CONTENTS

 Definition
 History
 Types of culture involved in Plant tissue culture
 Seed culture
 Embryo culture
 Root culture
 Callus culture
 Cell suspension culture
 Protoplast culture
 Anther culture
 Application of plant tissue culture
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Plant tissue culture is a technique of growing a complete plant invitro from
a part of a plant such as leaf, root, shoot, stem etc.
 Plant tissue culture is mainly based on totipotency. Totipotency is the
capacity of plants to regenerate a complete plant from any part of plant.
HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau- 250 years ago demonstrated callus formation
from the decorticated region of Elm plants.
 Gottlieb Haberlandt (1902) was regarded as father of plant tissue culture as he
first developed the concept of in vitro cell culture.
 Hanning (1904) carried out the first embryo culture.
 Laibach (1925) utilized Hanning embryo culture technique to recover a hybrid
progeny from an interspecific cross in Linum.
 Skoog and Miller (1955) discovered Kinetin as cell division method.
 Cocking (1960) using cell wall degrading enzymes he produced large quantities
of protoplast.
 Maheshwari and Guha (1964) were the first to produce haploid plants from
pollen grains.
 Lobban and Kaiacr (1970) discovered the reverse transcriptase.
 Takebe et al. (1971) regenerated the first plant from protoplast.
 Carlson and coworkers (1972) produced the first somatic hybrid plant by
fusing the protoplast of Nicotiana glauca and N.langsdorfii.
 Zaenen et al. ,larebeke et al. (1974) discovered the Ti plasmid by the help of
the principle of Agrobacterium.
 O`Farrel (1975) discovered the high resolution two dimensional gel
electrophoresis procedure.
 Jeffreys (1986) discovered the genetic fingerprinting technology for
identification of individuals by analysing the polymorphism at DNA
sequence level.
 Blattner et al. (1997) did the sequencing of E.coli genome.
 Goff et al. (2002) discovered the draft sequence of Rice genome.
TYPES OF CULTURE INVOLVED IN PLANT
TISSUE CULTURE

 Seed culture
 Embryo culture
 Root culture
 Callus culture
 Cell suspension culture
 Protoplast culture
 Anther culture
SEED CULTURE
 Seed culture is a technique in which a complete plant or a seedling can
be generated in vitro by taking the seed as explant.
 This technique is primary used for orchid plants as the seed of these
plants do not germinate well in in vivo conditions.
 Orchids live in a symbiotic relationship with the fungus from the
moment of germination. It has been reported that orchids can be grown
independent of fungus in vitro by substituting the fungus with nutrient
medium.
 EMBRYO CULTURE
 Embryo culture is a technique in which isolation and development of
mature or immature embryos in vitro to produce a complete plant.
 There are two type of embryo culture
1. Mature embryo culture
2. Immature embryo culture
 Embryo culture is being routinely used in crop improvement programs to
obtain interspecific hybrids.
ROOT CULTURE
 Root culture is the culture of apical or lateral root tips to produce in vitro
root system.
 Root tip cultures are maintained in an agitated liquid medium with
appropriate auxin.
 These are mainly based with the inoculation of Argobacterium rhizogenes
to produce secondary metabolites.
CALLUS CULTURE
 Callus culture is a technique through which a complete plant is formed
from undifferentiated mass of cells under aseptic conditions or nutrient
media.
 Callus culture are slow growth plant culture system in a static media which
enables to conduct several studies related to many aspects of plant like
growth, differentiation and metabolism.
CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE
 Cell suspension culture consists of cell aggregates dispersed and
growing in liquid media. It is initiated by transferring callus to a liquid
media and agitating it with a suitable device.
 Cell suspension culture is of three types
1. Batch culture
2. Continuous culture
3. Semi continuous culture
1. Batch culture- In this type of cell suspension culture the cells grow and
increase their biomass in fixed volume of nutrient culture media.
2. Continuous culture- In this culture type there is regular addition of fresh
nutrient media and drainage out of the used media. The final volume of
the nutrient media remains constant.
3. Semi continuous Culture- In this culture the inflow of the fresh media
controlled by “drain and refill process”. The cell density is maintained
within the fixed limits by the replacement of harvested culture.
PROTOPLAST CULTURE
 The term protoplast stands for a cell without cell wall. The fusion of
protoplast of two different cells by spontaneous or induced methods is
called protoplast culture.
 Protoplast fusion technique can be used as a method to overcome the
barriers of incompatibility and used for the genetic manipulation of plant
cell.
ANTHER CULTURE
 Anther culture is a process through which a complete plant is developed
from the androgenic part of the plant. It is also called as haploid culture as
it is formed from haploid and are converted to diploids by
endoreduplication.
 Through the anther culture the homozygous lines are maintained in the
quickest possible way as compared to the pure lines obtained by
conventional plant breeding program.
APPLICATION OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Disease resistant plants are formed by introducing resistance genes into the
haploids and then doing endoreduplication.
 Production of secondary metabolites
 Production of hybrids between taxonomically distant plant species beyond
the limits of sexual cross ability by protoplast culture.
 Used for the study of osmotic behaviour, cell wall formation and gene
transfer.
 Huge number of plants can be formed from a single cell thus helps in the
increase of the biomass.
 REFERENCE

 Introduction to plant tissue culture, H.S. Chawla, page no 33-47, 70-122

 Biotechnology , Dr. U. Satyanarayana, page no 497-538.
 Biotechnology Expanding Horizons , B.D, Singh, page no 327-337.
 Biotechnology and Genomics, P.K. Gupta, page no 377-400
 Internet source