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01 Mn1789eu10mn 0002 Channel Configuration
01 Mn1789eu10mn 0002 Channel Configuration
Channel configuration
Contents
1 Channel configuration overview 3
2 Control channel configuration 13
2.1 Dedicated channels 14
2.2 Random access channel 21
2.3 Paging / access grant and notification-channel 28
2.4 CCCH load 30
3 Extended channel mode 33
4 Adaptive Multirate AMR 35
4.1 General 36
4.2 SBS implementation 42
4.3 Database parameters 43
5 Exercises 47
6 Solutions 53
MN1789EU10MN_0002
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© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens Channel configuration
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Channel configuration Siemens
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Siemens Channel configuration
On the radio interface Um two subbands for the BTS-MS duplex connection are
specified:
Uplink UL MS-BTS
824 - 849 MHz GSM850
890 - 915 MHz P-GSM900 (primary band)
880 - 915 MHz E-GSM900 (extended band)
1710 - 1785 MHz DCS1800
876 - 880 MHz GSM-R
1850 - 1910 MHz PCS1900
Downlink DL BTS-MS
869 - 894 MHz GSM850
935 - 960 MHz P-GSM900 (primary band)
925 - 960 MHz E-GSM900 (extended band)
1805 - 1880 MHz DCS1800
921 - 925 MHz GSM-R
1930 - 1990 MHz PCS1900
The radio frequency channel spacing in 200 kHz, allowing 124 RFC in P-GSM, 174
RFC in E-GSM, 374 in DCS, 20 RFC in GSM-R and 299 in PCS1900.
Within the database or within the protocol messages a carrier frequency is
characterized by its absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN).
Using the abbreviation n = ARFCN, there is the following relation between ARFCN
and the frequency in MHz in the uplink Fu [MHz] and the downlink Fd [MHz].
GSM850 Fu(n) = 824.2 + 0.2 (n – 128) 128 < n < 251 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45
P-GSM900 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 n 1 < n < 124 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45
E-GSM 960 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 n 0< n < 124 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45
Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 x (n -1024) 975 < n < 1023
DCS1800 Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2 x (n -512) 512 < n < 885 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 95
GSM-R Fu(n) = 876.2 + 0.2 x (n -955) 955 < n < 974 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45
PCS1900 Fu(n) = 1850.2 + 0.2 x (n -512) 512 < n < 810 Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 80
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Channel configuration Siemens
(880) 890 Mhz 915 Mhz (925) 935 Mhz 960 Mhz GSM 900
1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz DCS 1800
UPLINK (UL) DOWNLINK (DL)
Transmit band of the Transmit band of the base
mobile station station
C C
C C C 124 C C C 124’
1 2 3 (174) 1’ 2’ 3’ (174’)
374 374
512...............885 975....1024
01...............124
DCS1800 GSM900 ARFCN
(Absolute RF channel number)
E-GSM900
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Siemens Channel configuration
Each RFC offers 8 physical channels a time division multiplex access TDMA.
The physical channels are subdivided into logical channels, divided in traffic channels
and control channels according GSM 04.03.
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2 Time
1
200 kHz 0 4.615 msec
= 8 • 577 µs
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Channel configuration Siemens
Speech Channels
(Full/Half)
Data
Channels
(Data Rate)
Logical Channels
Broadcast Control
Channel BCCH
Dedicated Control
Channel DCCH
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Siemens Channel configuration
Frequency
identification of BCCH frequency, MS
Correction Channel
frequency synchronization
FCCH
Broadcast Control
Channels BCCH
system information:
cell identifier, cell parameter, channel
Broadcast Control
configuration, cell frequencies,
Channel BCCH
broadcast frequencies of neighbour
cells
Common Control
Channel CCCH
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Channel configuration Siemens
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Siemens Channel configuration
F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH CCCH F S SDCCH0 SDCCH1 F S SDCCH2 SDCCH3 F S SACCH0 SACCH1 I
1. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH CCCH F S SDCCH0 SDCCH1 F S SDCCH2 SDCCH3 F S SACCH2 SACCH3 I
2. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
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Channel configuration Siemens
26 frames = 120 ms
In a cell with 2 RFC there are more possibilities, depending on the used traffic model
[SDCCH dimensioning], for example:
RFC-0 see cell with 1 TRX
RFC-1 Timeslot 0...7 → TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
or
Timeslot 0 → 8 (SDCCH + SACCH)
Timeslot 1...7 → TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
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Siemens Channel configuration
Introduction:
In a MOC, MTC, LU the MS has to request an SDCCH using the RACH. There is a
time delay between the request and the SDCCH allocation due to the traffic load. If
there is a free SDCCH, it is allocated using the AGCH. The SDCCH is used for the
authentication, transmission of cipher parameters and call initialization. Next a traffic
channel is requested and allocated, if available. After this, the SDCCH is released.
