Diabetes is a common metabolic condition related to an elevated risk of microvascular and

macrovascular disease, with hyperglycemia as the most prominent clinical function. Peripheral insulin
tolerance, compromised hepatic glucose output control, and deteriorating -cell function describe the
pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gradually contributing to ß - cell failure Fradkin(2013).
Lymphocytic penetration and death of insulin-secreting beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas results in type 1 diabetes. Insulin secretion reduces as beta-cell mass drops, until the available
insulin is no longer sufficient to keep blood glucose levels normal. Hyperglycemia progresses and
diabetes may be diagnosed after 80-90 percent of the beta cells are killed. To reverse this catabolic
state, avoid ketosis, lower hyperglucagonemia, and restore proper lipid and protein metabolism,
patients require exogenous insulin Rodgers (2013)

According to Mayoclinic (ND) are the following factors that may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes
include:

• Weight
• Fat distribution
• Inactivity
• Family history
• Race and ethinicity
• Blood lipid levels
• Age
• Prediaberes
• Pregnancy-related risks
• Polucystic ovary syndrome
• Areas of darkened skin in the armpits and neck

References:

Frandkin, J. , Rodgers, G. (2013), Diabetes Research: A Perspective From the National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, American Diabetes Association, retrieved at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554357/

Mayo Clinic Organization (ND), Type to Diabetes, retrieved at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193