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1 Aluminium is the most abundant Group 13 element and constitutes about 8%

of the Earth’s crust. The extraction of aluminium is done by processing
aluminium ore, bauxite to produce aluminium oxide also known as alumina.

A variety of aluminium compounds, for example aluminium chloride and

aluminium hydroxide, are used for different purposes such as food additives,
colouring and pharmaceuticals.

Aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are antacids. They are used to
treat symptoms of increased stomach acid, such as heartburn, upset stomach,
sour stomach, or acid indigestion. Once ingested, they react with the
hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

(a) Write down the electronic configuration of Al.

………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Why is the ionic radius of Al3+ far smaller than Al?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) Why is the ionic radius of Al3+ smaller than Mg2+?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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(d) Explain why aluminium forms compounds with an oxidation state of +3

but not sodium.

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(e) Identify which antacid in the tablet is more effective in reacting with the
hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Show relevant working to support your
answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(f) Assuming that a typical adult has a body mass of 70 kg, determine the
maximum weekly intake of aluminium hydroxide in grams per kg of body
mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(g) In the vapour phase, aluminium chloride forms a gaseous product with
molecular mass of 267. With an aid of a clearly labelled diagram, explain
how this product is formed from aluminium chloride.

Diagram :

Explanation :

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………….…………………………………………………[2]

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020

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(h) (i) Aluminium chloride is often describe as electron deficient.

Explain what is meant by electron deficient.

……………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(ii) State the angle of Cl-Al-Cl in AlCl3.

………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

[Total: 15]

2 Oxides of nitrogen such as NO2 are air pollutants that are present in the
exhaust of internal combustion engines. Modern cars are equipped with a
catalytic converter that reduces emissions of these harmful compounds. The
catalytic converter uses nanoparticles of platinum, palladium and rhodium,
which act as catalyst.

(a) (i) Write two equations for the reaction involving NO2 which occurs in
the catalytic converter.

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(ii) State the type of this catalyst.

……………………………………………………………………….…. [1]

(b) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas while nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is a
colorless gas. The following equilibrium between these two gases was
set up.

2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) ΔH < 0

Describe and explain, what you would see after the following changes
have been made and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium again.

(i) The temperature is decreased.

………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………...…………

……………………………………………..…………………………… [2]

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020

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(ii) The pressure is increased.

………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………...…………

……………………………………………..…………………………… [2]

(c) Nitrogen tetroxide is a strong oxidizing agent. It is liquefied and used as a

propellant in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel.

2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3N2(g) + 4H2O(l)

(i) Suggest and explain a way to liquefy nitrogen tetroxide gas.

………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………...…………

……………………………………………..…………………………… [2]

(ii) Some average bond enthalpies are given below.

bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol-1

N-O 201
N=O 607

Use the data in the table above, and relevant data from the Data
Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction of
hydrazine with dinitrogen tetroxide.

[2]

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020

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(iii) The theoretical standard enthalpy change of reaction is found to be

–1258 kJ mol-1. Suggest another reason other than the bond
energies used are average values for the difference between your
calculated value in (ii) and the theoretical value.

……………………………………………..………………………...……

………………………………………………..…………………………[2]

(d) Hydrazine is also a strong reducing agent. Warming hydrazine with nitric
acid results in the production of gaseous nitrogen, N2, and nitrogen
monoxide, NO.
Write a half-equation for the reduction of the nitrate ion, NO − to nitrogen
3
monoxide in acidic solution.

………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

[Total 13]

3 The bar chart below shows the third ionisation energy of nine consecutive
elements (J to R) in Periods 2 and 3 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Write an equation for the third ionization energy of element J.

………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Identify element K.

………………………………………………………………...………………. [1]

(c) On the axes provided, draw and label the orbital, which the third electron
is removed from element O.

[1]

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(d) With reference to the bar chart, your answer in (a) and (b) and the
electronic configuration of the species provided, explain:

(i) The higher 3rd ionization energy of N compare to O.

………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………...…………

……………………………………………..…………………………… [2]

(ii) The lower 3rd ionization energy Q than P.

………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………...…………

……………………………………………..…………………………… [2]

(e) The diagram below is an incomplete sketch showing the melting points of
some of the elements of the Period 3 (sodium to argon).

(i) Estimate and indicate on the graph, the melting points of the four
other elements: Mg, Al, S and Cl. [2]

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020

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(ii) Some reaction of magnesium and its compounds are shown below.

Mg + H2O(l) à D + H2

Mg + H2O(g) à E + H2

Identify compounds D and E.

D : ……………………………..

E : …………………………….. [2]

(f) Oxides of period 3 vary from basic, amphoteric, and acidic. In order for
the basic oxide to react with acidic oxide, it needs to be dissolved in
water first. Write the chemical equation for the basic oxides to react with
the acidic oxides with the help of water.

(i) Barium oxide and sulfur dioxide.

………………………………...……………………………………………

…………………….………………………………………....………… [1]

(ii) Sodium oxide and phosphorus (V) oxide.

…………………………………………………………………………...…

……………..………………………………………………………....... [1]

[Total 15]

4 But-1-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide to give 2-bromobutane as the major

product.

(a) Name and describe the mechanism for this reaction. Show all charges,
relevant lone pairs and the movement of electron pairs by using curly
arrows.

[3]

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(b) With reference to the mechanism you have drawn in (a)(i), explain why
the major product is 2-bromobutane rather than 1-bromobutane.

………………………………………………………………………..……………

……………………………………………….….………………...………………

…………………………………………….....…….………...……………………

………………………………………..…………..…………………………… [2]

(c) The diagram below shows a reaction scheme involving 2-bromobutanone

a derivative product of 2-bromobutane.

2-bromobutanone M N
reaction 1 reaction 2

Compound M and N have the following properties:

§ Effervescence is seen when reacted with sodium metal.
§ No yellow precipitate is formed when mixed with alkaline aqueous
iodine.
§ A pale cream precipitate slowly forms when excess HNO3(aq) is
added followed by AgNO3(aq).

(i) Draw the structures for M and N.

M N
[2]

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020

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(ii) Suggest the reagents and condition for reaction 1 and reaction 2.

reaction 1 …………………………………………………………….. [1]

reaction 2 …………………………………………………………….. [1]

(iii) State the mechanism in reaction 1.

………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(d) Ethanal is a flammable liquid with a fruity smell. It occurs naturally in ripe
fruit, coffee and fresh bread. A synthetic route involving ethanal is shown
below.

(i) Draw the structural formulae of compound B, C, and D in the

boxes below.

Reaction II

[3]

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(iii) Suggest the reagents and conditions for.

Reaction I …………………………………………………………….. [1]

Reaction II ……………………………………………………………. [1]

Reaction III …………………………………………………………… [1]

[Total 17]

End of Questions

Semester 2 Examinations /Grade 11/Chemistry/P2/Global Sevilla/2019-2020