The MS acknowledges the allocation on the FACCH. The TCH with its FACCH and
SACCH is occupied until the end of the call. So the blocking probability is a function
of
availability of SDCCH
availability of TCH
waiting time in TCH queue, if queuing performed (BTS parameter)
time for connection establishment.
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Channel configuration Siemens
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Siemens Channel configuration
Flexible channels used as TCH or SDCCH are created as channel type 'TCHSD'.
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Channel configuration Siemens
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
assignment
In case of
SDCCH request
SDCCH_BACKUP
_POOL
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TCH Release
At TCH release the TCH is returned to the original pool.
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Channel configuration Siemens
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Channel configuration Siemens
This gives the following capacities, the frame duration is 4.6 ms (period between two
successive timeslots 0):
combined: 27/51 of all timeslots 0 => 400000 RACH slots per hour
uncombined: timeslot 0 => 800000 RACH slots per hour
uncombined: timeslot 0,2 => 1560000 RACH slots per hour
(not in BR2.1)
uncombined: timeslot 0,2,4 => 2340000 RACH slots per hour
(not in BR2.1)
uncombined: timeslot 0,2,4,6 => 3120000 RACH slots per hour
(not in BR2.1)
In a cell with 5000 subscriber normally there are about 20 000 RACH activities per
hour only!!
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Siemens Channel configuration
Note: The value entered for this parameter is not only relevant for the CHANNEL
REQUEST message on the RACH but also for the HANDOVER ACCESS
message on the FACCH!
The MS receives the RACH control parameters from the base station on the BCCH:
Maximum number of retransmission (max_retrans) MAXRETR = 1, 2, 4, 7.
If a channel request is not acknowledged by the base station, the MS repeats the
request until the given value of MAXRETR.
Number of slots to spread transmissions (tx_integer) NSLOTST = 0,..15
representing the real values according to the following table:
NSLOTST value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
GSM value 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 25 32 50
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Channel configuration Siemens
The NSLOTST value determines the time period between sending of two channel
requests. This period is measured in RACH slots and is the sum of a deterministic
part td and a random part tr:
The random part tr is an integer between 1 and tx_integer where the probability of
choosing a certain time slot i is given by:
p ( tr = i ) = 1 / tx_integer for i = 1...tx_integer.
retransmission
td = 163 slots
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Siemens Channel configuration
IMMEDIATE
ASSIGNMENT
PROCEDURE
number of
retransmissions = 0
Send CHANNEL
REQUEST msg.
no.of
retransmissions Y set timer T3126 GRANT during N
= max_retrans wait for grant Sup. time
N Y
Select RACH slot for
CELL
next transmission,
RESELECTION
wait for grant
immediate Y
assignment
Y
Rejection
N
number of N
retransmissions + 1
SDCCH WAIT
Allocation T3122
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Channel configuration Siemens
Blocking
The blocking shows the percentage of not successful immediate assignment
procedures initialized by the MS.
blocking [%] =
(number of unsucc. imm. ass. proc. / total number of imm. ass. Proc. ) * 100.
Throughput
The channel throughput is the average number of successful transmissions per time
slot.
throughput = number of successful transmissions/number of simulated time slots.
throughput = ( 1 - blocking ) * traffic load.
