Tissue

Culture

Submitted To : Dr.
Asif Mir

Submitted By :
Muhammad Masab
Siab

Registration No :
1414-FBAS-BSBT-
F20
 Tissue Culture
❖ A biological research technique that involves transferring tissue fragments from animals or plants to a
artificial environment where they can continue to live and function.

➢Example:
➢Banana, eggplant, pineapple, rubber tree, tomato, and sweet potato have all been grown using tissue
culture in developing nations.
❖This method is also known as micropropagation.
❖Broth and agar are the media used for the growth of the Culture.
 Historical Background
❖German scientist Wilhelm roux made the first effort at tissue culture in 1885 when he raised chick
embryonic tissue in a warm salt solution.
❖Ross G. Harrison, an American biologist, demonstrated the growth of frog nerve cell processes in a
medium of clotted lymph in 1907, marking the first true breakthrough in the field.
❖Tissue culture was first described and given a name by Carrel and Burrows in [1910–11]
❖Methods were created in the 1980s and 1990s that made it possible for scientists to effectively
cultivate mammalian embryonic stem cells in culture. These discoveries finally made it possible to
create and maintain human embryonic stem cell lines, which improved understanding of human
biology among researchers and significantly aided advancements in therapies and regenerative medic.
 Types of Tissue Culture

Seed Embryo Callus Meristem Organ Animal

Culture Culture Culture Culture Culture Cell
Culture
 Types of Tissue Culture.
➢Seed Culture:
❖Explants from an in vitro-grown plant are taken out for seed culture and then put in a lab
environment where they develop quickly. In order to protect the tissues of the plants, sterilization
is required.
❖Example: Seed culture is extensively employed in the cultivation of orchids and other plants.
➢Embryo Culture:
❖The in-vitro development of an embryo is referred to as embryo culture. An embryo is separated
from a living creature for this technique; both mature and immature embryos may be employed.
 Types of Tissue Culture.
❖Immature embryos are collected from seeds that did not germinate; mature embryos are obtained
from ripe seeds. There is no requirement to sterilize the ovule, seed, or fruit because they have
already undergone sterilization.
❖Example: Embryo culture has been used to produce plants from embryos that would not
normally develop within the fruit. This occurs in early-ripening peaches .

➢Callus Culture:
❖Unorganized, dividing cells can be characterized as calluses.
 Types of Tissue Culture.
❖The explants are cultured in a suitable medium.
❖Organ differentiation happens once the callus grows.
❖Agar and certain nutrients are used to create a gel-like medium on which this culture is produced.
❖These nutrients are necessary for the cells' development.

➢Organ Culture:
❖In organ culture, any plant organ, including a shoot or leaf, can be utilized as an explant.
 Types of Tissue Culture.
❖There are several techniques that may be utilized for organ culture, including the agar gel, raft
method , and plasma clot techniques.
❖An organism's structure and capabilities can be preserved using this technique.

➢Meristem Culture:
❖A technique for rapidly producing virus-free plants by cultivating virus-free meristems.
❖The primary roles of meristems are the generation of new cells and protoplasm synthesis.
 Types of Tissue Culture.
➢Animal cell culture:
❖Cell culture is the procedure used to grow cells in a regulated artificial environment.
❖For animal cell culture, cells are extracted from an experimental animal's organ.
❖The cells can be eliminated directly, mechanically, or enzymatically.
❖The cells employed in the Culture include fibroblasts, lymphocytes, cells from the heart and
skeletal tissues, cells from the liver, breast, skin, and kidney, as well as many kinds of tumour
cells.
 Steps of Tissue
Culture

Initiation Phase: Multiplication Root Formation: Shoot Acclimatization:

Phase: Formation:
 Steps of Tissue Culture
➢Initiation phase:
❖Initiation of the Tissue into the Culture occurs at this step. The tissue of interest is acquired,
added, and sterilized to protect the procedure from contamination.

➢Multiplication Phase:
❖In the multiplication phase, the sterilized ex-plant is added to the medium, which contains growth
promoters and the necessary nutrients for cell development. Consequently, this collection of
undifferentiated cells is referred to as a callus.
 Steps of Tissue Culture
➢Root Formation:
❖The root's formation begins at this stage.
❖Hormones for plant development are given to start the formation of roots.
❖The result is the production of entire plantlets.

➢Shoot Formation:
❖Plant growth hormones are supplied to the shoot to help it develop, and growth is monitored for a
week.
 Steps of Tissue Culture
➢Acclimatization:
❖When a plant begins to grow, it is moved inside a greenhouse so that it may mature in a climate-
controlled environment. Finally, it is sent to the nurseries where it may flourish in a natural
habitat.
 Applications
❑Tissue culture method is used to obtain the clones of a plant in a method called micropropagation.
❑It helps in the conservation of endangered species.
❑Tissue culture is used in the production of the same copies of the plant that produce good quality
flowers, fruits etc.
❑In the absence of seeds and pollinators, many plants are produced by tissue culture.
❑The whole plant can be regenerated that is genetically modified by a single cell by culturing it in
a nutrient medium.
 Applications
❑Transmission of diseases, pathogens and pests are eliminated by production of plants in sterile
condition.
❑Plants such as orchids and nepenthes that have very low chances of germinating and growing
from seed can be produced by tissue culture.
❑It is also helpful in the study of the molecular basis of reproductive, physiological and
biochemical mechanisms in plants like in vitro selection of stress tolerance plants.
Advantage vs Disadvantages
 Refrences
➢Britannica the editors of encyclopaedia. "Tissue culture". Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 7 Jul. 2015.
➢https://www.vedantu.com/biology/tissue-culture
➢Yusuf Chishti, Murray Moo-Young, in Encyclopaedia of Physical Science and
Technology (Third Edition), 2003.
➢Phillips, G. C. and M. Garda (2019). "Plant tissue culture media and practices: an
overview." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 55(3): 242-257.