Wiley

CMAexcel Learning System

Exam Review 2015
Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning,
Performance, and Control
Session 5

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Session 4 Recap
• Section B, Topic 5: Annual Profit Plan and Supporting
Schedule—Cash Budgets
• Exercise: Preparing a Cash Budget
• Comprehensive Problem
• Section B, Topic 4: Budget Methodologies
• Section B, Topic 6: Top-Level Planning and Analysis

Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control 2

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Session 5
• Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques
• Exercise: Preparing Pro Forma Financial Statements,
Determining External Funding Needed, and
Performing Sensitivity Analysis
• Review of Section B Exam Practice Questions

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Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques
• Regression analysis
• Learning curve analysis
• Expected value

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 4

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regression Analysis
Marketing Sales Marketing Sales Marketing Sales
Costs ($000) Costs ($000) Costs ($000) ($000)
Quarter ($000) ($000)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Q1 $50 $100 $40

$48,000 $89,000 $62,000

Q2 30 90 90
40,000 105,000 130,000

Q3 40 80 70
62,000 73,000 80,000

Q4 60 110 50
75,000 105,000 50,000

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 5

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linear Regression
Simple linear
regression uses 140,000
120,000

Annual Sales ($000)

only one 100,000

independent 80,000
60,000
variable. 40,000
20,000
0

Multiple regression 0 50 100

Marketing Budget ($000)
150

uses at least two

independent variables.

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 6

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regression Values for Marketing Costs as
Predictor of Sales
  Coefficients T-Value Standard Error
Intercept 18,444,808.74 1.48 12,460,200.96
Marketing costs 861.31 4.98 172.93

• T-value should be > 2 to indicate relationship between independent and

dependent variables.
• Standard error measures dispersion around regression line to allow
assessment of accuracy of estimates.
Y = a + bX
Y = dependent variable
a = Y intercept; the value of Y when X = 0
b = slope of the line (also called “regression coefficient”)
X = value for the independent variable

Y = $18,444,809 + $861(X)
Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 7
Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Question: Using Regression Analysis to
Project Sales

Y = $18,444,809 + $861(X)

If marketing costs are $75,000, what is the value for forecast sales?
Answer: $83,019,809

Y = $18,444,809 + $861($75,000)
= $18,444,809 + $64,575,000
= $83,019,809

Based on ICMA Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 8

question, used Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
with permission Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Question: Interpreting a Coefficient of
Determination

Coefficient of determination (R-squared): 0.7127

How is this number interpreted? What is the implication?

Answer:
• R-squared of 0.7127 indicates that 71.27% of the variation in
sales can be explained by changes in marketing costs.
• That means that 28.73% (100% – 71.27%) of the variation in
sales is explained by other variables not included in the simple
regression model.
• Recommendation: A multiple regression model should be used,
Based on ICMA Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 9
question, used Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
with permission Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Question: Regression Analysis for
Happy Pet Food
Using monthly information from the last three years, Happy Pet
Food is able to estimate the relationship between its overhead cost
and direct labor hours (DLH) using a simple regression model. The
result is:
Overhead Cost = $25,000 + $10.32(DLH)
Interpret the Y-intercept and the slope coefficient.
Answer:
• The Y-intercept of $25,000 represents the fixed cost portion
of the overhead cost.
• The slope coefficient of $10.32 represents the variable cost
per DLH.
Based on ICMA Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 10
question, used Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
with permission Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assumptions of Linear Regression
Linear regression assumes:
• A linear relationship between one dependent variable and one or
more independent variables.
(Simple regression assumes only one independent variable.)
• Past relationships between dependent and independent variables
hold in the future.

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 11

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regression Analysis:
Advantage and Limitations

Advantage Limitations
• Gives management • Outliers can severely affect the
accountants an objective regression results.
measure. • A user must evaluate the
reasonableness of the
relationship between the
dependent and independent
variables.

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 12

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning Curve Analysis
• Incremental unit-time learning model

• Cumulative average-time learning model

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 13

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model:
For Widget Production
80% curve = learning rate of 0.80

Widget Hours for This Widget Total Hours Average Time per
(X) (Y = rate × previous y) (c = a + y) Unit (c ÷ X)
1† 10 (value of a) 10 10 (10 ÷ 1)
2† 8 (0.8 × 10) 18 (8 + 10) 9 (18 ÷ 2)
4† 6.4 (0.8 × 8) 31.42* 7.855 (31.42 ÷ 4)
8† 5.12 (0.8 × 6.4) 53.47* 6.68 (53.47 ÷ 8)

*Calculated by a formula not shown here.