Wait Time
The wait time is the time between the initiation of the immediate assignment
procedure and the arrival of the immediate assignment message. For the waiting time
it is useful to consider the 90% quantile of the wait time:
for 90% of the immediate assignment procedures, the wait time is less than the time
t90.
The blocking and the 90% (95%) quantile for different values of the RACH control
parameters is shown in the following tables for a combined RACH/SDCCH:
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The results of these studies show, that even the RACH minimal configuration
(combined RACH/SDCCH is able to serve 50000 RACH activities per hour at a low
blocking (< 0.5%) with an acceptable wait time. An uncombined RACH is able to
serve twice the traffic load with the same grade of service. The minimum blocking for
the considered traffic load is achieved by the following setting of parameters:
max_retrans = 7, tx_integer = 50.
Though a combined RACH can serve the expected traffic load, another RACH
configuration may have to be chosen. The RACH is only the uplink part of the CCCH.
The downlink parts (AGCH,PCH) may need a higher capacity. Therefore, the
configuration of CCCH is determined by the capacity needed by the downlink
channels, the RACH configuration is uncritical.
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Siemens Channel configuration
In a medium cell the common channel pattern on timeslot 0 on one of the TRX can
use the following combination downlink (in uplink all channels are used as RACH):
FSBBBBPPPPFSPPPPPPPPFSPPPPPPPPFSPPPPPPPPFSPPPPPPPP
F = FCCH
S = SCH
B = BCCH
P = PACH/AGCH.
An example for the load and the servable number of subscribers is given at the
following pages.
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Channel configuration Siemens
NCH
In all cells where the ASCI service is enabled, a new logical channel belonging to
CCCH is defined, this new downlink channel is the Notification Channel (NCH).
An MS which is VBS/VGCS* subscriber, besides the paging blocks, monitors also the
Notification Channel. This logical channel is mapped onto contiguous blocks reserved
for access grants, the position and the number of blocks are defined by the two
parameters NCH_FIRST_BLOCK and NCH_BLOCK_NUMBER.
Service subscribers are notified of the VBS/VGCS call in each cell via notification
messages that are broadcasted on the Notification Channel; these messages don’t
use individually TMSI/IMSI but the group identity and service area identity.
The process of broadcasting messages on NCH is carried out throughout the call in
order to provide late entry facility. The repetition time is defined by the parameter
TIMER_NCH.
* Voice Broadcast Service / Voice Group Call Service
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Channel configuration Siemens
SUBSCR: ?
LA_size: 20
MTC_ph: 0.46
REPET: 1.33
MTC_PR_ph 0.30
MOC_ph 0.64
LU_ph 2.2
IMSI_ph 1.0
SMS_ph -
subscr_per_pag_message = 2
subscr_per_agch_message = 1.0
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In a normal GSM standard cell the maximum MS-BTS distance is 35 km; this is the
limit given by the maximum TA (timing advance 0...63 bit) which is possible on one
radio timeslot.
Distance calculation:
Dist = TA * bit-period * light-speed / 2
bit-period = 48/13 (3.69) µs
light-speed = 300000 km/s.
The feature ‘Extended Cells’ supports a larger distance between MS and BTS by
using two subsequent radio timeslots to compensate the longer delay of the bursts.
The first timeslot of a double timeslot has always an even number (0,2,4,6), the
following corresponding channel must not be created.
For a double timeslot the maximum propagation delay can be 219 bit ( 120 km), but
note that the maximum distance which can be configured by O&M is 100 km.
The BTS splits the propagation delay into two values:
timing advance (TA), covering the first 63 bit delay
timing offset (TO), used for extended cells as an offset to TA for delays greater 63
bit (the propagation delay is the algebraic sum of TA and TO).
When activating the SDCCH and later the TCH for that corresponding MS, the
evaluated initial TA value forms part of the layer 1 header downlink, the initial TO is
used BTS-internally.
