ISSN 2581-3463

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Bound State Solution of the Klein–Gordon Equation for the Modified Screened
Coulomb Plus Inversely Quadratic Yukawa Potential through Formula Method
Onyemaobi Ifeanyichukwu Michael, Benedict Iserom Ita, Onyemaobi Obinna Eugene,
Alex Ikeuba, Imoh Effiong, Hitler Louis
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Received: 25-02-2018; Revised: 30-03-2018; Accepted: 30-04-2018
ABSTRACT
We present solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened Coulomb potential (Yukawa)
plus inversely quadratic Yukawa potential through formula method. The conventional formula method
which constitutes a simple formula for finding bound state solution of any quantum mechanical wave
(k − k s) ( As 2 + Bs + c)
equation, which is simplified to the form; ψ''( s ) + 1 2 ψ'( s ) + 2 0 . The bound
ψ( s) =
s (1 − k3 s ) s (1 − k3 s ) 2
state energy eigenvalues and its corresponding wave function obtained with its efficiency in spectroscopy.
Key words: Bound state, inversely quadratic Yukawa, Klein–Gordon, modified screened coulomb
(Yukawa), quantum wave equation

INTRODUCTION in N-dimension spaces. Since then, several

Physicists, chemists, and other researchers in
science have shown much interest in searching for
the exponential-type potentials owing to reasons
that most of this exponential-type potentials play
an important role in physics, for example, Yukawa
potential a tool used in plasma, solid-state, and
atomic physics.[1] It is expressed mathematically
as follows:
− kmr
2 e e −α r
Vyukawa (r ) = − g ≡ −V0  (1)
r r
e −2α r
VIQYP (r ) = −v0 2 
r et al. obtained bound state approximate analytical
−V0
Where α → 0 results in VIQP (r ) =  (3)
r2
Respectively, where g is the magnitude sealing
constant, m is the mass of the affected particle,
r is the radial distance to the particles, and k is
another scaling constant. The inversely quadratic
potential has been used by Oyewumi et al.,[2] in
combination with an isotropic harmonic oscillator
Address for correspondence:
Benedict Iserom Ita / Hitler Louis
E-mail: Iserom2001@yahoo.com /
louismuzong@gmail.com
www.ajms.com
papers on the potential have appeared in the
literature of Ita et al.,[3] first proposed by Hideki
Yukawa, in 1935, on the paper titled “on the
interaction of elementary particles.” In his work,
he explained the effect of heavy nuclei interaction
on peons. According to Yukawa, he expanded
that the interactions of particles are not always
accompanied by the emission of light particles
when heavy particles are transmitted from neutron
state to proton state, but the liberated energy due
to the transmission is taken up sometimes by
another heavy particle which will be transformed
(2) from proton state into neutron state. Hamzavi
solutions of the Yukawa potential for any l-state
through the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method in
which their calculations to the energy eigenvalue
yielded reasonable result compared to other
numerical and analytical methods. Hitler et al.[5]
obtained the energy eigenvalue for the Yukawa
potential using the generalized scaling variation
method for a system with a spherically symmetric
potential, Coulombic at the origin. In a nutshell,
not much has been achieved on the application
or use of the Yukawa potential in both relativistic
and non-relativistic quantum mechanical cases.
The objective of this report is to obtain band state
30
 Michael, et al.: Bound state solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened coulomb plus inversely
quadratic yukawa potential through formula method

solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation with   

( )
2
the modified screened Coulomb potential plus 1 − 2n 1
 k 4 − k5 − 
2 2
− k − ( k3 − k 2 ) − 4 A  
2

inversely quadratic Yukawa (MSC-IQY) potential   2 2 k3 2  

through formula method. Our work is arranged  
as follows; in the following section, we obtain a 