†
Note: Widgets double in each row.
Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 14
Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model
80% curve = learning rate of 0.80
Cumulative Average Cumulative Individual
Widget Time Per Widget Total Time Unit
(X) c (rate × previous c) (c × X) Time for
xth Unit
1 10 (value of c) 10 (10 × 1) 10
2† 8 (0.8 × 10) 16 (8 × 2) 6 (16 – 10)
4† 6.4 (0.8 × 8) 25.6 (6.4 × 4) 4.54*
8† 5.12 (0.8 × 6.4) 40.96 (5.12 × 8) 3.55*
*Calculated by a formula not shown here.
†
Note: Widgets double in each row.

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 15

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Question: Cumulative DLH for Reeves, Inc.
Reeves, Inc. has developed a complex new production process that
requires workers with a high degree of technical skill. Management
believes, however, that current employees will improve as they become
more familiar with the production process.
The production of the first unit requires 100 direct labor hours.
With a 70% learning curve, what are the cumulative direct labor hours
required to produce a total of eight units?
a. 196 hours Cumulative Average Cumulative
b. 274 hours Time Per Unit Total Time
Units
c. 392 hours
1 100 100 (100 × 1)
d. 560 hours
2 70 (0.70 × 100) 140 (70 × 2)
Answer: b. 4 49 (0.70 × 70) 196 (49 × 4)
8 34.3 (0.70 × 49) 274.4 (34.3 × 8)

Based on ICMA Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 16

question, used Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
with permission Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning Curve Analysis: Advantages and
Limitations
Advantages Limitations
• Can be used to make a number • Not as effective or relevant
of decisions, including setting with machine-intensive
prices. Firm may set price operations.
lower than initial cost based on • Learning rate is assumed to be
assumption that costs will drop constant, but actual declines
as learning increases. are not constant.
• Learning affects quality and • Conclusions might be
improves productivity. unreliable because observed
changes in productivity
actually may be due to other
factors.
Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 17
Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expected Value (EV)
• Deals with uncertainty
• Probability distribution of likely scenarios
• Long-run average

EV = Ʃ sx px

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 18

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Question: Expected Profit Calculation for
Hardware Haven
Economic
Profit Forecast Probability
Condition
Boom $2,000,000 0.1

Normal $1,000,000 0.8

Recession –$400,000 0.1

Answer: Expected Profit = 0.1 ($2,000,000) + 0.8 ($1,000,000) +

0.1 (–$400,000)
Expected Profit = $960,000
Based on ICMA Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 19
question, used Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
with permission Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expected Value:
Advantages and Limitations

Advantages Limitations
• Determines the average • The calculation is only as good
outcome when faced with as the estimation of the
uncertainty. potential outcome and
probability of each scenario.
• Assumes the decision maker is
risk neutral.

Part 1, Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques 20

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Session 5 Exercise
Preparing Pro Forma Financial Statements,
Determining External Funding Needed, and
Performing Sensitivity Analysis

Section B, Topic 6: Top-Level Planning and Analysis

Part 1, Section B, Topic 6: Top-level Planning and Analysis 21

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Section B Conclusion
• Section B content represents 30% of the multiple-choice questions
on the Part 1 exam.
• This content also may be tested in essay question format.

To reinforce your learning:

• Study all the LOS for the section.

• Study all material for Section B of the WCMALS self-study book.
• Use the practice test questions in the WCMALS self-study book.
• Take the Section B practice test in the Online Test Bank for a wider
range of questions on all topics in the section.

Part 1, Section B: Planning, Budgeting, and Forecasting 22

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Section B Practice Questions
We now review Practice Questions from the WCMALS self-study
book, Section B.
• Questions identified by topic
• Not all topics covered in this selection
• More questions on each topic and full section test included in
Online Test Bank

Part 1, Section B: Planning, Budgeting, and Forecasting 23

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Session 5 Wrap-Up
Content covered in Session 5
• Section B, Topic 3: Forecasting Techniques
• Exercise: Preparing Pro Forma Financial Statements, Determining
External Funding Needed, and Performing Sensitivity Analysis
• Review of Section B Exam Practice Questions

Content to be covered in Session 6

• Section C, Topic 1: Cost and Variance Measures
• Exercise: Current Variance

Part 1, Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance and Control 24

Wiley CMAexcel Learning System, Part 1: Financial Reporting, Planning, Performance, and Control.
Copyright © 2014, Institute of Management Accountants. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.