If the average of the deviation exceeds 1 bit period (48/13 µs) in comparison to the
TA confirmed by the MS (contained in every uplink SACCH header information), the
previously ordered TA is incremented/decremented by one and sent as new ordered
TA in the layer 1 header downlink to MS. As previously mentioned TA cannot exceed
63 bit. TO is used internally for processing further delay in case of extended cells.
Note that TO may only be greater then 0 when TA has the maximum value 63.
In extended cells all control and signaling channels must be defined in extended
(double) mode.
Specification Object DB Name Range Meaning
Name
CELL_TYPE BTS CELLTYPE STDCELL maximum range
EXTCELL 35 km a cell covering
other cells maximum
range 100 km
EXTENDED_MODE CHAN EXTMODE TRUE defines if a channel is
FALSE used in extended
mode or not
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4.1 General
The Adaptive Multi Rate Speech Codec (AMR) is made up of a set of speech codec
modes at different bit rates. Each codec mode provides a different level of error
protection on the air interface, obtained by varying the balance between source (i.e.
speech) coding bit rate and radio channel coding bit rate. All modes may be mapped
to full rate channels, only the lower bit rate modes may be mapped to half rate
channels.
The currently available speech codecs (FR, EFR, HR) show several constraints.
They operate at constant source and channel coding bit rate and at constant error
protection. The quality of FR and HR is not high enough to cope with wireline speech,
EFR is not robust enough against bad radio conditions. The flexibility of AMR
provides important benefits:
Improved speech quality in both half-rate and full-rate modes by means of codec
mode adaptation, i.e. varying the balance between speech and channel coding for
the same gross bit-rate.
Ability to trade speech quality and capacity smoothly and flexibly by a combination
of channel and code mode adaptation.
Improved robustness to channel errors under bad radio signal conditions in full-
rate mode. This increased robustness to errors and hence to interference may be
used to increase capacity by operating a tighter frequency re-use pattern. This
allows the optimization of networks for high quality or high capacity.
Use of certain modes for special applications, e.g. wireline quality half-rate for
indoor with low channel errors
In full-rate mode only, the robustness to high error levels is substantially increased
such that the quality level of EFR at a C/I of 10 dB is extended down to a C/I of 4
dB. This gives additional coverage in noise limited scenarios.
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Channel configuration Siemens
Flexible
Channel Coding Speech Coding
balance
22,8
kbit/s
channel coding FR
channel coding HR
speech coding
11,4
kbit/s
0
FR 1 FR 2 FR 3 / FR 4 / FR 5 / FR 6 / FR 7 / FR 8 /
HR 1 HR 2 HR 3 HR 4 HR 5 HR 6
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MOS
5.0
4.0
3.0
EFR
12.2
10.2
7.95
2.0
7.4
6.7
5.9
5.15
4.75 Conditions
1.0
No Errors C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB C/I= 1 dB
Fig. 15 Family of curves (clean speech in full rate) acc. to ETSI study
DMOS
5.0
4.0
3.0
Sel. Requir.
AMR-FR
2.0 EFR
FR
G.729
Conditions
1.0
No Errors C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB C/I= 1 dB
Fig. 16 AMR performance curves (full rate with street noise) acc. to ETSI study
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Channel configuration Siemens
MOS
5.0
4.0
3.0 EFR
7.95
7.4
6.7
5.9
2.0 5.15
4.75
FR
HR
Conditions
1.0
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
Fig. 17 Family of curves (clean speech in half rate) acc. to ETSI study
15 dB
80.0%
60.0% 20 dB
40.0% 25 dB
20.0%
AMR Penetration
0.0%
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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Most speech codecs including the existing GSM codecs (FR, HR and EFR) operate
at a fixed coding rate. Channel protection against errors is added also at a fixed rate.
The coding rates are chosen as a compromise between best clear channel
performance and robustness to channel errors. The AMR system exploits this
performance compromise by adapting the speech and channel coding rates
according to the quality of the radio channel resulting in better quality and increased
robustness against errors.