2
1 − 2n 1
 2
−
2 k
( 
k 2 − ( k3 − k 2 ) 2 − 4 A 

)


bound state solution, and we present discussion 3

and conclude remarks at the end of the article. − k52 = 0, k3 ≠ 0

 (6)
Theoretical approach and
Formula method is based on finding bound
ψ ( s ) = N n S k4 (1 − k3 s ) k5 2 F1 (− n, n + 2(k4 + k5 )
state solution of any quantum mechanical wave
equation which can be simplified to the form: k2  (7),
+ − 1; 2k4 + k1 > k3 s )
k3
(k1 − k2 s ) ( As 2 + Bs + c)
ψ''( s ) + ψ'( s ) + 2 ψ(s) = 0
s (1 − k3 s ) s (1 − k3 s ) 2 respectively, such that
 (4)
The two cases where k3 = 0 and k ≠ 3 are studied.
(1 − k1 ) + (1 − k1 ) 2 − 4C 1 k k
Furthermore, an expression for the energy k4 = , k5 = + 1 − 2 +
spectrum and wave function in terms of generalized 2 2 2 2 k3
hypergeometric functions 2 F1 (α .β : γ : k3 s ) is 2
 1 k1 k2   A B 
 2 + 2 − 2k  −  k 2 + k + C 
derived. In a study by Falaye et al.,[6] the accuracy 3 3 3

of the proposed formula has been proven in

obtaining bound state solutions for some existing
eigenvalue problems, which is seen to be accurate,
efficient, reliable, and particularly very easy to
manipulate when introduced to quite a good
number of quantum mechanical potential models.
where Nn is the normalization constant, also where
k3 → 0 the energy eigenvalue, and its
corresponding wave function is given as,
 B − nk2 − k2 k4 
2

 − k5 = 0, k3 = 0  (8)
2
In quantum mechanics, while solving relativistic 
 2 n + k + 2 k 4 
and nonrelativistic quantum wave equations in the 1

presence of central and non-central potential

models, we do often come across differential ψ ( s ) = N n S k4 e( − k5 s ) 1 F1[− n; 2k4 + k1 ;(2k5 + k2 ) s ]
equation of the form, as seen in equation (4) in
 (9),
which several techniques have been formulated
respectively.
for tackling equation (4). This includes the
Furthermore, for some other cases, where k3 = 0 ,
Feynman integral formalism, proper quantization
rule, NU method, asymptotic iteration method k3 ≠ 0 , and k5 ­­­­= − A . In this approach, analysis
(AIM), exact quantization rule, and generalized on the asymptotic behavior at the origin is first
pseudospectral method. Falaye[7] also proposed noted and at infinity for the finiteness of the
that the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding solution. Considering the solution of equation (4)
wave function can be obtained using the following where s → 0 , it is seen that
formulas with regard to this approach (formula
method). k4 (1 − k1 ) + (1 − k1 ) 2 − 4C
ψ (s) = S where k4 =
2
k 4 + k5 =
1 − 2n 1
2
−
2 k3
( )
k2 − (k3 − k2 ) 2 − 4 A  (5)  (10)

Furthermore, when s → 1 k the solution of

3

Or more explicitly as,

equation 4 is ψ ( s ) = (1 − k3 s ) k5 ,

AJMS/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 2/Issue 2 31
 Michael, et al.: Bound state solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened coulomb plus inversely
quadratic yukawa potential through formula method

2 The Klein–Gordon equation

1 k k 1 k k 
k5 = + 1 − 2 +  + 1 − 2  Given the Klein–Gordon equation as:
2 2 2 k3  2 2 2k 2 
 (11)
A B 
−  2 + + C   ∂ 
2

 k3 k3  −
  i − V ( r )  − ∇ 2n2c 2 
1   ∂t   U (r ) = 0
2 2
hc  l (l + 1) h 2 2
C
Hence, the wave function in the intermediary  +( S (r ) + M ) 2 − 
region, for this task, could be seen as follows:  r2 
 (15)
ψ ( s ) = s k4 (1 − k3 s ) k5 F ( s )  (12) i∂
Where M is the rest mass, is energy eigenvalue,
On substituting equation (12) into equation (10), ∂t
gives a differential equation in its second-order and V(r) and S(r) are the vector and scalar
expressed as: potentials, respectively.
The radial part of the Klein–Gordon equation
  k2   with vector V(r) potential = scalar S(r) potential
 (2k4 + k1 ) − sk3  2k4 + 2k5 +   is given as:
 k3  
F ′′ ( s ) + F ′ ( s ) 
 s (1 − k3 s )  d 2U (r ) 1
  2
+ 2 2
  dr hc
 2 l (l + 1)h 2 c 2 
 2k k (k − 1) + k5 k3 (2k4 + k1 ) + k4 (k1k3 + k2 ) − B 
( )
2 2
− 3 4 4
E − M c − 2( E + Mc )V ( r ) − 
s (1 − k3 s )
  r2 
 
