CL 305

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE - 1

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Amit Kumar
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
 MOMENTUM FLUX TENSORS
Molecular Momentum Flux Tensor: 𝛑 = 𝑝𝛅 + 𝛕

†
2
Viscous Momentum-Flux Tensor: 𝛕 = −𝜇 ∇𝐯 + ∇𝐯 + 𝜇−𝜅 ∇∙𝐯 𝛅
(Newtonian Fluid)
3

Convective Momentum Flux Tensor: 𝜌𝐯𝐯 = ෍ ෍ 𝜹𝑖 𝜹𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑗

𝑖 𝑗

Combined Momentum Flux Tensor : 𝛟 = 𝛑 + 𝜌𝐯𝐯

27-01-2021 CL 305 2
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
• Momentum balance over a thin shell of fluid.
• We will apply momentum balance to systems with just one non-zero velocity component that depends
on only one spatial variable. Further, we apply only to the component of momentum along the flow direction.
• For steady flow, the momentum balance is

Rate of Momentum in Rate of Momentum out

by Convective Transport − by Convective Transport

Body Force
Rate of Momentum in Rate of Momentum out
+ by Molecular Transport − by Molecular Transport + (Gravity) Acting =0
on System

27-01-2021 CL 305 3
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Assumption: No transport of material across the interface
• At Solid-Fluid Interfaces:
• Fluid velocity equals the velocity of the solid surface
• Applicable to both the tangential and normal component of the velocity vector
• Equality of the tangential component is called the no-slip condition
• At Liquid-Liquid Interfaces:
• Tangential velocity components are continuous through the interface
• Molecular stress tensor components are continuous through the interface
• Assumption: Interface has zero curvature and no surface tension gradient
• At liquid-gas interfaces:
• The stress tensor components acting on the interfacial plane are zero
• Assumption: Gas-side velocity gradient is not too large

27-01-2021 CL 305 4
 EXAMPLE: FLOW OF A FALLING FILM
Flow down an inclined flat plate of length 𝐿 and width 𝑊
Applications: Wetted-wall towers, gas-absorption, application of coatings

𝑧
𝑥

Taken from Transport Phenomena

By Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot
27-01-2021 CL 305 5
 EXAMPLE: FLOW OF A FALLING FILM
Flow down an inclined flat plate of length 𝐿 and width 𝑊
Applications: Wetted-wall towers, gas-absorption, application of coatings

𝑧 𝑦
Taken from Transport Phenomena
By Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot

• 𝑣𝑧 will become independent of 𝑧 a short distance

down the plate
• 𝑊 and 𝐿 are large compared to the film thickness 𝛿
• Therefore, we postulate:
• 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 𝑥
• 𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 0
• 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑥)
Taken from Transport Phenomena
27-01-2021 By Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot CL 305 6
 EXAMPLE: FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

Flow down an inclined flat plate of length 𝐿 and width 𝑊 𝑧 𝑦

Rate of 𝑧-momentum in across surface at 𝑧 = 0: 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ

𝑧=0

Rate of 𝑧-momentum out across surface at 𝑧 = 𝐿: 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ Taken from Transport Phenomena
𝑧=𝐿 By Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot

Rate of 𝑧-momentum in across surface at 𝑥: 𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ

𝑥 𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

Rate of 𝑧-momentum out across surface at 𝑥 + ∆𝑥: 𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ

𝑥+∆𝑥 + 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

Gravity force acting in the 𝑧 direction: 𝐿𝑊∆𝑥 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝛽 + 𝐿𝑊∆𝑥 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝛽 = 0

27-01-2021 CL 305 7
 EXAMPLE: FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

Flow down an inclined flat plate of length 𝐿 and width 𝑊

𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝐿𝑊 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ + 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝑊∆𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ + 𝐿𝑊∆𝑥 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝛽 = 0

𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

Divide by 𝐿𝑊∆𝑥, rearrange the terms and take the limit as ∆𝑥 → 0,

𝜙𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=𝐿 − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=0

lim + = 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝛽
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝐿

𝜕𝜙𝑥𝑧 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=𝐿 − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=0

⟹ + = 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝛽
𝜕𝑥 𝐿

27-01-2021 CL 305 8