The new radio resource algorithm, enhanced to support AMR operation, allocates a
half-rate or full-rate channel according to channel quality and the traffic load on the
cell in order to obtain best balance between quality and capacity.
The channel measurement reports and any other information for the codec mode
adaptation are transmitted in-band in the traffic channel. In addition the channel
mode of the codec can be switched in order to increase channel capacity while
maintaining the speech quality to operator specified limits. These variations are
carried out by means of AMR modifications and handovers.
The allocation of AMR FR or AMR HR codecs can also be related to the current
traffic load in the network. The operator sets the threshold for the traffic dependent
allocation of HR channels (c.f. "Cell Load Dependent Activation of Half Rate").
Principles
Channel state information is derived in MS and BTS.
BTS/BSC decide which AMR codec mode is used based on channel state
information.
Quality/robustness of AMR modes depend on division of the gross bit-rate into
speech and channel coding.
In-band signaling is provided over the air interface to switch rapidly between the
different modes (within full-rate or half-rate modes) in order to adapt to the channel
conditions.
Switching between codec modes is seamless.
AMR can also be operated in "HR only" mode. The speech quality perceived by
the subscriber is similar to present FR quality. AMR "HR only" mode is even better
in respect to clean speech and channel errors. In case of background noise and
channel errors the performance is lower.
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AMR FR channels are mapped on 16 kbit/s TRAU frames on the Abis interface while
AMR HR channels are mapped on 8 kbit/s TRAU frames. (GSM standards, however,
map HR1 codec, 7.95 kbit/s source bit rate, to 16 kbit/s TRAU frames.)
Radio Interface
The AMR codec and its control operate without any changes to the air-interface
channel multiplexing. Conventional TCH/F and TCH/H channels are used for full-rate
and half-rate channel modes of the AMR codec.
VAD/DTX
Signaling and measurement reporting for codec mode changes are transmitted in-
band on the radio interface.
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The thresholds and hysteresis values (for HR and FR codec modes, see above) must
fulfill the following conditions:
Carrier-to-
interference
ratio C/I
Codec_Mode_4
Codec_Mode_3
Codec_Mode_2
Thr_1 + Hyst_1 = Thr_Mx_Up (1)
Thr_1 = Thr_Mx_Down (2)
Codec_Mode_1
Thr Threshold
Hyst Hysteresis
Fig. 19 Threshold and hysteresis determine the switching "up" and "down" between codec modes in downlink
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The AMR link adaptation works based on the quality of the connection. Since a finer
scale is needed than the one RXQUAL offers, C/I is used. The following table is used
for the mapping between C/I values and RXQUAL values:
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5 Exercises
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Exercise 1
Title: Creation of a RFC in the SBS
Task
The object in the SBS configuration language specifying a RFC is called TRX
(transceiver).
Take the UMN: BSC-CML (User Manual: BSC command manual) and check the
required input parameters.
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Exercise 2
Title: Dimensioning control channels of an extended cell
Task
Given an extended cell with 2 carriers.
In this cell, 3 channels with extended_mode = true are required.
Assume Erlang B and the following values:
Typical SDCCH load per subscriber and hour: 8 mErl.
Typical TCH load per subscriber and hour: 25 mErl.
Blocking probability 1%.
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6 Solutions
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Solution 1
Title: Creation of a RFC in the SBS
Task
CREATE TRX:NAME=BTSM:0/BTS:0/TRX:1, TRXFREQ=CALLF05, PWRRED=0,
RADIOMR=OFF, RADIOMG=254, MOEC=TRUE, TRXAREA=NONE, LPDLMN=0,
GSUP=FALSE;
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Solution 2
Title: Dimensioning control channels of an extended cell
Task
Example configuration A:
1 BCCH combined (containing 4 SDCCH subslots), extmode must be true!
3 TCH_full, extmode = true
2 carriers
Example configuration B:
1 BCCH uncombined, extmode must be true!
1 SDCCH timeslot (containing 8 SDCCH subslots), extmode must be true!
3 TCH_full, extmode = true
2 carriers
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