Welcome to Our Presentation

 Md. Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan -(ID: 082-19-941)

 Md. Ashikuzzaman -(ID: 082-19-904)
 Ahmad Rusdi -(ID: 082-19-932)

Submitted To
Md. Mirza Golam Rashed
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of ETE,
Faculty of SIT.
Our Presentation Topic
 Preparation of Optical Fiber
 Variation of Refractive Index inside the
optical fiber is the basic necessity in the
fabrication of fibers for light transmission.

 This is a two stage process in which initially

the pure glass is produced and converted into
a form (rod or perform) suitable for making
the fiber.

 A drawing or pulling technique is then

employed to acquire the end product.
 Preparation of Optical Fiber
There are two general methods of preparation:

1. Conventional glass refining technique.

(Liquid Phase or Melting techniques)

2.Vapour-Phase deposition methods.

 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques

 First Stage:
At this stage ultra pure material powders are prepared.
These are actually the oxides and carbonates of the
required constituent’s.

The oxides and carbonates are:

• SiO2 • Na2CO3
• GeO2 • K2CO3
• B2O2 • CaCO3
• A2O3 • BaCO3
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques

Second Stage:
 In this stage the highly pure powdered
low melting glass material is melted to a
bubble free multi-component glass.

 The change in refractive index is

achieved by either a change in
composition of various constituents.
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques

Second Stage:
 The melting of these multi-component
glass systems occur at relatively low
temperatures between 900 and 13000C
and take place in a silica crucible.

However, contamination can arise during

melting from several sources including the
furnace environment and the crucible .
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques
Glassmaking furnace for the production of high purity glasses
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques

 Silica crucibles can give dissolution into

the melt which may introduce
inhomogenities into the glass ,especially at
high melting temperatures

 A technique to avoid this problem is to

melt the glass directly into a radio
frequency (Approximately 5MHz)induction
furnace while cooling the silica by gas or
water flow.
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques
High-purity melting using a by Radiofrequency induction furnace:
 Liquid –phase (melting) techniques

After the melt has

been suitably
processed, it is
cooled and formed
into long rods
(cane) of multi-
component glass.
Please Wait for Several Minutes ….
 Fiber Drawing Techniques-1

 The traditional technique for fine optical

fiber waveguides is to make a perform
using the rod in tube process.

 A rode of core glass inserted into a tube

of cladding glass & the perform is drawn
in a vertical muffle furnace as shown in
fig 4.3.These technique is very useful for
the production of step index fiber with
large core and cladding diameter.
Fiber Drawing Techniques-1
Optical Fiber from a perform
 Fiber Drawing Techniques-2
 In this technique a layer of cladding
glass is poured over the core glass
in a platinum crucible.

 A bait glass rod is dipped into the

molten combination and slowly
withdrawn giving a composite core-
clad perform which may be drawn
into a fiber.
 Fiber Drawing Techniques-2
The stratified melt process for producing glass clad rods of performs
Please Wait for Several Minutes ….
 Fiber Drawing Techniques-3
Double crucible method
 In this method core and cladding
glass in the form of separate rods is
fed into concentric platinum
crucibles.
 The assembly is located in a muffle
furnace capable of heating the
crucible contents between the
temperature 800 and 12000C.
 Fiber Drawing Techniques-3
Double crucible method

 The crucibles have nozzles in their

bases from which the clad fiber is
drawn directly from the melt.

 It is possible to achieve a reasonable

refractive index (graded index) via
this diffusion process.
Liquid –phase (melting) techniques
The double crucible method for fiber drawing
Please Any Questions

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