
sense of his or her own adequacy and worth.
 Self-Actualization Needs
• The need for self-actualization is the innate need to realize
fully all of one’s abilities and qualities, that is, to maximize
one’s potential.
 HUMAN NEED THEORY
o A person is not motivated by all five categories of
human needs at the same time. The category most
relevant to the person’s circumstances at a
particular time is the primary motivator.
o Meeting needs is a dynamic process that involves
continual resolution of, progression beyond and
return to any given category needs.
HUMAN NEED THEORY
Human needs are motivational forces (Yura &
Walsh, 1988). Culture, socio-economic
factors, personal values and health influence
the motivational strength for and manner of
expression of these needs. They can learn
to delay meeting their needs and modify the
specific behaviours that satisfy needs,
depending on each need’s motivational
strength. If a need goes unmet, physical
illness, psychological disequilibrium or death
can occur.
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