F (s) = 0 U (r ) = 0
 (16)
 (13)
In atomic units, where h= c= 1
  k2  
 (2k4 + k1 ) − sk3  2k4 + 2k5 +   ( E 2 − M 2 ) − 2( E + M )V (r ) 
 k3   d U (r ) 
F ′′ ( s ) + F ′ ( s )   U (r ) = 0
2

  +  l (l + 1) 
s (1 − k3 s ) dr 2
   − r 2 
 
 (17)
 A
 k3 ( k 4 + k5 ) + ( k 4 + k5 ) ( k 2 − k3 ) + k 
2

− 3
 F (s) = 0 The Solution to the radial part of the Klein–
 s (1 − k3 s ) 
  Gordon equation for the MSCIQY potential
using formula method
 (14)
The sum of the MSCIQY potential is given thus,
It should be noted that equation (13) is equivalent
to equation (14), whereas (13) seems to be more e −α r e −2α r
V (r ) = −V1 − V0 2  (18)
complex during the course of the calculation. r r
Therefore, we employ equation (14) to obtain Substituting equation (18) into equation (17), we
solutions, thereby invoking the traditional method obtain:
otherwise known as the functional analysis
approach and the AIM. In summary, it was noted ( E 2 − M 2 ) − 2( E + M ) 
that on applying the AIM and functional analysis d U (r )
2
 
+   e − r
e −2 r
 l (l + 1)  
method to solve equation (14) so as to obtain the dr 2 − V0 2  − (19)
  −V1 
formula given in equation (6) yielded the same  r r  r2 
results which imply that the result is in excellent U (r ) = 0
agreement.

AJMS/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 2/Issue 2 32
 Michael, et al.: Bound state solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened coulomb plus inversely
quadratic yukawa potential through formula method

Using an appropriate approximate scheme to deal Now, comparing equation (25) with equation (4),
with the centrifugal/inverse square term equation (19) A, B, and C with k1 , k 2 , k 3 can easily be
as proposed by Greene and Aldrich[8] wherein, determined. k4 and k 5 can be obtained as
1 α 2
1 α
= ; =  (20)
r 2
(1 − e −α r
)
2
r (1 − e −α r
) k4 = −C ; k4 =  2 + l (l + 1);
 (27)
Which is valid for α << 1 for a short potential and k5 = 1 2 + 1 4 + l (l + 1) − 2V0 ( E + M )

introducing a new variable of form s = e −α r ; Thus, the energy eigenvalues can easily be
obtained using either equation 5 or 6; equation 5 is
d 2U ( s ) 1 (1 − s ) dU ( s ) more preferable. Hence, on substituting
+ k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 into equation (5), the energy
ds 2 s (1 − s ) ds
( E 2 − M 2 ) − 2( E + M )  eigenvalue is obtained thus,
1   (21)
+ 2 2   −V0 s 2 2 V1s   2l (l + 1) 
 2V0 ( E + M ) − B + l (l + 1) +
2
 s  
  (1 − s ) 2 − (1 − s )  − (1 − s ) 2   2

( )
 
 n + 1 + l (l + 1) + 1 − 2V ( E + M ) 
U (s) = 0
 2 =  
2 4 0


 (2n + 1) + 2 l (l + 1) + 4 − 2V0 ( E + M ) 
1
d 2U ( s ) 1 (1 − s ) dU ( s )
+  
ds 2 s (1 − s ) ds  
 E 2 − M 2 2( E + M )V0 s 2  −l (l + 1)
 + 
1  2 (1 − s ) 2  U (s) = 0 
+ 2 (22)
s  2( E + M )V1s l (l + 1)  The corresponding wave functions can be
 +  (1 − s ) − (1 − s ) 2  obtained from equation (7) by making the needful
 
substitutions.

d 2U ( s ) 1 (1 − s ) dU ( s ) 1 Rne ( s ) = N ne S  2 + l ( l +1)
+ + 2
ds 2
s (1 − s ) ds s (1 − s ) 2 1 + l ( l +1) − 2V ( E + M ) + 1
(1 − s ) 4 0 2
 E2 − M 2 2 
  2 (1 − 2 s + s ) + 2( E + M )V0 s + 
2

  U (s) = 0    2 + l (l + 1) +  
 2( E + M ) V s (1 − s ) − l (l + 1)     
 
1   n, n + 2  1 + l (l + 1)  ; 
2 F1  1 +  
4
 (23)   2 −2V0 ( E + M )  
E −M
2 2
E+M   
Where − β 2 = B = 2  V1  (24)  2  2 + l (l + 1) + 1, s 
α2  α

d 2U ( s ) 1 (1 − s ) dU ( s ) 1 Where N ne is the normalization constant.

