Introduction to Image

Processing
(CSAL3203)
Textbook
• Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing, 3rd edition, Prentice
Hall, 2009.
• Digital Image Processing Using Matlab, Gonzales.
Assignments & Quizzes
• All assignments must be done individually or as directed
• Hardcopy to be submitted in class on the due date
• Late Submissions
• Deadline of Assignments will not be extended.
• Cheating
• Plagiarism will not be tolerated.
• Do not hand in other people’s code.
• If found guilty all parties will get ZERO Marks.
• No retake of quizzes
Grading / Assessment* (Tentative)

Item Weightage
Quizzes 15%
Assignments 15%
Class Participation 5%
Mid Term 20%
Final 45%
TOAL 100
Contents
What is Image Processing?
• Algorithms that alter an input image to create new image
• Input is image, output is image

• Improves an image for human interpretation in ways including:

• Image display and printing
• Image editing
• Image enhancement
• Image compression
Why do we need Image Processing?
• Motivated by following applications:
• Improvement of pictorial information for
human perception.
• Noise Filtering
• Content Enhancement – Contrast, De-Blurring
• Medical Imaging and Remote Sensing
• Image processing for autonomous machine
applications
• Extract image information
• Industrial applications
• Automated target detection and tracking
• Fingerprint recognition
• Efficient storage and transmission
Image Processing and Nearby Fields
Image Enhancement

Enhance

9
Image De-noising

Denoise

10
Image De-blurring

Deblur

11
Edge Detection

12
Region Detection, Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Sources of Image Data
• Images are formed from EM radiation (light, x-rays, radio waves)
Image Modalities – Thermal
Image Modalities – Radar
Image Modalities – MRI and Astronomy
Image Modalities – Visible Light Microscopy
Image Modalities – Fluorescent Microscopy
Image Modalities – Medical Diagnostic
X-Ray Imaging
Image Modalities – PET
Applications
Image Segmentation
Industrial Automation
Sign Language and Gesture Recognition
Emotion Recognition
Biometrics
Text Recognition and OCR
Face /Gesture Recognition

31
Steps in Digital Image Processing
Key stages in Digital Image Processing

33
IMAGE ACQUISITION

34
IMAGE ENHAMCEMENT

35
IMAGE RESTORATION

36
IMAGE MORPHING

37
IMAGE SEGMENTATION

38
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION

39
OBJECT RECOGNITION

40
IMAGE COMPRESSION

41
COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING

42
Image Acquisition & Formation
Electromagnetic Spectrum

44
Human Eye vs. Camera
• Aperture = Iris
• Shutter = Eye Lids
• CCD = Retina
• Lens = Lens

• Retina has cones and rods

• Cones: Very sensitive to colour
• Rods: sensitive to low illumination levels

45
Eye vs. Camera

• Retina has cones and rods

• Cones: Very sensitive to colour
• Rods: sensitive to low illumination levels
Human Visual System

47
Image Formation in the Eye
• Muscles in eye can change the shape of the lens allowing us focus on
near or far objects
• An image is focused onto retina exciting the rods and cones and send
signals to the brain
Image Formation
Image Formation
Pinhole Camera
•s
Pinhole Camera
Pinhole Camera
• https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/pixar/virtual-
cameras/virtual-cameras-1/a/simple-pinhole-camera
Replacing Pinhole with Lens