+ + 2
ds 2
s (1 − s ) ds s (1 − s ) 2
 − (  2 + B − 2V0 ( E + M ) ) s 2 +  DISCUSSION
  U (s) = 0  (25)
( 2 2 + B ) s − (  2 + l (l + 1) )  We have obtained the energy eigenvalues and the
 
corresponding wave function using the formula
A = − (  2 + B − 2V0 ( E + M ) ) method for the MSCIQY potential. As an analogy,
Let  (26) if we set parameters V0 = 0 and V1 ≠ 0
B = 2 2 + B C = - (  2 + l (l + 1) )

AJMS/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 2/Issue 2 33
 Michael, et al.: Bound state solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened coulomb plus inversely
quadratic yukawa potential through formula method

been presented through formula method in which

 − B + l (l + 1) +
2

 comparison to other methods used; previously,
2

 =
2  (
 n + 1 + l (l + 1) + 1
2 4 

)
− l (l + 1)
this method has been seen to be efficient, easy to
manipulate, reliable, and self-explanatory. It is
  energy eigenvalue, and wave function has been
 2n + 1 + 2 l (l + 1) + 4 
1
obtained and can be employed in the analysis of
 
  spectroscopy.

( )
2
 − B + 2l (l + 1) + l 2 + l + 1 + 
 2  ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 
 (2n + 1) l (l + 1) + 4
1 We thank God for the inspirational tips he has

≡  − l (l + 1) bestowed on us, thereby making this research
 n + + l l + + 1
4 
2 1 2 ( 1) article, reach a successful completion. Sequel to
  this, OIM acknowledges author OOE and BJF.
 
 

The above gives the energy eigenvalue of the REFERENCES

Klein–Gordon equation for the Yukawa potential 1. Yukawa H. On the interaction of elementary particles. I.
or MSC potential. Proc Phys Math Soc Jap 1934;17:48-57.
Furthermore, if we set V1 = 0 and V0 ≠ 0 2. Oyewumi KJ, Falaye BJ, Onate CA, Oluwadara OJ.
K state solutions for the fermionic massive spin-½
particles interacting with double ring-shaped kratzer and
 2V0 ( E + M ) + l (l + 1)
2

 oscillator potentials. Int J Mod Phys 2014;23:1450005.
2
  l (l + 1)   3. Ita BI, Ikeuba AI, Louis H, Tchoua P. Wkb solution
 + n + 1 +   for inversely quadratic Yukawa plus inversely
  2 + 1 4 − 2V0 ( E + M )   quadratic hellmann potential. J Theor Phys Cryptogr
 2015;2:109-12.
2 =  
 l (l + 1)  4. Hamzavi M, Movahedi M, Thylwe KE, Rajabi AA.
 ( 2n + 1) + 2  Approximate analytical solution of the Yukawa
 + 1 4 − 2V0 ( E + M )  potential with arbitrary angular momenta. Chem Phys
  Lett 2012;29:1-4.
  ; 5. Hitler L, Iserom IB, Tchoua P, Ettah AA. Boundstate
solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation for the more
−l (l + 1) general exponential screened Coulomb potential plus
Yukawa (MGESCY) potential using Nikiforov-uvawu
gives the energy eigenvalue of the K.GE for the method. J Math Phys 2018;9:261.
IQY potential. 6. Falaye BJ, Ikhdair SM, Hamzavi M. Formula method
for bound state problems. Few Body Syst 2014. DOI:
10.1007/s00601-014-0937-9.
CONCLUDING REMARKS 7. Falaye BJ. The Klein-Gordon equation with ring-
shaped potentials: Asymptotic iteration method. J Math
The analytical solutions of the Klein–Gordon Phys 2012;53:82107.
equation for the modified screened Coulomb 8. Greene RL, Aldrich C. Variational wave functions for a
plus inversely quadratic Yukawa potential have screened Coulomb potential. Phys Rev A 1976;14:2363.

AJMS/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 2/Issue 2 34